Combined Flexure and Axial Load

• Interaction Diagram
• Solidly grouted bearing wall
• Partially grouted bearing wall
• Bearing Walls: Slender Wall Design Procedure
• Strength
• Serviceability – Deflections
• Example – Pilaster
• Bearing and Concentrated Loads
• Prestressed Masonry

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 1

Concentric Axial Compression (9.3.4.1.1)

  h 2 
 
Pn  0.8 0.80 f m  An  Ast   f y Ast 1    
h
 99 =0.9
  140r   r
Ast is area of
 
2
 70r 
Pn  0.80 0.80 f m  An  Ast   f y Ast 
h
  99 laterally tied steel
 h  r

 2 EI  2 EAn r 2  2 900 f m An r 2

2
 r
Peuler     An f m  94.2 
h2 h2 h2  h

• Equation above for CMU; for clay (Em = 700f′m), term is (83.1r/h)2
• Code equation actually derived from unreinforced masonry and a no-tension material, but
similar to Euler buckling

Inclusion of wall weight

Wall weight provides uniform axial load over height of wall. Reasonable approximation is to
use half the weight of wall acting at top.
Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 2
 Buckling Curve for Ast = 0

0.7

h/r = 99
0.6

0.5
2
0.4  70r 
Pn/(Anf'm)

Pn  0.800.80 f m An  
 h 
0.3   h 2 
Pn  0.80.80 f m An 1    
  140r  
0.2

0.1

0
0 50 100 150 200
h/r

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 3

Radius of Gyration
4.3.3 Radius of gyration
Radius of gyration shall be computed using average net cross-sectional area
of the member considered.

Questions: Is this a strict average or weighted average?

What about different types of units (which changes block area)?

NCMA has tabulated values of average radii of gyration.

I use / in the examples and spreadsheet.

Unreinforced Masonry 4
 Interaction Diagram
• Assume strain/stress distribution
• Compute forces in masonry and steel
• Sum forces to get axial force
• Sum moment about centerline to get bending moment
• Key points
• Pure axial load
• Pure bending
• Balanced

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 5

Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall

Given: 12 ft high CMU bearing wall, Type S masonry cement mortar;
Grade 60 steel in center of wall; #4 @ 48 in.; solid grout
Required: Interaction diagram in terms of capacity per foot

Pure Moment:  1 As f y 
M n  As f y  d  
 2 0. 8bf ' m 

M n  0.90.934k  ft / ft   0.840k  ft / ft
As f y
a 
0.8bf 'm
a
c 
0.8
Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 6
 Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall
1 h 144in
Pure Axial: r t   65.4
12 r 2.201in

 
  h 2 
Pn  0.8 0.80 f m  An  Ast   f y Ast 1  
  
h
 99
Pn  0.968.7k / ft 
  140r   r
 61.8k / ft

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 8

Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall

t  0.2897.625in   2.201in
Pure Axial: In 1
r 
An 12
For solid sections
h 144in
  65.4
r 2.201in

  h 2 
  
Pn  0.8 0.80 f m  An  Ast   f y Ast 1    
h
 99
  140r   r
  65.4  2 
 0.80.802.0ksi 7.625in 12in / ft   0   01    
  140  
 117.2k / ft 0.7816  91.6k / ft

Pn  0.991.6k / ft   82.4k / ft

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 9
 Example – 8 in. CMU Bearing Wall
Choose strain distribution (alternatively c)
Balanced conditions
T
Strain Cm
Stress

Cm 
T
Pn  Cm -T  Pn 

Mn 

M n 
Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 10

Example - Interaction Diagram

Point c (in) Cm (kip/ft) T (kip/ft) Pn (kip/ft) Mn

(kip-ft/ft)
a=d 4.76 73.2 0 65.9 10.46
c=d 3.8125 58.6 0 52.7 10.05
2.95 45.3 1.06 39.8 8.95
Balanced 2.09 32.0 3.0 26.1 7.16
1.8 27.6 3.0 22.2 6.41
1.6 24.6 3.0 19.4 5.85
1.4 21.5 3.0 16.6 5.24
1.2 18.4 3.0 13.9 4.61
0.9 13.8 3.0 9.7 3.58
0.6 9.2 3 5.6 2.47
Pure Moment 0.195 3.0 3.0 0 0.84

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 12

 Interaction Diagram

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 13

Example – Moment at Maximum Axial

Maximum Moment at φPn = 82.4 k/ft, Pn = 91.6 k/ft
Assume steel is not in tension, Pn = Cm

Pn 91.6k / ft
c   5.96in
0.80.8 f m b 0.80.82.0ksi 12in / ft

a  0.8c  4.77in

 t a  7.625in 4.77in  1ft 

M n  Cm     91.6k / ft      10.90k  ft / ft
2 2  2 2  12in 

M n  0.910.90k  ft / ft   9.81k  ft / ft

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 14

 Interaction Diagram – Below Balanced
Below the balanced point: T  As f y C  0.8 f m ba

As f y  Pn
Pn  0.80 f m ba  As f y or a
0.80 f m b

 t sp a   t sp 
M n  0.8 f m ba    As f y  d  
 2 2  2
 t sp  a   t 
 Pn  As f y    As f y  d  sp 
 2   2

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 15

Interaction Diagram – Below Balanced

φPn
If we could only know one
point on the interaction
diagram, we would want to
know the point
corresponding to φPn = Pu
Mu, Pu

φMn

As f y  Pu /   t sp  a   t 
a M n  Pu /   As f y    As f y  d  sp 
0.80 f m b  2   2

These are equations in 9.3.5.2 For centered bars:

commentary. They ignore any
M n  Pu /   As f y  d  
 a
tension in a possible second layer of
steel near the compression face).  2
Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 16
 Partially Grouted Bearing Wall
• Small _______ forces
• Partially grouted walls act as ______ walls
• Compression area is in _____________
• Strength design
• Higher axial loads act as _________
• Very high axial loads act as ________
• Need to calculate r based on grouted cross-section.

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 17

Interaction Diagram: Solid vs. Partial Grout

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 18

 Walls: Slenderness Effects
Three methods to account for slenderness effects:
1. _________________________
a. Axial capacity (and sometimes moment) reduced
b. Used to be in TMS 402 Code
c. deleted because it can be unconservative
2. ___________________________
a. Second-order moment directly added by P-δ
b. Usually requires iteration
c. Difficult for hand calculations for other than simple cases
d. Basis for second-order analysis in computer programs
e. Historical method used for masonry design
3. ________________________
a. Added in 2013 TMS 402 Code
b. Very general, but a bit conservative.
Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 19

Walls: Complementary Moment 9.3.5.4.2

Assumes simple support conditions.
Valid only for the following conditions:

Pu Pu
 0.05 f m No height limit  0.20 f m h/t ≤ 30
An Ag

wu h 2 e
Mu   Puf u  Pu u Puf = Factored floor load
8 2 Puw = Factored wall load

Pu  Puw  Puf

Assumes maximum moment is at midheight

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 20

 Walls: Deflections
Deflection Calculation


5Mh 2
M  M cr 5M cr h 2 5M  M cr h 2
  M  M cr
48 Em I n 48 Em I n 48Em I cr

Deflection Limit  s  0.007h Calculated under service loads

 t sp  3 As f y  Pu
I cr  n As 
P u d  c  
2 bc c
 f 2 d  3 0.64 f 'm b
 y 
 P  bc 3
I cr  n As  u d  c  
2
For centered bars:
 f y  3


Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 21

Walls: Design
Design Procedure
1. Solve for Mu. Compare to Mn.
2. Solve for Mser. Compute deflection, and compare to allowable.

Solving for M

 5 Ph 2  wh 2 e 5M cr Ph 2  1 1 
M 1     Pf     M  M cr
 48 Em I cr  8 2 48 Em  I n I cr 

 5 Ph 2  wh 2 e
M 1     Pf M  M cr
 48 Em I n  8 2

Equations can be used for either service or ultimate loads.

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 22

 Walls - Design Procedure
Preliminary estimate of steel; assume steel yields
1. Determine a, depth of compressive stress block
2Pu d  t / 2   M u 
a  d  d2 
 0.8 f m b 
2. Solve for As

0.8 f m ba  Pu / 
As 
fy

This neglects increase in moment due to second order effects. Can

estimate increase in moment, such as 10% for a preliminary estimate of
amount of reinforcement.

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 23

Example – Out-of-Plane Wall

Given: 18 ft high CMU bearing wall, with 2.5 ft parapet (total height is 20.5
ft); Type S masonry cement mortar; Grade 60 steel in center of wall; Dead
load from roof of 500 lb/ft; Roof live load of 400 lb/ft; Lateral wind load of
32 psf, 48 psf on parapet; Wind uplift of 360 lb/ft; Roof forces act on 3 in.
wide bearing plate at edge of wall.
Required: Reinforcing steel.
Solution:

Determine eccentricity
e = 7.625in/2 – 1.0 in. Cross-section
= 2.81 in. of top of wall

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 24

 Example - OOP: Estimate Steel
Use 1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr without second-order effects, parapet, and wall weight
Puf  1.2500lb / ft   1.0 360lb / ft   0.5400lb / ft   440lb / ft
e 1.032 psf 18 ft   12in 
2
wu h 2 2.81in
M u ,app   Puf u     440lb / ft  16.2k  in / ft
8 2 8  ft  2

Estimate steel: try an 8 in. CMU wall

2Pu d  t / 2  M u 
a  d  d2 
 0.8 f m b 

 3.81in  3.81in 2  20.44k / ft 3.81  7.62 / 2in  16.2k  in / ft   0.254in

0.90.82.0ksi 12in / ft 

0.8 f m ba  Pu /  0.82.0ksi 12in / ft 0.254in   0.44k / ft  / 0.9

As    0.0733in 2 / ft
fy 60ksi

Try #5@48 in., As = 0.0775 in2/ft

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 25

Example - OOP
Summary of Strength Design Load Combination Axial Forces
(wall weight is 38 psf for 48 in. grout spacing)

Puf Puw Pu
Load Combination
(kip/ft) (kip/ft) (kip/ft)
0.9D+1.0W 0.090 0.393 0.483
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W 1.240 0.524 1.764
1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr 0.440 0.524 0.964

Puf = Factored floor load (just eccentrically applied load)

Puw = Factored wall load (includes wall and parapet weight; found at
midheight of wall between supports (9 ft from bottom)

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 26

 Example - OOP: Mcr
Find modulus of rupture; use linear interpolation between no grout and full grout
Ungrouted (Type S masonry cement): _____ psi
Fully grouted (Type S masonry cement): 153 psi
 1 cell grouted 
f r  ___ psi  (153 psi  __ psi )   ___ psi
 6 cells 

Find Mcr, cracking moment:

Commentary allows one to include axial load
Use minimum axial load (once wall has cracked, it has cracked)

M cr 
Pu / An  f r I n 
t/2

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 27

Example - OOP
Check strength; 1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr

(Pufe)/2 = mid-height moment from moment at top of wall.

• There will be a moment at the top of the wall from eccentric load and
lateral forces on parapet
• Method assumes wind is providing suction on wall
• Moments from lateral wind and eccentric load add together
• Lateral wind load on parapet will cause moment at top to decrease
• Decrease in moment from parapet wind is ignored in calculations
(that is, wind load is considered to be zero on parapet)
• Earthquake lateral forces on parapet would be included; first mode
has motion in opposite directions.

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 29

 Out-of-Plane Loads

??

Wind Load Seismic Load

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 30

Example - OOP: Moment of Inertia

Find Icr, cracked moment of inertia.

As f y  Pu
c 
0.64 f 'm b

Es 29000ksi
n   16.1
Em 1800ksi

 Pu t sp  bc 3

I cr  n As 
 
d  c  
2

 f y 2 d  3

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 31

 Example - OOP
Check strength; 1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr
 5 Pu h 2  wu h 2 e 5M cr Pu h 2  1 1 
Solving for M M u 1     Puf    M u  M cr
 48 Em I cr  8 2 48 Em  I g I cr 

 5 Pu h 2 
M u 1   
 48 Em I cr 

wu h 2 e 5M cr Pu h 2  1 1 
 Puf   
8 2 48 Em  I g I cr 

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 33

Example - OOP
Check strength; 1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr

Compare to capacity:

As f y  Pu / 
a 
0.80 f m b

M n   Pu /   As f y  d  
 a
 2

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 35

 Example – OOP Strength
Summary of Strength Design Load Combinations

Load Combination Mu Mn Mu/Mn Second Order M /

(kip-in/ft) (kip-in/ft) First Order M
0.9D+1.0W 16.4 17.1 0.96 1.05
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W 10.0 21.0 0.48 1.08
1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr 17.8 18.9 0.94 1.10

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 37

Example – OOP Deflections

Check deflections:

cr M
Load Combination c (in) δ (in)
(in4/ft) (k-in/ft)
D+0.6W 0.350 17.5 10.12 0.548
D+0.75(0.6W)+0.75Lr 0.373 18.4 8.07 0.222
0.6D+0.6W 0.325 17.0 9.64 0.499

Deflection Limit  s  0.007 h  0.007(216in)  1.51in

5M cr h 2 5M  M cr h 2
  M  M cr
48 Em I n 48 Em I cr

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 38

 Example: Moment Magnification
Resolve the problem using moment magnification method.

M u  M u , 0
1 Mu < Mcr: Ieff = 0.75In

P Mu ≥ Mcr: Ieff = Icr
1 u
Pe
 2 Em I eff
Pe 
h2

A good approximation for most simply supported walls is that maximum

moment occurs at midheight. The maximum moment can be calculated as:

wu h 2 Puf e Puf e 
2 Mu occurs at a
distance x from the top h Puf e
M u ,0    x 
8 2 2wu h 2 of the wall. If x<0 or 2 wu h
x>h, Mu=Pufe
Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 39

Example – Moment Magnification

Check strength; 1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr (Puf = 0.440k/ft; Pu = 0.964k/ft)
 2 Em I eff
Solving for ψ Pe  
h2
1
 
Pu
1
Pe
wu h 2 Puf e Puf e 
2

M u ,0   
8 2 2 wu h 2
0.032ksf 216in  1 ft / 12in  0.440k / ft 2.81in  0.440k / ft 2.81in 
2 2
  
20.032ksf 216in  1 ft / 12in 
2
8 2
 15.55  0.62  0.01k  in / ft  16.18k  in / ft

M u  M u , 0  1.16216.18k  in / ft   18.81kip  in / ft

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 40

 Example – Moment Magnification
Check strength; 1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr

Compare to capacity of 18.86 kip-in/ft:

M u  18.81kip  in / ft  18.86kip  in / ft  M n OK

Load Mu,0 ψ Mu Mn Mu/Mn

Combination (kip-in/ft) (kip-in/ft) (kip-in/ft)
0.9D+1.0W 15.7 1.086 17.0 17.2 0.99
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W 9.3 1.268 11.7 21.0 0.56
1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr 16.2 1.162 18.8 18.9 0.99

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 42

Moment Magnification - Deflections

5wh 4 Pf eh 2
First-order deflection (simply supported wall): 0  
384 Em I e 16 Em I e

The million dollar question. What do you use for Ie?

Rewriting TMS 402 OOP equations: I cr

Ie 
Same as proposed by Bischoff, P. (2005).
M  I 
”Reevaluation of Deflection Prediction for Concrete 1  cr 1  cr 
Beams Reinforced with Steel and Fiber Reinforced M  In 
Polymer Bars.” J. Struct. Eng., 131(5), 752–767.

M 
3
 M 
3

TMS 402 beam deflections: I e  I n  cr   I cr 1   cr  
 Ma    M a  

1 1  M s  M cr  1 1 
SEAOSC Task group report     
on slender concrete walls: I e I n  M n  M cr  I cr I n 

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 43

 Example – Moment Magnification
Check deflections: Load Combination D+0.6W
Pf = 500lb/ft – 0.6(360lb/ft) = 284lb/ft
P = 284lb/ft + 38psf(9ft+2.5ft) = 721lb/ft
w = 0.6(32psf) = 19.2psf

As f y  P 0.0775in 2 / ft 60ksi   0.721k / ft

c   0.350in
0.64 f 'm b 0.642.0ksi 12in / ft

 Pu t sp  bc 3

I cr  n As 
 
d  c  
2

 f y 2 d  3

 0.721k / ft  12in / ft 0.350in 

3
 16.1 0.0775in 2 / ft  3.812in  0.350in  
2

 60ksi  3
 17.5in 4 / ft

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 44

Icr – Chase a rabbit

Some engineers think you should find the neutral axis based on
Allowable Stress Design assumptions (kd). TMS 402 code uses c:
• simplicity (same as for strength)
• c was used in the original development of the provisions.

 0.0775in 2 / ft  16.10.721kip / ft 
n eff  n 
nP
 16.1    0.0352
Fs bd  12in / ft 3.8125in.  32ksi 12in / ft 3.815in.

k n eff2  2n eff  n eff  0.0352 2  20.0352   0.0352   0.232

 P t sp  bkd 
3
I cr  n As  d  kd  
2
 16.6in 4 / ft
 Fs 2d  3

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 45

 Example – Moment Magnification
 2 Em I eff  2 1800ksi 17.5in 4 / ft 
Solving for ψ Pe    6.65k / ft
h2 216in 2
1 1
   1.122
Pu 0.721k / ft
1 1
Pe 6.65k / ft

wh 2 Pf e Pf e 
2

M0   
8 2 2wh 2
0.0192ksf 216in  1 ft / 12in  0.284k / ft 2.81in  0.284k / ft 2.81in 2
2
  
20.0192ksf 216in  1 ft / 12in 
2
8 2
 9.33  0.40  0.01k  in / ft  9.73k  in / ft

M  M 0  1.1229.73k  in / ft   10.92kip  in / ft

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 46

Example – Moment Magnification

I cr 17.5in 4 / ft
Ie    44.2in 4 / ft
M  I  6.96k  in / ft  17.5in 4 / ft 
1  cr 1  cr  1 1  
M  In  10.92k  in / ft  332.0in 4 / ft 

5wh 4 Pf eh 2
0  
384 Em I e 16 Em I e
50.0192ksf 216in  1 ft / 12in. 0.284k / ft 2.81in.216in 
4 2
   0.599in.

3841800ksi  44.2in 4 / ft  
161800ksi  44.2in 4 / ft 

   0  1.1220.599in.  0.672in.

Deflection Limit  s  0.007 h  0.007(216in)  1.51in

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 47

 Example – Moment Magnification
Check deflections:

Load Combination δ0 (in) ψ δ (in)

D+0.6W 0.599 1.112 0.672

D+0.75(0.6W)+0.75Lr 0.351 1.181 0.415
0.6D+0.6W 0.528 1.058 0.559

Deflection Limit  s  0.007 h  0.007(216in)  1.51in

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 48

Example – Comparison of Ie

TMS 402 OOP TMS 402 Beam SEAOSC

Load
Combination
Ie (in4/ft) δ (in) Ie (in4/ft) δ (in) Ie (in4/ft) δ (in)

D+0.6W 44.0 0.675 98.4 0.302 49.3 0.602

D+0.75(0.6W)
62.1 0.415 147.8 0.196 85.4 0.388
+0.75Lr
0.6D+0.6W 48.4 0.559 122.0 0.236 44.5 0.608

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 49

 Example - Pilaster Design
Given: Nominal 16 in. wide x 16 in. deep CMU pilaster; f’m=2000 psi;
Grade 60 bar in each corner, center of cell; Effective height = 24 ft; Dead
load of 9.6 kips and snow load of 9.6 kips act at an eccentricity of 5.8 in. (2
in. inside of face); Wind load of 26 psf (pressure and suction) and uplift of
8.1 kips (e=5.8 in.); Pilasters spaced at 16 ft on center; Wall is assumed to
span horizontally between pilasters; No ties.
Required: Reinforcement
Solution:
e=5.8 in 2.0 in

Lateral Load

Vertical Spanning
w = 26psf(16ft)
Inside

x = 416lb/ft
Load

d=11.8 in d = 15.625 – 7.625/2 = 11.8 in

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 50

Example - Pilaster Design

Weight of pilaster:
Weight of fully grouted 8 in wall (lightweight units) is 75 psf. Pilaster is like a
double thick wall. Weight is 2(75psf)(16in)(1ft/12in) = 200 lb/ft

1.2D + 1.6S
Critical location is top of pilaster. Pu = 26.9 kips Mu = 156.0 kip-in

2Pu d  h / 2   M u 
a  d  d2 
 0.8 f m b 

0.8 f m ba  Pu / 
As  
fy

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 51

 Example - Pilaster Design
Why the negative area of steel?
Sufficient area from just masonry to resist applied forces.
Determine a from just compression.

Pu 26.9kip
a   1.08in
0.8 f m b 0.82.0ksi 15.6in

Find the moment

 t a  15.6in 1.08in  Mu = 156 kip-in

M  Pu     26.9kip    195kip  in
2 2  2 2 

Sufficient capacity from just masonry. No steel needed.

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 53

Example - Pilaster Design

0.9D + 1.0W Check wind suction
At top of pilaster. Pu = 0.9(9.6) – 1.0(8.1) = 0.54 kips
Mu = 0.54kips(5.8in) = 3.1 kip-in
M wL2 M 2 L M
M max    x  If x<0 or x>L, Mmax=M
2 8 2wL2 2 wL

Find axial force at this point. Include weight of pilaster.

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 54

 Example - Pilaster Design
0.9D + 1.0W At top: Pu=0.5 k Mu=3 k-in
x=144 in Pu=2.7 k Mu=361 k-in
a = 1.49 in As = 0.57 in2
1.2D + 1.0W + 0.5S At top: Pu=8.2k Mu=48k-in
x = 139in Pu=11.0k Mu=384k-in
a = 1.74 in As = 0.52 in2

1.2D + 1.6S + 0.5W At top: Pu=22.8k Mu=132k-in

x=117in Pu=25.2k Mu=252k-in
a = 1.41 in As = 0.12 in2

Required steel = 0.57 in2

Use 2-#5 each face, As = 0.62 in2
Total bars, 4-#5, one in each cell

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 56

Example - Pilaster Design

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 57

 Columns
• Structural member, not built integrally into a wall, designed primarily to
resist compressive loads parallel to its longitudinal axis.
• Minimum side dimension is 8 in. (5.3.1.1(b))
• Distance between lateral supports ≤ 99r {h/r ≤ 99} (5.3.1.1(a))
• Minimum reinforcement is 0.0025An (5.3.1.3)
• Maximum reinforcement is 0.04An (5.3.1.3)
• Additional maximum reinforcement requirements in strength design
• Minimum of 4 bars (5.3.1.3)
• Fully grouted (5.3.1.2)

Ties: (5.3.1.4)
• ≥ 1/4 in. diameter; located in mortar joint or grout
• spacing ≤ 16 longitudinal bar diameter, 48 tie diameter, or least cross-
sectional dimension

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 58

Bearing Walls
Location of Reaction: Bearing area (4.3.4):
Wall section
A2
A1  2A1
A1
w/3
45o A1

Members that rotate will cause A2

reaction to shift towards edge A2 ends at edge
Wall section of member or
head joint in
stack bond

w/2 A2 A1 Strength Design:

φ = 0.6 (9.1.4.2)
Bn = 0.8f’mAbr (9.1.8)
Members that experience
little rotation (deep truss) Plan view

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 59

 Bearing Walls
Distribution of Concentrated Loads Along Wall: (5.1.3)
Load is dispersed along a 2 vertical: 1 horizontal line.
Load

Load is dispersed
at 2:1 slope
Bond Beam

Check bearing
on hollow wall

Effective Length

(a) Distribution of conenctrated load through bond beam

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 60

Load Load Load

Bearing 1
1

Walls 2
h /2

2
h

Effective Length Effective Effective

Length Length

Load Load

1 1

2 2

Effective Effective
Length Length

(b) Distribution of conenctrated load in wall

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 61

Prestressed Masonry, Chapter 10

www.masoncontractors.org/newsandevents/masonryheadlines/892004950.php
www.durowal.com/prod/pdf/catalog/07-sure-stress_post_tensioning.pdf

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 62

Prestressed Masonry

Load indicating washer (LIW)

Combined Flexural and Axial Loads 63