BLACK HOLE

presented by SWMDWN B
1AH15AE042
 Contents
• Introduction
• Formation
• Types
• Parts
• Techniques
• References
 INTRODUCTION
• idea suggested by John Michell of England
and Pierre Simon Laplace of France 1790
• object that travels faster than the speed of light
• later 1915 Einstein predicted the existence of
black holes with his theory of relativity.
• 1967 John Wheeler applied the term of black
holes to what it means now.
 What is black hole?
• A black hole is a great amount of matter
packed in a very small area.
• It is a place in space which has such a big
gravitational field, that nothing, not even light
can escape.
 Formation of black holes
From dying stars
• Inside a star, the nuclear fuel of a star and its
own gravity collide. This creates stability, but
when it runs out of nuclear fuel, gravity
compresses the star.
• The outer layer explodes into a supernova, and
the center implodes. After that, a black hole is
formed.
• This occurs only in big stars which are at least
10 times bigger than the sun.
 Types of Black Holes
• Miniature black holes
• Supermassive black holes

According to physical properties

• shwarzschild black hole
• reissner nordstrom black hole
• kerr newman black hole
• kerr black hole
 Miniature black hole

• event horizon is small as atomic particles.

• created during big bang
• more than 10 billion years ago
 Supermassive black hole
• fast moving gas jets and gravitational forces
are equal to 10 billion suns compressed
together
• largest super massive black hole known is S5
0014+81
• 14 billion times the mass of sun
Shwarzschild black hole
• simplest type of black hole
• no charge
• no rotation

Reissner nordstrom black hole

• has electric charge
• not rotate
Kerr newman black hole
• has charge
• and rotates

Kerr black hole

• no charge
• but rotates
 Parts of black hole
Event horizon
• big sphere that surrounds the black hole
• absorbs any material including light
• part of black hole where nothing can get out

The singularity
• part of the black hole where all the mass of the
black hole has been compressed to a very
small space.
• it has almost infinite density.
The accretion disk
• disk composed by stellar material, which goes
around the black hole, forming a spiral.

The ergosphere
• if a black hole is rotating, as it spins, its mass
causes the space and time to rotate around it.

Photon sphere
• place in which light is forced to stay inside the
black hole.
Shwarzschild Radius
• radius of event horizon
• radius at which escape velocity is equal to the
velocity of light.

Jets of gas
• high intensity black holes where magnetic
fields are emitted perpendicular to the
accretion disk.
 Techniques
• Scientists can't directly observe black holes,
and the only way to perceive them is by
detecting their effect on other matter nearby.
• as the attracted matter accelerates and heats
up, it emits x-rays that radiate into space,
emitting powerful gamma ray bursts.

1.Accretion disks and gas jets

2.Strong radiation emissions
3.Gravitational lensing
 References
• Wikipidia
• Anatomy on black holes