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Science Revison Notes
Science Revison Notes
NOTE: Images used in this lecture are taken from “Chemistry – An Introduction to General, Organic and Biological Chemistry”
10th Edition by KC Timberlake. Pearson Publishing.
TOPIC 2 continues…..
LIPIDS
Carbohyrates
Proteins
Presented by
Dr Diana Oakes
Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School
1
Lipids – functions in body
1. Storage of energy
2. Source of energy
2
Functional Groups in Biological Compounds
R
2. carbonyl group C=O
R
3. carboxyl group
(also called carboxylic acid group) R
4. amino group
Lecture Activity 1:
– Molecular formula
– Structural formula
– Line formula
– Cyclic formula
3
Types of Lipids - structure
1. Lipids that include fatty acids in their structure:
ӣᯢኚရᚇ
– Triglycerides (fat storage molecule)
– Phospholipids (Cell membrane)
– Steroids
• Cholesterol ᙦࢴᯨ
• Cortisol (‘stress’ hormone)
ጼᨶᯨ
ᵡᄶᔰ ᎅԃᔰ
• Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
• Aldosterone (hormone that helps body retain water)
Fatty Acids
• insoluble in water.
• saturated or unsaturated.
4
Fatty Acids - Saturated and Unsaturated
• Saturated C OH
COOH
COOH
COOH
5
Properties of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
6
Unsaturated Fats - cis and trans Isomers
7
Unsaturated Fats - cis and trans isomers
8
Other examples of unsaturated fats
Linolenic acid
• C18
• unsaturated
(3 double bonds)
• Poly-unsaturated
9
Unsaturated Fats - cis and trans Isomers
10
‘Trans’ fats in processed foods
– Steroids
• Cholesterol
• Cortisol (‘stress’ hormone)
• Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
11
Triglycerides
• the main storage lipid molecule of our body.
• Lipid stored in adipose tissue ᚇᙓᕟᕢ
• composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
ኚရ
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
12
Structure and Polarity of A Phospholipid
Molecule is ‘amphiphilic’
-Has a polar end and non-polar end
-Can form a ‘bilayer’ structure
Phospholipid bilayer
ECF (water)
Polar heads
(hydrophilic)
Nonpolar tails
(hydrophobic) Lipid bilayer
Polar heads
(hydrophilic)
ICF (water)
13
Membrane Structure – lipid bilayer
ᕡᙱᨶጱ
Types of Lipids
1. Lipids that include fatty acids in their structure:
– Steroids
• Cholesterol
• Sex hormones (examples: estrogen, testosterone)
• Adrenal gland hormones (examples: cortisol, aldosterone)
ᙟӤᚴ (hormone that
helps body
retain water)
14
Steroids
steroid nucleus
Example of Steroid
Cholesterol
- is the most abundant steroid in the body.
- A hydrocarbon with a hydroxyl group (-O-H)
attached to the steroid nucleus.
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
15
Cholesterol in the Body
16
Lipid bilayer of the Cell Membrane (also called the Plasma membrane)
फल
An artery clogged by
plaque
ᤅੜ
17
Other example of Steroid Lipids
Sex Hormones
• testosterone
ৼ
ᔥጼᨶᄶᔰ ෛᴯդᨀ
• Glucocorticoids regulate carbohydrate and protein metabolism in
the body
• eg cortisol
ፉጼᨶᄶᔰ
• Mineralocorticoids are responsible for electrolyte and water
balance in the body
• eg aldosterone
18
Synthetic Steroids – unwanted side-effects!
ݳ౮
Anabolic steroids
ၝኞᇔ
• are synthetic derivatives of testosterone.
• are used (illegally) to increase muscle mass.
• have side effects including infertility, growth effects (short
stature), fluid retention, gyneomastia, liver damage etc etc …...
ṛ ႖֛ჼኸ
19