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www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2015-2567
The US Preventive Services Task SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATION AND
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2567
Force (USPSTF) makes EVIDENCE
Accepted for publication Jul 10, 2015
recommendations about the The US Preventive Services Task Force
Address correspondence to USPSTF Senior Project effectiveness of specific preventive (USPSTF) concludes that the current
Coordinator, 540 Gaither Rd, Rockville, MD 20850.
care services for patients without evidence is insufficient to assess the
E-mail: coordinator@uspstf.net
related signs or symptoms. balance of benefits and harms of
PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online,
It bases its recommendations on the screening for iron deficiency anemia
1098-4275).
evidence of both the benefits and harms in children ages 6 to 24 months.
Copyright © 2015 by the American Academy of
(I statement)
Pediatrics of the service and an assessment of the
Recommendations made by the US Preventive balance. The USPSTF does not consider Go to the Clinical Considerations
Services Task Force are independent of the US the costs of providing a service in this section for suggestions for practice
government. They should not be construed as an assessment. regarding the I statement.
official position of the Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality or the US Department of The USPSTF recognizes that clinical
Health and Human Services. decisions involve more considerations RATIONALE
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated than evidence alone. Clinicians should
they have no financial relationships relevant to this understand the evidence but Importance
article to disclose. The estimated prevalence of iron
individualize decision-making to the
FUNDING: The US Preventive Services Task Force is specific patient or situation. Similarly, deficiency anemia in children ages 1 to 5
an independent, voluntary body. The U.S. Congress
the USPSTF notes that policy and years in the United States is ∼1% to 2%.1,2
mandates that the Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality support the operations of the USPSTF. coverage decisions involve
considerations in addition to the Detection
POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have
indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest evidence of clinical benefits and There is convincing (older) evidence
to disclose. harms. that hemoglobin measurement has
gums, and drug interactions with mg/kg of elemental iron per day in 2 Iron-fortified formula is another
other medications. The previous to 3 divided doses.3 source of iron for infants. Federally
USPSTF recommendation also noted regulated iron fortification of food
that accidental iron overdose can Other Approaches to Prevention products in the United States began in
occur in children receiving treatment 1941, and the iron content in enriched
or supplementation with iron. According to the Institute of Medicine, grain products has increased over the
the Recommended Dietary Allowance years.6 More than 50% of the iron in
Current Practice for iron in infants ages 7 to 12 months the US food supply comes from iron-
is 11 mg per day. In children ages 1 to fortified cereal grain products.5
No recent nationally representative
3 years, the Recommended Dietary
data on the current rate of screening
Allowance is 7 mg per day. Natural Useful Resources
are available.
food sources of iron include certain
The USPSTF has published a separate
fruits, vegetables, meat, and poultry.
Screening Tests recommendation statement on
The Institute of Medicine also notes
Although the evidence is insufficient to screening for iron deficiency anemia
that nonheme iron, which is found in
recommend specific tests for screening, and iron supplementation in pregnant
vegetarian diets, may be less well
measurement of serum hemoglobin or women (available at www.
absorbed than heme iron, which is
hematocrit is often the first step. uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org).
found in diets containing meat;
therefore, the iron requirement may be
Treatment and Interventions almost twice as much in children who OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
In the United States, iron deficiency eat a purely vegetarian diet.4 Fortified
anemia in children is usually treated breads and grain products (such as Research Needs and Gaps
with oral iron. The usual dose in cereal) are also good sources of iron Although iron deficiency anemia
infants and young children is 3 to 6 for young children eating solid foods.5 has been associated with
HIKING FOR SPEED: This summer, I was hiking along the part of the Appalachian
Trail that runs along the Green Mountains in Vermont. My wife and I were enjoying
a leisurely pace, stopping frequently to admire the view or spot mushrooms, when we
suddenly heard a voice behind us ordering us out of the way. As we stepped aside,
a lone hiker with a staff blazed past us. He certainly did not pause to chat or admire
the view. It could be that he was trying to set a speed record.
As reported in The New York Times (Sports: August 5, 2015), more and more ultra-
fit athletes are attempting to record the fastest known time — or F.K.T. The idea is
that there are few new outdoor milestones to be achieved first, so athletes are
attempting to be the fastest over a particular route. The time over almost any trail,
mountain, or series of peaks can be recorded. For example, athletes post their time
completing California’s 223-mile John Muir Trail, the 2,189-mile Appalachian Trail,
or even how many days it took to climb all 58 of Colorado’s 14,000-foot peaks.
Verification and recording the various times and record times has become the
responsibility of an ultra-runner and former physicist who maintains a website
dedicated to endurance sports. The website is now the de facto record book of F.K.T.
Verification of claims can be a bit tricky, but with GPS devices and monitoring
software it is easier to track and document the route traveled by the athlete.
As for my wife and me, we relish walking or hiking the trail together and particularly
enjoy stopping to smell the roses (or pine trees or drafts of air pushed up the
mountain side). I do not think we will set any speed record for any hike in Vermont.
Noted by WVR, MD
Updated Information & including high resolution figures, can be found at:
Services http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/136/4/746
References This article cites 8 articles, 4 of which you can access for free at:
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/136/4/746#BIBL
Subspecialty Collections This article, along with others on similar topics, appears in the
following collection(s):
Hematology/Oncology
http://www.aappublications.org/cgi/collection/hematology:oncology
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Preventive Medicine
http://www.aappublications.org/cgi/collection/preventative_medicine
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Pediatrics is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it
has been published continuously since 1948. Pediatrics is owned, published, and trademarked by
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ISSN: 1073-0397.