121. A.

Static cloud seeding involves spreading a chemical like silver iodide into clouds. The silver
iodide provides a crystal around which moisture can condense. The moisture is already present in the
clouds, but silver iodide essentially makes rainclouds more effective at dispensing the water.
B- N/A *A seed nucleus is an isotope that is the starting point for any of a variety of fusion chain
reactions. The mix of nuclei produced at the conclusion of the chain reaction generally depends strongly
on the relative availability of the seed nucleus or nuclei and the component being fused--
whether neutrons as in the r-process and s-process or protons as in the rp-process*
122. C.
Colored golds can be classified to three groups:[2]

• Alloys with silver and copper in various proportions, producing white, yellow, green and red golds.
These are typically malleable alloys.

• Argon and krypton are odorless, colorless, non-toxic inert gases that can be used instead of air
between panes of glass to increase insulation and energy efficiency
• B - A strong electrolyte is a solution/solute that completely, or almost completely, ionizes or
dissociates in a solution. These ions are good conductors of electric current in the solution.
Strong acids, strong bases and soluble ionic salts that are not weak acids or weak bases
are strong electrolytes. HCl (hydrochloric acid), H2SO4(sulfuric acid), NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
and KOH (potassium hydroxide) are all strong electrolytes.
• D. – On neutralization, *For example, sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is a strong base. When a strong
acid is neutralized by a strong base there are no excess hydrogen ions left in the solution. The
solution is said to be neutral as it is neither acidic nor alkaline*
123. D
Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor
harmed. Examples are barnacles that grow on whales and other marine animals. The whale gains no
benefit from the barnacle, but the barnacles gain mobility, which helps them evade predators, and are
exposed to more diverse feeding opportunities.
• A – Mutualism is a relationship in which both species benefit.
• B – Competition is an Interaction between two species in which both are harmed.
• C–
124. A.

• B- N/A
• C- H3PO4
• D-
125.
A. A sigma bond (σσ) forms when two atomic orbitals overlap between the nuclei of two atoms (also
known as the internuclear axis)
 .
B. Pi bonds (ππ) occur when two atomic orbitals overlap outside of the space between the nuclei
(outside of the internuclear axis).

• internuclear axis: The space between the nuclei of two atoms bonded to each other.
C. In chemistry, delta bonds (δ bonds) are covalent chemical bonds, where four lobes of one
involved atomic orbital overlap four lobes of the other involved atomic orbital

D. N/A

126. D.
The force is called friction. Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces
that are in contact. Friction can cause a moving object, such as a ball, to slow down and eventually stop.
The amount of friction depends on the force pushing the surfaces together.
• A - Gravity is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center. The
force of gravity keeps all of the planets in orbit around the sun
 • C - Magnetization or magnetic polarization is the vector field that expresses the density of
permanent or induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material
127. A.
When coal is burned the sulfur combines with oxygen and the sulfur oxides are released to the
atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) becomes sulfur trioxide (SO3) when reacting with oxygen in the air. This
reacts with water molecules in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid, a strong mineral acid. This makes
rain acidic

Other reactions of coal:

1. Combustion reaction:

Combustion reaction describes what happens when the charcoal is burned with fire in presence of
oxygen. The charcoal contains carbon, which becomes carbon dioxide when reacted with oxygen with
heat. The carbon dioxide can easily be dissolved in water and form carbonic acid, which is explained in
the next step. The below shows a balanced reaction of carbon dioxide formation.

C + O2 CO2
(12 kg C) + (32 kg O) (34 kg CO2)

2. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) formation:

Carbon dioxide is a major product of coal combustion reaction. Carbon

dioxide in atmosphere reacts with water. When CO2 gas dissolves in
water molecules, carbonic acid forms. The below shows each chemical reaction that take place in
formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide. Carbonic acid is a diprotic acid. It dissociates one proton
to make bicarbonate and another proton to make carbonate.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
HCO3- H+ + CO32-

128. B.
Non–biodegradable fossil-based polymers. Most plastics are non-biodegradable mainly
because plastic is widely used because of its low cost, versatility and durability. This durability is partially
based on plastic being an uncommon target for bacteria, which makes it non-biodegradable.
129. C.
Diamonds and other gemstones are weighed in metric carats: one carat is equal to 0.2 grams, about the
same weight as a paperclip. (Don't confuse carat with karat, as in “18K gold,” which refers to gold
purity.)
1 Carat = 0.2 g
130. B.
• A - Polypeptides are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or
more polypeptide molecules. The amino acids are linked covalently by peptide bonds.
• C–
• D- Biomolecules - Biomolecule, also called biological molecule, any of numerous substances that
are produced by cells and living organisms. Biomolecules have a wide range of sizes and
structures and perform a vast array of functions. The four major types of biomolecules
are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
131. B
A,C, and D are all denser than ice so the ice will float but ethanol is less dense than ice so ice will not
possible to float.
Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of any substance.

p=m/V

where, p is the density , m is the mass of the substance whose density is to be calculated and V is the
volume of that substance.

Liquid water has molecules that can move randomly though there are Hydrogen Bonds among its
molecules but when water freezes its molecules arrange themselves in a regular and this regularity
extends throughout the whole structure. Due to hexagonal arrangement of water molecules in ice it
occupies 9% more space than the liquid water so, its volume is increased than the liquid water which
means that its density is decreased.

So, As the ice has low density than liquid water it will then float on water.

132. D
Immunosuppressants are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted
organ.
• A – antibiotics
• B – Antivirals
• C- Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) - potentially curative therapy.
Therapy includes immunosuppressive agents, antimetabolite and/or chemotherapeutic agents,
antibodies and/or immunoglobulins, immunomodulating agents, and photoactive agents
133. D
• Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular
• Limestone - a hard sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate or dolomite, used
as building material and in the making of cement.
A.
• Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. Obsidian is
produced when felsic lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth.
 • Gneiss is a common and widely distributed type of metamorphic rock. Gneiss is formed by high
temperature and high-pressure metamorphic processes acting on formations composed of
igneous or sedimentary rocks
B
• Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay
minerals and tiny fragments of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.
• Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly
calcite or dolomite.
C
• Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock
fragments. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because they are the most
resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface
• Quartzite is a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz sandstone.
Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tectonic
compression within orogenic belts.
134. B
In 1803, British pharmacist and chemist Luke Howard devised a classification system for clouds. It has
proved so successful that meteorologists have used Howard’s system ever since, with minor
modifications. According to his system, clouds are given Latin names corresponding to their appearance
— layered or convective — and their altitude. Clouds are also categorized based on whether or not they
are precipitating.

Layered clouds are much wider than they are tall. They generally have flat bases and tops and can
extend from horizon to horizon. The Latin word “stratus” describes the layered cloud category.

Convective clouds are as tall, or taller, than they are wide. These clouds look lumpy and piled up, like a
cauliflower. Convective cloud types are indicated by the root word “cumulo,” which means “heap” in
Latin. Convective clouds may become very tall and are rounded on top.

Clouds are also classified by their altitude and their ability to create precipitation. The root word “cirro”
(meaning “curl”) describes a high cloud that is usually composed of wispy ice crystals. The Latin word
“alto” (“high”) indicates a cloud in the middle of the troposphere that is below the high cirro-type
clouds. The prefix or suffix “nimbus” (“rain”) denotes a cloud that is causing precipitation.

135. B

In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction of a material is a dimensionless number that
describes how fast light propagates through the material. It is defined as where c is the speed of light in
vacuum and v is the phase velocity of light in the medium.

• A - A deflection, in physics, refers to the change in an object's velocity as a consequence of

contact (collision) with a surface or the influence of a field.
 • C - In econometrics, a diffusion index (also known as a dynamic factor) is a series which
measures the co-movement of many time serie

• D - In physics and electrical engineering the reflection coefficient is a parameter that describes
how much of an electromagnetic wave is reflected by an impedance discontinuity in the
transmission medium. It is equal to the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the
incident wave, with each expressed as phasors.

136. A

No, they do not exist. Electric field lines are only imaginary. They are the paths along which an imaginary
unit charge would move when free. Their number is infinite as paths (Electric field lines) can be infinite

These pattern of lines, sometimes referred to as electric field lines, point in the direction that a positive
test charge would accelerate if placed upon the line. As such, the lines are directed away from positively
charged source charges and toward negatively charged source charges.
Properties of an Electric Field. The following are the properties of an electric field. Field lines never
intersect each other. They are perpendicular to the surface charge. The field is strong when the lines are
close together, and it is weak when the field lines move apart from each other.
137. B.
In a series circuit, the current through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the
circuit is the sum of the voltages across each component. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of
the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents through each component.
 • Compound Circuit – A third type of circuit involves the dual use of series and parallel
connections in a circuit; such circuits are referred to as compound circuits or
combination circuits
• Short Circuit - A short circuit is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an
unintended path with no or a very low electrical impedance. This results in an excessive amount
of current flowing into the circuit.
138. B
It was not until the 16th century that a mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented, by
the Renaissance mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic cleric Nicolaus Copernicus, leading to the
Copernican Revolution.
Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the
center of the Solar System. Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the
Earth at the center.
• A - Descartes has been heralded as the first modern philosopher. He is famous for having made
an important connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for the solving of
geometrical problems by way of algebraic equations. Ex. He sketched the metaphysical
underpinnings of the Cartesian system.
• C - Ptolemy, Latin in full Claudius Ptolemaeus (fl. AD 127-145, Alexandria), ancient astronomer,
geographer, and mathematician who considered the Earth the center of the universe (the
"Ptolemaic system or Geocentrism")
• D - He subsequently used his newly invented telescope to discover four of the moons circling
Jupiter, to study Saturn, to observe the phases of Venus, and to study sunspots on the
Sun. Galileo's observations strengthened his belief in Copernicus' theory that Earth and all other
planets revolve around the Sun. Of all of his telescope discoveries, he is perhaps most known for
his discovery of the four most massive moons of Jupiter, now known as the Galilean moons: Io,
Ganymede, Europa and Callisto. When NASA sent a mission to Jupiter in the 1990s, it was called
Galileo in honor of the famed astronomer
139. D
Active noise-canceling headphones add an extra level of noise reduction by actively erasing lower-
frequency sound waves. They do this through destructive interference -- creating sound waves that have
the same amplitude and frequency as the ambient noise, but are 180 degrees out of phase.
• Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the
geometrical orientation of the oscillations. In a transverse wave, the direction of the oscillation
is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave. In contrast, in longitudinal waves, such
as sound waves in a liquid or gas, the displacement of the particles in the oscillation is always in
the direction of propagation, so these waves do not exhibit polarization. Transverse waves that
exhibit polarization include electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves, gravitational
waves,[6] and transverse sound waves (shear waves) in solids
• B - The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an
observer who is moving relative to the wave source
• C - The amplitude of constructive interference is always greater than the amplitude of individual
waves. Therefore, their amplitudes of are added to find the total amplitude.
An example of constructive interference is when you have two speakers facing each other. Then,
play the same music at the same time.
140. D.
The propulsion of all rockets, jet engines, deflating balloons, and even squids and octopuses is explained
by the same physical principle: Newton's third law of motion. Matter is forcefully ejected from a system,
producing an equal and opposite reaction on what remains.
 • A - Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle
in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

• B – Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a
straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is
normally taken as the definition of inertia. The key point here is that if there is no net
force acting on an object (if all the external forces cancel each other out) then the object will
maintain a constant velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. If an
external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force.
• C - The second law explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an
external force. The law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times
velocity) per change in time. Newton also developed the calculus of mathematics, and the
"changes" expressed in the second law are most accurately defined in differential forms.
(Calculus can also be used to determine the velocity and location variations experienced by an
object subjected to an external force.) For an object with a constant mass m, the second law
states that the force F is the product of an object's mass and its acceleration a:
• F=m*a
• For an external applied force, the change in velocity depends on the mass of the object. A force
will cause a change in velocity; and likewise, a change in velocity will generate a force. The
equation works both ways.

141.B.

142. C

143. B
• Sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of
material. Together, all these particles are called sediment. Gradually, the sediment accumulates
in layers and over a long period of time hardens into rock. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly
soft and may break apart or crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the
rock, and it is usually the only type that contains fossils.
o Examples of this rock type include conglomerate and limestone.
• Metamorphic
Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the earth from the metamorphosis
(change) that occurs due to intense heat and pressure (squeezing). The rocks that result from
these processes often have ribbonlike layers and may have shiny crystals, formed by minerals
growing slowly over time, on their surface.
o Examples of this rock type include gneiss and marble.
• Igneous
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock deep within the earth) cools and hardens.
 Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other times it erupts onto the surface from
volcanoes (in this case, it is called lava). When lava cools very quickly, no crystals form and the
rock looks shiny and glasslike. Sometimes gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling
process, leaving tiny holes and spaces in the rock.
o Examples of this rock type include basalt and obsidian.

Crystals Fossils Gas bubbles Glassy surface Ribbonlike Sand or

Small, flat Imprints of "Holes," like A shiny and layers pebbles
surfaces that leaves, shells, Swiss cheese, smooth Straight or Individual
are shiny or insects, or in the rock. surface, like wavy stripes stones,
sparkly, like other items in colored glass. of different pebbles, or
tiny mirrors. the rock. colors in the sand grains
rock. visible in the
rock.

144. A
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. The principle is
named after Daniel Bernoulli who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.
145. B
In one half-life, half decays, so if it's five years, after five years, 50g would decay. After another 5 years,
half of the remaining material (50g) would decay, so 25 more grams would decay, it would be 10 years
and 75 grams would have decayed.
146. D.
A prime meridian is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographic coordinate system at which
longitude is defined to be 0°. Together, a prime meridian and its anti-meridian (the 180th meridian in
a 360°-system) form a great circle. This great circle divides a spheroid, e.g., Earth, into two hemispheres.
If one uses directions of East and West from a defined prime meridian, then they can be called
the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere.
*noon meridian – 12 noon, sun reaches its highest point at solar time/appears to contact long meridian
147. D.
A plane mirror will form an upright virtual image of the object with the same size. Aconvex mirror will
also form an upright virtual image but will appear smaller. Only a concave mirror can produce a real
inverted image whose size depends on screen placement.
148. C.
Humus is the dark organic matter that forms inthe soil when plant and animal matter decays
A. - Chemical fertilizers are defined as fertilizers consist of inorganic chemicals which could be
synthesized artificially. Chemical fertilizers combine synthetic forms of the primary
macronutrients for plants such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as a variety of
micronutrients and additives.
B. - Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is defined
by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. These minerals include quartz (the most
common mineral) with traces of mica, feldspar, and magnetite. Sand consists mostly of quartz
 because other common minerals weather away to sizes smaller than sand, and quartz does not.
Fine sand is defined as particles between 0.02 mm and 0.2 mm
D. - Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay
minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3 , MgO etc.) and organic matter.
149. D.
In physics, the fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions that do
not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions. There are four fundamental interactions known
to exist: the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions, which produce significant long-range forces
whose effects can be seen directly in everyday life, and the strong and weak interactions, which produce
forces at minuscule, subatomic distances and govern nuclear interactions.

• Leptons: a subatomic particle, such as an electron, muon, or neutrino, which does not take part
in the strong interaction. Interactions: Gravitation, Electromagnetism. Weak
• Hadrons - a subatomic particle of a type including the baryons and mesons, which can take part
in the strong interaction.
• A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the
formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of
attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons
as in covalent bonds. - Attractive Force/Intermolecular Force
• A mechanical force involves contact with another object. Mechanical forces are distinguished
from the four natural forces of electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear
force and gravity. While each of the four natural forces do not require a physical connection,
mechanical forces must travel through a medium.
150. A.
A Bronsted-Lowry base is a solution that behaves as a proton acceptor, and these protons are in the
form of a hydrogen (H+) ion. The solution that behaves as a proton donor is called a Bronsted-Lowry acid
Electron acceptor and donor. Electron acceptors are ions or molecules that act as oxidizing agents in
chemical reactions. Electron donors are ions or molecules that donate electrons and are reducing agents