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2-7 - May 25 - McIver - Phase Shifter Principles PDF
2-7 - May 25 - McIver - Phase Shifter Principles PDF
James McIver
DV
i1 X1
itotal
i2 X2
VS VL
VS VL i2
i1
DV
Equalization of currents:
VS VS ´ VL
DV2
VPST DV2
DV1
Page 6 Phase Shifter Application Workshop Siemens Energy, Inc.
Purpose and function of PSTs
Power System
Node 2
Voltage V2
§ Delta-connected exciting
winding,
§ One tap winding
Phasor Diagram: L1 S1
§ One LTC
§ One reversing change-over
j
switch
S3
Reversing switch operation is critical
L2
Advantageous for small phase angle L3
and rating S2
solution:
§ Delta-connected
exciting winding
§ Two tap windings
Phasor Diagram: L1 S1
§ Two tap changers
§ Two advance retard
j
switches
S3 L2
Rating strongly limited by LTC
Load tap changers exposed to system
disturbances
L3 S2
Page 10 Phase Shifter Application Workshop Siemens Energy, Inc.
Categories and types
§ Hexagonal connection of RW
§ Two ARS
j
L3 S2
Page 11 Phase Shifter Application Workshop Siemens Energy, Inc.
Categories and types
Winding Arrangement and Connections:
Classic solution:
S1 L1 S2 L2 S3 L3
a b c
§ Symmetrical two core
design
§ Series unit and exciting
unit
§ One LTC Phasor Diagram:
L1 S1
a
j
S3 L2
Phase Shifting Transformer (PAR)
c b
Widely used in USA
L3 Primary circuit S2 Secondary (regulating) circuit
VPST jXPST*iL
VL0 VS
XPST iL VL
~ a
Da
VS VL0 VL
j
iL
Pmax/R
10
4
Dual core, with series and exciting unit
2
Single core, with hexagonal winding connection
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Maximum phase angle (deg)
Power transformer
Flux distribution at rated load, cos j ~ 1
FS
F1 F2
F2 FS F1
2 1
Specific requirements:
Heat run
§ PST fully assembled
§ minimized deviation of loss distribution during short circuit
condition
§ access to all windings for resistance measurement
Temporary bushings inserted at all connections between series and exciting unit
For resistance measurement, all these connections can be opened
S1 L1 S2 L2 S3 L3
Exciting Transformer
~ Auxiliary bushings
S2 L2
S2 L2
Source- and
load- terminal
connected
150 V(%)
100
50
0
0 40 80 T(m s) 120
-50
Applied voltage and typical wave shape of voltage at crossover during lightning
impulse test with source and load side terminals connected
CTs required for protection often located inside tank of the PST.
S1 S2 S3
87-1
primary
L1 L2 L3
87-2
secondary
Two-tank design
Two-core design
12.7
miles
Lake Elsionre
Power
Pump
16.5 House
miles
Camp Pendleton
Substation
500 kV
230 kV
115 kV
13.8 to 20 kV
Existing
New Additions
Further
Additions
Questions?
Page 38 Phase Shifter Application Workshop Siemens Energy, Inc.