Urine under microscope (searched) Urine

Vs

Urine
a watery, typically yellowish fluid stored in the bladder and discharged through the
urethra. It is one of the body's chief means of eliminating excess water and salt, and also
contains nitrogen compounds such as urea and other waste substances removed from the
blood by the kidneys.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
is an infection in any part of your urinary system — your kidneys, ureters, bladder
and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.
Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than are men. Infection limited to your
bladder can be painful and annoying. However, serious consequences can occur if a UTI
spreads to your kidneys.
Cystitis
or bladder infection, is the most common urinary tract infection. It occurs in the
lower urinary tract (the bladder and urethra) and nearly always in women. In most cases, the
infection is brief and acute and only the surface of the bladder is infected. Deeper layers of
the bladder may be harmed if the infection becomes persistent, or chronic, or if the urinary
tract is structurally abnormal. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI’s) are due to a
bacterial infection, most often E. coli. Microscopic examination of the urine sample shows
e.g. the presence of white blood cells and bacteria.
Urethritis
Inflammation of Urethra. This type of UTI can occur when GI bacteria spread from
the anus to the urethra. Also, because the female urethra is close to the vagina, sexually
transmitted infections, such as herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and mycoplasma, can cause
urethritis.
Common bacteria and parasites that cause Urinary Tract Infection

E-coli (bacteria)

- Escherichia coli (E. coli), a type of bacteria commonly

found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However,
sometimes other bacteria are responsible.

Leukocytes

a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids

and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and
disease; a white (blood) cell.

A high number of leukocytes in the urine may indicate the

presence of a urinary tract infection.

Streptococcus (bacteria)

A group of bacteria that causes a multitude of diseases. Under a

microscope, streptococcus bacteria look like a twisted bunch of
round berries.
Most episodes of urethritis are caused by infection by bacteria that enter the urethra from
the skin around the urethra's opening. Bacteria that commonly cause urethritis include:

 E. coli and other bacteria present in stool

 Gonococcus, which is sexually transmitted and causes gonorrhea.
 Chlamydia trachomatis, which is sexually transmitted and causes chlamydia.

Gonococcus (bacteria)

a pus-producing bacterium (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) that

causes gonorrhea.

Chlamydia trachomatis (bacteria)

A bacterium that causes a disease called trachoma .

Pic. 1 Microscopic examination of the urine sample shows e.g.

the presence of white blood cells and bacteria.
Parasites

Parasites that may be found in urinary sediments include Trichomonas vaginalis, Enterobius
vermicularis, and Schistosoma haematobium. Parasites and parasitic ova are usually present
in urine sediment as a result of vaginal or fecal contamination.

The arrows in the top image on the right point

to Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomonas is usually a
contaminant from vaginal infection and is often
accompanied by an increased number of
WBCs. Trichomonas is highly motile due to an undulating
membrane and multiple anterior flagella; however,
movement may deteriorate after 30 minutes. Confirmation of
motility is essential for positive identification of Trichomonas
vaginalis. Non-motile organisms can resemble WBCs, transitional, or
renal epithelial cells. For this reason, it is essential to examine a
freshly collected urine sample.

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is not a primary urine

parasite. E. vermicularis ova (eggs) are usually present in the
urine sediment as a fecal contaminant. The ova are ovoid in
shape and smooth with one side flattened. Embryos (larvae)
may be visible within the ova. The bottom image on the right is
an example of an E. vermicularis egg (400X magnification) with an
embryo (larva) visible within the thick hyaline shell.

Schistosoma haematobium ova may rarely be seen in urine

sediment. This parasite is considered an important factor in the
etiology of carcinoma of the bladder. The ova are elongated
and are 60 X 160 microns. They are slightly transparent and
possess a delicate terminal spine. An example of an S.
haematobium ovum is shown below.