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F G M M R: 14. Gravitation Universal Law of Gravitation (Newton)
F G M M R: 14. Gravitation Universal Law of Gravitation (Newton)
F G M M R: 14. Gravitation Universal Law of Gravitation (Newton)
14. Gravitation
F
r
m1
Principle of Superposition:
The total force on a point particle is equal to
the sum
r rof allr the forces
r onr the particle.
F1 = F12 + F13 + F14 +L + F1n
n r
= ∑ F1i
i=2
r
• F1i : force of the ith particle on particle #1.
For a real object with a continuous distribution of
particles:
m1dm
dF1 = G 2
r
F1 = ∫ dF1
m1
= ∫ G 2 dm
r
Gravitational force from a thin ring:
3
dm
r
dF
θ dF
x dFx m 1
R
Fx = ∫ dFx
m1dm
= ∫ G 2 cosθ
r
m1dm x
= ∫G 2
r r
m xdm
= ∫G 1 3
r
m xdm
= ∫G 21 2 3
(x + R ) 2
m1mx
=G 2
(x + R )
2 32
=
2
REarth (6.37 × 10 6
m)
2
= 9.83 m / s 2
=g
For any planet, the acceleration of gravity at its
surface is:
5
GMplanet
g planet =
R2planet
Example:
What is the acceleration due to gravity for (a)
an airplane flying at an altitude of 10 km, (b) a
shuttle at 300 km, (c) a geosynchronous satellite
at 36000 km?
GMEarth
(a) g plane =
(REarth + hplane )
2
=
(6.67 × 10 −11
m 3
/ kg / s 2
)(5.98 × 10 24
kg )
(6.37 × 106 m + 1× 104 m)
2
= 9.79 m / s 2
GMEarth
(b) gshuttle =
(REarth + hshuttle )
2
=
(6.67 × 10 −11 m 3 / kg / s 2 )(5.98 × 10 24 kg )
(6.37 × 10 m + 3 ×10 m )
6 5 2
= 9.00 m / s2
6
x
FE Fm
Mm
ME Ms
d
∑ Fx =FEarth − Fmoon = 0
7
GME Ms GMm Ms
− =0
x 2
(x − d)2
ME Mm
− =0
x 2
(x − d) 2
Mm 2
(x − d) −2
x =0
ME
x 2 − 2xd + d 2 − rx 2 = 0
(1 − r)x 2 − 2xd + d 2 = 0
2d ± 4d 2 − 4(1 − r)d 2
x=
2(1 − r)
2d ± 4rd 2
=
2(1 − r)
2d ± 2 rd
=
2(1 − r)
1± r
= d
1− r
1+ r
• =
x d > d ⇒ unphysical
1− r
8
1− r
• x= d < d ⇒ OK
1− r
Problem 15:
Calculate the gravitational force due to a
hollowed sphere, assuming that the mass of the
sphere was M before hollowing.
R
d
2
d
Satellite:
Gravitational Force is the centripetal force
that keeps a satellite moving in a circular orbit.
10
Fc = Fg
v 2 GME m
m =
r r2
GME
v =
2
r
GME
v=
r
• The speed is independent of the mass of the
satellite a penny and a semi-truck would
orbit at the same speed for the same radius.
• A satellite orbiting further away from the
Earth has lower speed.
• The period of the orbit:
2πr 2πr 4π 2r 3
Tc = = =
v GME / r GME
• Communication satellites are positioned in
orbit so that they "appear" stationary in the
sky by placing them in a circular orbit with a
period of 1 day.
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ME
GMETc 2
r =
3
4π 2
(6.67 ×10 −11 m 3 kg-1s-2 )(5.98 × 10 24 kg)(86400 s) 2
=
4π 2
r = 4.2 × 10 7 m
= 42,000 km
Apparent Weightlessness:
The weight of an object is defined as the force of
gravity that the object feels. For an astronaut in a
spacecraft, the weight is just:
GMm
Fg = 2
r
where M is the mass of the earth and m is the
mass of the astronaut. However, we see pictures
of astronauts floating around in the space shuttle
12
(+)
N
mg
M E ms v2
Shuttle: G 2 + N = ms
r r
N v2 ME
= −G 2 (1)
ms r r
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ME ma v2
Astronaut: G 2 − N = ma
r r
N ME v2
=G 2 − (2)
ma r r
N N
(1) + (2) + =0
ms ma
N =0
astronauts floating in a shuttle. However,
astronauts are not weightless:
M E ma
Fg = G 2 ≠ 0
r
Artifical Gravity:
• can use cricular motion to create an apparent
weight, similar to the idea of accelerating
elevator.
N v
R N
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