Module 5

Lecture 4: Hydraulic routing

 Hydraulic/Distributed flow routing

 Flow is calculated as a function of space and time throughout the system

 Hydraulic methods use continuity and momentum equation along with the
equation of motion of unsteady flow (St. Venant equations).
 St. Venant Equations (Refer to Module 6 for more details)

 Kinematic wave routing

 Diffusion wave routing

 Muskingum-Cunge method

 Dynamic wave routing

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Diffusion wave routing

Muskingum-Cunge method

It is the relationship between the Muskingum method and the Saint-Venant equations.

Inflow-Outflow Equation:
O t + ∆t = C0 It + ∆t + C1 It + C2 O
t

The constants C0, C1 and C2 are functions of wave celerity, c.

dQ
dQ dy
c = = ,
dA dA
dy
Q discharge and y  depth of flow
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Diffusion wave routing

Muskingum-Cunge method Contd…

1 Q0 
X = 1 − 
2  c * T * S 0 * ∆x 

where,
Q0 = QB + 0.50(Q p − QB )
Q0 = Reference discharge,
S0 = Reach Slope,
QB = Baseflow
Qp = Peak flow taken from the inflow hydrograph

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 Dynamic Wave Routing

Flow in natural channels is unsteady, non-uniform with junctions, tributaries,

variable cross-sections, variable resistances, variable depths, etc. The complete
St.Venant equation represents the dynamic wave routing. (Refer to Module 6 for more
details)

∂y  ∂V   ∂y 
0= + y  +V  Non-conservative
∂t  ∂x   ∂x 
 form of continuity
equation

Valley Prism Wedge

storage storage storage

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Dynamic Wave Routing Contd…

Momentum equation considering all relevant forces acting on the system:

1 ∂Q 1 ∂  Q  ∂y 2

+  + g − g (So − S f ) = 0
A ∂t A ∂x  A  ∂x

Local Convective Pressure Gravity Friction

acceleration acceleration force term force term force term
term term

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Example Problem

Period Inflow
Given: (hr) (cfs)
1 93
Inflow hydrograph 2 137
3 208
K = 2.3 hr, X = 0.15, ∆t = 1 hour, Initial Q = 90 cfs 4 320
5 442
Find: 6 546
7 630
Outflow hydrograph using Muskingum routing method 8 678
9 691
10 675
∆t − 2 KX 1 − 2 * 2.3 * 0.15 11 634
C1 = = = 0.0631 12 571
2 K (1 − X ) + ∆t 2 * 2.3(1 − 0.15) + 1 13 477
14 390
∆t + 2 KX 1 + 2 * 2.3 * 0.15
C2 = = = 0.3442 15 329
2 K (1 − X ) + ∆t 2 * 2.3(1 − 0.15) + 1 16
17
247
184
2 K (1 − X ) − ∆t 2 * 2.3 * (1 − 0.15) − 1 18 134
C3 = = = 0.5927 19 108
2 K (1 − X ) + ∆t 2 * 2.3(1 − 0.15) + 1 20 90

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 Example Problem Contd…

Period Inflow C1Ij+1 C2Ij C3Qj Outflow

Q j +1 = C1I j +1 + C 2 I j + C3Q j (hr) (cfs) (cfs)
1 93 0 0 0 90

C1 = 0.0631, C2 = 0.3442, C3 = 0.5927 2 137 9 32 53.343 94.343

3 208 13 47 55.9171 115.9171
4 320 20 72 68.70406 160.7041
Inflow Outflow 5 442 28 110 95.2493 233.2493
800 6 546 34 152 138.2469 324.2469

700 7 630 40 188 192.1811 420.1811

8 678 43 217 249.0413 509.0413
600
Discharge (cfs)

9 691 44 233 301.7088 578.7088

500 10 675 43 238 343.0007 624.0007
400 11 634 40 232 369.8452 641.8452
12 571 36 218 380.4217 634.4217
300
13 477 30 197 376.0217 603.0217
200
14 390 25 164 357.411 546.411
100 15 329 21 134 323.8578 478.8578

0 16 247 16 113 283.819 412.819

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 17 184 12 85 244.6778 341.6778
18 134 8 63 202.5124 273.5124
Time (hr)
19 108 7 46 162.1108 215.1108
20 90 6 37 127.4962 170.4962
Exercise Problem

An inflow hydrograph is measured for a cross section of a stream. Compute the

outflow hydrograph at a point five miles downstream using the Muskinghum
method . Assuming K = 12hr, x=0.15, and outflow equals inflow initially. Plot the
inflow and outflow hydrograph.

Time Inflow (cfs)

9:00A.M. 50
3:00P.M 75
9:00 P.M. 150
3:00A.M. 450
9:00A.M. 1000
3:00P.M. 840
9:00P.M. 750
3:00A.M. 600
9:00A.M. 300
3:00P.M. 100
9:00P.M. 50
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 Highlights in the Module

 Flood routing is a technique of determining the flood hydrograph at a section

of a river by utilizing the data of flood flow at one or more upstream sections

 As a flood wave travels downstream, it undergoes:

 Peak attenuation

 Translation
 Types of flood routing
 Lumped/hydrologic
 Distributed/hydraulic

 Lumped / Hydrologic flow routing

 Flow is calculated as a function of time alone at a particular location.
 Equation of continuity and flow/storage relationship
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Highlights in the Module Contd…

 Hydrologic flow routing methods

 Level pool method (Modified Puls)

 Channel routing\Muskingum method
 Series of reservoir models

 Distributed / Hydraulic routing

 Flow is calculated as a function of space and time throughout the system

 Hydraulic methods use continuity and momentum equation along with the
equation of motion of unsteady flow (St. Venant equations).

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Highlights in the Module Contd…

 Distributed / Hydraulic routing methods

 Diffusion wave routing

 Muskingum Cunge method

 Dynamic wave routing

 Complete solution to St.Venant equations

Module 5