G. S.

Mandal's
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad
Department Electronics & Telecommunication Engg

GUIDELINES OF PROJECT PART-II REPORT WRITTING

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Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY,
AURANGABAD (M.S.)

MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY DESIGN FOR C-

BAND ELECTROMAGNETIC FENCE APPLICATIONS

Submitted by
Shyam H. Khurmute (T3435)
Swapnil M. Kshirsagar (T3445)
Shantikumar R. Sovitkar (T34107)

Under the guidance of

Prof. S. J. Nandedkar Mam

In partial fulfillment of the award of

Bachelor of Technology (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering)
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Maharashtra Institute of Technology,
Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
[2018-19]
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “Microstrip Patch Antenna
Array Design For C-band Electromagnetic Fence Applications ”, submitted by Shyam
H. Khurmute, Swapnil M. Kshirsagar, Shantikumar R. Sovitkar is the bonafide work
completed under my supervision and guidance in partial fulfilment for the award of
Bachelor of Technology (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) of Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad (M.S.).

Place: Aurangabad
Date:
 Ms. S. J. Nandedkar Mr. G. V. Jawale Dr. G. S. Sable
Guide Project Co-ordinator
Head of Department

Dr. S. P. Bhosle
Principal
Maharashtra Institute of Technology
Aurangabad (M.S.) – 431 005

CONTENTS

CHAPTERS TITLE PAGE NO

List of Figures I
List of Graphs Ii
List of Tables Iii
List of Symbols Iv
Abstract V
 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Need of project 2
1.3 Objective of project 3
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2.1 Paper-1
2.2 Paper-2

3. SYSTEM MODELING 5

4. RESULT ANALYSIS 7

CONCLUSIONS

5.
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Advantages
5.3 Disadvantages
References
Acknowledgement
Appendix – A

Use Table for formatting and make borders non

List of Figures
 Figure Illustration Page
1.1 Block diagram 2
2.1 System 5

List of Graphs

Figure Illustration Page

1.1 -- 2
2.1 -- 5
2.2 -- 6
List of Tables

Table No. Illustration Page

3.1 -- 7
3.9 -- 11
4.2 -- 17

List of Symbols

Symbol Illustration
Φ Pressure Angle Radian
τ Shearing Stress N/mm2

ABSTRACT

Electromagnetic fence designs have potential to provide border security especially for
military tasks. In this paper, design, simulation and experimental results of a microstrip
patch antenna array which may be suitable for an electromagnetic fence application at C-
band are presented. Moreover, an experimental demonstration of the effect of a person on
the signal propagation between the transmitter and the receiver is presented basically.

1. INTRODUCTION
 1.1 INTRODUCTION

Electronic warfare concept and its applications have been taking the place of classical
military aspects for the last decade. Especially, providing the security of any border by
using tools of this concept may be considered one of the most comprehensive and
challenging problems. However, an electromagnetic fence, which is illustrated in Fig.1,
may be a good candidate to detect intruders and prevent smuggling while reducing the
defense costs and demand for human resources. The idea of the electromagnetic fence
basically depends on the detection of the received signal fluctuations because of an
obstacle moving between the transmitter and receiver antennas. Obviously, this concept
must provide some requirements like mobility ,low-cost and artificial concealment .Thus,
it is important to minimize the components of the electromagnetic fence, especially the
antennas.

Figure 1. Illustration Of An Electromagnetic Fence Behind Concealment

Microstrip antenna concept was proposed by Descamps in 1953 but its practical
applications were developed by Munson and Howell in 1970s. Microstrip antennas
became very popular for wide-band or multi-band wireless communication, satellites,
radars, cell phones etc. because of their simple and cheap fabrication process. Besides
having these advantages, they also have several disadvantages, such as low efficiency,
narrow bandwidth, and low gain. But, these drawbacks can be overcome by using
multiple patch elements in different configurations called microstrip arrays.
In this paper, design steps of a microstrip patch antenna array with simulation
results are presented in Section. Experimental results of the fabricated antenna and a
simple demonstration of the signal propagation between transmitter and receiver arrays
are given in Section 3. Conclusion and the future study plans are mentioned in Section 4.

1.2 NEED OF PROJECT

 They are easy to fabricate and analysis.
 Attractive radiation characteristics, low cross polarization.
 Comfortable for planner and non-planner surfaces.
 Simple and inexpensive to fabricate using modern PCB’s.
 Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surface.
 These antennas can be mounted on high performance surfaces like aircrafts,
spacecraft, satellite, missiles, cars and even handheld mobiles.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

 To study design of rectangular patch microstrip antenna.
 To study different feeding techniques.
 Parametric study of RMSA for different feeding techniques.
 The objective of this is to design antenna that is suitable for the multiband and
wideband communication systems.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Antenna Theory Design And Analysis :- Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Hoboken, New Jersey. In 2005 Author - Constantine A. Balanis.
2. Performance analysis of different feeding techniques :- www.ijetae.com (ISSN
2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013)
Author - Amit Kumar1 , Jaspreet Kaur2 , Rajinder Singh.
3. Mutual Coupling Reduction Techniques in Microstrip Patch Antennas vol-3 :-
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 03, 1064 –
1069, March. 2016. Author - Shruti Dhamankar and Sneha Lopes.
 4. New Multi-Band Microstrip Antenna Design for Wireless Communications :-
Published in: IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine ( Volume: 49 , Issue: 6 ,
Dec. 2007 ) Author - Karim Y. Kabalan ; Al EI-Hajj ; Mohammad Rammal.
5. Microstrip antenna technology :- IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation ( Volume: 29 , Issue: 1 , Jan 1981 ) Author - K. Carver , J. Mink.

3. SYSTEM MODELLING

3.1. Design, Simulation and Fabrication of the Array Antenna

3.1.1 Design of the single array element
A microstrip antenna may have any shape or size for a desired application. But
rectangular shape of a conductive patch allows to use empiric mathematical model in the
early steps of design. With this mathematical model, one can calculate the width (W),
length (L), effective dielectric constant ( ﾤ eff) and characteristic impedance (Z) of the
patch approximately by using the equations given below [2, 6]

W =c/2πf [√2/Er + 1]
Eeff =[(Er + 1)/2 ]+ [(Er −1)/2 ][1 + 12 h/W)^−1/2
∆L = 0.412[h(Eeff + 0.3)(W/h + 0.264) ]/[(Eeff −0.258)(W/h + 0.8)]
Leff = L + 2∆L
Z =(120π)/√Eeff[W0/h + 1.393 + 0.667ln](W0/h + 1.444)]
where f is resonant frequency of the antenna, W0 is width of the microstrip line, c is
speed of the electromagnetic wave in vacuum, Er is relative permittivity of the dielectric
substrate, h is the total height of the antenna, Leff is effective length of the patch
illustrated in Fig.2. After determining the dimensions of the rectangular patch, one should
consider the feeder type. As it is well known, microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture
coupling, and proximity coupling are popular feeding methods for patch antennas
 Figure 2. Rectangular patch antenna

Figure 3. Rectangular patch antenna

Here, microstrip line method with corporate-feed network model is selected as a feeding
method because it is easy to fabricate and control the feeding position. Optimized design
parameters of the proposed microstrip antenna element are given in Table 1.

Center Frequency 4 GHz

Substrate FR-4
Copper Thickness 0.035 mm
 Substrate Height 1.6 mm
Loss Tangent 0.025
Dielectric Constant 4.3
Length Of The Substrate 33 mm
Width Of The Substrate 32 mm
Length Of The Patch 16.2 mm
Width Of The Patch 23 mm
Length Of The Feeder 10.8 mm
Width Of The Feeder 1.0 mm

Table 1. Design Parameters Of The Rectangular Patch Element

By using the aforementioned parameters, it is possible to simulate S-parameters and even

the three-dimensional (3D) directivity pattern of the single elemen tpatch via CST
Microwave Studio. Simulation results for S11 values and 3D directivity pattern are
illustrated in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 respectively.
1.Chapter Title
Each chapter should begin on new page. Chapter title should be at center. The fonts for
different headings are given below. Chapter Heading – 16, New Times Roman, Bold and
Capital. They should be named as 1. INTRODUCTION, 2. LITERATURE SURVEY.
Subheading – 12, New Times Roman, Bold and Title Case
Sub-sub Heading – 12, New Times Roman, Bold and Sentence case
Any further subheading should be in 12, New Times Roman Bold and Sentence Case.
The References, Acknowledgement and Appendices should not be numbered like
chapters.

2 Naming of Figures and Tables

The Title of the figure should be written in 12, New Times Roman, Bold and Title
Case, below the figure leaving one line between figure and the title as shown below. The
figures should be centrally placed. The borders to the figures should be avoided.

Binding
Figure 1.1: Title of Figure(centrally located)

The title of the table should be placed above the table leaving one line spacing
between the table and the title. The Title of the table should be written in 12, New Times
Roman, Bold and Title Case. The tables should be centrally placed.

Table 1.1: The Table Showing the Performance of Student in the Semester(Left align)

2.
3.

The Titles of any graphs should be written in the same way as that of figures.
3 Numbering of the Pages
The page numbers for the main chapters should be given in Arabic style starting
from 1 to onwards on top right hand corner of the page. For other pages the page numbers
should be given in Roman style like i, ii, iii as given in the contents. At the start of new
chapter the page number should be placed at the bottom of page located centrally except
for chapter 1, which should not contain number (i.e. page no. 1 will not be printed in the
report). References and Acknowledge should not have page numbers.

4 References
The references should be numbered according to their appearance in the text, i.e.
the reference number 1 should appear first and then followed by reference number 2 and
so on. The third reference should not appear before reference 2. The cross referencing
should be done by placing the number in the square bracket like [2]. The references under
the heading at the end of report should be written in the form given below.
[1] Name of Author(s) beginning with surname, “Title of Paper”, Name of Journal, Year
of Publication, Name of Publisher, Volume No., Edition, Page numbers.
For Example(for book refered)
[2] John W Mark., “Wireless communications & Networking”………….. pp. 513 – 521.
 These references must be reflected in text at appropriate places in square bracket
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The portion of success is brewed by the efforts put in by many individuals. It is

constant support provided by people who give you the initiative, who inspire you at each
step of your endeavor that eventually helps you in your goal.
I wish to express my deep gratitude and heartily appreciation for the invaluable
guidance of our professors throughout the span of preparing this seminar. We are
indebted to our college Principal Dr. S. P. Bhosle.
I am also thankful to our HOD Dr. G. S. Sable and my project Guide Prof. S. J.
Nandedkar Mam for his invaluable and elaborate suggestions. Their excellent guidance
made me to complete this task successfully .

NAME OF STUDENT
Shyam H. Khurmute (T3435) TYA
Swapnil M. Kshirsagar (T3445) TYA
Shantikumar R. Sovitkar (T34107) TYB
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT PART-II REPORT
WRITTING:

1) First Show Project Report (soft copy) to Your Respective Guide.

2) Follow Strictly Guidelines of Report Writing.

3) Take print BACK TO BACK (Min 40-45 pages).

4) Project Report should be hard bound (Colour – blue & white) = three
hard Copies.

5) Make ONE DVD (contains= All the information of Your Project Report
in word file, Power Point Presentation, coding , Hardware Details, Reference
Papers etc.

6) Project Report is Must for Delivering the Project Review-III.

Note:
All project hard bound
copies must be back to
back print to save the
paper.