Note: # GE T60 AND P632

Stability Quality of protective system to remain inoperative with outside zones fault.
Sensitivity Refers to the minimum level of fault current at which operation occurs.

To find out percent differential element, calculations of Id and Ir are made.

This element operates if

1 Id > Pickup
2 Id/Ir > K Restraint factor

where, K is defined by
1 Slope 1
2 Slope 2
3 A transition area between breakpoint 1 & breakpoint 2 settings

K i.e. differential ratio is for transformer winding currents

For, 1 At different loading conditions
2 To distinguish betwn. External & Internal faults

K variation occurs due to current unbalance between Primary & Secondary

And current unbalance can be caused by
1 Inherent CT inaccuracies
Different loading
2 On load Tap changer operation conditions
3 CT Saturation
4 External faults
External & Internal faults
5 Internal faults

Settings
1 Pickup Min. differential current required for operation 0.1 - 0.3
Inherent CT inaccuracies
On load Tap changer operation
It is chosed based on the amount of differential current that can be seen during normal operating conditions.
Relay should not operated in normal operation because of CT inaccuracies & Current variation due to onload tap chang
Remedy for Inherent CT inaccuracies & On load Tap changer operationis to provide matching factor i.e. magnitude co

2 Slope 1 (Or Pickup Ratio)

Inherent CT inaccuracies
CT Saturation
Slope 1 prevents differential currents to get operated during normal operating conditions.
Assures Sensitivity to internal faults
Sensitivity Refers to the minimum level of fault current at which operation occurs.
To be more specific, minimum level of internal fault current at which operation occurs.

This setting must be high enough to cope with or deal with CT saturation errors
Here saturation means small current magnitudes of significant & long lasting DC components
(Such as during distant external faults in vicinity of generators)

3 Slope 2
CT Saturation
Ensures Stability during heavy through fault conditions, where CT saturation results in high differential current
Stability Quality of protective system to remain inoperative with outside zones fault.

So set slope 2 high enough to cater for the worst case where one set of CTs saturates but the other set does not.
In such a case, the ratio of the differential current to restraint current can be as high as 95% to 98%
 So Idiff would be around 95 times the Irest.
Which shows that Idiff is very high and we should consider it as outside zone fault.

4 Break Points
The capability of CTs to correctly transform primary into secondary currents during external faults.

Break Point 2
Set it below the fault current that is most likely to saturate some CTs due to an AC component alone.

Break Point 1
Set it below a current that causes CT saturation due to DC components and/or residual magnetism.
This magnetism can be as high as 80% of the nominal flux, effectively reducing the CT capability by the factor of 5.
naccuracies & Current variation due to onload tap changer operation.
is to provide matching factor i.e. magnitude compensation in relay

, where CT saturation results in high differential current.

ctively reducing the CT capability by the factor of 5.