Introduction to Computing

Assignment 02

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Date: 15th April 2019

Q1: How one type of memory card works?

SD cards connect to a device with pins that match a port on the device. Each card has a
microcontroller that communicates with the device, bringing data from the host to flash
storage components called NAND, or Not And, chips. The microcontroller only activates
when when actively saving or retrieving data, reducing the amount of power needed to
support the card. SD Cards have no moving parts, which means that if they are bumped or
dropped they are much less likely to break or lose data. The NAND storage is resilient and
does not wear easily; data can be written and rewritten thousands of times in the lifetime of
the card.

Q2: How a Laser Reads Data on an Optical Disc.

In computing and optical disc recording technologies, an optical disc (OD) is a flat, usually
circular disc which encodes binary data (bits) in the form of pits (binary value of 0 or off, due
to lack of reflection when read) and lands (binary value of 1 or on, due to a reflection when
read) on a special material (often aluminium[1] ) on one of its flat surfaces. The encoding
material sits atop a thicker substrate (usually polycarbonate) which makes up the bulk of the
disc and forms a dust defocusing layer. The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral
path covering the entire disc surface and extending from the innermost track to the outermost
track. The data is stored on the disc with a laser or stamping machine, and can be accessed
when the data path is illuminated with a laser diode in an optical disc drive which spins the
disc at speeds of about 200 to 4,000 RPM or more, depending on the drive type, disc format,
and the distance of the read head from the center of the disc (inner tracks are read at a higher
disc speed).

Q3: Differentiate between CD-ROM, CDRs and CDRWs?

CD-ROM: A compact disk read only memory is a storage device that can be read but not
written to. CD-ROM was a common convention for delivery of audio through the years
before small solid state flash drives began to take over

CDR’S: CD-R stands for CD Recordable. CD-R disks can only be written to once. They are
cheap and work best when recording data that will not change.

CDRWs: CR-RW stands for CD Rewriteable. CDRW disks can be written to many times and
they function somewhat like a hard disk or floppy.

Q4: Write down the differences between multi-tasking and multi-processing?

Multitasking, in an operating system, is allowing a user to perform more than one

computer task (such as the operation of an application program) at a time. The operating
system is able to keep track of where you are in these tasks and go from one to the other
without losing information. Microsoft Windows 2000, IBM's OS/390, and Linux are
examples of operating systems that can do multitasking (almost all of today's operating
systems can). When you open your Web browser and then open Word at the same time, you
are causing the operating system to do multitasking.
Multiprocessing is an ability of a computer to use two or more processors for computer
operations. With multiple processors, the computer performance can be significantly
increased. On a standard home computer, not all standard applications will use two or more
processors in a computer. Therefore, multiple processors may not be fully used and the user
may not notice a speed increase.

Q5: How many operating systems can be installed on a single machine? Justify.

You can keep on installing as many operating system as you want. Although, it's not
advisable to install too many operating systems on the same machine. Because as you keep
increasing the number of OS's, your system will consume a lot of your system's resources.

Q6: Why the mobile data consume more battery than wifi? Justify.

Power Consumption on any non-supported connection is dependent on the strength of

wireless signal. But 3G/4G data is often perceived to be the power hog because the signal
strength varies from area to area which is less of an issue in case of wifi