Chapter - I 1.1. Introduction About Phase Change:: Experimental Analysis On Phase Changing Material

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON PHASE CHANGING MATERIAL
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction about phase change material :
Scientists all over the world are in search of new and renewable energy source. One of
the options is develop energy storage devices, which are as important as developing new
source of energy.
The technology that can be used to store large amounts of heat or cold in a definite
volume has been a subject of matter for a long time increasing energy cost and associated
environmental problems have intensified efforts towards energy storage and sustainable
energy technologies.
Thermal energy storage is considered one of most important advanced energy
technologies and recently increasing attention has been paid to the utilization of this essential
technique for thermal application ranging from heating to cooling particularly in buildings.
Thermal energy storage for space heating and cooling of buildings is becoming
increasingly important due to the rising cost of fossil fuel and environmental concerns. Solar
energy has an enormous potential for space heating of buildings in winter and space cooling
building in summer however solar radiation is a time dependent energy source with an
intermittent and variable character with the peak solar radiation occurring near noon. Thermal
energy storage can decreases indoor air temperature and improve the indoor thermal comfort
level.
Latent heat storage in phase change material attractive because of its high storage
density with small temperature it has been demonstrated that for the development of latent
heat storage system in building fabric, the choice of PCM plays an important role in addition
to heat transfer mechanism in the PCM.
Thermal energy storage in celling may be enhanced by encapsulating or embedding
suitable PCMs within these surfaces. They can either capture solar energy directly or thermal
energy through natural convection. Increasing the thermal storage capacity of building can
increase human comfort by decreasing the frequency of internal air temperature, so that indoor
air temperature is closer to the desired temperature for a longer period of time.
Therefore the interest is now being developed among the various researchers in the
field of effective thermal energy storage and in particular latent heat energy storage and their
efficient use for conservation of energy in residential buildings.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 1

Latent heat thermal energy storage is becoming more attractive for space heating and
cooling of buildings. The applications are several like, the ability to save operative fees by
shifting the electrical consumption from peak period to off-peak periods since the electricity is
reduced.
Thermal energy storage systems provide the potential to attain energy savings, which
in turn reduce the environmental impact related to energy use. In fact, these systems provide a
valuable solution for correcting the mismatch that is often found between the supply and
demand of energy.
The latent heat storage is also an efficient and economical heat storage system. It is
particularly attractive due to its ability to provide high energy storage, and its characteristics
to store heat at a constant temperature corresponding to the phase transition temperature of the
heat storage substance.
1.2. Requirements of a latent heat thermal storage:
Any latent heat thermal energy storage system must possess at least the three following
components,
 A heat storage substance that undergoes a solid to liquid phase transition within the
desired operating temperature range and wherein the bulk of heat added is stored as
the latent heat of fusion.
 Containment for the storage substance.
 A heat exchanging surface for transferring heat from the heat source to the heat storage
substance and from the latter to the heat sink.
1.3. Thermal energy storage:
Thermal energy storage can be stored and retrieved as a change in internal energy of
material as sensible heat, latent heat and also in thermo-chemical reactions or combination of
these. In sensible heat storage, thermal energy is stored by raisin the temperature of a solid or
liquid.
The amount of stored thermal energy depends on the specific heat of the medium, the
temperature change and the amount of storage material. Latent heat storage is based on the
heat absorption or release when a storage material undergoes a phase change from solid to
liquid or liquid to solid.
Amongst above thermal heat storage technique, latent heat thermal energy storage is
particularly attractive due to its ability to provide high energy storage density and its
characteristics to store heat at constant temperature corresponding to the phase transition
temperature PCM.

1.4. Classification of PCMs:
Fig 1.1 : Classification of PCM's
A classification of PCMs is given in fig.1.1. There are a large number of organic,

inorganic and eutectic materials, which can be identified as PCM from the point of view of
melting temperature and latent heat of fusion. As no single material can have all the required
properties for an ideal thermal can have all the required properties for an ideal thermal storage
media, one has to use the available materials and they to make up for the poor physical property
by an adequate system design.
For example metallic fins can be used to increase the increase the thermal conductivity
of PCMs, super cooling may be suppressed by introducing a nucleating agent in the storage
material and incongruent melting can be inhibited by use of suitable thickness. For their very
different thermal and chemical behaviour, the properties of each sub group, which affects and
liquid-gas systems are of limited utility because of the large volumes required for such systems.
Of the tow practical systems, the solid-liquid systems is the most studied and most
commonly commercially available. Solid-solid systems show much promise, but are only
recently being studied. Thermal storage can be used to store cool or hot energy that is either
available freely or that can be produced very efficiently only at specific times.
1.5. PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS [ PCMs ]:

Unlike the sensible thermal storage methods, PCMs provide much higher energy
storage densities and the heat is stored and released at an almost constant temperature.
PCMs can be used in active and passive in building materials such as concrete, gypsum
wallboard in the ceiling or floor to increase their thermal storage capacity.
They can either capture solar energy or thermal energy through natural convection of
space heating and cooling, yet at present there are limited systems in use. the design of
latent heat storage systems using PCMs of that sub group.
1.6. DEVELOPMENNT OF PCMs FOR HEATING AND COOLING:
The application of PCMs can have two different goals. First, using natural heat or cold
sources, that is solar energy for heating or night cold for cooling, second, using manmade heat
or cold sources. In any case, storage of heat or cold is necessary to match availability and
demand with respects to time and also with respects to power. Basically three different ways
to use PCMs for heating and cooling of buildings exist:
 PCMs in building walls
 PCMs in other buildings components then walls and
 PCMs In separate heat or cold stores.
The first two are passive systems, where the heat or cold stored is automatically
released when indoor or temperatures rise or fall beyond the melting point. The third one is
active system, where the stored heat or cold is in containment thermally separated from the
buildings by insulation. Therefore, the heat or cold is only on demand and not automatically.
1.7. Criteria of Selection of PCMs
The criteria of selection of PCMs mainly depends upon
 Latent heat of fusion
 Thermal conductivity
 Recyclability and chemical stability
 Melting/ Transition temperature
 Non-Flammability

Selection criteria of PCMs
S.NO Types of PCMs Merits Demerits
1 Organic  Availability in  Low thermal
PCMs[Paraffin’s large temperature conductivity

and non-paraffin’s]
range around [0.2
 High latent het of W/mK]
fusion  Occupies
 Freeze with little or relatively large
super cooling volume
 Highly
flammable
2 Inorganic PCMs  High thermal  Corrosion
conductivity  Poor nucleating
 Low volume proper properties
 High heat of fusion and super cooling
 Availability in low problem
cost
3 Eutectics  Sharp melting point  Bad odour
 Higher volumetric  Lack of
thermal storage availability in
densities low cost
Table.1.1 The merits and demerits of selection criteria of PCMs is shown

A list of commercial PCMs develop by some of the manufacturers with trade name,
melting temperature and latent heat capacity are given in the Table.1.2 that are suitable for
building applications.
PCM Type of Melting Heat of fusion Source
Name product temp(℃) (kJ/kg)
Astorstant (paraffin’s and 21.7-22.8 - Astor wax by

HA17 waxes) Honey well
(PCM Thermal
Astorstant 27.2-28.3 Solution)
HA18
RT26 paraffin 24-26 232 Rubitherm

GmbH
RT27 28 206
Climsel Salt 23 148

C23 Hydrate Climator
Climsel 24 108
C24
STL27 Salt 27 213 Mitsubishi
Hydrate Chemicals
S27 Salt 27 207
Hydrate Cristopia
Th29 Salt 29 188 TEAP

Hydrate
- Mixture of two 22-25 -

salt hydrate ZAE Bayern
E23 Plus ICE 23 155 Environ-mental

(Mixture of Process system
non-Toxic (EPS)
Eutectic
solution)
Table.1.2 PCM's suitable for building applications

1.8. Criteria of salt hydrates:

Water-salt solutions consist of two components, water and salt, which means phase
separation could be a problem. To prevent phase separation, and to achieve a good cycling
stability, eutectic compositions are used. Eutectic compositions are mixtures of two or more
constituents, which solidify simultaneously out of the liquid at a minimum freezing point.
Therefore, none of the phases can sink down due to a different density. Further on, eutectic
compositions show a melting temperature and good storage density.
Table 1.3. Examples of salt hydrates that have been investigated as PCM

CHAPTER – II
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1. Introduction:
In this chapter the literature survey pertaining to the various phase change materials
and their method of incorporation in the building structure for the application of heating and
cooling of buildings in active and passive systems has been given in the following sections.
In attempt to conserve energy and reduce dependency on fossil fuels, it has become
necessary to seek effective means of thermal energy storage using phase change materials
(PCM). The development of improved means of thermal storage is thus a very important
aspect of energy conservation in buildings V.V.Thyagi et al [153].
The utilization of Phase change materials (PCM) in active and passive solar buildings
has been subject to considerable interest for the past decades. The appeal of PCMs is that they
can store heat energy in a latent, as well as sensible fashion, leading to greater heat storage
capacity per unit volume than that of conventional materials.
As the ambient temperatures rises, the chemical bonds within the PCM break up as the
material changes phase from solid to liquid (as is the case for solid-liquid PCMs which are of
particular interest here ). The phase change is a heat-seeking (endothermic) process and
therefore, the PCM absorbs heat. As the environment cools down, the PCM will return to
solid phase and reject the heat it had absorbed.
However, solar energy is intermittent, unpredictable, and available only during the
day. Hence, its application requires efficient thermal energy storage so that the surplus heat
collected during sunshine hours maybe stored for later use during the night. Similar problems
arise in heat recovery systems where the waste heat availability and utilization periods are
different, requiring some thermal energy storage.
Latent heat storage is more attractive than sensible heat storage because of its high
storage density with smaller temperature swing lane [17], Abhat [18]. However, many
practical problems are encountered with latent heat extended cycles, phase segregation, sub
cooling, incongruent melting, volume change and heat storage can be widely used.

The following section provides the literature review on thermal energy storage with
different approaches for building cooling applications. The potential and capabilities of the
PCMs in some of the major cooling of building applications have been explained in the
following sections.
2.2 ENERGY CONSERVATION THROUGH ENERGY STORAGE:
Energy storage is one of the key technologies for energy conservations therefore is of
great practical importance. One of its main advantages is that it is best suited for sensible and
latent heat storage technologies, systems and applications in the field of solar energy.
The ES systems can contribute significantly to meeting society’s needs for more
efficient, environmentally benign energy use in building heating and cooling, space power,
and utility applications. The use of ES systems will result in some significant benefits as
follows
i. Conservation of fossil fuels, by the switch of efficient generating plant,
ii. Reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and
iii. Reductions in CFC emissions.
A variety of active and passive systems for storage have been developed for the
effective utilization of solar energy. Passive systems which do not need pumps are suitable for
small-scale domestic applications, and are widely used throughout Europe, America and many
parts of the world.
i. Direct heat-gain,
ii. Heat collection and storage,
iii. Sun space,
iv. Roof-top heat storage and
v. Thermos siphons.

2.3 MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF PCMs IN BUILDINGS
1) Passive storage systems

2) PCM Tromble wall
3) PCM wall boards
4) PCM shutter
5) PCM building blocks
6) Solar heat storage wall for building ventilation
7) PCM integrated in wood- light weight concrete
8) Thermally enhanced frame wall with PCMs

CHAPTER - III
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION & POSSIBLE RECOMMENDATION
The use of stone or masonry for this purpose in modern buildings can give rise to a
number of problems such as excessive mas and undesirable temperature excursions during
and following prolonged periods of high and low ambient temperature.
As ourselves we are Indians and our lands pass through the tropic of cancer we will
not with stand to too hot and too cold. We live in a moderate temperature to ourselves to be
comfortable. Due to the abnormal conditions will not be comfortable in those climatic
conditions.
The technology that can be used to store large amounts of heat or cold in a definite
volume has been a subject of research for a long time. In India cooling of buildings consume
considerable amounts of energy due to the climatic conditions. To resist these problems the
sensible heat storage has been used since prehistoric times.
To overcome the above mentioned problems the use of phase change materials as
latent heat storage medium in buildings began to receive serious consideration in the last two
decades. These materials absorb heat serious consideration in the last two decades. These
materials absorb heat in changing from the solid to the liquid state and release it as they
change in the opposite direction.
Latent heat storage in a phase change material is very attractive because of its high-
energy storage density and its isothermal behavior during the phase change process. Thermal
storage plays a major role in the incorporation of latent heat storage in building products.
Increasing the thermal storage capacity of buildings can enhance human comfort by
decreasing the frequency of internal air temperature swings so that the indoor air temperature
is closer to the desired temperature for a longer period of time.
As the usage of phase changing material on buildings the temperature noticed to be

nearly constant throughout the day, due to the high latent heat storage capacity of the PCM.
The transmission of heat in to the PCM room is reduced by 73.1 % which is a direct saving in
electrical energy consumption and reduction in cooling load in case of an air conditioned
room.

CHAPTER – IV
FABRICATION OF COMPONENTS & THEIR DESCRIPTION
4.1. Introduction:
In this chapter the block diagram of the project and design aspect of independent
modules are considered. The various components which are used to preparation of the PCM
integrated roof and RCC roof are shown is shown in the below block diagram is shown in
fig: 4.1:

4.2. Components used for Fabrication:
The following are the major components are required to fabricate the of the present
project work are as follows:
 Phase change material
 PCM integrated roof
 RCC roof
 Thermal indicators
4.3. Phase changing materials

By far the best-known PCM is water. It has been used for cold storage for more than 2000
years. Today, cold storage with ice is state of the art and even cooling with natural ice and snow is
used again. For temperatures below 0 °C, usually water-salt solutions with a eutectic composition are
used. Several material classes cover the temperature range from 0 °C to about 130 °C. Paraffin’s, fatty
acids, and sugar alcohols are organic materials. Salt hydrates are salts with a large and defined amount
of crystal water. Catharses are crystalline structures in which molecules of one type are enclosed in the
crystal lattice of another.
When the enclosed molecule is from a gas and the surrounding crystal structure is water, the
clathrate is also called a gas hydrate. They cover a temperature range from about 0 °C to 30 °C. At
temperatures above 150 °C, different salts and their mixtures can be applied.
A close look at fig.2.2 indicates that the energy density is roughly proportional to the melting
temperature in K. This can be understood from thermodynamics according to the theory of Richards
(tab.1.2). The theory of Richards shows that the melting enthalpy per volume is proportional to the
melting temperature, the number of bonds per molecule, and the density divided by the molar mass
that relates to the packing density of the molecules or atoms (Lindner 1984).
Detailed discussion
Probably thousands of single materials and mixtures of two or more materials have been
investigated for their use as PCM in the past decades. Because the scope of this book is to give an
introduction, important and typical examples are discussed here; no attempt is made to give a large or
even complete list of materials. For more comprehensive lists of materials the reader should look at the
early publications of Steiner et al. 1980, Abhat 1983, Lane 1983 and 1986, Schroder 1985, and more
recent publications like Kakiuchi et al. 1998, Hiebler and Mehling 2001, Zalba et al. 2003, Sharma et
al. 2004, Farid et al. 2004, and Kenisarin and Mahkamov 2007. Inorganic materials cover a wide
temperature range. Compared to organic materials, inorganic materials usually have similar melting
enthalpies per mass, but higher ones per volume due to their high density (fig.2.2). Their main

disadvantage is material compatibility with metals, since severe corrosion can be developed in some
PCM-metal combinations. Eutectic water-salt solutions have melting temperatures below 0 ºC,
because the addition of the salt reduces the melting temperature, and usually good storage density..
4.3.1. Selection of PCM:
the selection of phase changing material is dependent on the availability of material

and the cost of the material. we had selected the material according basis of availability.
Here we have used the martial of salt hydrate called CaCl2 6H2o
Cacl2 6H2o
The PCM salt hydrate (CaCl26H2O), the properties of which are given in the above
table with a trade name of T29 is manufactured and supplied by M/s PCM products (P) ltd,
Mumbai. The selected PCM is reasonably good in providing congruent melting and minimum
sub cooling. The total mass of the PCM mixture used is 150 kg and the PCM panel is filled
with this PCM in its liquid state and sealed properly.
The RTDs (PT 100 type) are placed at different places across the PCM integrated roof
with adequate sealing. The temperature variation is recorded for every 1 hr using a digital
indicator (date logger). Several experiments are conducted in the PCM room and in the room
without PCM panel (RCC room) and results are validated with the theoretical analysis.

TECHINICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF USED PCM
Table 4.1 : Technical Specifications of Specimen

CHAPTER – IV
FABRICATION OF COMPONENTS & THEIR DESCRIPTION
4.1. Introduction:
In this chapter the block diagram of the project and design aspect of independent
modules are considered. The various components which are used to preparation of the PCM
integrated roof and RCC roof are shown is shown in the below block diagram is shown in
fig: 4.1:

4.2. Components used for Fabrication:
The following are the major components are required to fabricate the of the present
project work are as follows:
 Phase change material
 PCM integrated roof
 RCC roof
 Thermal indicators
4.3. Phase changing materials

By far the best-known PCM is water. It has been used for cold storage for more than 2000
years. Today, cold storage with ice is state of the art and even cooling with natural ice and snow is
used again. For temperatures below 0 °C, usually water-salt solutions with a eutectic composition are
used. Several material classes cover the temperature range from 0 °C to about 130 °C. Paraffin’s, fatty
acids, and sugar alcohols are organic materials. Salt hydrates are salts with a large and defined amount
of crystal water. Catharses are crystalline structures in which molecules of one type are enclosed in the
crystal lattice of another.
When the enclosed molecule is from a gas and the surrounding crystal structure is water, the
clathrate is also called a gas hydrate. They cover a temperature range from about 0 °C to 30 °C. At
temperatures above 150 °C, different salts and their mixtures can be applied.
A close look at fig.2.2 indicates that the energy density is roughly proportional to the melting
temperature in K. This can be understood from thermodynamics according to the theory of Richards
(tab.1.2). The theory of Richards shows that the melting enthalpy per volume is proportional to the
melting temperature, the number of bonds per molecule, and the density divided by the molar mass
that relates to the packing density of the molecules or atoms (Lindner 1984).
Detailed discussion
Probably thousands of single materials and mixtures of two or more materials have been
investigated for their use as PCM in the past decades. Because the scope of this book is to give an
introduction, important and typical examples are discussed here; no attempt is made to give a large or
even complete list of materials. For more comprehensive lists of materials the reader should look at the
early publications of Steiner et al. 1980, Abhat 1983, Lane 1983 and 1986, Schroder 1985, and more
recent publications like Kakiuchi et al. 1998, Hiebler and Mehling 2001, Zalba et al. 2003, Sharma et
al. 2004, Farid et al. 2004, and Kenisarin and Mahkamov 2007. Inorganic materials cover a wide
temperature range. Compared to organic materials, inorganic materials usually have similar melting
enthalpies per mass, but higher ones per volume due to their high density (fig.2.2). Their main

4.5.1 Selected thermal analysers
In this process we used two types of indicators they are
 Laser type indicator.
 Digital thermo pile.
Laser type indicator [gun]
Alternatively referred to as an infrared thermometer, a temperature gun is a device that

measures the temperature of whatever the gun is pointed. Today, most temperature guns have
a laser indicator that shows exactly where the temperature is being taken. The picture shows a
temperature gun pointing at the CPU heat sink (indicated by the red laser light) and shows a
temperature of 80.0° and max temperature of 80.7°.
Thermo couple
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical

conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures. A thermocouple produces a
temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the thermoelectric effect, and this voltage can be
interpreted to measure temperature. Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature
sensor
Fig 4.2 : Laser Thermal Indicator Fig 4.3 : Digital Thermocouple

CHAPTER – V
METHODOLOGY
STEP – 1
Fabrication of test rooms
The fabrication involves in building of two test rooms with the dimensions of
120*120*120 cm. the building of those rooms are by cement bricks. The fig 5.1 shows the
roof less room. The small passage is provided for to take temperature readings.
Fig 5.1 Test Specimen Room
STEP – 2
Preparation of PCM integrated roof & RCC roof
The PCM integrated roof involves 3 layers of materials. The overall thickness of the
slab is 11 cm and the first layer is supporting slab. The second layer bind with the PCM
material which is been sealed in plastic covers. The third layer is combination of brick and
lime material.
The first layer of the slab layer is of 2.5 cm thick is combination of the cement and the
iron mesh. This layer is for supporting for the above two layers. The second layer is of 2.5
cm of PCM material is packed in plastic covers. These make the PCM material of leak
proof. The third layer is of combination of brick & limestone is of 6 cm.
The RCC roof involves the plane concrete of 11 cm of thickness. This roof is for the
sake of reference to the PCM integrated roof. The fig 5.2 & 5.4 shows the PCM &RCC roof

placed in top of the room.
STEP – 3
Placement of prepared roofs on top rooms
The roofs PCM integrated roof placed on the top one room and the RCC roof on
another room.
Fig 5.2 PCM material of packed Fig 5.3 Brick and Lime Material
Fig 5.4 Final view of both PCM integrated room & RCC roof

STEP – 4
Reading’s notification
The analysis is regarding the temperature readings. The temperature of the both slabs
noted on hour basis in between 10am and 4pm. The temperatures are taken and at specific
node points marked on slabs. The readings are taken by the thermal indicators shown below
figures.
Fig 5.5 : Digital Thermal Fig 5.6 : Laser Thermal

Indicator Indicator
STEP – 5
Experimental analysis
On basis of temperature readings of peak time is been identified and heat transfer rate
is analyzed in the software ANSYS 12.0. The heat transfer rate is analyzed to PCM
integrated slab.

CHAPTER – VI
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
6.1. INTRODUCTION:
The two roof structures modeled and solved using FEA ANSYS 12.0 Software and the
corresponding temperature distributions obtained for different time intervals in the month of
march 2019 have been discussed and analyzed in the chapter.
The variations in the experimental and simulated roof top and bottom temperatures in the two
rooms haven been studied. A comparison is also made in order to validate the experimental
results with that of theoretical data and to access the thermal performance of both the roofs.
6.2. EXPERIMENTAL TEST ROOMS:
In order to validate the theoretical temperature distributions with the experimental
results, two identical experimental test rooms were constructed at SVIT college of
engineering, ANANTAPUR district, with dimensions of 120 cm*120cm*120cm. one room
has a simple roof and the other room is considered with a PCM integrated roof which has a
PCM panel between RCC and roof top slab.
All the inside wall surfaces of the two rooms were provided with 6mm insulation with
thermo coal to study the sole effect of radiation falling on the roof. The effect of this incident
solar radiation on the two roofs causes a change in the thermal behavior of the two roofs. This
is due to the inherent material properties of the two roofs together with their heat storage
capacity, amount of heat flux entering the two rooms. A fluctuating temperature conditions
prevail in RCC room. Whereas a fairly constant temperatures exist in the PCM room
incorporated with a phase change material.
The figure shows the two identical experimental test rooms constructed one with
simple RCC roof and another with PCM panel between RCC and roof top slab (mixture of
brick + lime mortar). The experimental investigations have been carried out in the two test
rooms built and located in the campus at SVIT College of engineering, ANANTUR (district).

6.3. RESULTS BASED GRAPHS
Experimental temperature variation in ceiling of 18/03/2019
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm
outside air temp temp without pcm

temp with pcm
Graph shows the outside air, internal ceiling temp of with PCM and without PCM roof
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
outside air temp inside room temp
Graph shows the outside air and inside air temperature of PCM room

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

temp with pcm
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
outside air temp temp without pcm temp with pcm
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

temp with pcm
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
Graph shows the outside air and inside air temperature of PCM roon

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
Graph shows the outside air internal ceiling temp of with PCM and without PCM roof
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20


60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

CHAPTER – V
METHODOLOGY
STEP – 1
Fabrication of test rooms
The fabrication involves in building of two test rooms with the dimensions of
120*120*120 cm. the building of those rooms are by cement bricks. The fig 5.1 shows the
roof less room. The small passage is provided for to take temperature readings.
Fig 5.1 Test Specimen Room
STEP – 2
Preparation of PCM integrated roof & RCC roof
The PCM integrated roof involves 3 layers of materials. The overall thickness of the
slab is 11 cm and the first layer is supporting slab. The second layer bind with the PCM
material which is been sealed in plastic covers. The third layer is combination of brick and
lime material.
The first layer of the slab layer is of 2.5 cm thick is combination of the cement and the
iron mesh. This layer is for supporting for the above two layers. The second layer is of 2.5
cm of PCM material is packed in plastic covers. These make the PCM material of leak
proof. The third layer is of combination of brick & limestone is of 6 cm.
The RCC roof involves the plane concrete of 11 cm of thickness. This roof is for the
sake of reference to the PCM integrated roof. The fig 5.2 & 5.4 shows the PCM &RCC roof

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

6.4. Results Based On ANSYS 12.0
On basis of temperature readings of peak time is been identified and heat

transfer rate is analysed in the software ANSYS 12.0. The heat transfer rate is analysed to
PCM integrated slab.
Thermal heat flow on PCM slab on 18-03-2109
Thermal heat flow on PCM slab on 19-03-2109

STEP – 4
Reading’s notification
The analysis is regarding the temperature readings. The temperature of the both slabs
noted on hour basis in between 10am and 4pm. The temperatures are taken and at specific
node points marked on slabs. The readings are taken by the thermal indicators shown below
figures.
Fig 5.5 : Digital Thermal Fig 5.6 : Laser Thermal

Indicator Indicator
STEP – 5
Experimental analysis
On basis of temperature readings of peak time is been identified and heat transfer rate
is analyzed in the software ANSYS 12.0. The heat transfer rate is analyzed to PCM
integrated slab.

CHAPTER – VI
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
6.1. INTRODUCTION:
The two roof structures modeled and solved using FEA ANSYS 12.0 Software and the
corresponding temperature distributions obtained for different time intervals in the month of
march 2019 have been discussed and analyzed in the chapter.
The variations in the experimental and simulated roof top and bottom temperatures in the two
rooms haven been studied. A comparison is also made in order to validate the experimental
results with that of theoretical data and to access the thermal performance of both the roofs.
6.2. EXPERIMENTAL TEST ROOMS:
In order to validate the theoretical temperature distributions with the experimental
results, two identical experimental test rooms were constructed at SVIT college of
engineering, ANANTAPUR district, with dimensions of 120 cm*120cm*120cm. one room
has a simple roof and the other room is considered with a PCM integrated roof which has a
PCM panel between RCC and roof top slab.
All the inside wall surfaces of the two rooms were provided with 6mm insulation with
thermo coal to study the sole effect of radiation falling on the roof. The effect of this incident
solar radiation on the two roofs causes a change in the thermal behavior of the two roofs. This
is due to the inherent material properties of the two roofs together with their heat storage
capacity, amount of heat flux entering the two rooms. A fluctuating temperature conditions
prevail in RCC room. Whereas a fairly constant temperatures exist in the PCM room
incorporated with a phase change material.
The figure shows the two identical experimental test rooms constructed one with
simple RCC roof and another with PCM panel between RCC and roof top slab (mixture of
brick + lime mortar). The experimental investigations have been carried out in the two test
rooms built and located in the campus at SVIT College of engineering, ANANTUR (district).

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

temp with pcm
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

Mass 64.8 kg
Centroid X 0.6 m
Centroid Y 0.6 m
Centroid Z 1.5e-002 m
Moment of Inertia Ip1 7.7809 kg·m²
Statistics
Nodes 1728
Elements 225
Mesh Metric None
Material Data
PCM material
TABLE 3
PCM material Constants
Density 1500 kg m^-3
Thermal Conductivity 0.54 W m^-1 C^-1
Specific Heat 1440 J kg^-1 C^-1
Transient Thermal
TABLE 4
Model Analysis
Object Name Transient Thermal
State Solved
Definition
Physics Type Thermal
Analysis Type Transient
Solver Target ANSYS Mechanical
Options
Generate Input Only No
TABLE 5
Model Transient Thermal Initial Condition
Object Name Initial Temperature
State Fully Defined
Definition
Initial Temperature Uniform Temperature
Initial Temperature Value 22. °C
TABLE 6
Model Transient Thermal Analysis Settings

Object Name Analysis Settings

State Fully Defined
Step Controls
Number Of Steps 1.
Current Step Number 1.
Step End Time 1. s
Auto Time Stepping Program Controlled
Initial Time Step 1.e-002 s
Minimum Time Step 1.e-003 s
Maximum Time Step 0.1 s
Time Integration On
Solver Controls
Solver Type Program Controlled
Nonlinear Controls
Heat Convergence Program Controlled
Temperature Convergence Program Controlled
Line Search Program Controlled
Nonlinear Formulation Program Controlled
Output Controls
Calculate Thermal Flux Yes
Calculate Results At All Time Points
Analysis Data Management
Solver Files Directory C:\Users\svit\Desktop\basic_files\dp0\SYS\MECH\
Future Analysis None
Scratch Solver Files Directory
Save ANSYS db No
Delete Unneeded Files Yes
Nonlinear Solution No
Solver Units Active System
Solver Unit System Mks
TABLE 7
Model Transient Thermal Loads
Object Name Temperature Temperature 2
State Fully Defined
Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry 1 Face
Definition
Type Temperature
Magnitude 45.2 °C (step applied) 34.2 °C (step applied)
Suppressed No

Solution
TABLE 8
Model >Transient Thermal > Solution
Object Name Solution
State Solved
Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Max Refinement Loops 1.
Refinement Depth 2.
TABLE 9
Model >Transient Thermal >Solution > Solution Information
Object Name Solution Information
State Solved
Solution Information
Solution Output Solver Output
Update Interval 2.5 s
Display Points All
TABLE 10
Model > Transient Thermal > Solution > Solution Information > Result Charts
Object Name Temperature - Global Maximum Temperature - Global Minimum
State Solved
Scope
Scoping Method Global Maximum Global Minimum
Definition
Type Temperature
Results
Minimum 45.2 °C 17.576 °C
Maximum 45.2 °C 17.636 °C
TABLE 11
Model > Transient Thermal > Solution > Results
Object Name Total Heat Flux
State Solved
Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry All Bodies
Definition
Type Total Heat Flux
By Time
Display Time Last
Calculate Time History Yes
Use Average Yes
Identifier

Results
Minimum 198. W/m²
Maximum 1786.6 W/m²
Minimum Value Over Time
Minimum 198. W/m²
Maximum 198. W/m²
Maximum Value Over Time
Minimum 1786.6 W/m²
Maximum 1791. W/m²
Information
Time 1. s
Load Step 1
Sub step 16
Iteration Number 16
FIGURE 1
Model > Transient Thermal > Solution > Total Heat Flux

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
Graph shows the outside air internal ceiling temp of with PCM and without PCM roof
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20

FUTURE SCOPE
It is essential to know about phase change material application in building material.

This project presents a review on phase change material application situations in building, and
several aspects are discussed. Phase change material major applications in building, phase
change material application areas, phase change material application types, phase change
material thermal–physical properties, and phase change material application effects.
This gives future to control over abnormal climatic conditions. Then by reviewing this
project there may scope to increase more efficiently utilization phase change material to the
buildings, cold storages, etc.
The project also been developed more efficiently by using of more accurate
performance of phase changing materials. Here the project consist of less number of
parameters. In future it may possible consider several parameters like pain, gross bed, etc.

REFERANCES
1.An Integrated Approach to Assess the Impact of PCM [Phase Change Material] to Reduce the
Energy Consumption in Buildings-a Review by Mr. K.Pavan Kumar Reddy, Dr. B. Nageswara Rao,
Dr. M. Srinivasa Reddy.
2.Telkes, M Thermal storage for solar heating and cooling, proceedings of the workshop on solar
energy storage subsystems for the heating and cooling of buildings, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
(1975).
3.Shamsunder, analysis of multidimensional conduction phase change via enthalpy method, journal
of heat transfer, Trans.Asme, august, (1975) pp: 333-340.
4.HAUNG MJ, Development of greenhouse bulk drying systems for solar energy Utilization and
planted mechanization. ASHRAE (1975) pp: 75-1018.
5. H.G.Barkmann, F.C. Wessling, use of buildings structural components fir thermal storage, in:
proceedings of the work shop on solar energy storage subsystems for the heating and cooling of
buildings, Charloptesville, Virginia, USA, (1975).
6. Biswas, Thermal energy storage using sodium sulphate decahydrate and water solar energy, (1977)
pp: 19, 99-100.
7. Costello YA 1978, Heat transfer and calorimetric studies of a direct contact latent heat energy
storage system; thermal storage and heat transfer in solar energy system. ASME meeting, San
Francisco, USA. (1978) pp: 5-10.
8. Telkes, M Tromble wall with phase change material. Proceedings of the 2 nd national passive solar
conference Philadelphia PA, USA. (1978).

Chapter - I 1.1. Introduction About Phase Change:: Experimental Analysis On Phase Changing Material

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter - I 1.1. Introduction About Phase Change:: Experimental Analysis On Phase Changing Material

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON PHASE CHANGING MATERIAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 1

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 2

1.4. Classification of PCMs:

Fig 1.1 : Classification of PCM's

A classification of PCMs is given in fig.1.1. There are a large number of organic,

1.5. PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS [ PCMs ]:

latent heat storage systems using PCMs of that sub group.

1.6. DEVELOPMENNT OF PCMs FOR HEATING AND COOLING:

1.7. Criteria of Selection of PCMs

The criteria of selection of PCMs mainly depends upon

 Latent heat of fusion

 Recyclability and chemical stability

 Melting/ Transition temperature

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 4

Selection criteria of PCMs

S.NO Types of PCMs Merits Demerits

1 Organic  Availability in  Low thermal

PCMs[Paraffin’s large temperature conductivity

 High latent het of W/mK]

 Freeze with little or relatively large

super cooling volume

2 Inorganic PCMs  High thermal  Corrosion

conductivity  Poor nucleating

 Low volume proper properties

 High heat of fusion and super cooling

 Availability in low problem

3 Eutectics  Sharp melting point  Bad odour

 Higher volumetric  Lack of

thermal storage availability in

densities low cost

Table.1.1 The merits and demerits of selection criteria of PCMs is shown

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 5

Astorstant (paraffin’s and 21.7-22.8 - Astor wax by

RT26 paraffin 24-26 232 Rubitherm

Climsel Salt 23 148

Th29 Salt 29 188 TEAP

- Mixture of two 22-25 -

E23 Plus ICE 23 155 Environ-mental

Table.1.2 PCM's suitable for building applications

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 6

1.8. Criteria of salt hydrates:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 7

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 8

2.2 ENERGY CONSERVATION THROUGH ENERGY STORAGE:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 9

2.3 MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF PCMs IN BUILDINGS

1) Passive storage systems

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 10

As the usage of phase changing material on buildings the temperature noticed to be

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 11

FABRICATION OF COMPONENTS & THEIR DESCRIPTION

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 12

4.2. Components used for Fabrication:

 Phase change material

 PCM integrated roof

4.3. Phase changing materials

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 13

4.3.1. Selection of PCM:

the selection of phase changing material is dependent on the availability of material

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANCAL ENGINEERING - SVIT Page 14

TECHINICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF USED PCM