UT Lecture Guide Lesson 10 BEFORE MAKING AN ULTRASONIC TEST, BE SURE THE INSTRUMENT IS OPER- ATING PROPERLY, CHECK THE INSTRUMENT ON A STANDARD IN ACCORD- ANCE WITH THE OPERATING MANUAL. BEFORE CONDUCTING A TEST, YOU SHOULD HAVE A CLEAR IDEA OF THE KIND, ORIENTATION, AND QUANTITY OF DISCONTINUITIES YOU ARE TRYING TO DETECT. , IF THE REAR SURFACE OF THE SPEGIMEN LIES AT AN ANGLE AS SHOWN. k BELOW, WHAT WILL BE THE EFFECT ON A NORMAL A-SCAN DISPLAY? REFLECTEO BEAM Test SPECIMEN 520° - 4, <20° ALTHOUGH A DISCONTINUITY MAY BE DETECTED, THERE WILL NOT BE A BACK SURFACE REFLECTION IN THE SITUATION ABOVE. SELECTION OF THE PROPER TRANSDUCER IS VERY IMPORTANT IN OBTAINING A GOOD ULTRASONIC TEST. AS SHOWN BELOW, A TRANSDUCER WITH A PLASTIC WEDGE MAY BE NECESSARY TO LOOK INTO A SPECIMEN AT AN ANGLE. TRANSDUCER. puastic WEDGE: REFLECTION FRONT REFLECTION 30+ (APPROX) it | BiteUT Lecture Guide Lesson 10 THE PULSE LENGTH USED WILL AFFECT THE ABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT TO LOCATE DISCONTINUITIES NEAR THE SURFACE AS SHOWN BELOW. A LONGER PULSE MAY BLOCK THE RECEIVER DURING THE PERIOD OF TRANSMISSION AND OBSCURE REFLECTIONS FROM THE DISCONTINUITY. THE TRANSDUCER MAY CONTINUE VIBRATING BEYOND THE TIME THE Dis- CONTINUITY ENERGY IS RECEIVED. HIGH PULSE LENGTH Lows purse TEST SPECIMEN oiscouTinuiry SHORT PULSE IN ANGLE BEAM CONTACT TESTING, THE TRANSDUCER IS PLACED BEHIND A WEDGE, USUALLY LUCITE, SO THAT THE SOUND WILL BE INTRODUCED INTO THE PART AT AN ANGLE. AS SHOWN BELOW, THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE OF THE SOUND BEAM AT THE SURFACE IS DETERMINED BY THE FIXED ANGLE OF THE WEDGE. ANGLE OF INCIDENCE 6. ar ANGLE OF WEDGE BLOCK |_-weose Lock TEST SPECIMEN SOUND ANGLE IN SPECIMEN (REFRACTED ANGLEDUT Lecture Guide Lesson 10 AS DISCUSSED PREVIOUSLY, THE SOUND BEAM ANGLE IN A TEST PART IS DETERMINED BY THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE VELOCITY OF SOUND IN THE TEST SPECIMEN AND THE VELOCITY OF SOUND IN THE WEDGE. THIS RELATIONSHIP IS KNOWN AS “SNELL’S LAW.” AS SHOWN BELOW, WHEN THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE INCREASES, REFRAC- TION OF THE LONGITUDINAL WAVE INCREASES UNTIL THERE COMES A POINT WHERE TOTAL REFLECTION OF THIS WAVE OCCURS, AND ALL THATIS LEFT IS A SHEAR WAVE. THIS POINT IS CALLED THE 1ST CRITICAL ANGLE. OF INCIDENCE. coi 2 wéowuw? TO PRODUCE A SOUND BEAM AT A GIVEN ANGLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO KNOW ONLY THE FOLLOWING THREE FACTORS TO DETERMINE THE PROPER WEDGE “ANGLE: 1. THE ANGLE DESIRED IN THE TEST SPECIMEN. 2, THE LONGITUDINAL VELOCITY IN THE WEDGE. 3. THE VELOCITY IN THE TEST MATERIAL, (SHEAR OR LONGITUDINAL, DE- PENDING ON THE SOUND BEAM DESIRED) IN ANGLE BEAM TESTING, THE ANGLE OF REFRACTION BECOMES LESS AS THE VELOCITIES OF SOUND IN THE WEDGE AND TEST SPECIMEN BECOME MORE NEARLY EQUAL. 70