Air-Standard Otto Cycle

Auto Eng’g Lecture

Spark Ignition vs. Compression Ignition
A. Spark-ignition: Mixture of fuel and air is ignited by a spark
plug
1. Advantageous for applications requiring power up to about
225 kW (300 hp.).
2. Relatively light and lower in cost, suited well to automobiles.

B. Compression ignition: Air is compressed to high enough

pressure and temperature that combustion occurs
spontaneously when fuel is injected.
1. Preferred for applications requiring large power and high fuel
efficiency (trucks and buses, locomotives and ships).
2. Recently diesels have become popular for automobiles.
3. Require pollution controls for particles and NOX
Otto Cycle
 The Four (4) Strokes
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Ignition / Power Stroke
4. Exhaust

Mean Effective Pressure = Net work for one cycle

Displacement Volume
 Air Standard Analysis
1. A fixed amount of air modeled as an ideal gas is the working
fluid.
2. The combustion process is replaced by a heat transfer from an
external source
3. There are no exhaust and intake processes as in an actual
engine. The cycle is completed by a constant volume heat
transfer process taking place while the piston is at the bottom
dead center position
4. All processes are internally reversible
5. In a cold air standard cycle, the specific heats are assumed
constant at their ambient temperature values.
 Air Standard Otto Cycle
The Otto Cycle is shown on p-v and T-s diagrams. It consists of
four internally reversible processes in series:

Process 1-2 is an isentropic compression of the air as the piston

moves from bottom dead center to top dead center

Process 2-3 is a constant volume heat transfer to the air from an

external source while the piston is at top dead center.

Process 3-4 is an isentropic expansion (power stroke)

Process 4-1 is a constant volume heat rejection process while

the piston is at the bottom dead center
 Cycle Analysis
The air standard Otto cycle consists of two processes in which
there is work but no heat transfer and two processes in which
there is heat transfer and no work.
Processes 1-2 and 3-4 have no heat transfer but only work.
Processes 2-3 and 1-4 have only heat transfer and no work.
Assuming no KE and PE effects, we can write the following
balances:

W12 W34
 u2  u1;  u3  u4
m m
Q23 Q41
 u3  u2 ;  u4  u1
m m
 Net Work and Efficiency
The net work and efficiency of the cycle can be evaluated by the
following relations:

Wcycl W34 W12

   ( u3  u4 )  ( u2  u1 );
m m m
Wcycl Q23 Q41
   ( u3  u2 )  ( u4  u1 );
m m m
( u3  u2 )  ( u4  u1 ) ( u4  u1 )
Efficiency   1
( u3  u2 ) ( u3  u2 )
 Isentropic Compression & Expansion
For the isentropic expansion and compression, the relations can
be written as:
V2
v r2  v r1 ( )  v r1 / r
V1
V4
v r4  v r3 ( )  rv r3
V3
When the Otto cycle is analyzed on a cold air standard basis, the
following relations can be used.
( k 1)
T2 V 
  1   r ( k 1)
T1  V2 
( k 1)
T4 V  1
  3  
T3  V4  r ( k 1)
k  ratio of specific heats
 Effects of Compression Ratio
The efficiency of the Otto cycle depends on the Compression
Ratio r. This can be seen by the following relations.
cv (T4  T1 )
 1 ;
cv (T3  T2 )
T1 (T4 / T1  1)
 1
T2 (T3 / T2  1)
( k 1)
T2  V1  T3

     r ( k 1)

T1  V2  T4
T4 T3 T 1
 ;   1  1  1  ( k 1) for cons tan t k
T1 T2 T2 r
 Diesel Cycle
The air standard Diesel cycle is an ideal cycle that assumes heat
addition occurs during a constant-pressure process that starts
with the piston at top dead center.
The cycle has four internally reversible processes. The four
processes are:
1-2: isentropic compression
2-3: constant pressure heat addition and part of the power
stroke;
3-4: isentropic expansion, remainder of the power stroke;
4-1: heat is rejected from air while piston is at the bottom dead
center.
Diesel Cycle
 Cycle Analysis
Process 2-3 involves both work and heat addition
W23 3
  p dv  p2 (v3  v 2 )
m 2
m( u3  u2 )  Q23  W23
Q23  m[( u3  u2 )  p2 (v3  v 2 )]  m( h3  h2 )
Q41  m ( u4  u1 )
Wcycl Q41 ( u4  u1 )
Efficiency   1 1
Q23 Q23 ( h3  h2 )
 Cut-off ratio
The cut-off ratio is defined as: V3/V2
For the constant pressure process 2-3, we can write:

V3
T3  T2  rc T2
V2
V4 V4 V2 V1 V2 r
  
V3 V2 V3 V2 V3 rc
 Isentropic Compression & Expansion
For the isentropic expansion and compression, the relations can
be written as:
V2
v r2  v r1 ( )  v r1 / r
V1
V4 r
v r4  v r3 ( )  v r3 ; r c  cut off ratio
V3 rc
When the Diesel cycle is analyzed on a cold air standard basis,
the following relations can be used.
( k 1)
T2 V 
  1   r ( k 1)
T1  V2 
( k 1) k 1
T4 V  r 
  3    c
T3  V4  r
k  ratio of specific heats
Fig09_06