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Saobracajnice PDF
:1
llowroaaue Konere,
Oeaj yr,r6eHrax je
HaMeFbeH npe cBera CrygeHlar'rra l-pafieerHcxor $axynrera
Vilalepsrarera y 6eorpagy, rcoju y cBoM nflaHy HacraBe rartl1ajy npeAMer "OCHoBe
cao6pahajHrqa". l-.[raru je Aa ce cTyAeHTn, rojrarvra Oea O6nacr Hehe 6nru ,qouutHaHTHl4
nocao no AhnnoMnpalby, ynOsHajy ca ocHotsH14M rpafieanHCxnu en€MeHTnMa
cao6pahaj H ri crcreu a ( nyre ar,r rrlt a, XenesH hqaMa I aepogpor'a rava).
Axo uMaTe npume46e nnw caBeTe wTa rpe6a AonyHnTil' u3MeHuTn unu
n o n pa BHr n, cn o6ogH o no u afbure H a e-m ai I a4pecy : acac@i m k' g rf . bg.ac'yu.
Ayropr
2 NPAJEKTOBAIfiE NWEBA I 13
2.1 yBOA / 13
2.2 EJIEMEHTT/ NONPELIHOT NPOOhJIA NYTA / 14
2.2.1 KATETOP/3Aqt4JA JABHI4X nyTEBA / 16
2.3 OCOBI4HA nyTA y Ct4TyAl_.lt4OHOM nrAHy / 23
2.3.1 nOIynpELtHtAKK?IASI4HE I 24
2.3.2 EJIEMEHT'4 XOPI43OHTMHE KPhBI4HE /25
2.3.2.1 npfiHl_lHnh BilTOnEpEbA KOitOBO3A t27
2.3.3 yTt4qAJ 3AyCTABHE npEFitEAHOCTr4y npOJEKTOBAFby
XOPI43OHTAJIHE KPI4BT4HE I 29
2.4 y3AyXHt4 nPOOt4Jt / 30
2.4.1 npHHqHnil BEpTl4KA.l"tHt/X Kpt4]t HA I 31
2.4.2 MI/HI4MAIHA t4 3AXTEBAHA 3AyCTABHA nPETflEAHOCT / 31
2.4.2.1 3AyCTABHA nPETflEAHOCT y KCHBEKCHOJ Kpt{Bi{HtA ts2
2.4.2.2 3AYCTABHA NPETIEAHOCT Y KOHKABHOJ KPIABI/HIA 133
2.4.2.3 n PET|4|-.IAJHA nPE ff EAHOCT v KOH BEKCHOJ BEpTt4 KAJ] HOJ KpLABtAHtA /35
2.s ocHoBHt4 npt41t44t1r4 TpACt4pAt-bA i 35
2.5.1 KJIACI/L{AH NOCTYNAK TPACI/PA}.bA / 36
2.5.2 NOCTYNAK TPACI4PAFbA NOMOIY PAL{YHAPA / 40
2.6 AEHI,IBEII4CAHE pACKpCllLA.l;E I 41
2.7 nOBPI_II4HCKE pACKpCHr4qE - pACKpCHt4LlE y Ht4BOy I 43
2.8 OCHOBHI4 EIEMEHTI/ CAOSPAEAJHE AHA,NI43E i 45
2.8.1 NPOTOK, 5P3I4HA L4 TYCTAHA / 45
2.8.2 OCHOBHI4 MOAEIl/ CAOEPAIAJHt4X TOKOBA / 46
2.8.2.1 MOAEI 5p3hHA - TyCTI4HA / 46
2.8.2.2 MOAEI npCTOK - TyCTIAHA I 47
2.8.2.3 MOAEI EP3|4HA-nPOTOK / 48
2.9 KAnALII4TET L4 H|ABO| yCIryTE / 49
2.10 MOAEI CAOSPAIAJHOT nPOTOKA / 53
2.10 nOACOHOB MOAEI i ss
3 npa,tEKToBAtf,E rpMCKt4X ynHUA I 55
3.1 yBOA / 55
3.2 KItACt/Ot4KAt_.1t4JA rpAACKt4X CAOspAtAJHt4l_.lA /56
3.3 nOBpult4HcKE pAcKpcHr4t_.lE / 64
3.4 AYTOSYCKA CTAJA|IKILIJTA / 68
3.5 NELUAL]KE CTA3E i/ TPOTOAPIA I7A
3.6 StAt)tAKn CTtlrtKE CTA3E I72
3.7 IAPK!4PAI]I/1U.ITA 173
3.8 KOHqEnT yMl4pEt-bA CAOSPAEAJA t77
4 AEPOAPOMU I 79
4.1 yBOA / 79
4.2 KATETOPI43AUI4JA AEPOAPOMA / 80
4.3 3AtrJTl4lEHE 3OHE AEPOIPOMA / 81
4.4 TEOMETPT4JA AEPOAPOMA i 85
4.5 CI4THAII43AUIJA / 90
4.6 TA6AP!4T[/ AB!4OHA / 92
4.7 METOAE ACN 14 PCN 3A OqEHv HOCI4BOCTI4 KOTIOBO3A / 93
4.8 OPI/JEHTAI-II4JA AEPOAPOMA / 94
5 XEnE3H|4UE 197
5.1 vBo[ / 97
5.2 OCHOBHE KflACt/Ol4KALll/JE nPvTA / 98
s.3 crnE KoJE AEIlvJv HA BO3 / e8
5.4 3AyCTABHI/ nyT / 99
5.5 l4cKoPl4uJEEl-bE KI4HETI4L]KE EHFPTI4JE XE,NE3HI4LIKE
BO3A / 99
5.6 OCHOtsHI/ KOHCTPYKTI4BHK1 E.IIEMEHTI4 NPYTE / 1OO
1.1 yBOR
q
^.1't,/-
i r]vw
.-- ;,,'l1''
' . -.. I
j lfr'L'i "/'
, .(r! '
a?FcR PE; - ./
r fiB fu ,tc\l'
ortaoL', L\ \iJ t t": ./ '
Ha oeoj cnullil je,4, ornop oA Ba3Ayxa, R,, otnop npil KorplbaFby npeAber nHeyMaruKa'
R,, otnop npu KorptbaFby 3aArber neHyMaruKa, F, aytua cuna npeAFbl4x roLlKoBa, F/
ByqHa ci4r']a 3agFbt4x roriKoBa, l'lz onrepehebe oA Bosl,lna y FbyrHuMa,0o aaru6 paaau
KpeTabay cTeneH,4Ma, m MacaBo3r4na y KM)rorpaMi4tvta il a y6p3aFbey m/s2'
36rapor,,l no cMepoBrlMa cBilx HaBeAeHux cr4na napane,.rHr4x KonoBo3Hoj noBpull4Hl/ Ao6via
ce:
F
1 + F, = ma + Ro + Rry + R.i'"
+.R, (1.1 )
P' 3000
o-7
AE.
84.4
70.1
I .U50 /
0.9096
ornopa oA Ba3Ayxa
'',''/ V ra6enu 1.2 cy npuKa3aHe BpeAHocrll xoe$raqr,tjeura
.i! KapaKTephcTl4L{H a B03i4na-
Ba3Ayxa 3a
Y
I aoena I.z. Tnnuqne BpeAHocr14 xoe$raqujeHra ornopa.oA
v eoguna [4
Tun eost4na KoeSr,rUrajeHr or!9P9 ts-
ayrouo6un 0.25 - 0.55
ayro6yc 0.5 - 0.7
TpaKTOp - TerJba't
0.6 - 1.3
nD7-l R
MOTpoqilKn
6psune Kperaba Bo3una'
36or nponopquoHanHor oAHoca ornopa
o4-t1t+y*'KBaApary
'Melyrr,lru'
eehu ca nopacroM oft'l'"' cyla ryl!9913-jg
iacHo je ga je ornop
caBnaAaBaFbe orn opa Basayx4ej*
I PRo =l ,o'uf 'uu (1.4)
Pp.=f;'W.V
,\rl (1.7)
(1.8)
R, =W 'sin 0,
Harr6a Ha ayronyreBuMa, sin 0g = tan 09, tlro 6il
Kao u xog je4HauuHe (1.6), s6or MaJIMX
3Haquno: (1.s)
Rg =W 'tan0, =W'G
r4ejeGnarn6,4eQtlHilcaHnpoMeHoMBr4chHenooApebeHojxopl43oHranHoj4yxunr(nnp'
G=5%=0.05).
(1.1 3)
F,nu, =
L' J
vrY(Ir-f1h)lt' (1.14)
/rrar-
1_VhlL
l4crot*lnornxoMceAofia3l/AoMaKcuManHeByqHecune'cyMupaFbeMMoMeHara0K0
nueyuarraxy):
KoHTaKTHe raqxe B (xonraxrHa TaqKa Ha s3AFbeM
6 Onuoc BoShna h nVTa
Frnd_pW(1,+f,,h)lL
I+ phlL
(1.15)
Benu,rr4He, h, /o /,u 1., y jegna,rraHarrra (1 .14) r,t (1.15), tuory 6uru y 6r,lno xojttv gyxtrxcxutll
je4nnuqaua (cm, m ...), s6or cxpahuearua'
p^ = 2,M ,',
je (1.16)
- looo
rge je n" 6poj o6praja parqunuqe y ceKyHAll. [1ot',tohy eneMeHara npeHoca v
4rasepexqrajana, KOHrponuue ce 6psnHa o6prarua rovra, oAH0cHo cnpeHaBa ce
npoKnu3aBaFbe nHeyMaruKa no KoHTaKTHoj noepuunll. ByvHa cnna Moropa nocrMxe cully
HA BYLIHI4M TOt]KOBHMA:
MeEo\d
F, = (1,17)
, _ 2nrne( - i) (1.18)
Eo
rpe je y, Sarrop uace je,quax f m =1.04+0.0025 '"|. Au cnuqu 1.2 ruory ce naKo
yoqr4Tt4 OAHoct4 r,t:rvrefiy MaKchManHe ByqHe Cune Fmax, noroncKe ByqHe Cune Fe h cyMe
ornopa J9.
Kaga 1e F*, 2 0, (npr,t 6psranar',ra Mab[M oA MaKcuManne) raga ie:
Opnoc Bo3hna 14 nyra
vrY(lr-frth)tL (1.14)
lmax-.ttr
l-p.fL/L
llcrotunoruxoMceAofla3HAOMaKci4MafiHeByi-{Hecune,cyMilpaFbeMMoMeHaTaoKo
*o*r"*r*a ra'rxe B (xonraxrHa raqKa Ha 3aArbeM nHeyuarr,txy):
Ognoc Bo3hna ,1 nyra
- dl' vllvil=-=;-
, f,mdV
Frn,=ynnt ,
dl f net
v' v' v^
cnrxa 1.2 ogHocra 143Meby 6psuncxux npeHoca, MaKctlMaflHe ByqHe cHne il yKynHilx
oTnopa
,l't dV
t=yn., )vi nn
(1.20)
tAeje V1 norleTHa 6psuua Bo3una, a Vruaiaeha 6psnna Bo3ufla. CnuqHo ToMe, MoXe Ce
^ ry" Vdl'
Da=lm'r,'hi (1.21)
-fA
1.8 EOHKACHOCT TOPHBA
Ha e$r,axacnocT rop14Ba, AoMuHaHTaH yTl4L{aj hMa KoHcTpyKLluja MoTopa, peLrJeFbe
MexaHHqKor npeHoca noroHcKe ByqHe cune oA Moropa A0 ToqKoBa, Maca Bo3hJ'la'
KBanilTeT h il3fneA nHeyMaTI4Ka.
//
1.9.1 KOqhOHE Ct4JlE \'rt
Fo,u Fo,
Ha cnuqu 1.3 1e npr,rxasaHa Aucno3uquja cuna npilnilKoM KoqeFba Bo3l4Jla. cune
vnv Ha3aAFbeM rosry. Ocrane cune cy o6iauruene panuje'
cy Koqt4oHe cufie Ha npeAFbeM
/y
f
Cnrxa 1.3 Cule xoje genyiy Ha Bosuno 3a BpeMe KoqeFba ,v
4t
(1.23)
w7 = tY!,,.':r1r,(t1 (1.25)
w,,=llw,rr-n{}+f,:nl (1.26)
Opnoc Bost4na n nyra
FbI
^u*
= v .w f = YU, . yl::f ,r i- (1.271
a Ha 3aA$uM:
(1.28)
Koeduuuiener aAXe3nJe P
Konogos
Maxcutr,tVrlt flpornusasaFbe
1.00 0.80
XOANAB, CVB
xoanaB. BnaxaH 0.90 0.60
|NATAK. CVB 0.80 0.55
0.60 0.30
rna.aaK, BnaxaH
Ha6uieri cHer unu neA 0.25 0.10
a xa sagruoj ie:
1oo (1.31)
rDDE-
Dt r - l_ BFR.1 trmu;
1.9.3 TEOPHJCKH 3AYCTABHil NYT
Vepaeyr',resaFbenponopqiljaxovuonuxcrana(npegrua143aAFbaocoauua)upe3yJ']TaTa
3aycTaBHOr nyra'
eQrxacxocru KoqeFba, MOXe ce pa3MaTpaTH U noiau Mr4H[ManHor
n}Ta, Koql4oHHX c!4Ia, Mace u
AHanilsol',l cnuxe 1'3, yolasa ce Be3a rrllsr',refy 3aycTaBHor
6psuue B03Hna:
In.-\-pl
oa, =lulas
I tb'm l
= vav (1.32)
(ea
rge je yo $arrop Mace y xojr,t cy ypaqyHaru .yHlrpauFbt/ MoMeHru roxotrl xoverua
jegraunne (1.32), go6uia ce
.lio"obirn" 1e i.Oa [3] Boirr'0Nong rgTe)). tulxrerpaqr,|jou
3aycraBHu nlT:
t=Ji,tvb,;+n (1.33)
(1.3s)
K" =
rCnAf
raKo Aa jegHavr,rua (1'3) nocraje:
Ko'v2 (1.36)
Ro =
(1'35) n (1"36),
Cpe|uearseu jeguauuHe 3a 3aycTaBH[ nyr (1'34), ys xolu6uHosabe ca
ce BaBprllHt4 o6nr,rx je4xa'ruHe 3aycraBHol nyla, xoir rnacr:
noOtijt
vb v? -v:)
s: ZS$t'F+frt+sinOg) (1.37)
,'
7-1/7/l,'ctir
/"!t lalt
7cy r / {
'11
Ognoc Bo3una u nyra
(1.40)
v| =vl +zoa
ds=dp+d {1.43)
u pearyje Ha npoMeHe u
rge 1e d" yKynHu 3aycraBHu nYr, donrr roKoM Kora Bo3aq yoqaBa
noqIFbe Aa KOqil, a xoju je jegr+ax:
(1.44)
dO=V1 'tO
y cao6pahaiy u
rge je lo BpeMe y ceKryHAHMa norpe6Ho Aa Bo3aq pearyJe Ha npoMeHe
noqHe Aa Koqu, a d ie npaxru'lHu 3aycraBHu nyr'
JI!4TEPATVPA:
l2l s.G. shadle L.H. Emery, H.K. Brewer, "Vehicle Braking, stability, and control",
SAE Transportations, vol.92, papper 830562' 1983.
l3l Wong, J.H. "Theory of Ground Vehicles"' New York, Wiley, 1978'
2.1 vBog
Tex naxox cxBaraFba
npojerroaarue nyreBa.
, avxuHa a3a
rpaKa,
, rpaKe 3a cnopa Bo9l4n? Ha o-[llrpl4M
rra expe-rrE -pa44iyc3t -r,t9po-4agH9r
oA
Har Lr a a B u ce u cill1 .-?9a1i
eneMe a
--9a-r1q? []-e!
3
"ffi
- -':_,
v6n?aRal*e,
V6psaaarue fi
-n
rMa AHpeKTaH-ltin-laii-xa-bApebueaFbe
YcnoPaBaFbe BO3[na
uenooaBaFbe
npertreAHoc'., a ca'uttnt" I.'.YI T.{vY:y lP^"Y:3';^ :l
=;;;;;;, paAFbe 6ea peueherua cao6pahajnor roxa' '[yxuna rpaKe
"pJtr,.ii*"
ouoryhune re
3a
:ia
E4
o'-6.
q t€
.a
I ^9
r:i?
===
?t:
tsr:il
f.i l-F
il l':i
:i r;
=s
av
+=
{Dgqividctrl
l: 4,1.",
--
t .'-
h = z,J- *
.
.,,?b*
/' ?-1' .-.- e, 'f
*4"4ri'{p:''{''nacryJlr= trJyi ....'-...--....,..--^^*-4-^-,.1-.4 -r'
f,"._ ,"',_ Sj _'- -tt-,-z --,.,i ;-" l-?_,* *'!*
r-- fr1-*- .}
nit'-
^, _?- _Ii -_._I- ls _- 1." J -*
n ;l+ ,.... t..,,-.-,,...r,,,-'tl *t'1=" -*-
.;.'v:'"-' '- '-,
*' -:"-" --'i?'r:5i;::::tr=;-
:t-=-:;ili {Zt-- 4'^
, i
- .-r:.i, -,,-.,i.':":',-
'
'r-;+il1';1;:'-=:=l::*:-*l'' = - .'
/ 57.
Zga;Sz
'r-r
oG 5L
..- ^ )" Cnuxa 2'2' flonpevnra npo$ran ayrol'rytE .,,. ..-rl -i r
Onrc crv6ona:
(lane - traffic lane)
Ts - rpaxe 3a KoHrl4HyanHy Boxl-by
Tz - saYcraeHa rPaKa (stoP lane) -, ti I t-'t
Ti, Ti' - raaraqHa rPaKa (edge lane)
b - 6asxnna (shoulder) t"i' :,'
r - praron (curb)
Sk - cerveurHu KaHar (ditch)
i@.o ycnoBa'
gecr je cnyvaj Aa ce, y 3aBncHocrn oA npf4poAe repeHa M xt4AponoujKl4xy3 l4Bl4qy
yMecro cerMeHTHOf KaHara Kopl4crH
pilron' xojra ce nocraB'ba
3aycTaBHe TpaKe'
ca
HeKn oA rr4ncKrx nonpeqHrx npo$nna
Ha cnuxatta 2'3a go 2'3r cy npfiKa3aHn
gruensujaua ceojrx KoHCrpyKrHBHhx eneMeHara'
,tr
'i-t
t2r.5q
evo
1. I pe4a (nyreeu xojr !-{e ngKyn ry_ rgp!_TaprJy
ovc
I ra tl oeaa)
llpenra nonoxajy y npocropy jaeHu nYreer ce Aene na'
1. [Ugeg-ge4gggrba
2. llylgBe-Yjggglby
Kareropn ja jaeuor nYra y Hacejby, Mecro hberoBor nol{erKa (xpaja) r,|qe
npena3u y Mpexy
Ktttrrt nnanOu, a 3a
car hi
l,4cruv nfiaHoM ce
caApxaTh efieMeHTe_ KOnoBo3,
napK14paH)e, pacBe
e cTa3e qKe cTa3e h
HaceJ-beHoT Mecra.
3I4AOBX 3a 3a[!Tl4Ty oA
o4 noepultancKHX H noA3eMHfiX
npare
oKB14py
r!14phHe
TnrHanp1saqmja;
*;;#; - -U fra,-* i "@
pra e
ypGfaiu-sa
-Vlrets.a}l,.
lll4ralaU4jg il pacBera sa noipe6e cao6pahEja'
earagg4qvrjY cao6P-ata1a u cn';
ra oKonnHe (cnero6paHm'
7. O6jexrr,t H onpeMa 3a 3aulrl4Ty nyra, cao6pahaja
u urerHHX
eeipo6panra, 3aurr4ra oA ocynilHa' 3aurura og 6yxe Apyrfix
yrraqaja Ha oxonrriY u cn')
ApxaBy BAXHA
ra-t rpaFM=qT{e
a v0
E TE H JaBH14 nyT KOJI4 noApyqje
NlltTHHCKYI
onuT14He, oAHocHo rparqa n noBe3yJe ONlUTN
Ta,
llpojexroaatue nyreea 19
7 . 6y416lyg1asxa-er-aaa-1e4a6ee@
fipxaena
nhverue' cauo cao6pahq)dIUl fnlc-fa_n,xAM_le_-GHaqeH-npolil4caHoM
c@raiov. flpxaeua 6uquxnrcrNtxa Ro3vJ
cra3a
HAEoB-myj€-ee- He M pexy e Bpon cK!4x 6n4uxnuct uq Kr4x cra3a, no
e
LieHrpe
VNV apa n Ao noApy'lja t.teyserHqx nphpoAHi4x
3HAMEHHTOCTH
@"-.tfr4lcnftr
g?-biry-SJlxtaroi+anno-o51e,ry'+rue"op:*:T5{:y,e-qy*
l@ryee-T_-n-oeai?u:"ffice
OGe6AbeH 3a xH !4q t4 arqoBo rt.a
Bor__r4
notp"6e*gle1qql45a. l-paHuqe Hacerba yrBpby1y
e eAH ! l(!!I
3_a_ 3 BaFF 3aJ 4
npocropHuM
o4xocHo yp6aH[CrrlrhM nnaHoM 14 Ha nponHcaH HaqnH ce cnrHanl4ujy Ha
JaBHoM nyfy
g. hyr ,qeo jaenor
ean HaceJba je nyra nocraB,beH y cno6o4Hona npocropy
Lrtn
[3BaH FpaHHLla HaceJba
'10. Ilyr y naceruY je rba qne ce
nnvt
__ _yrB-phyJy_,. _ -npocropH14M
r4cTr4vKHM nnaHoM on
aBHl,tx nyreBa je nponhcrMa ypefenm nocrynaK
jegHosHa.lnor 4e$nHrcaFba Kareropuje r npocropHor nonoxaja rpace
nyTa il FbeHr4x AenoBa (xunouerapcKa H xeKToMerapcKa craqnoHaxa)
*b1, c" nphMeHoM ogroeapajyhfix 3HaKoBa cnFHatlhllle sa norpe6e
eolersa ean4exqnje, ynpaBlbaFba cao6pahajeu H nfreBrMa Kao il 3a
norpe6e KoPl4cHilKa nfleBa
12. Eeragenqraja o jaenum nyreBuMa je nponncuua ypelexn caApxa1
peneBaHTHl4XnoAaTaKaHnocTynaKFb!4XoBornprKynjbaFbaoAHocHo
o6HasrbaFba ea norpe6e ynpaBJbaFba nyreBfiMa ra cao6pahajeM Ha FbNMa
fiorsra crpoj nyra 'lilHe o6iexru hgrpaheHu y nphpoAl-loL'l -fr rny
13. (yceqn,
iwgryl *"slp-y c.[) .hfl d-!A-npug94Hl'1x - 3-e M rb- a H H x
--RaNIeffi
fi
r',larepralana (na94ry)--:gft!"r*--g*6fg.gr'1-!9|!gh-e-lH- - 9& i:ae-nnvnrux
@-:em:ep-B-g r,4p. I pes4
-tpglld[FdBFrua
;t aa oafrtpa]be rpirna nyra usrp.afeHor oA 3eMrbaHrx uarepnjana
c[_4ia
oA Aeu
uA I Pyn t Ytonvt^ ur
AecrpyKrl4BHHX rvJ equl Dvr ylaqaja
cnorbauhbHx J I v'HqJq (nornopHr
\r rv I I rvur D n o6noxnu 3nAOBH,
-=z:.
-J3.
/ l\saurrrarHe xoHcrpyxqraje n cn.)
I lq.l )l<onoBo3Ha KoHcrpyKquja ie eilLuecnoiHu xpyrh ul
\ / ciDoi
Y-- "@EFYy nVTa. -Fyxtl 4a
--ffirrnnrEr, na ovoryhn
rerEejeslls-I
noahonun
6es6e4Ho,
gvorYir J"9{9fl1o'^lyAooHo
r/nl u eKoHoMHL{Ho
dvo
Kpe#dEot-nil'l6rqrxnrcra ra neLuaxaf@iof xo-@@ne
,'
L" ran
r lglBI-gn1spqbqlg h
$aK'oPa cpeAhHe, Ha3r
I5. Konor o6aeJ-ba
epHV t nv il qHHe ra
B03He. .AO.AaTHe, hBHqHe
r"r rapoeaFbe (nptaHyAHSgaygigqjbalbglEo3Hna
tb. e-yOnr nojac nyra o6yxsar. 6aHxnHe (6"!y9,-p11pr9, xocrse. q,6o-Aue*
l<aF{ane-u-3errTrE-u__qEr[]rciac;:@-fi
-Ta3--_rp-gKy_gEag)J59f HKo
nocToj14
20 l-lpojexroearce nyreBa
I y' 3eMrbhureM
V34.3aurrarrrranojacjecreKoHTl4HyanHanoBptlll4Hay3cnoIbHyl4Bl4qy3aurilry nyra
lraja je unpnHa ogpefena 3aKoHoM H cnyxr 3a
KonoBo3a
n cao6Pahaja Ha FbeMY
y3 cnoJbHy
35. Ilolac xoniponHcaHe tr3rpaAlbe je xoHrrHyanHa noBptlll4Ha
rpaHnqy 3aurfiTHor nojaca y xojev ce'
y qilrby 3aurrre nyra H
cao6pahaja Ha FbeMy, orpaHrqaBa'apcra r o6l4M usrpa4hbe o6jexara;
oeaj nojac je hcre [Ill4pl4He Kao u 3aulrt4THu nojac
4r
/36lCao6pahajrracHrHanH3al.l4ao6yxeqragpeAcTBaraype|ajexojuuace
\-,/ o6e36"tyiti lpgteJqg,- (9[Ip9L4' 1 eo5erue cao6pahajunx roK:B:v otlo
- *" xonoeosy, .i?6q"1q:.i ca cranHI4M
u. Voa=;;"*u"u*" .ugp*i1"!,--qeeueq1a g[ri]f.lsiuuia _::1'r" u cnuvHo) ca
npo""",lr'J""t-
npoi"*t.qqa;ol pe.Xtu-e.. EiillaFb-ar eao6p"!"1L^ - ^ .
zn HnIbeM ocreape#d" 3a Br3yenHo h
f37. )Cao6p"tui*at onpena'oOyieira cpe4Ciea { YPebale
tZ.;:@J
u
caoF.p-ahzla-ra.
crarypnocie orRiRE' ornen-ana
'ner"rv-
q3ry1
(saepoKa3r'
MapKeph' Kyne'
Ono
Slteeawwa€ en') -
Luranoet4 3eeFer ta
o[PY]I9!rB nYra-
nphMeHy 1oc,e6Hnx Mepa v
39. Ynpaan'arse caoOpataleru o6yxaara
ra eofer'sa cao6pahaja Ha Mpexh
aKrr4BHocrr4 npaherua, KoHTpone
nore3a ca LlurbeM o6es6efei-ua
nyreBa Ann AyY' noje4NuavHor nyrHor
3aXTeBaHorH14Boae$rxacuocruu6ee6eguocrracao6pahajaV
rdrl,T""tJJ """"IfJ"*"i" xa
noApa3yMeBa nornyHr4 npelr4 clo6pahaja
40. qeMy ce Mopa o6aaecrurh jaaHocr r na
nyry cBt4x epcra eoirana o '
cao6pahaja rpaje gox nocro1e
nDon!4caH nncarv O6ycraea
Pa3no3il sa"u*,l-'*t"*"
Yeoferue oBaKBe MePe
sa6paxy KperaFba noje4rHnx
. Orpaxuverue cao6pahaia nogpasyrireea ogpefeHy
AeoHI4qy nyra ilnr
41
Bpcra Bo3uflu *p'"ory'6urvt uLrerua
ea
pa3flo3l4 xoira ce oAHoce Ha 3aurfiTy
nyrnra o6jex aI vlnvl aKo ro saxreaajy
FbeMv' o oeoj Mepu ce Mopa
;i;; ;-'6".0"g*oti ""oopanan'-1a HaqilH
o6asecrilrl4 JaBHocr il Ha nponncaH
il3Bplu1r.l-^gr4rHanncaFbe'
rpaii nocroie pa3no3H aa yeoferue oBaKBe
Orpaxnrerue 4ox
"uoOput'uiu
xoia carua nnra saje,qno ca
42. H:l?"O"' npeBo3 je npeaoe Bo3nnrMa
ToBapoM np"*opu"Viy 6rano xojra
oA nponncnMa Ao3BorbeHHx eneMeHara
yKynHa t"p*"lflyfT1'nr ancrna)'
(ocoauucxo ont"p"h-"'"e,
Baupe,qnuna npeBo3oM cMarpa ce
sajegHo ca roBapoM y
u"u"u'
npeBo3 KoA Kora je sosnno caMo
rpaHilqaMa nponilcoM Ao3BorbeHl4x Mepa'
orpanilqeFbe 6nno xor oA
nnta
Mace
oBHX
L"
hn!4 onrepeheFba,'jeann npeKopavyje ogpefeHo
efleMeHara *oie *" jaeHov riyry FberoBoM
'n' 'qeny
cao6PahajnoM cl4rHanh3allu1oM
43.flpexomepxoxopuu,nerue.jaenornyTahnHFbeFoBorAenanpeAcTaBrba
yveuhe '-y cBI4M
Bilule oA SO-nocrorno nprBpeMeHo vnv rpajno je o6aerbaFba
t43apueHhM np""ot'"" po6e rtat"t
nyreM' roje nocneAilL{a
paAOBa HnH npHpoAe npoH3BoAibe finil
ycnyxHe
ilHBecrnq!4oH}4x .
YqecHI4Ka -nyt"ti
Y cao6PahajY
46. Kopuurfieru" o6yxaara e$nxacno' 6es6e4no ra y'qo6no
ogerjarue cao6fahaja, Kao 14 Apyre aKrrBHocru y oKBl'1py nirrHor
3eMrbl4uJTa carnacHo 3aKoHy
47. p"a"oi nyreBa o6yxeara rexHr4qKe, eKoHoMcKe' $uxanculcxe'
Mpexe
opraxrasaqraone 4pyie aKT[BHocrt4 y quJby ynanpeferua nyrHe
ra
y
rnu nojeguHaqHxx nyrHt4x nore3a norneAy Kanal{hrera' KBanl4Tera'
6es6egHocrra cao6pahaja u xhBorHe cpeAnHe
aKTHBHocTH KoJrMa ce
48. Ynpaaruarue nyreBrma jecre cxyn Mepa 14
o6es6elyje paL{[oHanHo oApxaBaFbe' 3aurhra, xoprulerue
n paeaoj
jaeuux nyreBa ra cao6pahaja Ha Fb[Ma
npaBa n
49. konq"cr;" noApa3yMeBa pa3He o6nnxe npeHoureFba o4pefenux
oou"i.u'sa ge6tanrcaHh BpeMeHcKu nepqoA y AoMeHy r3rpaAFbe'
jaannu nyreM' 4otrlahev rnn
xopnu:herua, oApxaBaFba ilflt,1 ynpaBrbaFba
crpaHoM npaBHoM unn $usnrxoM nuqy oA crpaHe HaAnexHol ApxaBHor
opraHa, 3aKfbyrleFbeM yloBopa ,.^ia
50. l4arpagrua nyra lecie cryn Mepa r aKrl4BHocrt4
xoje n6rrv
o6yxaaraly:
nperxoAHe paAoBe, H3paAy n KoHrpony uHBecrnquoHe h TexHuqKe
e
gl*vt&tu,ltaje,' rpaherue, crpyq Ht4 Harq3op 14 Apyre 3aKoHoM npe'qanf e H
--r._-=--rl,---*+
I
.--
OcHoeHa je,qxavraHa crna xoje Aenyjy Ha Bo3r4no y xopl43oHranHoj xpnerHr je:
Wo+Fr:F", (2.1)
'--.--
Florrlohy nojuoea eneMeHrapHe Susnxe, oeale,quavraHa ce MoXe Hanuparl4 h Ha
cne,qehn Har{14H:
t/
u L,
\9
',2 (2.4)
-
tgcL+ fr =!?(-f,'rgc-\
gK,
v? V: (2.5)
D-'=
"'' - B '17, +iot<\ 127.(f,. +ipp)
€ryI9jr: r-l
tdt
-raHreHra -T=R lc* ,6ncexrpnca- B=R 'llrlsec--l I
l---z -J
R'Ir-a
- AYTf KlvxHor_nlKu t, = g0,
t
,.;
- nonoxaj raqKe na rpyxHoj KprBnHil -
2 iC7: )
! = R - -.x
rge jex KoopAHHara raqKe Ha TaHreHrHoM r'lpaBqy noqeB oA noilerKa KpyxHe
*pr"r*". PC je nouetaK KpyxHe KpYlBttHe, PTle xpa1. KpyxHe KpHBHHe, a R ie ,q _i r ia'- ,l
nofynpeqHHK KpyxHe KpHBilHe. Ha cnrqn 2.5 cy npfiKa3aHu KoHCTpyKrtlBHl4
eneMeHTH KpyxHe Kpl4BHHe. 1 ;.
lJi
;'-, -i _
.. ,i
.l
\t'
!:
a FbeHta eneMeH
lqgjpaBqa. -
napgyg]g!-I!9r9!aq-i-4=* R' v L t ns R, Avxrana xnoron4e - /,
!.-= 994-s-t'
J
Ener.resrn sa o,qpefrsaFbe raqaKa Knorot4Ae " x" v " y''. Mory Aa ce raapavyuajy
Ha
cne4ehir HaqfiH:
o
L4 LU
.-- r-t'\_--l
\ ... +...) fi
^-! g * 16 * 4r*78
s+4*Z\*A4
L'
v = L.,
t-- \U*"2= - 1u^.,-, . 11+32*5!*-4 ... + '..)
7*B+31*,46 --!-----tt-
Knorou,qa, Kao KoHcTpyKTHBHl4 eneMeHT Xcp!43oHTanHe KpilBrHe' cnyxfi
3a
y6naxaaarue 6oqHux crna xoje Aenyiy Ha Bo3t4tlo nph npenacKy ca npaBqa Ha
KpyXHH J-tyK Kpt4BHHe, rj. Sa nOCTynHO nOAeharue r4t'll4 CMai-beFbe 6O'{HI4X CHna npfi
nyKa KprBHHe il 3a nonpaBJbaFbe
yjlacKy l4nil n3nacKy Bo3ilna '13 KpyxHor
npaBaq-Kpyr'
i"p"nLntruHe cnuKe KoHraKra
KnorohAe' rj' npenasuol Aena KphBfiHe'
Ha cnr,lqu 2.6 cy npraxa3aHl4 eneMeHrr
l-
I
I
l->
I
napaMerpt4
Cnraxa 2'6 Knorora.qa H rreHh reotuerpurjcxu
n PHHt{l4nI4 BI4TOnEPEI'bA
KOnoBo3A
2.3.2.1
Je unrq.*iia###"
tsilronepeFbe je6raraHKoHgIPvggg=L.o,?31lPJ;5,r?f
Bnroneperue
I o je
Kpl4Bt/He. To oop I ar
Je o6pra
a-mexe oA'nranr,rja]t-tHiTJ"Xi?tTS#ff
- r4gr4ejre r4nh ocoBrHe'
Kpr4Bt/He" 2., ^^,a,,i6n xoir je
nirra6 xojyr ie o,qpefeH
oApebeF
.' ncnp"u" n adru6
iao' nAnnouuu,r
-inVLr* niienas-nrpar*ne-rga6vreegtl r^,,a,,Ho KorA ce Kopl4cru 3a
li, JJ;,ffi
vrsSopil cavolbxeuPY
"-npgflasnoJ
rarqq "e' *1y* :T:?1T:*
npena3Ha pavf g Le- t,H:
#"Ji"
paAt4
yqtra
oKo
virrvl J9ate[g_]lg:ffino"o"u.
v1IIV1
Ko^ ayronyreBa nM nyt"_:1 M
yHyrpauFbe l,1Bt4llenJ ^"^"
aca'
nojaca,
Br4 qa pa3AenHor nor
[:[?Xffi "'ilff u"on"p**"6 ::
^a nrnLr oKo
ffl"::""
r4Bt4ua
14
Ta.{xa
raH$nercuje
I
KpyxHu nYx 1
ro
I
I
e-= -2.5'/o
ea+2.5o/o
KpyxHH nyK 1
e;-2.5"k - "-('
2'3"3yTHqAJ3AycTAtsHEnPErnErqHocTl4ynPoJEKToBAl.by
XOPI430HTAJIHE KP14BHHE
n pern eAH ocru y
e.qHocraen ra,lu:a'UU-9a-9AP9bra e-ahbe 6o'rHe
l/
H ai i
jqAHaqraiar'ra.
lpu: l 1 f
np;i*u."" cn6n^-t'uq Fixrana 9gy,cr3E!qt-!yIelll!PJ-x-Hol\4-nyg,l9t -
. it.G.Ru (2.6)
LaD =-
1900
r,qe Je:
- no4yxnn narr6'
ffi6,.1;jAt tJ-."-"*i"nHor rpehba , ry - ornop- KorptbaFby' 6pasMaK E^arrnt
Bo3nna nn
oA
vl - ornop oA Ba3Ayxa (saneruapyie ce), AL crrypHocHu
^r/
Pzp I Pzo
HU\
1.,.*.
I i,
"-L. :"
'lJ
ltl E!
--.-.J
9u t\
-AG
'ls= R..-, MaKchManHa opAnHara 3ao6rbeFba (max y), npeMa Synxqnjn
1
2 LG2
-x
3aoorbeFba y
==- t4 cMeHil x:Tg, je jegHaxa ma'\J'- R' '::- ' Vtutecro
/' ^frr' 8
jegnurnne Kpyra Kopl4crl4 ce je4xavraHa KBarqparHe n"pa6ole-^-:6^?f
j"rq*ocra"*"jer npopavyna (y 4orrrexy npHMeHe napa6one, npaKrqqHo He nocrolLl
pa3nHKa y oAHocy Ha jeAHaqilHy xpyra).
.,2
p t .V, vr (2.s)
t7P --t
3.6 254'(f +*otG +v,,)
-+M
KoLiehba' AoK cy ocranr4 cnt',l6onu eeh
o6jaurueun'
rpe je VrOperHa np, no'lLrxy
ucnouroBaHe'
llpnnnxona npopaqyHa o4pefraeaFba AyxilHa xoje r"ropajy 6uru
ra
y ra6enu 2'2'
Kopr4cHl4 noAaLlil cy nprKa3aHn
111
- MHHrManHa 3axreBaHa 3a BnaxHe
Ta6ena2.2. 3aycraena npelneAHocr
KOnoBo3e Mltnnuanxa
Epauncru PearoBalbe Bo3aqa 3axTeBaHa
nph Koqeby Koe$.
npoieKTHa oKBHp 3a 3aycraBHa
Tpeba AL [m]
6p:nna Aare BpeMe f npernegHocT
ycnoBe gyxuHa [m]
Ikm/h] Isl Iml
rLm /hI
88-8.8 29.6 - 29.6
30-30 2.5 20.8 - 20.8 0.40
30
0.38 16.6 - 16.6 44.4 - 44.4
40 40-40 2.5 27.8 - 27.8
0.35 24.8 - 28.1 57.4 - 62.8
47-50 2.5 32.6 - 34.7
50
aq 0-33 36.1 - 42.9 74.3 - 84.6
55-bU 38.2 - 41.7
60
2-5 43.7 - 48.6 0.31 50.4 - 62.2 94.1 - 110.8 _
70 63-70
0.30 64.2 - 83.9 112.8 - 139.4
70-80 2.5 48.6 - 55.5
80
U.JU 77.7 - 106.2 131 .2 - 168.7
77 -90 2.5 53.5 - 62.5
90
0.29 98.0 - 135.6 157.0 - 205.0_
100 85 - 100 59.0 - 69.4
116.3 - 170.0 179.5 - 246.4
91 - 110 2.5 63.2 -76.4 0.28
110
0.28 134.9 - 202.3 202.9 -285.6
124 98 - 120 2.5 68.0 - 83.3
y KoHBEKCHOJ KPl4Bt4HH
2.4.2.1 3AyCTABHA nPETnEAHOCT
je 4yxNna
rpe6a Aarn oAroBop npBg-:*ul1yP'?flI111 axo
APa gy*1yl3r+tg l159ia -eep! U=
3yp e 03 aq e Bor * ;-nyNa' o;f 4inxm.ne
-C,!-ttiar;gil
BH B o q9 -9- :=f;1{["-t"
Bo3a''reBor oKa
o
gpvroi-D?ryp46tarvf"-aKofg:BYllir-lu -"Isyp:
*ry"r"J (S = Pz < L xoneex)' Cxuqa
ma;a
"ffi#";"*"*a
i5lil"eHtti" * en,{'z'u:-
Ogroeop-na npBo nu-raLb--e je (S>-LJ:
a Ha Apyro (ScL):
AG.52 :--
(2.11)
Lllllll = --- --- ----l
200.(iH, -trHr)-
rAe je AyxhHa BeprylKanHe KoHBeKcHe KpilBI4He Lmin
MHHr4ManHa
y MerpilMa'
Br4cHHa Bo3aqeBor oxa H,)e 1.07 m [1], araoaxa o6jexra Ha nyry Hrie 0.15 m [1],
go yrao
r4cnpeA xor rpe6a 3aycraBurl4 Bo3uno 4a ne gofe xonreuje' npenoMHn
/t, y npoqeHrnMa H AyxHHa Bo3aqeBe Bil3ype Sy r"rerpuua'
r,t//
xprarxv '
Cnrxa 2.9. 3aycraeHa nperneAHocr y KoHBeKcnoj
n (Pz<L)
LG'Pz2 (2.13)
Zmin =
404
2.4.2.23AyCTABHAnPEI-flEAHOCTvKOHKABHOJKPHBI4H!{
xa y KcHe BepTnKan He 7pt46fri'it-r:<-oHKABHffiepTH Kan He
P aenH
i.olt'##
ra emef KoH Be
noBa@ ffi
Cnrra2..10'KorrxaBHaBepTuKanHaKpHBHHacaceojnuKoHcTpyKTl4BHI4M
ENEMEHTNMA
(2.16)
u (sa PzcL)
LG'Pzz (2.18)
Lmln =
r2o+a5,'z
MilHt4ManHor nonynpeqHMKa KoHKaBHe KpHBuHe
Kopl4crfi ce
3a o4pefraaaFbe
$opt'ryna:
P? (2.1s)
min R',.trrntr =
TG;V;'"')
cBernocrt4 $apoea
p ysnua 1o '
rAe ce 3a yrao pachnaFba
2.4.2.3nPETl4tlAJHA nPETflEAHOCT
v KOHBEKCHOJ BEPTI4KAJIHOJ
KP14BHH14
nperneAHocr y
norpe6no otp,:eAt4Tt4 u nperraqajHy
je
v nexurrl cny.raieenrvra
KprBl4Ht4' xola- t',,,ox e 6uru
BeoMa BaxHa KoA
xoneexcHoj -ijHa;e Kpr4BHHa
ABocMepHhx
""p"*"i'ij 6urna caYo Lo-A *o*""*"*'* ?:?]LT-*'x
nyre'Ba' 1bi'ioFiHo BepruKanHe
3a o'qpetlraeaFbe
Aa 6ra 6uno rgoer";ff Kophcre
l#o'
ce l4crr4 elteMeHru Kao 3a
saycraBHy
npernrlajne np"'n"4''"'o-trl4 Mnsnn'ranna nperilLlalHe
nperneAHoct' i""il'' =i s^.1^1r' ly11*u Kpt4BuHe
" ""]""t1't'
yJno"'4a je aoeav"""'""iypu' Ayxa oA Ayxl4He
nperneAHocru Je 3a
(S>L):
(2'20)
lmin = 2'P, -946
AG
KprBhHe (ScL):
Bn3ypa xpaha oA AyxnHe
a sa cnyvai 4a je eosaveBa
LG'Pz? (2.21)
lmin=- W
l*"-';?, :-|.
[;;;;;""r'rpoAnMeH3ronor nPo6nen,'a'
"
g,/0
,{r z
I -i/
-f
,/
l,/ v
tr
- Karerop-njq !YrA.
- ii,repogaano caoSpahajnoonrepeherue
- cacfae cao6paha1iux roKoBa (nyrnrlsxa Bo3una' KaMnoHh, ayro5ycn'
..)
- paqyHcKe 6peraHe no AeoHhLiaM4 Kao r npojerrne 6psnle 3a L{efly
rpacy
- r-raqnr-r eKcnfloaraL{raje (cno6o4aH Hnil KoMepqujanuu)
33xre By- tli{rH e M pex9
- Iorg}ql-!4q4pq!!L{? ! netl
- rr4n ronoeo3L-e taoHcipyxqrale (xpyra nrr $nexcr6ranua)
14xxeruepcro-reonoujKaKapTanpyxanoAaTKeBe3aHe3acaBpeMeHereonol!Ke
npoqece,KapaKTephcT[KecTeHcKHXMaca,reoMexaHfiLlKeKapaKTepncTrKer
xr,^qponorrajy n oBpLlll4HcKl4x H noA3eM Hhx BoAa'
ia
Kapra HaMeHe noBptxrHa npnxasyje 6y4yhra paseoj no4py'riq' epcre
o6Nt"t
r43rpaAFbeHnapqenu3ar4'rjyeer,'rrsrau'rra'Haiuoj,nope4nocrojehercraba'Mopa
6u::n npnKa3aH h nnaHupaHu paeeoj nyrHe Mpexe il npuMapHnx
r,rH SpacrPYxryPH t4x o6j e xara.
o6nux' y
TonorpaQcxa Kapra je ocuoea no xojoj 6y4yha rpaca 4o6rja csoj
rpa$nrxov cMilcny. Axo oenx noAnora Heua, rpe6a rax o6es6e,quril HaKH4AHHM
- rPY6a ocoBfiHa
- Hynra nuwia
- nPojexrna ocoBilHa
l-py6a ocoBHHa je npaaaq Ba3AytlHe nnnraje rasrvlefy noHerHe
u xnapue-1a111
,lirltv xojr,rx ipe6a noayhu ipacy' Ha ocHoey l'be ce rpaxe noBorbHn1e
r43oxr4nce
I
Ao H3ox,nce,.-Ha rafna'lran-4oOra;i
cl rfin=-ra nrasnla- t-la cnnliu
n pra ka5ari n pr.r v e p-i c6iaBtbaFba rpace xop avabe M'
ce Kopal]a ynBa cMepa - oA
.Qa 6ra rpaca 6una uro 6orue nocraBtbeHa no Kapril rpe6a ge$rnucarvt
raqKe *" |-opro'of oafut"o' v rou Ml4KpoKopl4Aopy
AoFbe
rpacy.
'
eneMeHara (npaaqn'
l-ipojexrna ocoBnHa t{t4Htl xorrl6raxaqrajy npojerrHrax
paBHoMepHo npare Hynry eneMeHru
npena3He KpI4BfiHe llpeu
" ^pV**'"y-"::!-?:.u
nraHrajy, a npu ,o*, ,Lny*aeajy
ogbetleHe reoMerpr'rjcxe 3aKoHl4rocrn'
je yxnanarue npaBaqa u KpyxHl4x
KopaK y geQmuracaruy npolexrie ocoBhHe
ocqranyje oKo Kpyx(HHX nyKoBa'
nyKoBa raKo, Aa *ynru' nuanja EaoY:l"o
je KoflHv[Ha 3eMrbaHHX paAoBa yje4xareni (ycex - uacrn)' [lpenounn
Trarr,le
yrnoBil TaHreHTHor non"o'tu, xojtl ce noBnaqr
no KpyxHl4M nyKoBl4M4 Kao u
npena3Hhx Kpt4BilHa'
;p;6" nj 9y:{" nocraBrbaFbe
AlDKuHa r,,refiynpaeaq;'
ilocneoBilxnocrynaKa,nocraBrbacerpaQnqKacrallhoHaxacaKopaKoMog'100
m h npena3u ce Ha aHanl43y rpace y y3AyxHoM npo$nny'
t-lpN.qeQraHracaFbyTpaceyy3A)DKHoMlpo.Qrfly,npBoce..cxra4ajy''KoTeTepeHa y
Ha croMerapcKl4M xoje cy rpaSrasxra ogoe-b-1e Ha ocoBl4Ht4
"raq'aoHixiva, repeH nocMarpaHe
raj
curyaqfioHoM nnaHy' Kaga 1e Ha HaqhH
'qe$Nuncau
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ENEMEHTilMA.
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Korhpaba saB*cvog irnu co$raepa
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npnflt4KoM npr*u.,"u*u t""i*** $isa Bo3r4na r npoBepa nperneAHocrl4
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era4y. Moryha je, *ax,'-"*"'"Vnu'ftla
raKo !4-nperraqajne u 3ayc-ra:He' a
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ca HI4Boa oKa Bo3aqa, xa*o Oou"e' Ha npenoMy KoHBeKcHe Kpr4BnHe'
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je KoA noBe3r4BaFba nyreBa hcror
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cao6pahajxor
onrePeherua
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je xog noBe3[Bahba nyreBa pa3nfiqfiTor paHra
-
H Ben14Kilx pa3ntaKa y cao6pahajnou onrepehersy
je npranraxoM npocropHor pae,qeajarua npaBaqa
- SyHxqraoHanHil Ht4Bo E
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)
cao6pahajHor
Oeaj raspas sa 6psrauy ce Kopl4crl4 Kao cpeAFba 6psrHa
TOKA.
je'quunqa sa
rAe je jegrauraqa 3a nporoK O y 6pojy Bo3una no cary [aosrana/h]'
Opsrauy V y * no*e-phMa no cary [km/h], a 3a rycrl4Hy G y 6pojy aosnna no
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oAHOCa 6psune , rycira"e je y rorue, uro ouoryhaBa
cyulrr4HcKy Be3y rasr'/lefy
xojy t'lua
cao6pahajxor roKa, 6psraxe u rycrHHe saxeruapyjyhH KoMnneKcnocr
r"nr""up"u eesa 6peNne il rycruHe' Jep, eaxno je nanoveuyrv' 6penne
Aa cy repeHcKa
M rycTHHe TexH
hcnr4Tr4BaFba noHauaFba cao6pahaja noKa3ana, Aa oAHoc
Hen[HeapHocru npvl ManxM 14 BeflhKl4M rycrnHaMa' V c,raapr' yKynHy Be3y
rpu oAHoca: (1) nenuneapHe Be3e
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je
,yatr"" ra (3) HenraHeapHe Be3e xdga rycr[HajeguocraeHnjer6lrcxa oAHocHo
Hynn' 36or nprxaea oeor
6psnxa 6uea Nit4H14rr,1 anFiavn{jeAnaxa r
je nprKa3aH caMo nhHeapaH (cnraxa 2'20) o4ttoc 6psnne
npoOn""", oa,qe y
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je ,qeraruno npnKa3aHa paAy
E
E
F
s
o
Ln
0G;
tycruaa (voz/km)
^2 (2.30)
o=l/r.(G-L)
Gj
On1urn o6nrx oBor H3pa3a je nprxasax Ha cnylll4 2.21 . Moxe ce yoq1llrr Aa ce
AHsepeHqHpaFbeM nperxoAHor H3pa3a no rycrl4HH, 406rja MaKcHMaIHa
BpeAHocr nporoKa, Koju npeAcraBrba HajBehu nporox Kojn AeoHfiL4a Moxe Aa
noAHece, a Aa He Aobe Ao 3acroja.
o
o
o
E
fycrrna (voz/km)
- vrGi
/)
Ym--- (2.34)
4
ITpojexroaabe n.reaa 49
3auenovM3pa3a(2'35)yt43pa3y(2'28)4o6rajace3aBhcHocTnpoToKaoArycThHe
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(2.36)
Vf
0 0-
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54
pe3yflrarH cy cyBt4ue pacyrl4
eeha og nocMarpaHe cpeAFbe BpeAHocrt4' n o. r'n-artoa oA cpeAFbe
(4racn eproean ra). Axo i 1?:M:rpaHe
try"yt'' V o6a ra cny'raja'
" "l^lt"p":1t:1.::."*ui
BpeAHocrH, p".yn-rui'' cy cyaralr-re
floacoHosa
p""n*o" craFby. cio6pahajnor roKa Oeaj npo6nev 1e
pacnoAena He oAroBapa
AerarbHo o6pafen u o[oJ"t*" n::::yfffia ipocn and Mannerins 1ee6)
3a HcrpaxrBabe cao6pahaja 113l'
[12] ra VgpyxeFba
noacoHoee pacnoAene' cy yoqeHa
npt4
3a.qoeoruaeajyha peri'rerua' npl4MeHov y pacKpcHl4l-{aMa il HanJlarHhM MecrnMa
TpaKa
aHanu3aMa 6poja cao6pahajnrax
uJpoearHohy HaunacKa o4pefeuor
Ha ayronyre"r*u *uiJJ"-norpe6no "titt'
Opoia y AaroM BpeMeHcKoM 14HrepBatly'
"osrna
|-iocrojeuApyrnMaTeMaTut{Kl4MoAenH3aaHanu3ycao6pahajrrr,rxroxoeaxoju
y cioopat'ajHrM roKoBI4Ma' 3aryure$a' anH
oHt4
nsyvaeajy pop,*rpa*"e';";";;
Hucy npeAMer oBOr Kypca'
III4TEPATVPA:
ASSHTO (American Association of
State HighwaY and TransPortatron
tll
'r Hlgn*uYs and Streets"'
;A Poli"y on Geometric nesign i
officials),
Washington, DC, 1994' MA:
Design and Performance' Cambridge'
121 Campbell, C. The Sports Car: lts
Robert BentleY, lnc', 1978'
New York' Wiley' 1978'
t3l Wong, J.H"'Theory of Ground Vehicles"'
I 'r
t4lCarlF.Meyer,DavidW'Gibson'ROUTESURVEYTNGANDDESIGN'Fifth
lnc
Copyright 1980 by Harper & Row Publishers'
"Jition, p. Principles of Highway Engineertng
r6t
r-J Fred L. Mannering, walter Kilareski,1998'
and Traffic Analysis, Second Edition
Mailaender' HIGHWAY DESIGN
i6l Ruediger Lamm, Basil Psariano:'-Ilgodot MCGRAW-HILL 1999'
HANDBOOK'
AND TRAFFIC SF;TY ENGINEERING
paAHa aepsuja
l7l 3AKOH O JABHIIM nyTEBl4MA'
Vol 1' second edition 1974'
t8l C.A. O'Flaherty, Highways and Traffic'
Operations and Control"'
tgl Drew, D'R. "Deterministic Aspects of Freeway
HighwaY Research Record 99' 1965'
110]Pipes,L.A.,.CarFollowingModelsandtheFundamentalDiagramofRoad
Transportation Research' vol' 1' no' 1'
1967'
Traffic",
Research Board 1994'
t11l The Highway Capacity Manual' Transportation
vol' 122' no'
t12]PochM,andF.Mannering,..NegativeBinominalAnalysisoflntersecion-
Accident Jouinal of Transportation Engineering,
rruqr"n"i".',
2, March/APril 1996'
[13]TransportationResearchBoard,..TrafiicFlowTheory'1I?log'uph,,,Special
Council' Washington' DC' 1975'
Report 165, l'lational Research
3
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cucreMu 6unu ycneuHo peueHu norpe6Ho je npaaranrlo AuMeH3hoHficaru
nonpelrHe npo$r,rne cao6pahajnuqa y rpaAcKMM 3oHaMa unil npeqr43Hr4je pereuo,
npaBunHo peuJr4rh sone perynaquje.
Tpe6a nanoMeHyrr4 Aa je 3eMrbr4r.lre y 3oHM perynaquje y nornyHocru
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30-36 155)
Cnuxa3.'171-eor,,rerpra.iarasgaojesornnnujcxoray"ro6ycxorcrajanrarLlra[3]
y rpagcxe cao6pahaji[aqe cnagajy 14 Beflr4KM ayro6ycxu repMHHycl4 KoJu ce
pasirraryly ra no eyxxqraoHarHoM u no reoMerprajcron o6niaxy. Ha cnraqr4 3.18 je
npr4KasaH je,qax o,q runoBa ayro6ycxux repM!4Hyca'
llonpe,lHh npeceK
Cnraxa 3.19 Pauna 3a caBnagaBaFbe AeHuBenaquje usuely rporoapa u
KOTOBO3He noBpljJrHe Ha neuiaqKoM npena3y
n -l
l--_-*._
a) Knaca I
. neLUacKa
HBnqHa I npo"erro,aaa
] aeocMepsal li; nPoMeHtbtrBa I
mqe g:o--aoof,unPtanavnYqE1
ffi'*"
6) Knaca il B) Knaca lll
t4B14r{FbaK
i-- 6.25 i
6.70
MBHqIbAK
n= !j97e
hBnvbaK
,- 0.85
'' - 3-66
, -.2.00
^- 3.00
N = 6poj Mefra
,2.60 , L = Ayr{sHa naPKrar nPOCIoPa
N=_L
f,ln\NiH I
L_
2.60
r-T_l
(!
rllll E
sj
lll
sq
ffin
c)
t_]__]
JIIzITEPATYPA:
t3] ByxaH P. Byvrah, Jaenu l-pagcxr [lpeeos, Hayvna K]-br4ra, 6eorpa.q 1987.
l5l Homburger, W.S., and Kell, J.H', '1981 ' Fundamentals ol Traffic
Engineering, tenth Edition, Berkeley, CA: lnstitute of Transportation
Studies.
i6l Parking Principles. Highway Research Board, 1971. special report 125.
Washington, DC.
4
AEPOflPOMH
4.1 vBoR
l-lojarr,t aerjaqraje ro,qr'rHa' Hacrao je noverxou ABarqeceror
ie crap cBera 100
BeKa, nocne npBor neTa 6pahe Pajr (orville Wright, Wilbur Wright) 1903. rogrne
nopeA Mecra Krarra Xoyx (Kitty Hawk) y Ceeepnoj Kaponnnr'
l-lpar aepo'qp"Yl
:l
6nnu na rpaBHarrM nrBaAaMa, anu xacHrjuv paeenjarueM aBHol4HAycrpilJe
je norpe6a; y roArHaMa npe Apyror cBercKor para' Aa ce ca nuBa4a
(air{ields), npele xa MoAepHe KonoBo3He noBpulrHe ca cBtaM norpe6Hut"t
"uatun"
nparenrarra o61"*tr"a. Moxeuo Ka3arm 4a
je npaea oparxrasarlraja r MacoBHa
h3rpaaFba Ba3AylllHt4x nyKa, aepoApor"ra (airports), novena HenocpeAHo nocne
para, MacoBnnu paseojev nyrHuHKor
Luro gehe
aeraocao6pahE"
pa3AarbhHe'
I t-el*:lje no4araK
14xrepecauraH
Au 1"-:1yl:
Aa Je
xpate BpeMe casnagajy
"lg3g.rograneperracrpoearro4.5Mr4nHoHanyTHnKa,xojracyKopl4cTilnuaBnoHe
Kao npeBo3HO CpeAcTBO.
Ha KonHy nnil
ilperua Ar-rexcy 14 hKAO (ICAO), aepoApoM je o4pefeHa noBpl'IrhHa je
rncranaqrje M onpeMy, a HaMeHreHa y qennnu
eo,qra roja o6yxaara 3rpage,
hnh AenoM: cneTaFby, y3fleTaFby H KpeTaFby aBroHa'
Mefyriapo4rroql4BHnHoyApyxeFbeaenjarrsapa(lnternationalCivilAviation
npeMa
Organization ICAO) je, y cBoM AHexcy 14, aepo4poMe Kareropn3oBano
cTeneHy onpeMtbeHocru 3a cneraFbe aBnoHa'
aepoApoMl4 Mory
l.iper,ila onpeMrbeHocTr4 nofleTHo cneTHrX crasa TICC (runways),
6rarn xopNiuheHn sa Bh3yenHo (HerancrpynreuranHo) cneTaFbe il nHCTpyMeHraflHo
cneraFbe. Oryq511 59t"!op"."qr{e vnn-e KoAHr4 6poj ra KoAHo cnoPo 5:ryy
opE"" osiaveia pe{iepeirna AyxhHa nope6Hgq1l3n"]1:" MepoAaBHor'
1e
a'erioia, a KoAHl4M cl9_g9lv p39l9l1 ltph!,a u pacnoH cnorujt-e !4-9-Ige cnotbFber
fo.{Ra-crajHoi'tpqna_q,gpo-a,a;-[9f aB]4oHA- V ra6enra 1
je npHxasaH pacnopeA
xffirax 6pojeea il KoAHl4x cnoBa.
npena3Ha noBpt!hHa
nPqna3Ha nOBPuHa
l"lpecex B-B
ft
It
, r-- ,11| i^l
*+"*""re."v:t"*]z{{
L
Lt- ,Hrpaurarcena:
-
nI)@K g-B
Vra6enralcynpHKa3aHeKapaKTephcTr4qHe4uvensnjenprna3HHxnoBptuhHa
npeMa KoAHoM 6PojY aePo'qPoua
Ta6ena 1
npeL{H3aH npnna3
KaTeropHJe
HehHcTpylreHTanHo HenPeqn3aH nphna3
KoAHn 6poj KoaH14 6poi lln
I ilt
2 1.2 A 1.2
xo4xr 6poj '1
l-ioBpurHa 14
,qrvexsr.tje"
KOHYCHA
5 5 5 5
xarr6 (%) 5 5 5
YHYTPALIII-bA
XOPI43OHTMHA
45 45 45 45
BhcrHa (m) 45 45
YHYTPAL].Ii.bA
NPhJIA3HA
90 120
unphHa (m)
oAcrojabe oA 60 60 60
npara (m)
900 900 900
AyxrHa (m)
2.5 2 2
HaM6 ('k)
NPhNA3HA
nPBA IEOHI4uA
2 2 2 2
naru6 (%) 5 4 2.5
Aeooapouu
84
npeAcraaruajy y
[a 6ra naKuJe6nno yoveno [Jra saurrrhene 3oHe aepoApoMa
ce BhAerH 3' Ha xojoj !e npraxaeama cKhlla
npocropHoM cMhcny, Moxe ryl-c-nt4l{t4
gau:rrhenrx ,o"u c" ,qae I]CC, og xojrax je jegna onpeM'beHa 3au
"*fogpo"au noneraFbe' a Apyra 3a Bh3yenHo cj-leraFbe
rlHcrpyMeHTanHo CneraFbe
nonerabe (xerancrpyruenranHo)'
85
Aeooapoun
''.r
ncc
\'\
Hail6 2.5 %_\
xcpr3oHlarc n€plJHa
h
\\ 4000
. ---l=;l I I_-LDA
ToB^
rroRAll l--
!-- rocA--------l
liAl i
l---
I
asD,
TOOI
A:-^-
Ha
Ha cnrqn 5 cy npnxasaHe cKrqe Ha KojrMa ce oApebyjy o6aBe3He AyxhHe
nphMepy ABe ncc.
>f p :f
!-
. 3auffTHa cTa3a
ncc
td0
t tt0 t !00
Ta6ena2
Kognvr 6poj Ko4lro cnoBo
A B c D E
'18 m '18 m 23m
1"
2" 23m 23m 30m
3 30m 30m 30m 45m
4 45m 45m 45m
a6ena 3.
Ohguqxe Ko,qno cnoeo
KaoaKTep14cT14Ke E
A B c D
18" 23\ 23
MHH. lllt'lPuHa KOnOBO3a 7.5 156 184
(m) 44
z? JtJ
ot OQ
eo
MnnrualHo Pacroiait'e
Msrueby ocoeraHe PC !a:
,r I
ocoBhHe
rancrpYruexranne flCC aa
KoAHr4 6Poj 1 82.5
oo < a1
<o,qnra 6Poi 2 176
168
xo4nra 6Poi 3 176 182_5
KoAHt4 6poi 4
OCOBHHE
Her HcrpyMeHrarn e l-lCC
KoAHt4 6poj 1
3Z
xo,qnra 6Poj 2 101
93
xo4nu 6Poj 3 101 107.5
KoaHt4 6poj 4 bb.a 80
23.75 44
21.5 26 40.5
Dae /m\ 16.25
MaKcHManHu nonpeqHh
Haru6: 1.5
2 I-3
HarHyrt{x AenoBa 5
A 5
3a$TUTHe 3oHe Ha Aone
("/"\
3000 3000 3000
M14HtlMaJlHt4 PaAhjYc 2500 2500
BeDl4KarHe xPraerane (m) 300 ca
150 ca 200 ca 300 ca
300 ca BhchHe oA Bl4CtlHe oA
M14H!4MaJlHa AyxuHa Bhcl4He oA BHCl4He oA
encltne og 3 J
nperne.qnocrra (m) 1.3 2 J
"PCxojyiexopucrllruaBHoHl4capacro.iarueuxa6ugeoAcpeAu[lTacrajrrorTpana>18
rpana < 18
fec *o1y he xopncrurr aBr4oHM ca pacrojar-uer,.l xa6uue oA cpeAurlra crajnor
m.
a-
Aeooqpouu
gg
cnotbHl4M pacnoHoM crajHor
rpana > 9 m
q
PC Kojy he xoprcrrrr aBuoHl4 crajnor rpana < 9 m'
p PC Kojy he xopucrnrr aBuoHt4 cnorbHuM pacnoHoM
pc crojra na jesHoi PC'
" ;;;;il; gpv,e oi-""'o*u Koiu Beh
nprcraHruHl4x
Ha crrL{u 6 cy nphKa3aHH Moryhh HaqnHI4 Soprraraparua
nnarQoPtuu.
a) npocr KoHqenr
€ s
F
rt
s$esggggssgg
q gapriaquJe
6) JMBeapHu KoHqenr teroee
^e $^ $qe
.s/6$' Er( )E3
dxs
ElllE3
ErllES
--1. J--l-
4) Koxqenr "carener'
q) Korqenr ''qlhHrep"
lrr Eii
Irl
\tt r:l
i..i I
.$7'q" "gq"
l1-_
",ffi", ---------
O) KoHqenr 'xr6Pu4''
nnar$opt'ru
Cnu xa 6' Bapraiaqrale npHcraHuulnrx
BenNqnnennaroa3aB[ceo,qcnegehrxnapaMerapa:
89
Aepo#pottu
.Be'luqfiHeuMaHeBapcxnxoco6uHaaBnoHaeaxojejenpojerroeana
nnarSoPt'la
. o6HMa cao6Pahaja na nnarSoPvu
. 3axreBanor cno60,qnor npocropa
r H?tHHa np!4nacKa oAnacKa aBr4oHa ca nnarsopve
r
r KOMfio3l4qraje uenaenrx nyHKTOBa r43
TepMhHafla
. 3axTeBa 3a oncnyxrBaFbeM aBnoHa
r plnHrx cra3a il cepBilcHHX cao6pahajnuqa
KoMe je npe'qsufeHo Aa aBnoHH
Ha xpajy cKopo cBaKe FICC nocrojr4 Mecro Ha
g" o.noOogra flCC' To je nosraqraja sexarua (holding bay)' Ha
cnnqu
cavexyjy
z :"
""je,qan npl4Mep nosraqraje lteKaFba 3a
'qBa
6-7 47 '
"6i"it"n
z
\
Haauraquouncr4cTeMucnyxesaeo|erueaBt4oHaToKoMneTau3HaABoAe,KonHa
HaBuraqiloHra ypefaj je BOP (VOR
v,y 6nvsnanu"po4po"u' hajerarajHrajn raxaexojia iuarue paAno crrHane y cBr4M
- Very-Highrr"qrun"y-O*ni'ung" Sialgn) Kypc xoint"l nerr
npaeLlhMa. Ceaxr raKaB cnrHan 9-" :tT"ra Ha o4peleHM
ogpefexra aBuoH. 3a uepeite ogcrojarua
cnyxr onpeMa noA Ha3hBoM EME (DME
HHcrannparn y 6nusmnra BOP-
Distance-Measuring Equipment) rojy rpe6a oA aBroHa BOP craHrqe'
craHrlla 14 oHa cnrnanusyje nrnory pacrojarre
paearajaH n y 'qo
noqerKy HaMeFbeH
Cnegehra 6nran HaB14raL{HoHH cl4creM 1e a
14cKrbyqr4Bo eojnoj aarajaqrajr,r, all l1]gju:-";je npey3ena 1'48:4,lHa aerajaquja'
BoPi;L ''sOp-gMET (TACAN' voRTAC' VOR-DMET)' oeh
ro je TAKAH, Pa'qap 4yror
cncreM!4 cnyxe, raxole, 3a Mepebe ogcrojarua o'q BOP craHnlla'noA Ha3rBOM
3a KoHTponr4cahbe KpeTaFba ae'osa y Ba3Ayxy no3HaT
AOMera
APCP (ARSR - Air no,tu Sut"illance Radar) cnyxh KoHrponoptlMa nera Aa
npaTe 14 BoAe aBuoHe xerbeH!4M KypceBhMa'
cnana cl4creM 3a KoHTponEcaFbe
V Apyry rpynaqrajy ilHcrpyMeHar-a ea naeoferbe
-
npn3eMtbeFba aBroHa nff C 1tt-S lnstrument
Landing System)' P"tu "tf".l:1
Je.qan ce 3oBe "noxanajsep" (lokalizer) r eMuryJe
npe,qalnraxa Ha aepoApor'lly'
oA nuuraje cneraFba' a Apyrl4 eMrryle
nopyKy nhnory Aa nv"le neBo ilnH^AecHo l-lCC' Ha cnraqr 8 ce
og z go 3 creneHa) nphfla3a
Kocy paBaH i*r1,
"ai,d "apvrpa
hlC crcreua sa naeoferue'
"*4r'ynota
/70ldtng
ftt cnoJbHH MapKep
Midd/e aljf'r*u"p,^*^nn
not*e/ Verlico/ "ron
MapKep
6lide polh
nwalba
cneTalbE
6/ide s/ope
onlenno
npr4JIa3Ha
AHTEHA
A
Loca/izer
onienv
aHTeHa 3a
cneTaFbe Hoilzon/ol
beom
xopH3OHTanHlr cHon
aaraoxa (tLS)
Cnnxa 8. Vpetlajra 3a HHcryMeHranHo cneral'be
cneraba' Localizer antenna -
Holding fix - raqxa qeKaba 3a nphna3 onepaqr'rjra
- MapKep' Outer marker - cnorbHt4
aHreHa "ncxana.isepa", Middle marker cpeAFbH
cneraFba' Vertrcal beam -
MapKep, Glide slope antenna - aHreHa
3a paBaH
91
Aepop,pouu
75m
o-
"-T'
l!
e
SF
-T8l:
15F
- "r
q€HnanHa @€rna nCC
RqfAf CliTtE LIiE LIONT
o- lUrlAY EDOE LIOtst
- ,BHHS
RUirAt
Eerta nCC
TOUCBOOTX ZdE Llox1 (T0z)
-
-
:
TBRSHOLD LIGHT
THRESHOLD --.-SpAClNG3.Ohil
usftaBa pBda 6etB
-.-,--- cExrrf Lrx! B^IRETaE
E --
r--SIDE lotD^lngTT!
EqUA! TO IHAT Of 'TE' bHaqPBe$6erna
l-.lFi
- -TEl6
@-.lo
- €-
:!
ar4EAr
r 3Oh I
y
Cnrxa 9. Pacnopeg npl4tla3Hrx cBerana il cBerana
I-ICC
,-.- r*,1-l--r5o
3m=l-
; Runwa)'hte9o&l
noar nilcre R6*aY bodM zme ma*n-q
o3HaKa 3oHe KoHTaxra na flCC
-*-
Cn r xa 1 0. Xo prasoHrafl Ha r',lapraqr'rja Sap6ona
npoieKrHor
ca noBehaHHM onrepet'ebeY r:lKoM
noHaBrbaba npenacKa aBHoHa Maru4r. npeonrepeheFba Je-
npHXBaTrbrB'
nepHoAa. Pesynrar noBpeMeHill eexa ipajarui *ono"ot*e KoHcrpyKLlHJe
yKonrKo je ovexraaar'ro t"aito cKpaheFbe one onepaqraje y xojnva
je
*,r.u* ourreheHocrta.'3a
-
M penarr4BHo
""r"n!;;;" g"tu aHanu3HpaHa' Tpeba
MarHnryAa yHecraHocrl4 npeonrepeh"*u "o
np"xaaiuru cnegehe npeAnore:
noBpeMeHH MaHeBpu aBnoHa
ca ACN
r 3a. Qnexcu6nnne KonoBo3e' PCN'6poja' ne 6vt
6pojer''r MaFbnM og 10%' np"*o--p"""rpoBaHor
KonoBo3Hy KoHcrpyKqHJy
rpe6ano Herarl4BHo Aa yruqy Ha y xojrar"la je xpyrl KonoBo3 AoFbl4
r 33 Kpyre r xorr46fiHoeaHe KonoBo3e, aBnoHa ca ACN 6pojev
cnoj xoucrpyrcqraje' noBpeMeHlt ""*""p' ne 6r rpe6ano
o4 5%' npeKo
MahbhM
p"l-"t'po"u*of-POf.?loja'
yrrqy Ha KonoBo3Hy KoHcrpyKLl'ry-'
HerarilBHo Aa
rdKojexonoeoeHaKoHcrpyKL{'1u'*"not*"'u'-5'kieorpanr'rraaajyhu
et'e
i:
. 3i;'J3; Xi5r""tJ]J"[:"]#;#'"*'i
nfrt, 5% og
:n ]:HAaBHor
yxynnor roAhtxFber 6poja onepaqnJa
Moxea n
ii!
no KOnoBO3hMa
oA MepoAaBHOr Hucy AO3BofireH|4
TaxeH MaHeBpH aBiloHa rexr4x
xojra je yByqeH y nope
naxojrauacyBl4Atbl4Baou:reherua"n'noto"'xbHcrPYxural?'T"*"'MaHeBpfi
roKoM nepnoAa oranaFba neAa
rpe6a Aa 6yAy KorloBo3a vnv nocrerbhqe
ocna6ruena
"o"'*y'"
KonoBo3a vnv KaA je Hocl4Bocr rs6erHy' oenaulheue
ce
Ru! oBaKBr4 "u*""p'"-*!-"o"y .qaKonoBo3He KoHcrpyKt"{hle'
rqenoBarbeM "ogu' cri*e
raHcrraryqllje tp.ou gu"npon"A-ly-1, Y:t^1Ho"e
no"p*"""o noHaBrbabe MaHeBapa ca
Taxofe, rpe6a gu nio""p" xorarfqrairyl.s" cxpaherue
*o1" Aa h3a3oBe t*1:1i*o
rexrM aBHoHhMa oA MepoAaB"o'' 3axreBa "o*"
rueHy pexa6rnilraquJy'
BeKa KonoBo"*" *ol"tpy*q'1" ' Aa
q\
\do
ol 1
i\ l:
c! l. ,]g
r.l \
t I
$\
(.'\ lo
IDo $r
oanl.lnocrynxoujenorpe6uocpeArTilnoAaTKeo'yqecTaHocTuBeTpoBano
npaBr-{y 14 !4Hre3r4rery. b6paleHe BpeAHocrn rpe6a
yHeru y ogroeapajyhe
noAene y cilcreMy *pyto"u, Ha cnrqu 12, roiu ogroeapajy nojegnnru 6psnnaua
BerpoBa v pa1ltanlo:x nnnnia roje yxasyjy Ha cMepo,Be llpero raxo
Berpa'
:*?3:i
xojra yxasyje ira rvroryhy
ypafene noAnore oApeAn ce AoMrHaHrHl4 cMep
bprajenraqrajy l-1CC y oAHocy Ha 6o'rHe BerpoBe'
AePoAPouu
96
flI4TEPATVPA:
t1l lnternacionalCivilAviationorgantzationlCAoAnexl4totheConventionon
Aerodrome Design and operations'
lnternational civil nviai.r,cn, v"olume l,
First Edition - JulY 1990
ICAO' Parl l' Runways' 2nd
121 Aerodrome Design Manual, Doc 9175-AN/901'
edition - 1984.
gizs-nU/901' ICAO' Part ll' Runways' 3'd
t3l Aerodrome Design Manual, Doc
edition - 1991 .
second edition 1975'
t4l Robert Horonjefi, Planning & design o{ airports'
t
5
}KEIIESHWUE
5.1 vBoA
rae npBe nonoBhHe
l-ipara Kopaqu Ka xene3Hr4trKoM TpaHcnopry Aar[pajynocraBrbeHa npyra Ha
rasrvrefy Sanruuopa ra oxaja
AeBerHaecror BeKa, n"g" it 1830' ro4une xefie3HnqKa
Ioroj *o*u 6nnu ocHoBHl4 ByrtHil noroH' Kpajer',t
"v
-"rit"Jri" lvxue Kaponnne je 6rana npaa roia je novena Aa Kopl4crl4 napy Kao
noroHcKy eHeprrjy.
l-lpra xpajy AeBerHaecror BeKa, r'rsvely
1870' n 1890' rograne' y Avepuqh' oBaJ
-
BIA TpaHcnopTa Je Harno noLleo Aa ce u'lt4pH y- Mpexy' Ka 3anaAHvlM AenoBHMa
'
vtrra
'1e 6rno oceajarue 3anaAHrx o6nacru,
KoHrr4HeHra. ocr,o"*,
HacerbaBaFbe, rajerue npoH3BoAa u FbHXoB
rpaHcnopr Ha ncroqHa rpxraLura [1]'
VErrrnecxoj,naK,nocneCrneeHcoHoBorH3yMa-noKoMoTt4B^e.1814.ro+uue,27'
cenreu6pa '1 825. ro4rane je nyurreHa y teps'c npyra rasn'refiy CroxroHa
N
'npy3l4 qnHilnn napHa Ma[!uHa' l-o'qrHe
fiapnranrrona. Byvy lri rol
cy KoFbH t4
1830. je nyureHa y ;;";;t;;tra LeMeby fl"""pnyn" t't MaH'recrepa' Ha roj
6nna ie Crneeucouoaa "Paxera'
npy3t4, Ayroj 31 Ml4Iby, jegiano ByqHo cpeAcrao
l2l
Bl4AoBhMa cao6pahaja'
V 4anaurue BpeMe, xene3HhLia KoHKypl4ue ocranilM
6psutra u Hocileocrfi' V
sixaaruyjyh' t*"'"o'-''oseharty
ApyMcKoM il peL{HoM,
oxo 200
AaHauJFbe BpeMe rpaHcnopr nyinrara xene3HilqoM 'qoirraxe 6psrane 'qo
250 km/h.
98 Xenesnn4e
"ru"^"n"
npvr9 L "or_o:gf._
@_r*peAa cnyxe vehylap-oAFtoM . TpaH3HTHoM
!g9qpg!gy.gg[_q a ]ftryr p aq lte Lr oBe3 r Ba Fb_e_ 9€ c aJ {Ui4 x!p 4 BpCAtr 4M_e Hr ap a
: re,Qg_9gg1ele n py re r r y3 aH o r jglgc_ejg_?
H o p r\4 an H o
cnopeAHe.
Crna nouohy xoje ce Bo3 norpehe je eylHa crna. OH4 ce crgapq y noKoMoTl4Bv
h TEcTaTe-t-yfe y-nFaBqV-KPeJaltar o4199no creapa ce y noroHcKoM Moropy
noKoMorilBe h fi3a3rBa KpeJ,ltpq aoga Cdenafyiyhr cee HDeroBe ornope.
Crn" otnop" . onnrux yrrauaia xoin-rqgnyiy Ha
dos" o1q ^p"tu*y "o"" "y eM sv€PJ,-prnoPh cY
cBpcreHr4 y ocHoBr.lelaran[e) t4 HaKHarqHe (noeper'aeHe). OcHoaHH ornopr cy oHM
xoj6 ce cynporcraaruajy xperaruy Bo3a,no npaBoM H xopr43oHrannona nyry. To cy
yHyTpaulFbr4 Ornopn y Bo3hnr4Ma, Ornopu xOje rsasraaa KonoceK ra OrnOpn xOje
r43a3hBa Ba3Ayx. Vnyrpau:rur ornopu cy oA KonoceKa
c! noene,lvrqa r<e+tr o.qxoea -!-q.@-noR
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