Report

On

RADIO FREQUENCY
IDENTIFICATION (RFID)
(Session: January –May, 2019)

Submitted To - Submitted By -
Dr. C.C. Tripathy Deepanshu
Director UIET,KUK ECE-A,7th Semester
Roll No. - 251501056

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

University Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
 ABSTRACT
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication via EM waves to
interchange the data between a Reader and an RFID tag attached to an object. It is used for the
purpose of identification and tracking of objects. It can be read from a distance of few meters and
beyond the line of sight of the readers. It uses EM waves to automatically identify and track the
objects. Tags contain the memory in which information is stored. In RFID we have a micro-chip
which is used to transmit data when the chip comes in the range of radio waves. RFID system
consists of the RFID tag, RFID Reader, LCD Display and Microcontroller. RFID can be
interfaced to microcontroller through USART. Data is transferred from the RFID cards to reader
and from there to the microcontroller. It is just a tiny chip embedded inside the card. Most RFID
tags actually don’t need a battery because they draw power from radio waves. It keeps the power
consumption low enough that they can be powered by radio waves. And it keeps the cost down
so that we can use it everywhere. RFID tags use only a few kilobytes of data. RFID is such a
customizable technology so we have many uses for it. RFID is not fully recognized yet. RFID
replaces barcodes and it makes the process faster.
KEYWORDS:-
Radio-frequency identification (RFID),identification,reader,EM waves,tag
 INTRODUCTION

HISTORY:-
It’s typically said that the roots of frequency identification technology may be derived back
in World War II. The Germans, Japanese, Americans and British were all victimization radar—
which had been discovered in 1935 by Scottish man of science Sir Henry M. Robert Alexander
Watson-Watt—to warn of approaching planes whereas they were still miles away. The problem
there was to identify that which planes belonged to the enemy and which planes belongs to our
own country. The Germans discovered that if pilot fly its plane and when he returned to base, it
would change the radio signal reflected back. This crude technique alerted the radio detection
and ranging crew on the ground that these were German planes and not Allied craft. Under
Watson-Watt, who headed a secret project, the British developed the first active identify friend
or foe (IFF) system. They put a Radar transmitter on each British plane. When it received signals
from radio detection and ranging stations on the ground, it transfers a signal back, that identified
the aircraft as friendly. A signal is distributed to a electrical device, that wakes up and either
reflects back a proof or broadcasts a proof. Advances in radar and RF communications systems
continued through the 1950s and 1960s. Scientists and academics in the United States, Europe
and Japan did research and presented papers explaining how RF energy could be used to identify
objects remotely. Companies began commercializing anti-theft systems that used radio waves to
determine whether an item had been paid for or not. Electronic article surveillance tags, which
are still used in packaging today, have a 1-bit tag. The bit is either on or off. If someone pays for
the item, the bit is turned off, and a person can leave the store. But if the person doesn't pay and
tries to walk out of the store, readers at the door detect the tag and sound an alarm.

Mario W. Cardullo claims to have received the first U.S. patent for an active RFID tag with
rewritable memory on January 23, 1973. That same year, Charles Walton, a California
entrepreneur, received a patent for a passive transponder used to unlock a door without a key. A
card with an embedded transponder communicated a signal to a reader near the door. When
the reader detected a valid identity number stored within the RFID tag, the reader unlocked the
door. Walton licensed the technology to Schlage, a lock maker, and other companies.

The U.S. government was also working on RFID systems. In the 1970s, Los Alamos National
Laboratory was asked by the Energy Department to develop a system for tracking nuclear
materials. A group of scientists came up with the concept of putting a transponder in a truck and
readers at the gates of secure facilities. The gate antenna would wake up the transponder in the
truck, which would respond with an ID and potentially other data, such as the driver's ID. This
system was commercialized in the mid-1980s when the Los Alamos scientists who worked on
the project left to form a company to develop automated toll payment systems. These systems
have become widely used on roads, bridges and tunnels around the world.

At the request of the Agricultural Department, Los Alamos also developed a passive RFID tag to
track cows. The problem was that cows were being given hormones and medicines when they
were ill. But it was hard to make sure each cow got the right dosage and wasn't given two doses
accidentally. Los Alamos came up with a passive RFID system that used UHF radio waves. The
device drew energy from the reader and simply reflected back a modulated signal to
the reader using a technique known as backscatter.

WHAT IS RFID?
RFID is an acronym for “radio-frequency identification” and refers to a technology whereby
digital data encoded in RFID tags or smart labels (defined below) are captured by a reader via
radio waves. RFID is similar to barcoding in that data from a tag or label are captured by a
device that stores the data in a database. RFID, however, has several advantages over systems
that use barcode asset tracking software. The most notable is that RFID tag data can be read
outside the line-of-sight, whereas barcodes must be aligned with an optical scanner. If you are
considering implementing an RFID solution, take the next step and contact the RFID experts at
AB&R® (American Barcode and RFID).

HOW DOES RFID WORK?

RFID belongs to a group of technologies referred to as Automatic Identification and Data
Capture (AIDC). AIDC methods automatically identify objects, collect data about them, and
enter those data directly into computer systems with little or no human intervention. RFID
methods utilize radio waves to accomplish this. At a simple level, RFID systems consist of three
components: an RFID tag or smart label, an RFID reader, and an antenna. RFID tags contain an
integrated circuit and an antenna, which is used to transmit data to the RFID reader (also called
an interrogator). The reader then converts the radio waves to a more usable form of data.
Information collected from the tags is then transferred through a communications interface to a
host computer system, where the data can be stored in a database and analyzed at a later time.

RFID SYSTENS
An RFID system consists of three components: a scanning antenna and transceiver (often
combined into one reader, also known as an interrogator) and a transponder, the RFID tag. An
RFID tag consists of a microchip, memory and antenna.
The RFID reader is a network-connected device that can be permanently attached or portable. It
uses radio frequency waves to transmit signals that activate the tag. Once activated, the tag sends
a wave back to the antenna, where it is translated into data.
RFID is Radio Frequency Identification. RFID system consists of the RFID tag, RFID Reader,
LCD Display and Microcontroller. It uses EM waves to automatically identify and track the
objects. Tags contain the memory in which information is stored.
CONCLUSION
RFID in library speeds up all the processes like issuing, reissuing returning books,
monitoring of books regarding to anti-theft, books searching processes. Performance of
a system depends uponthe information on the tag, effectiveness of RFID reader position,
tag position. And they alldepend upon the cost. Developments in RFID technology continue
to yield larger memorycapacities, ider reading ranges, and faster processing. !pdating of
manual book keeping, booksare no more easily traceable, Improved utili"ation of
resources like manpo er, infrastructureetc, #ess time consumed as no line of sight is
mandatory, minimi"ed manual intervention,minimi"ed manual errors, availability of the
long lasting tags, fast access to books, are the
mainadvantages after implementation of RFID based #$%. Automated RFID based library
management system ill increase the speed of transaction as issuing and returning back is
no automated

FUTURE WORK
In future the tag system can be implemented in any type of asset tracking, especially in
multi-national offices to keep track in their office files, often D&Ds. It can also be used in
laboratoriesfor tracking of e'uipments. RFID can be implemented in public transits for
avoidance of unauthori"ed travel.