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FIELD ARTILLERY
VOLUME III
GUNNERY
PAMPHLET NO. 3
DUTIES AT RHQ AND THE GUNS
2007
This pamphlet supersedes Field Artillery Volume III, Gunnery, Pamphlet No. 3,
Duties at the RHQ and the Guns, 2004 (Code No GSP-1993)
By order of the Chief of the Army Staff
Lieutenant General
Inspector General Training and Evaluation
January, 2007
AMENDMENTS
Amendment Number By Whom Amended Date of Insertion
DISTRIBUTION
Fd, Med, Hy, Mor, MBRL,Rkt, Loc and Mjd Regts – Scale 'C'
Indep Mor, MBRL and Loc Btys – Scale 'B'
Corps/Div Arty , Indep Arty Bde, Army Arty Div and – Scale 'B'
Avn sqn
S of A – 400 Copies
Arty Centre – 50 Copies
Notes: 1. Surplus copies will be returned to the Administrative Officer {A6(c)},

CAO's Office GS Branch, GHQ Rawalpindi.
2. For details of scales of distribution please see para 6 of Introduction to

Catalogue of General Staff Training Publications, 1994 (Code No.
GSP–1694).
i
CONTENTS
Abbreviations viii
Pamphlet References ix
Prefatory Notes x
SECTION PAGE
CHAPTER 1 – DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES

1. Duties of Adjutant 1
2. Duties of RSO 3
3. Duties of GPO 4
4. Duties of AGPO 8
5. Duties of Section Commanders 9
CHAPTER 2 – LAYOUT AND ORGANIZATION OF CP

AND GUN POSITIONS
6. RHQ 9
7. The Battery CP 12
8. The Gun Position 13
CHAPTER 3 – PREPARATIONS FOR OPENING FIRE

9. Introduction 16
10. Survey 17
11. Laying the Guns in C/A 19
12. Occupation of Position by Night 22
13. Preparation of Alternative Position 37
14. Quick Action 38
15. Open Action 40
16. Special Considerations for SP and Heavy Artillery 42
17. Considerations for MBRL Units 43
ii
CHAPTER 4 – GENERAL TECHNICAL DUTIES

18. Directing Guns at the Target 46
19. Concentration and Distribution 51
20. Position Corrections 53
21. Gun Corrections 54
22. Conventions Governing Distribution of Fire 56
Over the Target
23. Methods of Laying 57
24. Corrections of Errors in Deflections or Elevation 59
25. Crest Clearance 62
CHAPTER 5 – CP PROCEDURES
26. Battery, Mike and Larger Concentrations 76
27. Linear Concentrations 79
28. Registration Shoot 82
29. Fire Plan Targets 88
30. Precision Shoots 91
CHAPTER 6 – THE EMPLOYMENT OF SHELL WITH

TIME OR VT FUZES
31. Time Fuzes - General 100
32. Time HE 102
33. Ricochet Air Burst 106
34. Smoke Shoots 109
35. DPICM Shoot 117
36. Illuminating Shoots 120
37. VT Shoot 128
CHAPTER 7 – SPECIAL SHOOTS

38. Propaganda Shoot 129
39. Assault Fire 130
40. Engagement of Gunship Helicopters 136
iii
CHAPTER 8 – PROGRAMME SHOOTS

41. General 139
42. Duties at RHQ and CPs 139
43. Duties at the Guns 142
44. Concentrations 145
45. Concentrations – CP Duties 148
46. CB Tasks 161
47. Smoke Screens 164
48. Modifications and corrections to Fire Plans 165
CHAPTER 9 – BARRAGES
49. General 168
50. Standard Barrage 170
51. Standard Barrage - CP Duties 173
52. Modified Barrage (Funnel Shaped Barrage) 174
53. Alternative – Standard Barrages 177
(Combination of Standard Barrages)
CHAPTER 10 – HIGH ANGLE FIRE

54. General 179
CHAPTER 11 – ANTI TANK GUNNERY

55. General 181
56. Principles of Direct Laying 182
57. Lead 184
58. Range 192
59. Preparations at the Gun Position 194
60. Engagement of Tanks 197
CHAPTER 12 – TARGET RECORDS

61. General 199
62. Lettering and Numbering of Targets 201
iv
63. Target Records within Battery 204

64. Recording a Target in Battery CP 210
65. Adjutant’s Target Records 214
CHAPTER 13 – CHANGE OF GRID

66. General 215
67. Duties in Battery CP 218
68. Duties of the Adjutant 220
ANNEXES
ANNEX PAGE
A. Records and Reports to be kept within the Regiment 221

B. Preparation of Tape Niwar 223
C. Patterns of Deployment 226
D. Direct Laying Sight 235
APPENDIXES TO ANNEXES
APPENDIX PAGE
B. Preparation of Tape Niwar 225

IC. Deployment Drill Single Line Pattern 231
2C. Deployment Drill Horse Shoe Pattern 232
3C Deployment Drill W Pattern 233
4C. GPO’s Deployment Aid 234
TABLES
TABLE PAGE
I. Bearing Aiming Post for Night Deployment 25

II. MVV Correction Table 55
III. Calculation of Gun Correction 55
v
IV. Crest Clearance Card 65

V. Minimum Safe QE Card 70
VI. Comparison of QEs 73
VII. GPOA’s Form 78
VIII. Calculator Procedure – Linear Shoot 80
IX. Firing Chart Procedure – Linear Shoot 81
X. Fuze Corrections 102
XI. Maximum Effective Ranges for Assault Fire 131
XII. Prediction Using Calculator 150
XIII. Prediction Using GFTs 152
XIV. Prediction Using Results of Computation 155
XV. Filling in the Gun Programme 157
XVI. Filling in the Gun Programme – Calculator 159
XVII. Approach Angles and Leads 186
XVIII. Deviation of Projectile from Point of Aim 187
XIX. Initial Leads 189
XX. Alteration to Lead 191
XXI. Shooting Corrections Record 206
XXII. Target Index 207
FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1. The Adjutant’s HB Board 2

2. Layout of Regiment CP 11
3. Layout of Battery CP 13
4. Special Preparations for Night Occupation 24
5. Deployment Pattern – Two Batteries Up 35
6. Deployment Pattern – One Battery Up 36
7. Marking of Gun Platform of SP Guns 42
8. Marking of Gun Platform of Heavy Equipment 43
9. Marking of MBRL Platform 45
10. Directing Guns at Target – 1 47
vi

13. Concentration and Position Correction 49
14. Concentration and Distribution 51
15. Position Correction 53
16. Crest Clearance – 1 63
17. Crest Clearance – 2 63
18. Minimum Safe QE Card – 1 69
19. Minimum Safe QE Card – 2 69
20. Dead Ground Trace 74
21. Linear Concentration 79
22. Linear Target Form – Calculator 83
23. Linear Target Form 84
24. Precision Adjustment Form 96
25. ½ S Table (Mils) 97
26. ½ S Table (Rukhs) 98
27(A&B) Precision Adjustment Tables (Mils) 99
28(A&B) Precision Adjustment Tables (Rukhs) 99 & 100
29 Smoke Screen 110
30 Box Illumination 126
31 Deflection Board (Mils) 134
32 Deflection Board (Rukhs) 134
33 Task Table 147
34 Linear Target Form – Programme Shoots 149
35 Gun Programme 160
36 HB List 163
37 Barrage 169
38 Standard Lettering of Points 171
39 Funnel Shaped Barrage 176
40 (A,B, Alternative Standard Barrages 177 &
C,D,E,F) 178
41 Point of Aim Completely Visible Tank 182
42 Point of Aim Hull Down Tank 182
43 Tank Behind a Heap of Rubble 183
44 Open Laying Sight 183
vii
45 Central Laying Sight 184

46 Effect of approach Angle on Lead 185
47 Effect of Range and Time of Flight on Lead 187
48 Working Out Initial Lead 189
49 Working Out Subsequent Lead 190
50 Change in Point of Aim, Partially Obscured 191
Stationary Target
51 Anti Tank Sectors and Reference Points 195
52 Target Plots 205
53 Change of Orientation – 1 217
54 Change of Orientation – 2 218
viii
ABBREVIATIONS
Following abbreviations have been used in this pamphlet:-

A/S - Angle of Sight
AGPO - Assistant Gun Position Officer
Ammo - Ammunition
BC - Battery Commander
BE - Base Ejection
BHM - Battery Havildar Major
C of M - Correction of Moment
C/A - Centre of Arc
CB - Counter Bombardment
CO - Commanding Officer
CP - Command Post
EFC - Equivalent Full Charge
FS - Fuze Setting
GAP - Gun Aiming Point
GFT - Graphical Firing Table
GPO - Gun Position Officer
GPOA - GPO Assistant
GR - Grid Reference
GST - Graphical Site Table
HB - Hostile Battery
HE - High Explosive
How - Howitzer
HQ - Headquarters
ICB - Intelligence and Counter Bombardment
JCO - Junior Commissioned Officer
LSDT - Line to Shoot Down To
Ms - Metres
MVV - Muzzle Velocity Variation
NCO - Non Commissioned Officer
No 1 - Number One
ix
NR - Non Rigidity
OP - Observation Post
P(0~9) - Programme (0~9)
QE - Quadrant Elevation
Recce - Reconnaissance
Rel P - Release Point
Rep - Representative
RHM - Regiment Havildar Major
RHQ - Regimental Headquarters
RO - Reference Object
RSO - Regiment Survey Officer
SB - Shining Barrel (155 mm How)
SP - Self Propelled
TA - Technical Assistant
TE - Tangent Elevation
VE - Velocity Error
WP - White Phosphorous
2IC - Second in Command
PAMPHLET REFERENCES
References are made in the text to the following publications by
using the abbreviations shown below:-
Field Artillery Volume I Pamphlet No. 2, 1989 FA 1/2
Field Artillery Volume I Pamphlet No. 6, 1982 FA 1/6
Field Artillery Volume II Pamphlet No.1, 1985 FA 2/1
Field Artillery Volume III Pamphlet No.1, 1999 FA 3/1
Field Artillery Volume III Pamphlet. No.4, 2007 FA 3/4
Field Artillery Volume III Pamphlet. No.5, 2003 FA 3/5
Artillery Instrument Pamphlet No.1, 1976 AI 1
Artillery Instrument Pamphlet No.9, 1989 AI 9
x
PREFATORY NOTE
1. This pamphlet deals only with technical duties at RHQ and at gun
positions. Tactical and administrative matters are considered only in so far
as they affect these technical duties.
2. Deployment aspects of SP and heavy units have been briefly
covered. Principles of field units apply to them as well. Slight differences
in organization and techniques must be kept in mind while reading this
pamphlet.
3. Duties at the gun position applicable to prediction are described in
FA 3/5.
4. This pamphlet primarily deals with Calculator FX 880-P procedures
as primary mean of computation. Basic firing chart procedures have also
been covered. For details consult ATN 57 (A to L) for calculator and
AI-1 for firing charts.
5. Whenever mentioned, firing chart procedure refers to the use of
displacement grid, GFT and GST as well.
6. Relevant portion of FA 3/6 ‘Programme Shoots’ and FA 3/11 ‘Anti
Tank Gunnery’ have been incorporated in this pamphlet. OP end
procedures are described in FA 3/4 ‘Duties at the OP’ 2007.
7. Details regarding obsolete equipment i.e., 25 Pr / 5.5 Inch Guns are
not included in this pamphlet. Previous editions can be consulted for
information, if required.
8. THIS PAMPHLET INCORPORATES ALL AMENDMENTS
ISSUED UP TO ITS DATE OF PUBLICATION.
1
FIELD ARTILLERY
VOLUME III
GUNNERY
PAMPHLET NO. 3
DUTIES AT RHQ AND THE GUNS
CHAPTER 1
RESPONSIBILITIES OF KEY APPOINTMENTS
SECTION 1- DUTIES OF ADJUTANT
1. Deployment. Adjutant is responsible for the issue of written
deployment orders. If he is available from the start he may move with RHQ
recce party and carry out recce of the RHQ. Normally he leads the gun group
to the new gun area.
2. Preparation for Opening Fire. He is responsible for organisation
and functioning of regimental CP.
3. Duties in Action. After organizing CP he is responsible for the
following:-
a. Control of Fire. He is generally responsible for controlling the
fire of the regiment in accordance with the orders received from
CO, divisional artillery HQ or from ICB Staff and in
accordance with calls for fire received from BCs or from the
observers.
b. Programme Shoots. He is responsible for the sub-allotment of
tasks to batteries , as assigned to the regiment by higher HQ.
c. Concentration of Observed Fire. In regimental concentrations
controlled by an observer, he is responsible for deciding upon
the number of batteries to engage the target , the ammo
expenditure and allots the target number. If however, the
2
observer has been specially authorised to order regimental

concentration, the adjutant takes no part in the shoot.
d. CB Duties. In addition to the normal duties, whenever his
regiment is assigned CB tasks, adjutant has to perform
following additional duties: -
(1) Keeps CB staff informed of changes in location of OPs,
guns and arcs of fire of the batteries.
(2) When the regiment is widely dispersed, some HBs on the
HB list may not be within the arc / range of all the
batteries of a regiment. The adjutant, therefore, keeps an
HB board, to enter their record so as to quickly ascertain
their engagement by respective batteries whenever
required, as shown at Figure 1.
HB Batteries
Target Numbers
P Q R S
L 1042 … … √ √ √ X
N 1176 … … √ X √ X
N 1249 ... … X X X √
Figure 1 – The Adjutant’s HB Board
e. Target Records. Is responsible for maintaining records of all
regimental and higher targets ordered to be recorded
(Section 65). When a very large number of targets is to be
recorded, he specifies the targets to the GPOs for feeding in
calculators / plotting on firing chart and those for which it
suffices to maintain a list of GR only. He should consult the
next higher HQ in case of doubt.
f. Change of Grid. Order RSO for the change of grid when
required.
g. Ammo Records. Compile ammo expenditure record and submit
ammo return to divisional artillery HQ.
3
h. Inform next higher HQ whenever guns of his regiment engage a

target (giving GR / target description) and when the shoot is
terminated (alongwith the results).
j. Local Defence. Is responsible to prepare coordinated local
defence chart for ready reference in regiment CP.
k. Move. Prepare and issue move orders in accordance with the
instructions / orders received from higher HQ / CO and 2IC. He
also carries out necessary coordination for all types of moves
including timings and other related aspects.
4. Tactical Information. He is responsible to receive and pass
informations. He maintains following to facilitate his duties:-
a. Tactical Map. To record own and enemy dispositions.
b. Map Board. To show:-
(1) Recorded regimental and higher targets.
(2) Zones of fire of all batteries of the regiment.
(3) Positions and zones of observations of all OPs of the
regiment.
(4) Position of own troops.
SECTION 2 - DUTIES OF RSO

1. Detailed duties of RSO are described in FA 3/9 Section 3, summary is
as under:-
a. Responsible to bring the regiment on common grid, basing his
survey plan on orders received from CO or 2IC.
b. Advise CO or 2IC as to when a change of grid is necessary. He
also issues orders for change of grid to batteries (Section 66).
c. Carry the current grid to temporary, roving and alternative
positions.
4
d. Responsible for carrying survey to OP area.

e. Responsible for fixation of targets.
f. Provide observation stations for datum registration, when
required.
g. Deduce co-ordinates from air photos of targets indicated to him
by the adjutant.
h. Carry out calibration of instruments in the regiment
(compass/aiming circle etc).
j. Relieve/assist adjutant as duty officer in the regimental CP.
SECTION 3- DUTIES OF GPO

1. Deployment. GPO is responsible for deployment of his battery
within the area allotted to him.
2. Preparation for Opening Fire. He is responsible that his battery is
ready to open fire at earliest possible moment after the arrival of the guns at
the position. All possible preparations must therefore be made before arrival
of the guns, during and after occupation of gun position, GPO in this regard
is responsible to:-
a. Before Arrival of Guns
(1) Select a battery position within his allotted area such that
the required zone can be covered, and that the guns can
shoot down to the line ordered (Section 25).
(2) Select and mark gun platforms (Section 8).
(3) Select and mark battery centre.
(4) Select the method of laying the guns in C/A and give
necessary orders to GPOA1 (Section 11).
(5) Select the position of battery CP and issue orders for its
organisation (Section 7).
5
(6) Determine GR of battery centre.

(7) Check whether:-
(a) Aiming circle has been correctly laid in the C/A.
(b) Calculators / Firing chart have been correctly set
up.
b. During Occupation
(1) Transfer direction to the guns as soon as they arrive
(Section 11).
(2) Pass orders for recording C/A.
(3) Check whether all guns are parallel to the C/A by
carrying out check C/A drill.
(4) Check calculators / firing chart for correct setting up.
(5) Maintain one firing chart having following information:-
(a) Position of battery centre in main and alternative
position.
(b) Position of own troops.
(c) Recorded targets.
(d) Position of all OPs of the regiment.
(6) Report ready to observers, BC and RHQ, as soon as any
gun is ready to open fire (provided no fire orders have
been received till then). This report will include location
of battery centre, battery frontage and information
regarding the met. An example of such report is:-
“23 ready on battery (or higher) grid,co-ordinates
battery centre Eastings 35628 Northings 38654
Height 370 metres, battery frontage 180 metres, met
not available (omit when met data is available)”
Co-ordinates of battery centre may be sent in griddle.
6
(7) Order quick sight tests.

c. After Occupation
(1) If no fire orders have been received from observer then
he calls all the Nos 1 at CP for necessary briefing
regarding anti tank sectors, position of rest / stand easy,
position of assembly area for advance / withdrawal and
local defence of the battery.
(2) In case of independent deployment, GPO is responsible
for recce and preparation of alternative position.
(3) Organise local defence of the battery with the assistance
of AGPO to include:-
(a) Siting /coordination of weapons for ground and air
defence within own battery and with other
batteries.
(b) Selection of local DFs and local OPs.
(c) Camouflage and concealment.
(d) Digging.
(e) Preparation of local defence chart.
3. Additional Preparations. GPO will make following additional
preparations on availability of time before or after the arrival of guns:-
a. Preparation of displacement grid.
b. Preparation of crest clearance data.
c. Selection and preparation of alternative position.
4. Duties in Action
a. Pass orders to the guns for firing in accordance with the orders
received from the observer, adjutant or a fire plan.
7
b. Inform adjutant whenever his battery engages a target. His

report will include GR and tactical description of the target
e.g.:-
“33 engaging battery target, grid reference 137205,
height 450 metres, platoon locality”
c. On termination of a shoot, again inform adjutant regarding the
results of the shoot:-
“23 now available, 15 men killed, 5 vehicles destroyed,
attack repulsed”
d. Ensure that guns fire parallel unless otherwise ordered.
e. Ensure that the sights of the guns are tested:-
(1) Once daily.
(2) Always after a move.
(3) In pauses during a prolonged firing programme.
f. Prepare and check C of M data.
g. The application of all necessary corrections to map deflection
and range for predicted fire, as described in FA 3/5 Section 11.
h. Carry out necessary calculation for programme shoot and work
out the firing data.
j. Work out the GR of all the Mike and higher targets registered
by the battery and reporting those to the adjutant.
k. Carry out Change of Grid with the help of AGPO.
l. Record ammo expenditure and submitting ammo return to
RHQ.
m. Maintain the GPO’s log.
n. Supervise the preparation and storage of ammo and
measurement of charge temperature.
8
o. Carry out calculations connected with datum registration.

( FA 3/5 Section 8)
p. Maintain record of all targets ordered to be recorded.
q. Maintain following records covering the guns of his battery:-
(1) Record of EFCs fired.
(2) Record of MVVs.
(3) Record of VE.
r. He is responsible for receiving, recording and passage of
tactical information. He maintains a tactical map, showing the
dispositions of own and enemy troops.
s. He will receive tactical information from adjutant or observers.
He will record all such information on GPO’s log, mark it on
the map and then pass it on, upward or downward as the case
may be. He normally delegates these duties to AGPO.
SECTION 4 – DUTIES OF AGPO

1. AGPO acts as GPO’s deputy at gun position and assists him in
various duties. His main duties are to:-
a. Work out the timings to start preparation for move.
b. Mostly lead battery gun group to deployment square following
route indicated by GPO.
c. At gun group RV arrange dispersal and concealment of guns
and vehicles. Bring guns in action and organize local defence in
case of longer stay.
d. Assist GPO in recording and bringing guns in action.
e. If time is available before arrival of guns check following :-
(1) Layout of battery CP.
(2) Setting up data of calculators and firing chart.
9
(3) Preparation of displacement grid.

f. Site local defence weapons as indicated by GPO.
g. Recce and preparation of alternative position, if so ordered.
SECTION 5 – DUTIES OF SECTION COMMANDERS

1. GPO must always appoint at least two section commanders from
amongst JCOs, BHM and NCOs of the battery. Section commander’s duties
are to assist GPO primarily in following:-
a. Correct occupation of gun platforms by respective guns as per
gun flags.
b. Recording of guns while bringing them into action.
c. Check and maintain parallelism.
d. Passage of orders to guns ensuring that orders given by CP are
correctly implemented.
e. Monitor service of the guns in action.
f. Supervise servicing of the guns and ammo (Refer to Gun Drill
Books).
g. During programme shoots ensure that all preparations at guns
are completed before start of firing especially preparation of
ammo.
CHAPTER 2
LAYOUT AND ORGANISATION OF CP AND GUN POSITIONS
SECTION 6 - REGIMENTAL HEADQUARTERS (RHQ)
Layout
1. Office accommodation at RHQ must be provided for:-
a. CO and 2IC.
b. Regiment CP.
10
c. Regimental offices.
d. Survey party.
e. Signal exchange.
2. Offices of appointments at serial a, b and c above should be close
together, while d and e can be at some distance.
3. Fire control is exercised from CP therefore this should be so laid out
that:-
a. Adjutant is within easy reach of “fire orders line” and wireless
sets on divisional artillery and regimental nets.
b. Adjutant can study map board while speaking on “Fire orders
telephone” or on wireless set.
c. Target records, task tables etc, are readily available.
4. Detailed layout of RHQ will depend on site ie building, dugouts or
mobile/ vehicle based. See FEMW No 2 Section 30 for details of digging
and revetment.
5. In figure 2, two wireless sets are shown as being inside CP. It will
often be convenient to leave sets outside and keep remote controls or
“Jumper leads” in CP.
Organisation of Work
6. Adjutant is responsible for organisation of work in RHQ and for
ensuring that personnel are given definite periods of rest.
7. Staff required to man RHQ and signal office will vary with
circumstances, but for periods of normal activity, following should suffice:-
a. CP - Duty officer
Two wireless operators
One orderly
b. Signal Office - One NCO
One exchange operator
11
One Despatch Rider (DR)

8. Duty officer is responsible for performing all duties outlined in
Section 1.
2IC Clerks
Target Records Operator

To Batteries
Task Table
Tactical Regiment Net
Map Adjutant
Map Higher
Board HQ Net
Operator
Survey
Party
Legend P Battery
Exchange Line Q Battery
Fire Order Line Switch
Board R Battery
WS
Telephone HQ Battery
B Echelon & LAD
Signal Exchange
Figure 2 – Layout of Regiment CP

12
SECTION 7- BATTERY CP
Layout
1. CP should be sufficiently close to guns so that orders can be passed by
voice if telephone system fails. It must be sited within defence perimeter
formed by guns.
2. Layout of CP is governed by following considerations:-
a. GPO must be so placed that he can conveniently supervise
work on calculators / firing chart, read from operator’s message
pad and pass orders to guns.
b. GPO must have access to all relevant task tables, target lists and
crest clearance data etc.
c. Two calculators and a firing chart must be placed closer
together with adequate space for target records, templates and
traces.
d. Accommodation should be provided for GPOAs engaged in
computation etc.
e. Duplicate communication arrangements (wireless and line)
must be ensured.
3. A suggested layout of battery CP is shown in figure 3.
4. Notes on remote control etc, given in Section 6 para 5 apply equally to
battery CP.
5. For details of dug-in CPs see FEMW No 2 Section 30.
Organisation of Work
6. GPO is responsible for organisation of work in CP and for ensuring
that personnel are given definite periods of rest.
7. Staff required to man CP will depend upon circumstances. When a
barrage or other large programme has to be worked out at short notice, full
staff will often be required, but in periods of normal activity, following will
suffice:-
13
a. Duty officer.
b. Three GPOAs (two for calculators and one for firing chart).
c. Three operators (one for wireless set, one for fire order line and
one for exchange line).
8. Duty officer, assisted by GPOAs, is responsible for performing duties
of GPO in action (Section 3 para 4).
To Guns
Calculator Calculator
GPOA 3 GPO GPOA 2
Regiment Net
G
P Battery Net
O
A
Fire Order Line
4
Forms 3-Way
Exchange Line To BC /
Switch
Observers
Figure 3 – Layout of Battery CP
SECTION 8 - GUN POSITION

Selection
1. It is GPO’s duty to select and mark gun platforms within area allotted
to him. Following are main factors governing selection of gun platforms:-
14
a. All guns must be able to cover allotted zone laterally and in

depth (See Section 25 for methods of solving crest clearance
problems).
b. Gun platforms must be firm, level, and if possible, have firm
routes leading to them.
c. All gun platforms should be sufficiently far below the crest to
ensure that flash and smoke are concealed from ground held by
enemy. Following crests provide adequate cover:-
6 Ms - 105 mm How / 105 mm Pack How
7 Ms - 122 mm How
12 Ms - 122 mm How (D-30)
155 mm How (SB)
18 Ms - 130 mm Gun
155 mm How M 198 / M 109
155 mm Gun / 8" How
20 Ms - 8" How M 110
Note: - LSDT will dictate minimum safe distance of guns
from crest.
d. Gun platforms should be staggered as widely as is permitted
with ease of control; and full use should be made of natural
features to assist in concealment. Depth of position should be at
least half of frontage.
e. All guns should have adequate anti-tank field of fire, in case of
a tank threat.
Lay-out
2. Efficient performance of guns depends upon:-
a. An orderly lay-out of ammo, stores and accommodation for
detachments.
15
b. Shells be stacked and cartridge shelters should be constructed

within easy reach at rear of the gun pit.
c. Detachment should be accommodated close to gun pit, so that it
can take post at short notice.
3. Telephone cable should be laid and buried as soon as possible after
occupation of position.
Priority of Work
4. A suggested priority of work, after occupation of position is as
follows:-
a. Laying telephone cable (Refer to respective Gun Drill books for
“Coming into action”).
b. Camouflage and concealment.
c. Re routing of entry / exit points in battery position.
d. Construction of slit-trenches.
e. Construction of gun pits.
f. Construction of weapon pits.
g. Construction of cartridge shelters.
h. Burying of cable.
j. Development of accommodation shelters.
k. Preparation of alternative position (Section 13).
Organization of Relief and Routine Duties
5. It is normal for each gun to be manned by half the detachment, while
other half rests or carries out any necessary work on gun position. It is the
responsibility of No 1 to organise necessary relief. When GPO considers that
half detachment cannot properly undertake service of gun (e.g. when a large
programme has to be fired at short notice) he will order full detachment to
take post.
16
6. There must at all times be at least one member of each detachment in

gun pit. Remaining half of detachment on duty must rest in vicinity of gun
pit.
7. GPO must arrange that each gun is serviced and sights are tested at
least once daily. Not more than one gun of battery may be taken out of
action for this at a time.
8. GPO must arrange at least two section commanders detailed from
JCOs and NCOs of the battery are on duty at all times.
CHAPTER 3
PREPARATIONS FOR OPENING FIRE
SECTION 9 - INTRODUCTION
Centre of Arc (C/A)
1. C/A is an arbitrary grid bearing on which guns of a battery are
initially brought into action. This bearing is normally given to nearest 100
mils / rukhs. It is usual for all three batteries of a regiment to have same
C/A, but fire control in no way is affected if each battery has a different C/A.
2. Direction to any target is expressed as follows:-
a. US Equipment. As a deflection with reference to deflection at
which C/A is recorded, e.g :-
Grid bearing of C/A - 4800 mils
Grid bearing to target A - 5000 mils
C/A recorded at - Deflection 1600/3200
Direction to target A - Deflection 1400/3000
b. Eastern Equipment. As a deflection with reference to
deflection at which C/A is recorded, e.g :-
Grid bearing of C/A - 4500 rukhs
Grid bearing to target A - 4700 rukhs
17
C/A recorded at - Deflection 500/5000

Direction to target A - Deflection 700/5200
Battery Centre
3. It is an approximate geometrical centre of all guns of the battery. It is
selected by GPO by judgement after planting gun flags.
4. GR or co-ordinates of battery centre are used in setting up calculators
/ firing chart in the battery CP, and all measurements of deflection and range
to targets are made from this location.
Engagement of Targets
5. To engage a target of known location with a given battery/fire unit, it
is necessary that, within each fire unit:-
a. Location of battery/firing unit centre is known.
b. Guns of battery are initially laid parallel in bearing of C/A
ordered.
6. Basic preparations for opening fire at each battery therefore consist
of:-
a. Determination of GR or co-ordinates of battery centre
(fixation).
b. Finding of direction in which C/A bearing lies (orientation).
7. Term “Survey” covers both fixation and orientation.
8. Methods of transferring direction to guns are described in Section 11.
SECTION 10 - SURVEY
1. If a target is to be engaged by observed fire with a single battery, it is
sufficient for that battery to be roughly fixed and oriented. Opening round
will then fall somewhere near target and can be corrected onto target by
observation.
18
2. If more than one battery is to be used, each battery will have to be

ranged separately onto target, unless a common “Grid” has been established
(i.e. unless batteries concerned have been surveyed in sympathy with each
other). If such a grid has been established, only one battery needs to be
ranged.
3. If this common grid is closely related to map in use and if target has
been fixed in relation to map grid or, alternatively, target is fixed on same
grid as guns, it can be engaged without preliminary ranging provided that
met conditions are known.
4. Sequence of survey operation is designed to ensure:-
a. That guns are ready to fire as soon as possible being in position
using best survey data available.
b. That batteries of each regiment and regiments of each divisional
or corps artillery are brought onto a common grid.
c. That, finally, a “Theatre Grid” is established, which is common
to whole theatre of war and is related as closely as possible to
grid of map in use.
5. It will seldom be necessary to go through all these stages. Frequently
theatre grid data will be available from outset and no “Change of Grid”
(Chapter 13) will be necessary. Opening of fire, however, must on no
account be delayed for want of higher grid data.
Duties Within the Regiment
6. GPO’s Duties. If higher grid data is not available when GPO arrives
in his battery position, he proceeds as follows:-
a. Determine GR of battery centre by map spotting, bearing and
distance from a well defined feature marked on map, resection
or using GPS. (FA-3/9 Section 16).
b. Find C/A by methods described in Section 11 para 1.
7. This “Battery Grid” lapses as soon as higher grid data is provided.
19
8. Duties of RSO. RSO’s duties are described in detail in FA-3/9

Section 3. He is responsible for providing regimental grid data consisting,
fixation of battery centres and orientation of battery aiming circles.
9. When data for divisional or higher grid becomes available, he is
responsible for providing each battery with necessary information / order to
enable change of grid to be carried out (Chapter 13).
SECTION 11- LAYING GUNS IN THE C/A

Finding C/A
1. GPO finds C/A by one of the following methods:-
a. By receiving bearing at battery aiming circle from RSO.
b. By means of an aiming circle.
c. By means of a compass.
2. He will use method ‘a’ when so ordered by RSO.
3. He will use method ‘b’ in the absence of such orders and when time is
available.
4. He will use method ‘c’ only when time is short. Method ‘c’ is
normally used in conjunction with aiming point method of transferring
direction to guns.
Transferring Direction to Guns
5. Individual Angle Method. This is primary method of transferring
direction to guns. It involves very little calculations, can be used in any type
of country, in bad visibility and at night, is accurate and can be easily
checked. Procedure is described in AI-9, Part I Section 8, Part II Section 9
and Part IV Section 8.
6. Aiming Point Method
a. GPO selects an aiming point fulfilling following conditions:-
(1) Be to a flank, preferably in line of guns.
20
(2) Must be as distant as possible.

(3) Must be unmistakable.
(4) Visible from all guns.
(5) Have a well defined laying edge.
b. Working out of Angle. GPO or AGPO measures bearing to
aiming point while standing in battery area and works out
angle as given below:-
(1) US Equipment / Anti-clockwise Sights (105 mm How, 105
mm (Pack) How,155 mm How(SB), 155 mm How M198,
155 mm How M 109, 155 mm Gun, 8" How, 8" How M
110)
(a) Formula. Bearing to aiming point – Bearing C/A
(or bearing to target) + Reading on main scale of
telescope (when object glass and muzzle are
pointing in the same direction).
(b) With old US equipments, GPO must subtract 3200
mils from angle if it is more than 3200 mils and he
must note whether aiming point is to right or left of
direction of C/A.
(c) Examples
Example I Example-II
(105 mm How) (155 mm How M198)
Bearing to 1600 mils 1600 mils
Aiming Point
C/A 3200 mils 3200 mils
Reading on main scale 0 mils 3200 mils
Angle to be passed (6400+1600) (6400+1600)
–3200+0 –3200+3200
= 1600 left =1600
21
(2) Eastern Equipment /Clockwise Sights (122 mm How, 122

mm How D-30, 130 mm Gun,and 122 mm MBRL)
(a) Formula. Bearing C/A (or bearing to target) –
Bearing to aiming point + Reading on main scale
of telescope (when object glass and muzzle are
pointing in same direction).
(b) Example
C/A - 3000 rukhs
Grid bearing to aiming point - 1500 rukhs
Reading on main scale - 3000 rukhs
Angle to be passed 3000– 1500 + 3000
= 4500 rukhs
c. GPO indicates aiming point to all Nos 1 and orders guns, angle
to be recorded as worked out above in form :-
“Aiming point 1600” or “Aiming point 1600 Left/Right” (Old
US Equipment) if in mils or “Aiming point 4500” if in rukhs.
d. After applying angle on sights, each gun is laid on aiming point
and barrel points in direction of C/A.
7. Compass Method
a. After identifying the direction of C/A or bearing to the target,
GPO standing some distance behind the gun directs the gun on
to this bearing with the help of a compass. When the gun is laid
in correct direction he orders it to record C/A.
b. Similarly other guns are brought into action by GPO, who
directs them onto bearing C/A or bearing to target.
c. Procedure at guns is similar to normal individual angle method.
Recording C/A
8. C/A is normally recorded at guns by means of collimator, aiming
posts and GAP. GPO decides which is to be primary mean, for laying and
22
orders accordingly. As soon as guns are laid in direction of C/A, GPO will
order “Record as deflection ……… Aiming posts (or GAP)” as follows:-
a. US Equipment. Deflection ordered will always be 1600/3200
mils, e.g, “Record as deflection 1600/3200 Collimator / Aiming
Post”.
b. Eastern Equipment. Deflection ordered will always be
500/5000 rukhs, e.g, “Record as deflection 500/5000
Collimator / Aiming Post.”
9. To save time, he may order guns to record C/A individually.
Procedure is described in Gun Drill Books.
Checking C/A
10. As soon as guns are laid in C/A, GPO or a section commander
checks direction of one gun with a compass and then checks that all guns
are parallel by looking along each gun at a distant object. If no distant object
is available C/A of all guns must be checked individually by compass. Quick
sight tests should then be carried out.
11. If C/A has been found by compass, then at first opportunity GPO
should order aiming circle to be laid in C/A, as given in para 1a or b above.
He should then pass individual angles to guns and orders C/A to be recorded
afresh.
12. C/A should be checked by aiming circle method as described in AI-9
(Part I Section 8, Part II Section 9 and Part IV Section 8) at least once daily
and before any important programme.
SECTION 12- OCCUPATION OF POSITION BY NIGHT

1. General. Night occupation is of two types:-
a. Night occupation with day light recce.
b. Night occupation without day light recce.
23
Night Occupation with Day Light Recce

2. Concept. Night Occupation is resorted to for two purposes:-
a. To achieve surprise.
b. For security of guns.
3. It must be appreciated that guns are most vulnerable when they are on
move. Vulnerability is increased when guns are in vicinity of gun area or in
the process of occupation. Furthermore “Surprise” will be jeopardized if
occupation of gun position is slow and disorderly.
4. To achieve aim of night occupation, process of occupation should be
smooth and efficient. Guns should not halt in the vicinity of deployment
area, but should enter their respective pits from march column without
break.
5. Under no circumstances will a single vehicle be sent on recce. Whole
operation will be jeopardized if that vehicle gets lost / destroyed due to
enemy action or meets an accident / breaks down enroute.
6. Recce and Preparation. Principles governing preparation for
opening fire are same whether position is to be occupied by night or by
day. Following special preparations must be made for night occupation:-
a. If independent method of occupation is used, a battery Rel P,
from where guns are to adopt independent routes to their
platforms, is reconnoitred for each battery. Rel P should be
close to gun position and off the main road.
b. It may be necessary to recce night wagon line near battery
position.
c. A route from Rel P to each gun platforms, CP and to night
wagon line is reconnoitred and marked.
d. Following routes in gun position should also be marked:-
(1) From each gun platform to CP whenever possible.
(2) From CP to aiming circle and thence to night ROs.
24
(3) From CP to “Battery picket”.
3
5 Battery Centre
1
2
6 4
Aiming Circle
Battery Picket
Battery
Rel P
CP
Night
Wagon
Line
Regiment
Rel P
LEGEND
Route Marking with Tape Niwar

Telephone Line (Buried)
Existing Track
Road
Figure 4 – Special Preparations for Night Occupation

25
e. Gun platforms and CP location are marked. At each gun

platform C/A marker be placed / direction of fire be marked.
f. Aiming circle is set up as per procedure. Two night ROs are
planted so as to be illuminated at night. Angles of night ROs
and gun platform markers are then taken. Angles to gun
markers are used to obtain “Rough angles” for guns. These
angles are written on chits which are given to gun reps
accompanying recce party.
g. A telephone line is laid from aiming circle to CP and from CP
to each gun. Telephone cables must be buried.
h. Position for “Battery picket” is reconnoitred. Battery picket is
an illuminated aiming point. It must be visible from all guns
and must be at least 150 Ms from guns. It should preferably be
to left front or right rear of gun position depending upon
equipment being used.
j. If aiming posts are to be used, an aiming circle is set up over

each gun platform marker in turn and posts for each gun are
planted at correct bearing. Alternatively posts can be planted
with the help of a compass. These posts should be marked at
base with respective gun number. If posts are not available or
not being planted due to secrecy, their position should be
marked with stakes and gun number.
TABLE I : BEARING AIMING POST WHEN BEARING C/A IS 3000

MILS/RUKHS
Serial Equipment Left Front Right Rear Remarks

1. 105 mm How C/A – 600 C/A +2600 Whichever
155 mm How M 198 is suitable
155 mm Gun
2400 5600
8" How
26
2. 155 mm How (SB) C/A – 800 C/A +2800

2200 5800
3. 155 mm How M-109 C/A – (400 to 800)
Left Front
8" How M110
Between 2200 and 2600 Only
4. 105 mm Pack How C/A + (4100 to 5000) For Left
Between 700 and 1600 Rear
C/A + (2800 to 2900) For Right

Between 5800 and 5900 Rear
5. 122 mm How C/A+2500 Right Rear

5500 Only
6. 122 mm How (D-30) C/A – 2000 Left Rear

130 mm Gun
1000 Only
122 mm MBRL
7. Reception and Occupation. Just before arrival of battery at battery

Rel P, following drill is carried out:-
a. GPO and gun reps proceed to Rel P.
b. GPOA 1 illuminates aiming circle.
c. BHM proceeds to regimental Rel P and leads battery to battery
Rel P. If battery is acting independently , he proceeds to battery
gun group RV.
d. GPOA 2 lights battery picket and returns to CP.
e. At battery Rel P, AGPO reports to GPO who briefs him
alongwith section commanders on important points regarding
occupation and then himself proceeds to aiming circle.
f. Respective gun reps lead their guns along marked route to gun
platforms. Dim torch light to be used instead of flashing/
blinking.
27
g. Each No 1 and his rep wear white cloth on chest and back
showing respective gun number marked with black colour /
luminous paint.
h. BHM collects and leads vehicles to night wagon lines.
8. Transferring Direction to Guns. For recording of guns at night,
passage of all orders/reports between aiming circle, CP and guns is on
telephone. In absence or failure of telephone, written messages will be sent
between guns and CP by a runner from each detachment. Procedure of
transferring direction to guns is as under:-
a. As soon as each gun is in position, No 3 sets sight at rough
angle (para 6f above), lays on aiming circle and illuminates the
sight.
b. When all sights are illuminated, GPO puts off aiming circle
indicator. He reads and records individual angles to guns and
checks them against gross error from his initial record (para 6f
above).
c. GPO passes these angles to AGPO in CP and illuminates
aiming circle. Angles are relayed to the guns and when
acknowledged by all Numbers 1, GPO is informed.
d. Each gun is laid on aiming circle and when lay is complete,
numbers 1 reports “Finished with aiming circle” to CP and
again switches on sight indicator.
e. When all guns have been laid, GPO is informed.
f. Second round of reading is taken by repeating above procedure,
when readings are in limits, he then orders guns to record C/A.
He must order both means for recording, first primary and then
secondary e.g., “Record as night deflection 1600/3200 aiming
posts and battery picket”.
9. Recording C/A. C/A is recorded by any two of following methods
both of which must be ordered by GPO.
a. Collimator / Parallel scope
28
b. Aiming posts
c. GAP / Battery picket
10. Colour Code. Following colour code is recommended for
lighting instruments (aiming circles / panoramic telescopes) and tail / muzzle
lights of guns / vehicles of respective sub-units:-
a. RHQ RED
b. P Battery WHITE
c. Q Battery ORANGE
d. R Battery GREEN
e. S Battery LIGHT BLUE
At First Light
11. At first light , GPO must check C/A and have day records made by
ordering, “Record as deflection 1600/3200 aiming posts (or GAP)”. Sights
should be tested and a final check made that preparations of position as
given in Section 8, para 4 have been carried out.
Night Deployment Without Day Light Recce
12. Concept. Deployment without day light recce is more time
consuming than with day light recce, and is therefore normally avoided.
However in certain operational contingencies, it becomes the only option for
ensuring continuous and intimate artillery support, like “Bridgehead
Operation” where direct support artillery gets out of range at the crucial
stage of battle, when the bridgehead is to be expanded and breakout is to be
executed.
13. With navigation equipment i.e. PADS / GPS assisted by NVDs, it is
now possible to undertake night deployment without daylight recce with
acceptable level of risks and inaccuracies. In the absence of PADS, survey
may be initiated from a prominent land mark in bridgehead / bridges
constructed over the obstacle. A vehicle milometer is also a good aid to
identify reference points.
29
Recce and Preparation

14. Recce Parties. GPOs and RHQ recce parties move under 2IC, since
giving time and RV to GPOs for meeting 2IC is not reliable. Composition is
full recce parties for a normal deployment with few additions.
a. 2IC Recce Party
(1) 2IC jeep.
(2) RSO jeep.
(3) PADS, if available.
(4) Survey Havildar and a survey pair in a jeep.
(5) Signal JCO/NCO with his party in a 3/4 ton truck.
(6) RHM and his party (3 x regimental policemen) in a
dodge.
(7) Dozer, preferably wheel dozer.
b. GPO Recce Party. An additional technical assistant and a
gunner to act as navigator / pacer and for carrying tape niwar
respectively.
15. Additional Equipment
a. Survey Equipment
(1) GPS with 2IC (when available).
(2) PADS from Locating units.
(3) 5 beacon banderols / 8 feet poles to be used as markers.
(4) Blinking Lights. 2IC should have blinking lights for
markers to differentiate these lights from survey lights /
battery centre lights. Lights required are:-
(a) Two red lights.
(b) One each of green, white and orange lights.
30
b. NVDs / NVGs
(1) NVDs / NVGs with 2IC, 3x GPOs and RSO.
(2) Goggles with drivers of 2IC, GPOs, RSO and RHM
vehicle.
(3) 4x BHM..
(4) 1x RHM.
(5) 3x TAs (who will initially act as navigators and
subsequently move to aiming circle).
c. Tape Niwar. It is prepared according to deployment pattern as
described at Annexes B & C.
d. Sign Posts. Requirement of night sign posts, particularly route
markers will be more.
16. Preparations. On receipt of orders for deployment 2IC should
proceed as follows:-
a. Carries out a detailed study of map and air photos if available to
make an outline deployment plan to include:-
(1) Selection of route, making notes of important reference
points / land marks, marks and notes GR of points
enroute where sign posting may be required.
(2) Select entry points to allotted square and notes GR.
(3) Decides possible deployment pattern of regiment (two up
or one up) of the map and may even work out the
approximate GR of battery area.
b. Briefs his `Order Group’ on above aspects and also confirms
from them that stores / equipment required for deployment are
available and in working condition, before moving out for
recce. This should preferably be done during verbal orders by
2IC failing which it can be done any time before moving out for
recce.
31
17. Move of Recce Parties. In most cases such a move will pass through
a Crossing Control Organisation. It will be ensured that group is not broken
at any stage. It must move in one group as a whole otherwise, once broken
into subgroups it will be difficult to reassemble. Other important aspects
are:-
a. PADS operator and RSO assist 2IC in reaching gun square. In
case GPS is held with 2IC , he can stay on intended path
without much help from PADS.
b. For any sign posting / marking route, whole group must stop
and RHM and his party should do needful under guidance of
2IC, after which whole group should resume journey together.
c. After dispersal area , vehicles should have reduced gaps and
lights may be used according to policy given by HQ Corps /
Divisional Artillery.
18. Action of 2IC in Gun Square. On reaching gun square he will
confirm his location and have quick scan of area with NVD, to decide upon
recce plan. How he proceeds from here will primarily be influenced by
terrain. If area is flat and no vantage point is available, Drill 1 is
recommended. If a suitable vantage point is available , Drill 2 may save
time and effort:-
a. Drill 1. When area is flat and no vantage point is available:-
(1) Mark and identify on map the entry point. 2IC with all
recce parties, then proceeds to centre of square using
GPS. Recce parties are adequately dispersed in vicinity
of centre of square.
(2) Take necessary persons from RHM party and mark
centre with a beacon banderole / pole, having red
blinking light.
(3) Establish direction of C/A. 2IC with RSO moves 200 Ms
in direction of bearing C/A. Mark this point with a
beacon banderole / pole with red blinking light. Two
32
banderols / pole with lights thus installed will be used to

indicate C/A.
(4) To deploy regiment two up (Figure 5), 2IC will proceed
as under :-
(a) From forward banderole / pole light, 2IC will
move 300 Ms at right angle to C/A i.e. at bearing
C/A + 1600 mils. Scan area with NVD, select a
suitable area and mark approximate location of
right battery with beacon banderole / pole having
battery colour blinking light.
(b) Move back to forward banderole / pole and now
move 300 Ms in opposite direction i.e. at bearing
C/A 1600 mils and mark approximate location of
left forward battery, with banderole / pole having
battery colour blinking lights.
(c) Move back to forward banderole / pole and now
move 500 Ms in opposite direction to C/A i.e. at
bearing C/A + 3200 mils and mark approximate
location of third battery, with banderole / pole
having battery colour blinking lights.
(5) Return to centre of square and proceed as under:-
(a) Select and mark location of regiment CP.
(b) Select and mark regiment Rel P.
(c) Make local defence plan.
(d) Make occupation plan and decide on tracks to be
made / improved.
(6) He will then call GPOs, RHM and BHM of HQ battery
and indicates:-
(a) Battery areas to GPOs.
(b) Location of regiment CP to BHM of HQ battery.
33
(c) Regiment Rel P to all.

(d) Traffic Plan to RHM, tracks to be made / improved
for smooth occupation.
(7) In case area ahead of centre of square is not suitable for
deployment of two batteries up, regiment may be
deployed one up (Figure 6). Forward banderole / pole
will become area for forward battery and rear banderole /
pole will be used to mark areas of depth batteries.
Remaining drill will be same.
b. Drill –2. When a suitable vantage point is available , drill will
be as under:-
(1) 2IC will leave battery and RHQ recce parties near entry
point or preferably closer to vantage point and moves to
the vantage point.
(2) At vantage point he will scan area with NVD. Select
battery positions, and work out bearing and approximate
distance to these positions from the vantage point.
(3) Make outline deployment plan. Mark vantage point with
a beacon banderole / pole having red blinking light.
(4) Carry out quick recce of likely battery positions along
with following:-
(a) RSO.
(b) Signal JCO/NCO.
(c) RHM.
(5) Mark battery positions with battery markers in same
manner as explained in Drill 1.
(6) Returns to vantage point. Thereafter drill is same as per
drill 1 para 18 a (5) and (6).
34
19. Action by GPOs. After indication of battery areas by 2IC, GPOs

move to their respective battery positions and proceed as follows:-
a. Carry out recce of gun area with the help of NVD / NVG and
make a deployment plan.
b. Depending upon nature of ground and visibility; select gun
platforms, position of aiming circle, CP and Rel P. Following
options are available for deployment:-
(1) Single Line.
(2) Horse Shoe Pattern.
(3) W Pattern.
c. It is advisable to adopt Single Line pattern of deployment
which is the simplest. At first light the guns may be adjusted
in any of the conventional patterns since the guns deployed in
line are highly vulnerable to enemy aircraft.
d. For details of marking battery centre, gun platforms, CP and
aiming circle position refer to Annex C.
e. After marking gun platforms, GPO will select battery Rel P,
which will be marked by BHM. He will also mark route from
regiment Rel P to battery Rel P.
f. If time permits, before arrival of guns he will complete / check
following preparations:-
(1) Take rough angles of guns and hand over chits to gun
reps.
(2) Have aiming posts and C/A markers of all guns planted /
marked, with help of aiming circle / compass.
(3) Check routes selected by gun reps from battery Rel P to
gun platforms.
(4) Check setting up of CP.
(5) Ensure that telephone line is laid and buried.
35
TWO BATTERIES UP
(2IC should select suitable battery position along the dotted line)
C/A
Reference
Marker
Q Battery 1200 mils
P Battery
C/A + 1600 400 mils 400 mils C/A + 1600

mils 400 mils 400 mils mils
300 M 300 M
200 M
Centre of Square
300 M
200 M R Battery
C/A + 3200 mils

Figure – 5
36
ONE BATTERY UP
(2IC should select suitable battery position along the dotted line)
C/A
200 M R Battery
200 M
Centre of Square
300 M
300 M 300 M
C/A - 1600 400 mils 400 mils C/A + 1600
mils 400 mils 400 mils mils
Q Battery 1200 mils P Battery
Reference
Marker
C/A + 3200 mils

Figure – 6
37
20. Occupation. No change in drill for reception of gun party and

occupation of position (para 7).
SECTION 13 - PREPARATION OF ALTERNATIVE POSITION

General
1. Alternative position is selected and prepared so that a battery which is
unable to continue to carry out its task from present position owing to enemy
action or some other reason, can move quickly and come into action with
least delay, while still be able to perform all assigned tasks from that
position. The position must thus be fully prepared for occupation, as
outlined in para 3, must be reasonably close to original position and be well
concealed.
2. Unless battery is acting independently, no move to alternative position
be carried out without orders from RHQ. However, no move should be
executed during shelling.
Preparation
3. Following preparations, in order of priority, are made for occupation
of alternative position:-
a. Gun platforms are reconnoitred and marked.
b. Aiming circle position is marked, a parallel direction is passed
from original position and angles to two reference objects are
recorded.
c. Battery centre is fixed on current grid and plotted on firing
chart in CP.
d. Crest clearance data is prepared, if required.
e. All necessary telephone lines are laid.
f. Gun pits, cartridge shelters, slit trenches, weapon pits and CP
are dug.
g. Data for setting up displacement grid is obtained and recorded.
38
4. Distribution of duties between RSO and GPO is same as for

preparation of main position.
SECTION 14 - QUICK ACTION

1. When immediate fire support is required from an artillery unit which
is not in action, e.g., from a battery moving with an advancing column,
observer orders “Action” followed by appropriate fire orders. Though this
situation is not envisaged in our particular operational environment, however
procedure is explained to highlight a method of movement and deployment
of guns while advancing.
2. Preparations. When calls for immediate fire support are likely,
following measures should be taken to save time:-
a. One gun (pistol gun) travels in GPO’s party.
b. Firing chart should be prepared as described in AI-1 Section 10.
c. Aiming circle should be kept out of its case and mounted on its
stand.
d. GPO studies his map on move and notes likely gun positions
along route ahead. If moving by bounds, he will stop at
entrances to likely gun positions.
3. Actions by GPO. When observer orders “Action”, GPO will act as
follows:-
a. He will drive into nearest available position that can
accommodate battery. Necessity of speed overrides
considerations of concealment etc. GPO must not return to a
position left behind.
b. He will mark on his map target and gun position and work out
bearing to target. Bearing is used as bearing of C/A. He will
hand over his map to a GPOA to produce gun data to target.
39
c. He will order pistol gun with him into action. BHM will mark
other gun platforms. No attempt should be made to stagger guns
widely.
d. He will check that a guide is posted to direct remaining guns
into position. (guide should have been detailed beforehand and
told / briefed about his duty).
e. He will lay first gun in C/A by quickest possible method. He
will order gun to record C/A giving one mean of lay and
deferring second method, as under :-
Aiming point
Tower 2460 right
Record as deflection 1600 aiming posts defer second
method
f. He will check gun data produced by GPOA using ‘P0’ or firing
chart and will open fire with first gun as soon as it is ready,
leaving AGPO to bring other guns into action. C of M will not
be applied to firing data and standard site of respective
equipment is passed as site. Specimen orders for 105 mm How
are:-
Battery Target
HE M557 charge 5
Deflection 1600
Site 300
No 1 ranging
Elevation 186
Platoon area
Fire
4. Action by AGPO. AGPO will be leading remainder of guns. Once
he hears observer’s order “Action” over wireless, he will increase speed so
40
as to reach gun position as soon as possible. By means of a pre-arranged

signal guns behind should be alerted. On arrival in gun position AGPO will
proceed as follows:-
a. Report to GPO who will brief him.
b. Bring other guns into action.
c. Lay other guns in C/A ordering them to record it deferring
second method.
d. Give other guns necessary orders to enable them to join in
shoot.
Reorganizing Position
5. After the shoot, if battery is to remain in position for some time, GPO
must reorganize the position. Considerations are same as in a normal
occupation. If necessary, gun platforms are re-sited and guns re-recorded.
SECTION 15 - OPEN ACTION

1. Methods described in this section are applicable when a target, other
than tanks, appears which is visible from gun position.
When Guns are Already in Action
2. Indirect Laying. When guns are already in action and C/A has been
recorded, most efficient method of engaging any target but not a well
defined target is to use normal indirect laying. GPO works out bearing to
target and A/S and estimates range. Gives out normal sequence of orders to
guns and controls the shoot himself. With US equipment GPO must
remember that to move fall of shot to right deflection must be decreased,
and vice versa.
3. Direct Laying. If target is well defined, direct laying may be used,
as described in respective Gun Drills Books.
4. GPO may indicate target by either of following methods:-
a. By means of vertical clock code, e.g:-
41
“Reference point factory chimney top, Right 4 O’clock, 160

mils, enemy patrol”.
b. By directing any gun onto target and ordering “On” when gun
is pointing at target.
When Guns are not in Action
5. When guns are not in action, GPO orders battery into action in nearest
position, and engages target using direct laying if it is well defined or
indirect laying if it is not.
6. Indirect Laying. There will be no time to lay guns in C/A by any of
the normal methods. GPO selects an unmistakable aiming point and
measures with his hand angle from target to aiming point. In case of US
equipment if this angle is greater than 3200 mils, 3200 must be subtracted
from it. For Eastern equipment refer to Section 11 para 6b(2). He then gives
orders to guns in following form:-
105 mm How 122 mm How
Battery target Battery Target
HE M557 charge 5 HE A2 charge 3
Aiming point Aiming point
Church 2400 left Church 5000
Site 310 Site 3010
Centre ranging Centre ranging
Elevation 115 (From Firing Table) Elevation 92
Fire Fire
7. No record of C/A is made. A/S measured is ordered as site.
Subsequent alterations to deflection are ordered by GPO as “Right” and
“Left”. These are either converted into deflections by No 1 based on present
setting of slipping scale and then ordered to layer or applied with help of
traversing hand wheel. Aiming point is used as mean of lay.
42
8. In case of Eastern Equipment, No 1 does not convert alteration into

deflection. Layer sets alteration ordered on panoramic telescope with help of
micrometer or applies with the help of traversing hand wheel.
SECTION 16 - SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SP AND HEAVY

ARTILLERY
1. Considerations of Sections 8 to 15 apply equally to SP and Heavy
artillery.
Occupation of Position
2. In case of SP and heavy guns, application of deflection, outside the
limits of top traverse is a cumbersome procedure. Therefore, every effort
must be made to ensure that once guns are coming into action, they are
directed, in the centre of zone of fire keeping traverse in the centre
3. In case of 155 mm How M 109 and 8" How M 110 each gun platform
is marked by two flags and one marker. Two flags are planted 4 Ms apart at
right angle to C/A one on either side of centre of platform. Marker is planted
3 Ms from left flag in direction of C/A. Marking is shown in figure 7 below.
Figure 7 – Marking of Gun Platform of SP Guns

43
Driver during occupation of position will drive his vehicle through flags in
direction of marker. He will stop vehicle when its front edge comes in line of
marker.
4. In case of heavy artillery only two flags are planted in direction of
C/A. One flag (marker) is planted at gun platform and second flag is planted
opposite to direction of C/A as shown in figure 8. During occupation, driver
drives through gun disc in direction of second flag. He stops vehicle when
front of tower touches flag while keeping flag in centre of vehicle.
Figure 8 – Marking of Gun Platform of Heavy Equipment
SECTION 17 – CONSIDERATIONS FOR MBRL

1. General. 122 mm MBRL is a mobile weapon system that can
deliver large volume of fire in a very short duration. Details of organization,
employment and deployment aspects of MBRL units are covered in GSP-
1737 (Handling of Units in Field, Pamphlet No 2). This section covers some
variations from standard procedures of deployment and application of fire
because of the differences in organization and characteristics of weapon
system.
2. Organization. MBRL units are organized in MBRL regiments
and MBRL batteries. Outline organization is as under:-
44
a. MBRL Regiment. It comprises three MBRL batteries (four

MBRL and an ammo section each), HQ battery and LAD.
b. MBRL Battery. It comprises three MBRL sections (two
MBRL each), an ammo section and a survey section.
3. Selection of Hide. Hide should be centrally located keeping in view
all firing positions. Hide must have plenty of natural cover and be spacious
enough to accommodate following:-
(1) MBRLs.
(2) Regiment/ Battery CPs.
(3) Regiment/ Battery Exchange.
(4) Offices.
(5) Wagon Line.
(6) Cook House.
4. Selection of Firing Positions. MBRL has relatively flatter trajectory
than guns and is sited on flat and open piece of ground. Each firing position
should not be less than 5 Km behind FDLs, in case rockets have to fly over
the area occupied by own troops. Firing positions and hide should be 800-
1000 Ms apart and there should be no immediate crest in front of firing
positions. Firing positions will be marked clockwise as A, B and C etc. Due
consideration is to be given to its vulnerability to CB and air action as it can
easily be located because of dust and trail of flash produced by rockets on
firing.
Recce and Occupation of Hide/Firing Positions
5. 2IC alongwith recce party carries out recce and selects hide. On
arrival of gun group at RV, each vehicle is led to respective location in the
hide by reps. Immediately on arrival of gun group in hide, 2IC alongwith
recce party moves out for selection and preparation of firing positions.
Regiment / independent battery will have three to five firing positions
depending upon situation. MBRLs occupy firing position just before
engagement of target. After firing, MBRLs quickly move back to hide.
45
6. Normally MBRL Battery / Regiment is deployed in a straight line at

right angle to direction of C/A. Gun platform of MBRL will normally be
marke by two flags. Front flag will always be 1000 rukhs right of C/A.
No 1 is responsible that MBRL is brought into action as close as possible to
rear flag.
Figure 9 – Marking of MBRL Platform

7. Preparation for Opening Fire. Preparations made at each firing
position are same as required for other equipment (section 9).
Engagement of Targets
8. Ranging with MBRL is not recommended. Ranging may be carried
out by some medium or heavy battery located near by. This battery must be
brought on MBRL net. Once ranging is completed co-ordinates are passed to
MBRL regiment/ battery on their net. AGPO at hide will work out final
firing data and will pass it to GPO in firing position. GPO will order the
same to MBRLs and give ready report when they are ready to fire. After
firing all MBRLs move back to hide independently.
9. MBRL can not be used on direct role like guns and rely upon 12.7
mm MG for local defence.
46
CHAPTER 4
GENERAL TECHNICAL DUTIES
SECTION 18 - DIRECTING GUNS AT TARGET
1. Deflection, range, elevation and A/S from battery centre to any target
can be worked out by simply feeding target data into calculator. This data
can also be worked out by firing chart method. AI-1 contains drill for
finding map deflection and map range from battery centre to any target and
for plotting target grid corrections.
2. A/S can be worked out by calculator, using a subtension rule or by
means of a GST. When a GST is being used site can be read directly against
difference in height. GST should not be used for deducing site, if time is
available for computation from firing tables. In any case it should not be
used if site is 50 mils / rukhs or more, nor in high angle fire (FA-3/5
Section 7).
3. Exact method adopted to direct guns at target will depend upon shape
of target and its position relative to direction of fire. Conventions governing
distribution of fire over target are described in Section 18. Principles
underlining methods of achieving this distribution are described in this
section.
4. Simplest case arises when:-
a. Guns are sited in a straight line at right angles to direction of
fire.
b. Target lies at right angles to line of fire and is of approximately
same frontage as battery.
5. As shown in Figure 10, guns in this case can fire parallel and all at
same range.
6. When as is usually case, guns are staggered and range from each gun
to target is different (see Figure 11).
47
Figure – 10
7. Differences between range from battery centre to target and ranges
from guns to a line running through target at right angles to direction of fire
are known as position corrections. In Figure 11, position corrections are
number 1,-a ; number 2, + b; number 3, + c; number 4, - d; number 5, + e;
number 6, - f.
Figure – 11
48
8. Method of calculating position corrections is described in Section 20.

9. If target is a pin-point or of a frontage less than battery frontage,
direction of fire of guns should be converged, instead of being parallel.
Figure – 12
10. Deflection correction required to cause any gun to fire at same point
used for finding map deflection from battery centre to target is known as
concentration for that gun. In Figure 12, concentration for number 1 is left
“a” mils, number 2 is left “b” mils, for number 4 is right “d” mils etc.
11. Methods of calculating concentration is described in Section 19.
12. From above it is evident that :-
a. Concentration for any gun is the difference between deflection
from that gun to a given point and the deflection from battery
centre to the same point.
b. Position correction for any gun is, for all practical purposes,
difference between range from that gun to a given point and
range from battery centre to the same point.
49
13. It is frequently necessary to direct individual guns at particular points

on the target. Methods of determining deflection and range from a given gun
to a given point is as follows :-
a. From calculator concentration and position correction can be
determined by using ‘P4’.
b. In case of firing chart procedure is as under:-
(1) Work out deflection and range from battery centre to that
point.
(2) Apply concentration for given gun to battery centre
deflection, thus obtaining deflection for given gun.
(3) Add position correction for given gun to battery centre
range, thus obtaining range for given gun.
Special Procedure
14. In case of linear, smoke screen, registration and precision targets
battery centre data of registered point(s) is required. This data will be
different to that of ranging gun by amount of concentration and gun
correction for each gun (See Figure 13).
Figure – 13
50
GR in such cases will be found after making due allowance for this
difference.
15. In case of calculator, compensation for above allowance is made in
‘P3’ by selecting appropriate option at the time of recording.
Corrections for Non-Standard Conditions
16. C of M. Deflection and range found as described above will
require application of ‘C of M’ for deflection and range which will
comprise some or all of following corrections :-
a. Met correction for deflection and range.
b. Charge temperature correction.
c. Projectile weight correction.
d. Drift correction.
e. Correction for rotation of earth.
f. Correction for VE, i.e.difference between mean battery MV and
firing table MV.
17. C of M will always be applied unless a target which has been recorded
“as fired” is to be re-engaged within two hours.
18. NR Correction. This correction is always applied. It is added to the
A/S to workout site. (In manuals and firing tables this correction is also
referred to as “Complementary angle of site”).
19. Non-Standard Projectile Correction. If a non-standard projectile is
to be fired, a correction (other than weight correction which is included in C
of M) must be applied.
20. MVV Correction. This correction is applied to allow for the
difference between individual gun MV and mean battery MV. It is applied as
part of gun correction (Refer section 21) and is, therefore, only applied when
gun corrections are applied.
21. Methods of calculation / application of these corrections are described
in FA-3/5 Section 11.
51
Target Grid Corrections

22. Corrections ordered by observer will be fed into calculator as such
after entering OT bearing to obtain data required for subsequent rounds. For
target grid template procedure refer to AI-1 Section 7.
SECTION 19 - CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION

Concentration
1. Correction necessary to concentrate fire of two guns on to a given
point is equal to the apex angle at that point, as illustrated in Figure 14.
2. In Figure 13 correction required to concentrate gun Y on to gun X is :-
For target T1….. apex angle A.
For target T2….. apex angle B.
For target T3 ….. Zero.
Figure – 14
52
3. It will be noticed that, for a given battery layout, correction depends

both on deflection and range to target.
4. Concentrations are obtained from ‘P4’ of calculator or displacement
grid. Refer to ATN 57 / AI-1 Section 20 .
5. Use of Concentration Corrections. These corrections are used when
a gun has to be directed onto the centre of the target (denoted by its GR).
Distribution Over a Given Frontage
6. At observed fire when engaging a target with frontage greater or
smaller than battery frontage, observer may direct guns at the target by one
of following methods:-
a. If target is a pin-point or of a frontage less than battery
frontage, he may order “Concentrate”.
b. In other cases observer may :-
(1) Move fire of the battery as a whole over the area, thus
avoiding corrections to individual guns.
(2) Distribute fire of guns over target frontage by using
linear concentration procedure (Section 27).
(3) Order sweep and / or search.
7. Corrections to Individual Guns. Observer may decide, after
directing guns at target by appropriate method, to adjust MPI of individual
guns at battery fire.
8. At this stage of the shoot, data for individual gun target grid
corrections will be worked out using ‘P4’ of calculator. However, while
using firing chart GPO should know values in terms of deflection and
elevation of likely target grid corrections, as plotting of several small
corrections for individual guns is liable to cause delay and error. GPO
should pass data thus worked out to each gun.
53
SECTION 20 - POSITION CORRECTIONS

1. Data required to calculate position corrections for a battery is same
as that required for concentrations. Position corrections, however, depend
only on deflection and not on range to target. In Figure 15, position
correction for gun Y on deflection 1600 mils is ‘A’ and at deflection 1000
mils is ‘B’, whatever is the range to target.
2. Position corrections may be calculated by using calculator or
displacement grid. They are calculated to nearest metre. Refer to ATN 57 /
AI-1 Section 20.
3. Position corrections are applied as part of gun correction when it is
required to direct guns onto a line at right angles to direction of fire.
Figure – 15
54
SECTION 21 - GUN CORRECTIONS

1. Gun corrections are necessary when it is required to direct guns at a
line at right angles to direction of fire. They are ordered by GPO only under
following circumstances:-
a. When observer orders “Use gun correction”.
b. When correction exceeds 100 Ms (it is ordered only to the gun
concerned).
2. In case of linear concentrations and smoke screens, gun corrections
are incorporated in final data ordered to guns at fire for effect.
3. Gun correction for a gun comprises position correction and MVV
correction.
4. For normal laying, gun corrections are added into site and passed as
site. When laying by QE scale or field Clinometer (gunner’s quadrant) it is
convenient to add site in gun correction and to pass it as gun correction.
However for 155mm How (SB), 155 mm gun and 8" How, the calculator
displays QE for every correction, therefore while ordering gun corrections,
site will not be added to gun corrections.
5. MVV Correction Table. To enable GPO to quickly check
whether gun correction for any gun exceeds 100 Ms and to speedily
calculate corrections when required, MVV correction table (Table II) is
used. One such table should be prepared for each of more commonly used
charges. In case of heavy equipment, where MVV is altered between
calibrations, table is not made for actual gun’s MVVs but for MVVs of 2,
4, 6, 8 m/s etc and a double interpolation (for range and MVV) is carried out
to read correction.
6. Table is prepared using unit effects / unit corrections for MV listed
in firing table. Column “No in Action” is filled in each position with each
gun’s number in action. Correction is read against predicted/map range by
interpolation, if necessary.
55
TABLE II – MVV CORRECTION TABLE

105 MM HOW CHARGE – 5
MVV Unit Inc -16.4 -21.4 -26.2 -31.0
Correction
Dec +18.9 +24.6 +30.0 +35.0
Gun MVV No in Action 3000 4000 5000 6000
A +3 1 -49 -64 -79 -93
B -1 2 +19 +64 -79 +35
C +2 3 -33 -43 -52 -62
D -2 4 +38 +40 +60 +70
E +1 5 -16 -21 -26 -31
F -3 6 +57 +74 +90 +105
7. Calculation of Gun Correction. Position correction and MVV
correction for each gun are added together algebraically and converted into
elevation from column (3) and (5) of firing tables. Conversion is carried out
at map / predicted elevation. If laying by QE scale or field clinometer
(gunner’s quadrant) site is added to gun correction except in situation
mentioned in para 4 above. This is illustrated in Table III.
TABLE III – 130 MM GUN CHARGE – 3
MAP RANGE 8000 PREDICTED ELEVATION 163 RUKHS
1. Gun No 1 2 3
2 Position Correction -25 Ms +60 Ms +70 Ms
3. MVV Correction -27 Ms -32 Ms +12 Ms
4. Gun Correction (2+3) -52 Ms +28 Ms +82 Ms
5. Gun Correction in rukhs -1.68 +0.90 +2.65
6. Site +35 +35 +35
7. Gun Correction +33.32 +35.90 +37.65
56
SECTION 22 - CONVENTIONS GOVERNING DISTRIBUTION

OF FIRE OVER TARGET
1. Indication of Target. A target may be indicated by any of following
means:-
a. By its GR. This is always centre of target.
b. By target letter and number when it has already been recorded.
c. By reference from a previously recorded target with requisite
target grid correction and any necessary correction for
difference in height.
d. By polar co-ordinates, ie, bearing, distance and difference in
height from OP.
2. In all methods, centre of battery is directed at location ordered.
3. When method ‘b’ or ‘c’ is used, gun data are deduced from recorded
target and for ‘c’ amended as ordered. When method ‘d’ is used, gun data
are deduced with reference to location of OP.
4. Distribution of Fire. When target is indicated by methods in para
1 a, c or d above it is a convention that guns of each battery fire:-
a. With directions of fire parallel.
b. With elevation from centre of battery to centre of the target.
c. Gun corrections are not applied unless they are more than
100 Ms.
5. When target is indicated by method in para 1 b above, guns fire at
predicted deflection and elevation to the target plot plus any recorded
individual shooting corrections if required.
6. Each gun is directed at the point allotted to that gun in case of
following targets:-
a. Linear concentration.
57
b. Smoke screen.
c. Barrage.
d. Illumination.
e. Chemical.
7. These conventions may be modified in anyone of following ways :-
a. By ordering a concentration.
b. By ordering use of gun corrections.
c. By ordering corrections to deflection or elevation of individual
guns by means of target grid corrections.
d. By ordering any sweep and/or search.
SECTION 23 - METHODS OF LAYING

1. Drills for both direct and indirect laying are given in respective Gun
Drill Books. This section describes various methods of laying only as far as
these affect GPO’s duties.
2. Direct Laying. With US and Eastern equipment, method of anti-
tank laying are used for direct laying against all types of targets. GPO is only
required to indicate target and then hand over control to No 1.
3. Indirect Laying for Direction. For indirect laying for
direction, panoramic telescope is used. When C/A has been recorded, guns
can be laid in required direction by setting appropriate deflection on slipping
scale and traversing gun to bring cross wire on GAP or aiming posts. GPO’s
orders for laying gun for direction and elevation include deflection (with
concentration if required), site and elevation (TE). However, sight design of
some equipment necessitates a special drill as application of site, tilts the
sight and horizontal angles thus measured cease to be accurate. Such
equipments in service in Pakistan Artillery which require special drill for
laying for large site are:-
a.. 105 mm Pack How.
58
b. 122 mm How.
c. 122 mm How (D-30).
d. 130 mm Gun.
4. Indirect Laying for Direction at Large Site. If site is applied and
panoramic telescope is set at any main scale reading other than 0/3200 mils
in case of 105 mm Pack How, or 0/3000 rukhs for Eastern Equipment,
vertical cross wire will be tilted and an error will be introduced in
measurement of horizontal angles. This error introduced is negligible when
site is less than 100 mils / rukhs, however for large magnitude of sites,
special drill described in following paras would be used.
5. 105 mm Pack How, 122 mm How, 122 mm How (D 30) and
130 mm Gun
a. GPO orders nature of target alongwith ammo to be used.
b. He orders appropriate deflection followed by site 3000 for
Eastern equipment or 300 in case of 105 mm Pack How.
c. Adds site to gun correction (if ordered) and passes them as gun
correction.
d. He then orders elevation to guns and guns will be laid normally
by applying QE on TE scale. Clinometer laying should be used
only when laying by this method is otherwise required.
Indirect Laying for Elevation
6. Following different methods of laying for elevation at indirect fire
are used:-
a. TE Scale and Site Scale. GPO orders TE corresponding to
range deduced from observer’s orders, and site corresponding
to angle of site to target. Each gun sets TE on TE scale and site
on site clinometer or site scale e.g., 105 mm How, 122 mm
How, 122 mm How (D 30), 130 mm Gun Russian, 155 mm
How M 198 / M 109 and 8" How M 110 .
59
b. QE Scale. GPO orders to guns a QE, ie sum of TE and site

deduced as in ‘a’ above. Elevation is set on QE scale by each
gun e.g., 130 mm Gun Chinese, 155 mm How, 155 mm Gun
and 8" How. When gun corrections are being used site is
included in gun correction for each gun and GPO orders TE as
elevation, less in situation discussed in Section 22 para 4 .
7. Field Clinometer or Gunner’s Quadrant. GPO orders to guns a
QE or TE as in ‘6b’ above, which is set on field clinometer or gunner’s
quadrant.
Clinometer Laying Ordered During a Shoot
8. If it is required to change to clinometer laying during a shoot, GPO
will order :-
“Clinometer laying. Report QE”
9. Each gun will then be laid at last deflection and elevation ordered. QE
as measured by field clinometer or gunner’s quadrant will be reported to
GPO by No 1 together with correction for index error of clinometer, if any.
10. GPO will calculate gun correction(s) by subtracting TE
(corresponding to last range obtained from firing chart) from QE reported by
No 1.
11. If only one gun is involved then no gun correction need be worked out
until target is recorded. Using calculator on every correction ordered, old TE
will be subtracted from new TE displayed by the calculator and resultant is
applied to old QE reported by gun to get new QE to be ordered. .For
155mm How (SB), 155mm gun and 8" How as calc displays QE hence will
be passed as such.
SECTION 24 - CORRECTION OF ERRORS IN DEFLECTION

OR ELEVATION
1. GPO is responsible that his guns are always parallel, unless a
concentration or some form of distribution has been ordered, and that they
are laid at correct elevation.
60
2. During periods of firing, section commanders will check bearings of

directions of fire periodically by one of following methods:-
a. Measuring deflection of each gun from a suitable distant object.
b. Measuring deflection of each gun from No 1’s C/A marker.
c. Measuring bearing on which each gun is laid by compass.
3. Section commanders are also responsible for checking periodically
that guns of battery are laid at correct elevation. During normal periods of
firing, a visual comparison between guns will suffice. During programme
shoots, elevation of each gun should be checked periodically by a field
clinometer or gunner’s quadrant, as described in Chapter 8.
Action on Discovery of an Error
4. On discovering an error in deflection or elevation, Section commander
proceeds as follows :-
a. If gun has not fired, he corrects the error.
b. If gun has fired, he informs GPO of nature of error and awaits
further orders, unless a “Programme shoot” or engagement of a
close target is in progress.
c. In case of “Programme shoot”, he orders offending gun to
“Stop”, corrects error, and allows gun to continue firing, at
same time reporting to GPO.
d. When engaging close targets, he orders offending gun to “Stop”
and reports nature of error to GPO.
5. When an error in deflection or elevation of a gun which has fired is
reported to the GPO, he informs observer of nature and size of error, so that
no false conclusions may be drawn from fall of shot, and awaits further
orders. Except in “programme shoot”, no steps are taken to correct the error,
since only observer can know effect of error on fall of shot.
6. On receipt of such a report from GPO observer may :-
a. Order appropriate correction to offending gun.
61
b. Order offending gun to stop firing and error to be corrected.

c. If offending gun is ranging gun, order another gun to range,
oreder offending gun to repeat the round at correct data or order
remaining guns to be brought into sympathy with it. Target grid
template must also be altered “in this case”.
Establishing Cause of an Error
7. Deflection. To establish cause of an error in deflection, section
commander carries out following checks in the sequence shown :-
a. Ensures that slipping scale is set at correct deflection, and
gunner’s aid (US equipment only), at correct concentration, if
ordered, otherwise should be at zero.
b. Ensures that layer is using correct GAP or aiming posts.
c. Ensures that sight is correctly clamped in its socket.
d. Ensures that C/A graduation of slipping scale is still against
main scale reading as recorded on C/A recording plate (Not
applicable to Eastern equipment).
e. Carries out quick alignment test.
8. If these steps fail to disclose an error, an error in recording of C/A is
indicated.
9. Elevation. To establish cause of an error in elevation, section
commander carries out following checks in the sequence shown:-
a. Ensures that correct charge was loaded.
b. Ensures that elevation scale is set at correct elevation.
c. Ensures that site scale is set at correct site.
d. Carries out quick elevation test.
62
SECTION 25 - CREST CLEARANCE

General
1. Definitions
a. Occupied Crest. An occupied crest is any crest, which is
within the limits of own FDLs irrespective of whether
physically held, or not.
b. Unoccupied Crest. An unoccupied crest is any crest, which is
beyond the limits of our FDLs.
Methods of Crest Clearance
2. Crest clearance is considered under following three main headings:-
a. Selection of Battery Position. For selection and occupation
of gun position to ensure that guns can shoot upto LSDT.
b. Engagement of Targets. During engagement of targets GPO
ensures that his guns do not fire at such a QE that the projectile
may hit an occupied crest.
c. Preparation of Dead Ground Trace. In planning, the
commander concerned may require to know area which cannot
be engaged by guns of each battery, because of crest clearance
difficulties. This information is usually provided in form of
battery “dead ground traces”.
Crest Clearance Problem
3. The Basic problem is illustrated in Figure 16. The QE just to clear the
crest at point C is greater than that to hit target T1, which cannot, therefore,
be engaged with charge in question. Target T 2 on the other hand requires a
greater QE than that for point C and might be safely engaged.
4. However, when determining whether a particular target can be
engaged or not there are two further problems. These are:-
a. Errors in prediction.
b. Zone of the gun.
63
Figure – 16
5. In Figure 17, OC is the line of sight to the crest. If gun is so laid that
trajectory might be expected to pass through ‘A’ and just clear the crest,
nevertheless on a certain number of occasions mean point of impact of a
group of rounds will be short of ‘A’. This is due to inherent errors (as
opposed to human mistakes) that can be expected in survey, met and
calibration; and are termed as errors in prediction. In addition, even if the
mean point of impact of the group of rounds is at ‘A’, half of the rounds will
hit the crest owing to the zone of the gun. In order to clear the crest, catering
for the errors in prediction and Zone of the gun, the trajectory OA is raised
by ‘S’ affecting an increase in elevation equal to 3 Forks (or ∗12 x range PE)
at the crest range. This value is further increased for 5 Ms vertical clearance
for occupied crest. When using VT fuzes, trajectory should be further raised
by 150 Ms for 8" How and 100 Ms for other equipment.
Figure – 17
∗
7 x range PE f or errors in prediction and 5 x range PE for zone of the gun.
64
6. Responsibility for Crest Clearance

a. No 1 of each gun is responsible that the trajectory will clear any
obstacle immediately in front of the gun, e.g., a tree, a house, an
electric pole, or one of our own aircrafts clearly about to fly
immediately in front of the gun.
b. GPO is responsible: -
(1) That the battery position, which he selects, is suitable
from crest clearance point of view.
(2) For ensuring that the guns of his battery never fire at such
a QE that the shells will hit any crest especially an
occupied crest.
(3) When so ordered by RHQ, for preparing the battery
“dead ground” trace.
c. Observer is responsible for informing the GPO of the nature
and height of any obstacle, such as trees or buildings on crests
in the OP area, which cause the effective height of these crests
to be greater than those shown on the map. He must also be
prepared to answer questions from supported arms regarding
the ability of his battery to engage particular targets. When in
doubt he should refer to GPO.
Selection of Battery Position
7. Crest Clearance Card. A crest clearance card is used for selecting
battery position by the GPO. This card provides the minimum safe elevation
under each charge corresponding to the crest range. An example of crest
clearance card for 105 mm How is given at Table IV. The minimum safe
elevation against each crest range includes:-
a. TE corresponding to the crest range.
b. 3 x @Forks (12 PEs).
c. Subtention for vertical clearance of 5 Ms.
d. Complementary site for an A/S of 300 mils/280 rukhs.
65
@ Fork. Change in angle of elevation necessary to produce a

change in range at the level point (point of graze) equivalent to four
probable errors in range.
TABLE IV – CREST CLEARANCE CARD 105 MM HOW
MINIMUM SAFE ELEVATION WHEN ANGLE
*CREST
OF SIGHT IS ZERO
RANGE
Ch-3 Ch-4 Ch-5 Ch-6 Ch-7
100 63 61 60 58 56
200 47 43 40 36 33
300 48 42 37 31 22
400 53 45 38 31 25
500 60 50 41 33 25
600 72 56 45 35 26
700 80 63 50 38 28
800 90 72 55 42 29
900 99 79 60 45 31
1000 109 88 65 49 34
1100 122 96 71 53 36
1200 133 103 80 58 38
1300 143 111 86 62 41
1400 154 120 92 66 44
1500 168 131 98 71 47
1600 180 140 104 76 50
1700 191 149 110 80 53
1800 203 157 117 85 56
1900 219 167 123 90 59
2000 231 179 130 95 62
66
2100 244 188 139 103 66

2200 261 198 146 108 69
2300 274 208 153 113 73
2400 291 221 160 118 76
2500 305 231 167 124 80
2600 321 242 174 129 84
2700 340 253 182 134 88
2800 356 267 192 140 92
2900 376 278 200 145 99
3000 390 289 207 151 103
*This card is normally prepared for ranges up to 3000 Ms for every 100 Ms.
However, it may be prepared for higher ranges at discretion of unit.
8. Use of Crest Clearance Card. To determine whether or not guns can
shoot upto LSDT, GPO proceeds as follows:-
a. Measures A/S to crest with the help of following:-
(1) An aiming circle / LRF.
(2) A protractor.
(3) His hand.
(4) Bore of gun.
b. Determines range to crest by one of following methods and
rounds it off to next higher hundred metres:-
(1) Obtaining range from map.
(2) Pacing distance to crest.
(3) By LRF/ GPS.
(4) Estimation of distance to crest, if none of the methods
given above are possible.
67
c. Enters crest clearance card at crest range and determines

minimum safe elevation for appropriate charge(s).
d. Adds values determined in ‘a’ and ‘c’.
e. Compares it with QE of LSDT. If QE of LSDT is greater than
minimum safe QE, position is suitable for occupation from
crest clearance point of view.
Example - 105 mm How Charge 3
Range to crest - 1240 Ms
A/S - +160 mils
Range to LSDT - 3000 Ms
A/S - +40 mils
Find out whether position is suitable or not?
Solution Enter crest clearance card at 1300 Ms (1240 Ms
rounded off to next hundred)
(1) Minimum safe elevation at charge 3 = 143 mils
(2) A/S to crest = +160 mils
(3) Minimum safe QE to crest (1+2) = 303 mils
(4) QE to LSDT at charge 3 = 369.3 mils
As QE to LSDT is more than minimum safe QE to crest,
position is suitable.
Engagement of Target
9. During engagement of targets, to assess whether it is, possible to fire
at a particular target without hitting any intervening crest, there can be three
situations :-
a. When a position is occupied temporarily.
b. When a position is occupied for a longer duration.
68
c. For a particular target to ensure precisely whether it is safe to

engage target or not.
10. When a position is occupied temporarily, QEs to crest and target are
compared to find out whether it is safe to engage a target or not. In this case
QE to crest is determined from crest clearance card. Range to crest is
predicted and rounded off to next higher hundred before entering crest
clearance card.
Example 105 mm How Charge 3
Predicted range to crest - 2150 Ms
A/S - +77 mils
Predicted QE to target - 284 mils
Find out whether it is safe to engage target or not?
Solution Enter card at range 2200 Ms (2150 rounded off to next
hundred)
a. Value from card at charge 3 = 261 mils
b. A/S to crest = +77 mils
c. Minimum safe QE to crest (1+2) = 338 mils
d. QE to target = 284 mils
As minimum safe QE for crest is more than QE to target, it is unsafe
to engage this target.
11. Minimum Safe QE Card. When a position is occupied for a
longer duration, a minimum safe QE card is prepared as follows:-
a. GPO studies map and decides which of crest, both visible and
not visible, within our own FDLs are likely to cause difficulty
from crest clearance point of view. If crest has undulations with
significant altitude, it is divided into portions wherever slope
changes as illustrated in Figure 18.
69
Figure – 18
b. The highest point of the crest/crest portion considered is
determined by inspection. QEs of this point and two or three
contour lines ahead and short of highest point, on same
direction of fire, are worked out. The point requiring greatest
QE, which is most difficult to clear, is known as critical point
(normally critical point will be ahead of highest point) as shown
in Figure 19.
Figure – 19
c. This process is repeated for determining critical points on other
crests.
d. Angles of sight and deflections for visible crests are determined
by using either aiming circle or bore of gun as per Gun
Drill, from a gun which is deployed at lowest position in
battery. Ranges to these crests are found from the map.
e. The minimum safe QE for each selected crest is worked out and
a card is prepared. Minimum safe QE includes:-
70
(1) Predicted TE corresponding to crest range.

(2) Site to crest.
(3) Subtension for 5 Ms vertical clearance for an occupied
crest.
(4) 3 x Fork at crest range.
12. An example of minimum safe QE card for 105 mm How is given at
Table V.
TABLE V – MINIMUM SAFE QE CARD FOR FUZES OTHER
THAN VT APPLICABLE UPTO 0700 HOURS
Deflection Minimum Safe QE
From To Charge 4 Charge 5 Charge 6
2045 1820 198 181 162
1750 1610 285 265 231
1580 1400 209 192 178
1300 1220 250 232 220
13. A minimum safe QE card can also be made for VT fuzes. In that case
minimum safe QE will include:-
a. Predicted TE for crest range.
b. Site to crest.
c. 3x Fork.
∗
d. Subtention for 100 Ms (or 150 Ms for 8" How) vertical
clearance.
e. Subtention for 5 Ms vertical clearance for occupied crests.
∗
Vertical clearance should be increased by 50% for firing over marshy or wet ground and by 100% for
firing over water.
71
f. A non-standard projectile correction for respective VT fuzes.

14. Time element in a CVT fuze is armed 2 seconds after firing or from
3 to 5.5 seconds prior to time set on fuze, whichever is later. Therefore, in
case of CVT fuzes following procedure will be used:-
a. If the time set on a CVT fuze is equal to, or greater than time of
flight to crest plus 5.5 seconds, procedure for determining
minimum safe QE will be as for other fuzes.
b. If time set on fuze is less than time of flight to crest plus 5.5
seconds procedure will be as for VT fuzes.
c. If crest is at range less than range equivalent to minimum
arming time, procedure will be as for other fuzes.
d. Range used in computation will be crest range or range
corresponding to 2 seconds time of flight, whichever is greater.
15. Comparison of QEs. When it is desired to find out whether it is
safe or not to engage a particular target, GPO calculates minimum safe QE
to clear crest under prevailing conditions and compares it with QE to the
target. A/S and range to crest are calculated from the map.
16. Allowance must be made in calculating QEs to crest and target for
following factors:-
a. C of M - It is computed separately for crest and target.
b. 3x Fork (crest only).
c. Non-standard projectile correction should be applied as under:-
(1) Non-standard projectile correction should be applied to
both target and crest data.
(2) In case of VT fuzes extra allowance of 100 Ms (150 Ms
for 8" How) is made only, to crest data (add A/S
subtended by 100 /150 Ms at crest range to QE of crest).
d. 5 Ms vertical clearance for occupied crest.
72
e. NR corrections (complementary site) - this allowance is made

when computing site.
f. Gun Corrections
(1) If gun corrections are to be ordered, algebraically least
gun correction is applied to target and crest data.
(2) If gun corrections are not to be ordered, algebraically
greatest gun correction is applied to crest data only.
g. For all time, VT and CVT fuzes, e.g. fuze 213, M 500, M 520,
M97, M564, M582, M732, M728 etc site to be raised for 20 M
for target data only.
Example 105 mm How HE M 557 Charge 5

Range to crest - 3500 Ms
A/S to crest - +60 mils
C of M for crest - +120 Ms
Range to target - 4500 Ms
A/S to target - +10 mils
C of M for target - +140 Ms
Crest is occupied and gun corrections are not ordered.
Gun Corrections
Gun No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Crest +20 -30 +90 -20 +35 -60
Target +40 -45 +102 -30 +50 -80
73
Solution
TABLE VI – COMPARISON OF QEs
105 MM HOW, HE M 557, CHARGE 5
Serial Crest Target

1. Map Range 3500 4500
2. Map A/S (for occupied crest add 5 Ms to crest height) +61.5 +10
3. C of M for range (1) +120 +140
4. Predicted Range (1) + (3) 3620 4640
5. Non-standard projectile Correction at predicted range - -
(4)
6. (4) + (5) 3620 4640
7. Gun correction for range (6) - -
Ordered (algebraically least)
+35 -
Not ordered (algebraically greatest)
8. (6) + (7) 3655 4640
9. TE for range (8) 230.5 310.6
10. Site for A/S (2) at range (4) from firing table +65.1 +11.2
11. (9) + (10) 295.6 321.8
12. 3x fork at range (4) 15 -
13. (11) + 12) 310.6 321.8
14. Subtension against range (1) for crest data only - -
(For 8" How 150 Ms. For other equipments 100 Ms for
VT fuzes only*)
15. Subtansion of 20 Ms for Time/ VT /CVT fuzes at - -
range(1) for target data only
16. QEs (13) + (14) +(15) 310.6 321.8
Engagement of target is SAFE
74
* Make additional allowance to these figures by 50% when firing over

marshy or wet terrain and by 100% when firing over water.
Dead Ground Traces
17. Dead Ground. “Dead ground” is area within the maximum range of
a weapon which cannot be covered by firing from a particular position
because of intervening crests. Dead ground is a more serious problem for
Guns than for Hows.
18. In mountainous country, regimental or divisional artillery HQ will
usually require to know “dead ground” for guns of each battery. When so
ordered by RHQ, GPO will prepare “dead ground traces”. Preparation of a
battery dead ground trace is a laborious process and should not be ordered
unless necessary.
Figure – 20
19. The principle involved is illustrated in figure 20. Near limit of a
dead ground for a particular charge is crest that intercepts the trajectory. Far
limit of dead ground is point beyond crest which has a QE equal to
minimum safe QE to clear the crest. In figure 20 point C is critical point of
crest that intercepts trajectory and therefore is near limit of dead ground.
Point A is a point where trajectory fired at minimum safe QE to clear crest
C, meets the ground. This is the far limit of dead ground. Area between A
and C cannot be engaged by this charge and is therefore “dead” for this
charge. Procedure to be followed is given below:-
a. A ray is drawn on the map from battery position through
desired point on crest. Highest point of crest considered is
determined by inspection. QEs of this point and other points
75
on ray that are two or three contour lines ahead and short of
highest point are worked out. Point requiring greatest QE, (i.e,
critical point) marks beginning of dead ground.
b. Minimum safe QE for critical point is then determined as
covered in para ‘11e’ except that TE in this case is not
predicted.
c. Point of impact or far limit of dead ground is determined by
finding a point beyond critical point in the same direction
which requires same QE as minimum safe QE worked out in b
above. Procedure is one of trial and error. Following drill is
carried out:-
(1) Range is read directly against minimum safe QE.
(2) At this range height is read from map. Using this range
and height, site is worked out.
(3) This site is subtracted from minimum safe QE and range
read against elevation thus obtained.
(4) Using this range a point on map is plotted on ray drawn
through critical point. This is first trial point.
(5) QE for first trial point is worked out. If QE is less than
minimum safe QE for critical point, point is in dead
ground and another trial point beyond first trial point is
selected. If QE is greater, point is beyond dead ground
and a trial point short of this point is selected. This
process is continued till a point having same QE as
minimum safe QE is obtained. This forms far limit of
dead ground.
d. Process is repeated for adjacent rays. Adjacent rays should not
be more than 100 mils apart. Process is continued until points
are reached on either side where no critical point can be found
on crest.
76
20. Dead ground area for each charge should be shaded in different
colours. If possible following colour code should be used:-
a. Charge 1 - Red
b. Charge 2 - Black
c. Charge 3 - Blue
d. Charge 4 - Orange
e. Charge 5 - Green
f. Charge 6 - Brown
g. Charge 7 - Yellow
CHAPTER 5
CP PROCEDURES
SECTION 26 - BATTERY, MIKE AND LARGER
CONCENTRATIONS
1. This section describes duties in a battery CP in connection with
Battery, Mike and larger concentrations of fire. Drill is for normal observed
shoots where speed is important. When enough time is available drill should
be modified to permit use of more accurate methods of prediction, (FA-3/5
Section 11).
2. Principles. Following are principles governing the CP procedure:-
a. Target will be indicated in normal manner. If OT-BT is ordered
then OT bearing will be the bearing to target from ranging
battery centre. This bearing will be circulated by GPO of
ranging battery to other units/sub-units taking part in the shoot.
b. In case of Mike and larger concentrations, each correction that
is to be applied by only one firing unit, should be prefixed with
bty/unit call sign.
77
c. Technical data for engagement of target and subsequent

corrections e.g., predicted deflection, site and elevation must be
checked within the battery CP and not at regt level for
correctness.
3. GPOA’s Proforma. Record of shoot is kept on GPOA’s
proforma, a specimen of which is shown in Table VII.
Working out of Data
4. Initial Data. On receipt of fire orders following drill is carried out:-
a. Both GPOAs feed target data in ‘P0’ of their calculators, check
and apply appropriate met as applicable/data obtained through
partial prediction along with charge selected by GPO and
determine deflection, range, site, FS and elevation.
b. Each GPOA records it on his GPOA proforma.
c. Before firing first round for any shoot GPO should calculate
gun corrections for his battery to get an estimate that whether
during the shoot, gun corrections for any gun will exceed 100 m
or not.
d. After confirming from both GPOA performae, GPO passes data
from one of the GPOA (who may not be changed in one shoot)
to guns.
5. Subsequent Data. Subsequent corrections are fed into calculators by
both GPOAs. GPO checks both sets of data for agreement within one mil /
rukh and then passes on to the guns.
6. In case of any disagreement he proceeds as under:-
a. For disagreement in opening data, GR and height of target and
battery centre data will be checked.
b. In case of error in subsequent data, he checks whether both
GPOAs had fed same correction in their calculators.Orders
cancellation of last correction and ensures that both GPOAs
have same data as was passed to the guns for firing last round.
78
TABLE VII
PAFB-7047
GPOA’s FORM
Observers Orders Gun 1 2 3 4 5 6
Battery Target Concentration
GR 163883 Gun
Height 350 Ms Correction
OT 1700 mils Target Height 350 CHARGE 5
Fire Battery Height 375 A/S -1.6

Diff Height – 25 SITE 298
Orders/Corrections Deflection Range FS Elevation
TE/QE
Map Data 1305 5875
Df Correction
1. Predicted data 1309 365
2. Go Right 150 Add 400 1291 6250 400
3. Drop 200 1284 6100 384
4. Add 100 1286 6175 393
5. 2 RGF 386
6. Target neutralized
Record as target,
Stand Easy
Ammo Expenditure Target Record Data
Target No P 4100
HE M 557 (22) rounds E 16520 N 88090 Height 310 Ms
79
c. If error occurs after application of first target grid correction

then OT bearing will also be checked.
d. Last correction is fed afresh and if data of both calculators is in
agreement then he passes it to the guns.
e. If disagreement still exists entire shoot will be run afresh on
calculator till last round fired.
Note: For detailed procedures see ATN – 57.
7. To check against gross error and guard against mal functioning of
calculator, GPOA – 4 plots target on firing chart and determines map data
and predicts this data using deflection C of M scale and GFT. Works out,
site from GST using battery and target height. For detailed procedure refer to
AI-1.
8. Checking OT Bearing. GPO personally checks feeding / plotting
of OT bearing and orientation of target grid template.
SECTION 27 - LINEAR CONCENTRATIONS

1. Linear concentration procedure is a method of producing linear
concentration of fire. Location of concentration is defined in terms of
position of points 1 and 6 (point 4 for four gun battery).
2. Linear concentration can be of any length upto 500 Ms.
3. Standard distribution of guns of a field or medium battery/regiment
over a target for linear concentration is shown in Figure 21. In case of Mike
and higher linear tergets distribution of guns will remain the same.
P, Q AND R BATTRIES
6 5 4 3 2 1
Figure - 21
80
Procedure
4. OP end procedures are given in FA-3/4 Section 25. Procedures used
in battery CP for firing a linear concentration, whether a battery or higher
target, is similar. Tables VIII and IX give the detailed procedure to be
followed in battery CP by both GPOAs.
TABLE VIII – CALCULATOR PROCEDURE
Serial Action
1. Note and feed target data in ‘P0’.
2. Workout predicted deflection, map range, site, FS and predicted
elevation to target. (After selecting appropriate charge and met, as
applicable).
3. Workout data as per progress of shoot both for point one and six
until observer orders “Point six interpolate FBO 1 RGF” (Pt 1 may
also be passed for interpolation).
4. GPO orders ranging gun (for both points) “No --- report Deflection,
site and Elevation” and checks this with current data. In case of
disagreement, data of gun will be taken as correct. Data of both
points is entered in column ‘c’ and‘d’ of Linear Target Form
(PAFB-6064).
5. On observer’s order “Point six interpolate FBO 1 RGF”, GPOAs
will feed in data of both points as obtained from ranging gun in
‘P5’ of calculator using option 1.
6. Point one will always be right most point as seen from guns.
7. In case of Mike and higher targets ranging battery CP will circulate
reduced GR of point one and six to units / sub units taking part in
the shoot.
8. Enter resultant data in column ‘f’, ‘g’ and also ‘h’ if firing time
fuzes, of Linear Target Form (See Figure 22).
9. GPO orders to each gun predicted data appropriate to its point from
columns ‘f’, ‘g’ and ‘h’ of Linear Target Form.
81
TABLE IX – FIRING CHART PROCEDURE

Serial Action
1. Plot target, workout map data , predict it and re-plot target on map
range and predicted deflection.
2. Workout data as per progress of shoot both for point one and six
until observer orders “Point six interpolate FBO 1 RGF” (Pt 1 may
also be passed for interpolation).
3. GPO orders ranging gun (for both points) “No --- report Deflection,
site and Elevation” and checks this with current data. In case of
disagreement, data of gun will be taken as correct. Deduced data
(map range and predicted deflection) of both points is entered in
column ‘c’ and‘d’ of Linear Target Form (PAFB-6064) and is
interpolated manually.
4. In case of Mike and higher targets ranging battery CP will circulate
reduced GR of point one and six to units / sub units taking part in
the shoot.
5. If observer has bracketed for fuze length, construct a temporary fuze
gauge line on GFT using ranging gun elevation and adjusted fuze
length. Non -ranging batteries will use their battery centre elevation
and appropriate fuze length as corrected by observer.
6. Determine concentration, position and MVV corrections for each
gun using No 3 gun data* and complete columns ‘e’ to ‘k’ of Linear
Target Form.
7. Find out predicted data for individual guns and complete columns
‘l’ and ‘m’. If firing time fuzes predicted FS for each gun will be
read from GFTs and recorded in column ‘n’. (See Figure 23)
8. GPO orders to each gun predicted data appropriate to its points from
columns ‘l’, ‘m’ and ‘n’ of Linear Target Form.
* It is more accurate to determine concentration and gun correction for each
gun using its own data. Whenever time permits, this should be done.
82
5. Unobserved Linear Concentrations. CP procedure is generally same

except following:-
a. For calculator appropriate option of ‘P5’ will be used.
b. For firing chart, enter column ‘c’ with map deflection (Ser 3
Table IX). Deflection will be predicted and recorded in column
‘l’ subsequently.
6. To Move a Linear Concentration after Engagement. It is only
practicable to move a linear concentration after engagement by ordering a
correction which, on conversion in CP is applied equally to all guns, e.g.,
point one “OT 280 mils Go right 200”.
a. Calculator Procedure. Data is obtained using option 2 of
‘P5’.
b. Firing Chart Procedure. Difference between old and new data
is ordered to all the guns in following manner: -
(1) Difference in deflection will be passed as common
concentration to all guns while difference in elevation
will be added to and passed as site.
(2) In case of QE laying guns difference in deflection will be
passed as concentration and difference in elevation as
gun correction.
7. To Record a Linear Concentration. Procedure is described in
Section 63.
SECTION 28 - REGISTRATION SHOOT

1. Registration is carried out to obtain technical information for future
engagement of targets. Registration shoots can be of following three forms:-
a. Registration of a Point. Aim is to find GR of point for
subsequent engagement.
83
PAFB-6064
LINEAR TARGET FORM
JOB 1 JOB 2 JOB 3
BTY CENTRE PREDICTED
SER TGT CORRN SITE SHIFTING OF LINEAR RECORDING OF LINEAR
DATA DATA
******************* CH
************* MVV SHOOTING CORRNS
DF TE DF ELE FS A/S SITE *******************
************* CORRN DF ELE FS SITE
**
*
a b c d e f g h j k m n O p q r s
*
1 1350 305 1362 300 302 OT FIRED DF PT 1
LN
2 ********** 1370 306 ** 302 CORRN
FIRED ELE PT 1
********** ** RG
3 1378 306 302 CORRN
COORDS PT 1
********** **
4 ********** 1385 310 ** 302 DF CONC FIRED DF PT 6
********** ** GUN
5 1390 306 302 ELE ORRN
FIRED ELE PT 6
FUZE
6 1411 314 1398 315 302 FS CORRN
COORDS PT 6
TGT NO…............................PT 1 : E…...........................N…...........................HT…...................

PT6 : E…..........................N…............................HT….....................
*
a b c d e f g h j k m n O p q r s
*
1 OT FIRED DF PT 1
LN
2 ********** ** CORRN
FIRED ELE PT 1
3 ********** ** RG
COORDS PT 1
********** ** CORRN
4 ********** ** DF CONC FIRED DF PT 6
********** ** GUN
5 ELE ORRN
FIRED ELE PT 6
FUZE
6 FS CORRN
COORDS PT 6
TGT NO…............................PT 1 : E…...........................N…...........................HT…...................

PT6 : E…..........................N…............................HT….....................
Figure – 22
84
LINEAR TARGET FORM BTY BTY HT

SER Battery center Concentration and Data for Predicted Data Site
TGT Data Gun Correction prediction Remarks
************** RANGE ***************************
************** Posn Mvv ***************************
************** DF Rg Conc Corrn Corrn Total DF Range Df Ele Fuze ***************************
********** ***********************
a b ** c d e f g h j k l m n ** o p
1 1350 5130 L12 -43 +5 -36 1362 5092 1362 300 1 TGT HT:
2 1362 5156 L8 +15 +2 +17 1317 5173 1370 306 2 DIFF HT:
3 1375 5182 L3 -6 -2 -8 1378 5174 1378 306 3 A OF S:
4 1387 5208 R2 +10 +12 +22 1385 5230 1385 310 4 NR CORRN:
5 1499 5234 R9 -34 -18 -52 1390 5182 1390 306 5 SITE:
6 1411 5260 R13 +30 -6 +24 1398 5284 1398 315 6 **************
1 1 TGT HT:
2 2 DIFF HT:
3 3 A OF S:
4 4 NR CORRN:
5 5 SITE:
6 6 **************
1 1 TGT HT:
2 2 DIFF HT:
3 3 A OF S:
4 4 NR CORRN:
5 5 SITE:
6 6 **************
Figure – 23
85
b. Registration for Deduction of C of M. Aim is to deduce

current corrections for non-standard conditions, for deflection,
elevation, and if required, fuze length. It can take two forms:-
(1) Datum / Time / Datum and Time Registration.
(2) VE Shoot.
c. Registration of a Concentration. Aim is to ensure that all
guns, which are to engage the target, are effectively directed at
it, by seeing rounds from all guns or from a rep selection of
them.
CP Procedure
2. Principles governing CP procedure, checking of initial data, OT
bearing and subsequent data are same as for IN shoots as given in section 26.
However, special points applicable to registration shoots are given in
subsequent paras.
3. Registration of a Point
a. A section (two guns) is used in shoot and nature of target is
right / centre / left section registration target.
b. After the fire is adjusted onto the target by observer with
registration of point procedure, a check round is fired from non-
ranging gun to ascertain any error in ranging gun data.
c. Gun will neither be concentrated nor ordered a gun correction.
d. Recording of target will be done as per Section 63. Reduction
of data will be carried out to the following extent:-
(1) Recorded as Battery Targets. Reduction of data without
adjustment of range for false site. Adjustment of range
for false site will be carried out if battery is to engage the
same target from some other position.
(2) Recorded as Mike and Higher Targets. Deduction,
reduction of data and adjustment of range for false site is
carried out.
86
e. Record will be circulated to regimental CP and all batteries in

case of targets recorded as mike and higher.
4. Registration for Deduction of C of M. Procedure is same as given
in para 3 above except for following variations:-
a. Fire is directed on to a point whose co-ordinates are known.
b. At the end of the shoot, on observer’s order “record datum
corrections, stand easy”, GPO will order the guns “record as
target (Letter/Number), stand easy”.
c. After comparing gun data with CP , both the GPOAs go to
programme three and using option of Datum Registration feed
in ranging gun number. Calculator will display GFT setting.
This GFT setting can either be saved in calculator or noted
down for manual application.
d. In case of firing chart detailed procedure for working out datum
corrections is given in FA 3/5 section 11.
5. Registration of a Concentration
a. Battery Registration Target
(1) MPI of the battery as a whole and later of individual guns
is adjusted at single rounds of battery fire.
(2) Shoot is run using programme zero till observer orders “1
RBF”. Thereafter programme three is used for rest of the
shoot for working out of individual gun data.
(3) Target and shooting corrections are recorded using
programme three and four respectively.
(4) Observer’s and GPO’s orders are given below:-
87
Example
BATTERY REGISTRATION SHOOT
(105 mm How)
Observer Orders GPO Order
Battery Registration Target Battery Registration target,
Target P 1420 HE M 557 charge 5
GR 135275 Height 300 Ms Deflection 1520
OT 4500 mils MG Area Site 300 , Centre ranging
Elevation 246 , MG Area
Fire Fire
Go left 150 drop 400 Deflection 1540 Elevation 237
Add 200 Deflection 1549 Elevation 239
Add 100, 1RBF 15 seconds Deflection 1551 Elevation 241
1 RBF 15 seconds
Drop 50 repeat Deflection 1550 Elevation 240
1 RBF 15 seconds
No 3, No 4 and 6 rest, repeat No 3, No 4 and No 6 rest,
Elevation 240 1 RBF 15 seconds
No 1 and No 2 rest, No 1 and No 2 rest,
Add 50 repeat Elevation 241, 1 RBF 15 seconds
Take post record as target P 1420 Take post record as target P 1420
Stand Easy Stand Easy
b. Mike and Higher Concentration. Same ranging procedure is
used for engagement of Bty, Mike and higher targets (Section
26):-
(1) Each battery is ranged on to the target in turn.
(2) Within each battery one section is used for ranging.
88
(3) Target record is circulated by ranging battery and

difference of data (shooting corrections) alongwith GR of
target is recorded by other batteries.
6. Recording of targets is carried out in ‘P3’ of calculator. Whereas
record of targets is kept in ‘P8’.
SECTION – 29 FIRE PLAN TARGETS

1. Targets of deliberate FSPs are either registered by any of the above
mentioned methods or may be engaged unobserved. However for quick
FSPs involving one to six / eight targets which are to be engaged within 30-
60 minutes for launching squadron / regiment attack, fire is to be adjusted
differently. Therefore CP procedure for engagement of Mike Fire Plan
Targets is different from that of a Battery Fire Plan Target.
CP Procedure
2. Battery Fire Plan Target. A simple fire plan may involve one
target, which an FOO arranges to engage as soon as both, he and supported
arm commander are ready. Observer in this case registers target (like an IN
shoot). Specimen orders from observer for this type of shoot and
corresponding orders given by GPO are listed in following example:-
Example
BATTERY FIRE PLAN
(105 mm How)
Observer Orders GPO Orders
Battery Fire Plan Target Battery Target
Target P 7542 HE M 557 Charge 5
GR 140601 Height 110 Ms Deflection 1620, Site 306
OT 1400 mils Centre ranging, Elevation 286
Infantry in woods Infantry in woods
“Fetch officer”
(To GPO) “Target P 7542
engage HE 2 minutes rapid
3 minutes normal. On call, not
89
before 1030 hrs. Any question?”

Fire Fire
Go left 100 Drop 200 Deflection 1631, Elevation 264
Add 100 Deflection 1630 , Elevation 275
Record as target P 7542, Rest Record as target P 7542
FBO
6 RGF 20 seconds followed by 6
RGF 30 seconds
Rest
“23 ready” (To observer - on report
ready from guns)
“Ready on target P 7542”
(To supported arm – on report
ready from GPO)
(In due course) Take post Take post
Fire Fire
Shoot effective, stand easy Shoot effective, stand easy.
3. Mike Fire Plan Target. In this case ranging will be carried out by
each battery on separate targets. Each target will be recorded as “Mike” or
“Uniform”. Once all targets have been recorded, BC may pass simple FSP
on wireless which he would have prepared. Point of difference from other
procedure is that each of these targets on which different batteries are being
adjusted are allotted different target numbers and coordinates are circulated
by registering GPO. This procedure will give flexibility of allotting more
than one battery at each target/part of target during covering fire.
Example
MIKE FIRE PLAN
(105 mm How)
Mike Fire Plan target Right Section Registration target
GR 124468, Height 110 Ms HE M 557, Charge 5
OT 1400 mils, Coy locality Deflection 1620, Site 306
23 Ranging Right Ranging, Elevation 286
Fire Fire
90
Go Right 100 Drop 800 Deflection 1601, Elevation 272

Add 400 Deflection 1602, Elevation 279
Drop 200 Deflection 1601, Elevation 275
Record as target U 3040 at Record as Target U 3040
Drop 50
33 Ranging Go Right 240 Drop Now 33 GPO will carry out
400 registration
Record as target U 3041 Record as Target U 3041
43 Ranging Go Right 300 Add Now GPO of 43 Battery will carry out
200 registration
Record as target U 3042 at Record as Target U 3042, (In CP
Add 50 target will be recorded after applying
correction of Add 50)
Meanwhile GPOs circulate data of
recorded targets to other batteries
Fire plan “Name”, target U 3040, Within each battery instead of time
23 and 33 -2 to +5 , normal, specific orders, Fire for effect on each
Target U 3041, 43, H to +5, rapid Target with FBO may be given.
Target U 3043,CC 3, +5 to +10
normal,
H Hour later
4. Preparation of Gun Programme. CPs will prepare gun

programmes immediately or control fire verbally from CPs if time is
pressing.
91
SECTION 30 - PRECISION SHOOTS

1. SMART ammo are ideal for destruction of pin point targets and latest
gadgets are available for calibration, however till the time these are not
introduced, as a policy, following procedure of precision shoots will remain
in use. Furthermore while using LRF, the destructive shoot procedure
becomes more simple and effective.
Precision Adjustment of MPI
2. Precision shoot procedure is used when observer desires extreme
accuracy. Outline procedure is as follows:-
a. Initial Orders. Observer includes warning order “Precision”
in initial orders e.g., “Single gun/Section precision target” i.e.
single gun in case of destructive shoot and section in case of
VE shoot.
b. Adjustment of MPI. Having obtained a short bracket and on
split of short bracket observer orders “Adjust MPI”. In a VE
shoot, he will carry out registration (of a point) and also fire a
check round from non-ranging gun before ordering “Adjust
MPI”.
c. GPO now fires single rounds. Observer reports his observation
of each round. GPO adjusts deflection and/or elevation in
accordance with rules given in para 6.
d. GPO reports “MPI adjusted” when deflection is correct and
enough range indications are available for computing adjusted
elevation. In case of destructive shoots observer goes on
sending observations, whereas in case of VE shoot he orders
datum corrections to be recorded. In former case GPO
continues to compute further adjusted elevations (para 9).
3. Procedure at CP. On receipt of order “Precision target” drill at CP
is as follows:-
a. GPO keeps a record of shoot on precision adjustment form
(PAFB-6024).
92
b. Initial orders from observer are entered on form as shown in

Figure 24.
c. Clinometer laying will be the normal method of laying from
beginning of shoot. No orders from observer are necessary.
d. During ranging, columns (1) to (5) are completed. Observer’s
order “Adjust MPI” indicates that GPO is now responsible for
adjusting MPI.
e. On order “Adjust MPI”, both GPOAs:-
(1) Enter ‘P7’ of calculator and obtain following:-
(a) Guns Left or Right.
(b) Apex Angle.
(c) Value of ½ S.
(2) Feed in following data to obtain adjusted QE for 1st
group:-
(a) Mean QE.
(b) Difference of over and short.
(3) Data for subsequent group is obtained in similar manner.
f. In case of firing chart GPOA – 4 proceeds as under :-
(1) Draws bearing of OT and current direction of fire on
form.
(2) Calculates apex angle to nearest 1 mil/rukh.
(3) Decides whether guns are “Left” or “Right” of line OT
and selects appropriate precision adjustment table
(Figure 27, 27A, 28 or 28A).
(4) Enters “Deflection correction” in column (11).
Deflection correction will be obtained from ½ S Table
against range to target and apex angle (Figure 25 or 26).
(5) He enters value of half fork at current elevation.
93
(6) Makes any corrections to deflection or elevation, as

directed in para 6 before firing next round.
4. No more work is done on firing chart. GPO fires single rounds as per
following procedure on receipt of each observation.
5. GPO records each observation in column (6) and then uses precision
adjustment table to convert it to an indication which he records in columns
(7) and (8).
6. He deduces necessary data and orders that to the gun in accordance
with following rules:-
a. Deflection. After first indication of “Right” or “Left” GPO
applies correction to deflection as recorded in column (11),
until opposite indication is achieved. Thereafter, on each
subsequent indication for deflection, he applies half the current
deflection bracket until deflection is correct. Indications of
“Doubtful” are ignored. Each bracket established is recorded in
column (9). Deflection is correct when:-
(1) Last deflection correction is 1 mil/rukh.
(2) Indication “Line” is obtained from precision adjustment
table.
(3) Observation “Target” is received.
(4) After deflection bracket has been split, at least three
consecutive doubtful indications have been obtained on
any one deflection.
(5) Two consecutive doubtful indications have been obtained
on rounds fired on adjusted elevation. After the
deflection is correct, GPO will alter deflection by 1
mil/rukh whenever he gets two successive indications in
same direction.
b. Elevation. To compute an adjusted elevation, at least six
mixed range indications are required (“Doubtful” is not counted
as an indication but observation “Target” counts as an
94
indication). If first three indications are all in one direction

GPO will alter the elevation by half fork. If next three are also
in same direction he will alter the elevation again by same
amount and first three indications will be ignored.
7. As soon as six mixed range indications are obtained, GPO will see if
deflection is correct. If so he stops firing and reports to observer “MPI
adjusted”, and computes an adjusted elevation. If not, he will fire sufficient
rounds at adjusted elevation till deflection is correct (para 6).
8. Computing Adjusted Elevation (in case of firing chart)
Adjusted elevation = Mean elevation + elevation change.
a. Mean Elevation. If all range indications were obtained at one
elevation, that is the mean elevation; if at two or more
elevations, mean of the last two elevations is mean elevation.
b. Elevation Change = Difference in over and shorts x Fork
2 x numbers of rounds considered
c. Rounds which gave indication “Doubtful” are not counted.
d. Elevation change is applied to mean elevation as tabulated
below:-
Type of Fire Preponderance Add / Subtract
Elevation Change
Low angle Overs (+) Subtract
Low angle Shorts (-) Add
High angle Overs (+) Add
High angle Shorts (-) Subtract
Destructive Shoots
9. In a destructive shoot, after MPI has been adjusted, GPO will fire a
group of six rounds at adjusted elevation. Observer will report his
95
observation on each round. GPO will convert these into indications and
further adjust deflection and elevation according to rules given below. He
will continue firing till observer either terminates the shoot or reports target
destroyed.
a. Deflection. He will alter deflection in appropriate direction by
1 mil/rukh after he gets two successive indications of “Right”
or “Left” (Doubtful do not count).
b. Elevation. Before every group of six rounds ordered by
observer,GPO will compute adjusted elevation as under:-
(1) In case of calculator ‘P7’ will be used.
(2) For firing chart procedure is same as described in para 8b
above. The amount of elevation change to be applied
while working out adjusted elevation starting after
adjustment of MPI will be as under:-
Ist group - Full
2nd group - Half (1/2)
3rd group - One third (1/3)
Subsequent - One quarter (1/4)
10. Destructive Shoot Procedure using LRF
a. Initial Orders from observer are “single gun precision target”
b. CP Procedure is generally same as for IN Shoot.
c. Clinometer is used as normal mean of lay.
d. Observer subsequently orders, “3 RGF 20 seconds (appropriate
interval)”, GPO proceeds as per normal procedure and keeps on
firing 3 RGF on each correction. Thereafter shoot may continue
in a similar manner till the destruction of target.
96
PAFB-6024
PRECISION ADJUSTMENT FORM
INITIAL ORDERS RELATIONSHIP
Single Gun Precision Target LINE OT- LINE BT
Target M 3606 or GR 123456 1000 mils 1265 mils
Height 200 Ms
OT 1000 mils
RR Bunker
Fire
GUNS LEFT OR RIGHT OF LINE OT
CHARGE 6 APEX ANGLE 265

Gun No 3 ½ Frok 2 Site 295 mils
Rd N Gun Data Range Ele Obsr Indication Df Bkt GPO’s Remarks
Df Corrn / Obsn Corrns
TE QE Elev Df
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
1. 1652 6975 343 338 Go Rt 50 Dp 200
2. 1630 6850 334 329 Add 100
3. 1636 6950 340 335 Dp 50
4. 1635 6900 337 332 Adjust MPI
Over Line + L R2 (2)
5. 1633 332 Short Rt - R 2 L1
6. 1634 332 Over Rt + ? Df Correct
7. 1634 332 Doubtful Lt - L 1
8. 1634 332 Short Line - R
9. 1634 332 Short Left - ? MPI Adjusted
6 RGF 30"
MEAN 332 ELE CHANGE (2 x 4) / (2x6) = 0.7 ADJUSTED QE 332.7
Figure 24 – Precision Adjustment Form
97
½ S TABLES (MILS)
Range Apex Angle in Mils
to target 1- 100- 500- 800- 1400- 1600- 1800- 2400- 2700- 3100-
in Ms 99 499 799 1399 1599 1799 2399 2699 3099 3200
2000 2 4 8 16 16 16 16 8 4 2
3000 2 4 8 8 16 16 8 8 4 2
4000 2 2 4 8 8 8 8 4 2 2
5000 2 2 4 8 8 8 8 4 2 2
6000 2 2 4 4 8 8 4 4 2 2
7000 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2
8000 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2
9000 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2
10000 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2
11000 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2
12000 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
13000 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
14000
and 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
above
Formula Target
½ S* = 50 Ms x Sin T
Range in thousands of Ms
T
½S 50 Ms
Where T = Apex Angle
* ‘S’ is deflection change in mils required
to keep round on line OT where range is
changed by 100 Ms on that line.
Figure – 25
98
½ S TABLES (RUKHS)
Range to Apex Angle in Rukhs
target in
Ms 1- 100- 500- 750- 1350- 1500- 1650- 2250- 2500- 2900-
99 499 749 1349 1499 1649 2249 2499 2899 3000
2000 2 4 8 16 16 16 16 8 4 2
3000 2 4 8 8 16 16 8 8 4 2
4000 2 2 4 8 8 8 8 4 2 2
5000 2 2 4 8 8 8 8 4 2 2
6000 2 2 4 4 8 8 4 4 2 2
7000 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2
8000 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2
9000 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 2
10000 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2
11000 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2
12000 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
13000 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
14000
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
and above
Formula Target
½ S* = 50 Ms x Sin T
Range in thousands of Ms
T
½S 50 Ms
Where T = Apex Angle
* ‘S’ is deflection change in mils required
to keep round on line OT where range is
changed by 100 Ms on that line.
Figure – 26
99
PRECISION ADJUSTMENT TABLE (MILS)

GUN APEX ANGLE
ON Obsn 0-99 100- 800- 1050- 1400- 1600- 1800- 2150- 2400- 3100-
LEFT 799 1049 1399 1599 1799 2149 2399 3099 3200
T ?R ?R +R +R +? +? +? +? +L +L ?L
?L ?L -L -L -? -? -? -? -R -R ?R
+Ln +Ln +L +L +L +L -L -L -L -L -Ln
+R +R +? +? +L +L +L ?L ?L -L -L
+L +L +L ?L ?L -L -L -L -? -? -R
-Ln -Ln -R -R -R -R +R +R +R +R +Ln
-R -R -R ?R ?R +R +R +R +? +? +L
-L -L -? -? -R -R -R ?R ?R +R +R
Figure – 27
PRECISION ADJUSTMENT TABLE (MILS)
GUN APEX ANGLE
ON Obsn 0-99 100- 800- 1050- 1400- 1600- 1800- 2150- 2400- 3100-
RIGHT 799 1049 1399 1599 1799 2149 2399 3099 3200
T ?R ?R -R -R -? -? -? -? -L -L ?L
?L ?L +L +L +? +? +? +? +R +R ?R
+Ln +Ln +R +R +R +R -R -R -R -R -Ln
+R +R +R ?R ?R -R -R -R -? -? -L
+L +L +? +? +R +R +R ?R ?R -R -R
-Ln -Ln -L -L -L -L +L +L +L +L +Ln
-R -R -? -? -L -L -L ?L ?L +L +L
-L -L -L ?L ?L +L +L +L +? +? +R
Figure – 27A
PRECISION ADJUSTMENT TABLE (RUKHS)
GUNS APEX ANGLE
ON Obsn 0 -99 100 - 750 - 1000 - 1350 - 1500 - 1700 - 2000 - 2250 - 2900 -
LEFT 749 999 1349 1499 1699 1999 2249 2899 3000
T ?R ?R +R +R +? +? +? +? +L +L ?L
?L ?L -L -L -? -? -? -? -R -R ?R
+Ln +Ln +L +L +L +L -L -L -L -L -Ln
+R +R +? +? +L +L +L ?L ?L -L -L
+L +L +L ?L ?L -L -L -L -? -? --R
-Ln --Ln -R -R -R -R +R +R +R +R +L
-R -R -R ?R ?R +R +R +R +? +? +L
-L -L -? -? -R -R -R ?R ?R +R +R
Figure – 28
100
PRECISION ADJUSTMENT TABLE (RUKHS)

GUNS APEX ANGLE
ON Obsn 0 -99 100 - 750 - 1000 - 1350 - 1500 - 1700 - 2000 - 2250 - 2900-
RIGHT 749 999 1349 1499 1699 1999 2249 2899 3000
?R ?R -R -R -? -? -? -? -L -L ?L
T
?L ?L +L +L +? +? +? +? +R +R ?R
+Ln +Ln +R +R +R +R -R -R -R -R --Ln
+R +R +R ?R ?R -R -R -R -? -? -L
+L +L +? +? +R +R +R ?R ?R -R -R
-Ln -Ln -L -L -L -L +L +L +L +L +Ln
-R -R -? -? -L -L -L ?L ?L +L +L
-L -L -L ?L ?L +L +L +L +? +? +R
Figure – 28A
CHAPTER 6
EMPLOYMENT OF SHELL WITH TIME
OR VT FUZES
SECTION 31 - TIME FUZES - GENERAL
1. The function of a time fuze is to burst the shell at a certain selected
point on the trajectory before it reaches the ground. The appropriate point on
the trajectory will vary with the nature of shoot, as described in Section 32,
34, 35 and 36.
2. For a given gun, the FS required to burst the shell at the correct point
will depend upon following:-
a. Range.
b. MV of the gun.
c. Met and other non standard conditions.
d. For mechanical fuzes, A/S to the target.
101
3. The appropriate FS for any gun may be found either from calculator /
firing table or GFT.
4. FS from Firing Table. FS read from the firing table against range to
the target is that appropriate for:-
a. Standard met and other conditions.
b. Guns of standard MV.
5. FS from Calculator. FS obtained from calculator against range to
the target is appropriate for prevailing met and other conditions if C of M is
applied otherwise it will be for standard conditions as obtained from firing
table.
6. FS from GFT. FS read from GFT under the hairline is same as FS
from firing table. However, if a valid time correction is available, the FS
read under fuze gauge line will be that appropriate for the prevailing met and
other conditions. Fuze gauge line, if available, will always be used when
reading the FS from the GFT. Failing this, the FS should be read under the
elevation gauge line.
7. At observed fire, the necessary allowance for non-standard conditions
is made by the observer, by ordering corrections to FS until required height
of burst is obtained.
8. During programme shoots, predicted FS for each gun is calculated as
described in Chapter 8.
Fuze Corrections
9. In observed fire, when the guns are firing at different elevations, it is
desirable to avoid ordering a separate FS to each gun whenever a change in
FS is required. GPO will, in such cases, order “fuze corrections” to allow for
the difference in elevations. Fuze corrections are not ordered in linear
concentrations. Method of computing fuze corrections is illustrated in the
following example.
102
Example
TABLE X – 105 MM HOW HE M 564 CHARGE 6
Serial Gun 1 Gun 2 Gun 3
1. Map range 8000 8000 8000
2. Gun corrections (Ms) -40 +25 +60
3. (1) + (2) 7960 8025 8060
4. Fuze for range (3) 31.8 32.2 32.4
5. Fuze for range (1) 32 32 32
6. Fuze correction (4-5) - .2 + .2 + .4
Drill at Battery Position

10. When engaging a target with time fuzed shell, observer will normally
give an estimate, in the initial orders of number of rounds per gun required,
so that preparation of ammo may start immediately, e.g.,
“Prepare 9 rounds per gun”
11. GPO will order fuze corrections, if required in his initial orders or as
soon as possible, afterwards. These are applied by each No 1 to all
subsequent FSs ordered during the shoot. The FS ordered by GPO will be
that corresponding to the predicted range / elevation.
12. Fire discipline rules for conduct of a shoot when time and percussion
fuzes are in use are given in FA 3/2 Section 17 and 18.
SECTION 32 - TIME HE
1. Time HE may be used for either of the following purposes:-
a. Datum registration using air bursts.
b. Inflicting casualties on the enemy.
103
Datum Registration
2. The use of time fuzes for datum registration using air bursts is
described in FA 3/5 Section 12.
Specimen Orders
Example-1
TIME REGISTRATION
(105 mm How)
No 3 gun registration target
Single gun registration target
HE M 500 Time, Charge 5
HE M 500 Time
Prepare 6 rounds
Prepare 6 rounds
Deflection 1575, Site 307
Target M 2120, OT 2720 mils
No 3 ranging
Time registration
Fuze 23.5, Elevation 243
Fire Fire
Shorten fuze point 8 Fuze 22.7, Elevation 243
Lengthen Fuze point 4 Fuze 23.1, Elevation 243
Raise site Lengthen Fuze point 2 Site 309, Fuze 23.3, Elevation 243
Repeat Fuze 23.3, Elevation 243
Record time corrections Record as target M 2120
Stand Easy Stand Easy
Example-2
DATUM AND TIME REGISTRATION
(105 mm How)
Observer Orders GPO Orders Remarks
Section registration air burst target, Right section registration target
Prepare 4 rounds, HE M 500 Time charge 5
Target M 4001 Number 2 prepare 4 rounds
OT 4700 mils HE M 557
Deflection 1525, Site 303
Number 2 ranging (1)
Elevation 371
104
Datum and time registration Datum and time registration

Fire Fire
Go left 75 add 100 Deflection 1536, Elevation 396
Number 1 , 1 RGF Elevation 391,
Number 1, 1 RGF (2)
Number 1 rest Number 1 rest,
Time repeat Number 2 report
Deflection, site and elevation (3)
Elevation 391
HE M 500
Site 304 (4)
Fuze 23.5 (5)
Elevation 390 (6)
Shorten fuze point 8 Fuze 22.7, Elevation 390
Lengthen fuze point 4 Fuze 23.1, Elevation 390
Raise site shorten fuze Site 307, Fuze 22.9
point 2 Elevation 390
Record datum and time corrections, Record as target M 4001
Stand easy Stand easy
Remarks
(1) Number 2 gun has least MVV.
(2) Number 1 has been ordered to fire check round.
(3) Data reported by the ranging gun will be checked with gun data ordered
from CP and adjusted elevation will be worked out.
(4) New site will be worked out, refer to FA 3/5 Section 10.
(5) Fuze seen against adjusted elevation + NR.
(6) Adjusted elevation worked out as explained in FA 3/5 Section 10.
105
Inflicting Casualties on Enemy

3. The FSs obtained as described in Section 31 are those required to give
bursts on the line of sight. To obtain best lethal effect, height of bursts
should be raised by 20 Ms above the line of sight. This is done by raising
site through an appropriate amount.
4. In observed fire, it is the responsibility of the observer to order site to
be raised at the appropriate moment. GPO raises the site by using ‘P3’ of
calculator or in case of firing chart manually calculates subtension of 20 Ms
at map range to the target and raises the site by this amount.
5. For predicted fire it is the responsibility of GPO to raise site by the
required amount.
Example
TIME HE SHOOT
(105 mm How)
Battery air burst target Battery target
Prepare 10 rounds per gun HE M 500 Time, Charge 3
GR 135110, Height 400 Ms Prepare 10 rounds per gun
OT 1600 mils Number 3 HE M557
Men in trenches Deflection 1560
Site 302
Number 3 ranging
Elevation 390
Fire Fire
Drop 100 Time Deflection 1555
Elevation 387
Number 3 HE M 500*
Add 50 Fuze 26.7, elevation 385
Shorten fuze 0.8 Fuze 25.9, elevation 385
Lengthen fuze 0.4 Fuze 26.3, elevation 385
Raise site, Lengthen fuze 0.2 Site 304, Fuze 26.5
1 RGF Elevation 388,1 RGF
106
* The ranging gun will fire HE M557 round already loaded at the data
ordered, but will reload at the appropriate moment with HE M 500.
Recording Time Correction
6. GPO will be ordered to record time correction in the following cases:-
a. After a Time Registration. GPO sets up GFT by placing
elevation gauge line over fired elevation plus NR correction and
then draws fuze gauge line over the fired FS.
b. After Successful Engagement of a Target with Time HE. After
a successful time HE shoot observer will usually order “Record
time corrections”. GPO will make a record of final FS ordered
to guns and final predicted elevation. A fuze gauge line will be
drawn on GFT (refer to AI-1 Section 13). This will be valid for
a period of two hours unless superseded earlier by fresh time
corrections. The corrections recorded from a time HE shoot will
not be circulated outside the battery.
SECTION 33 - RICOCHET AIR BURST

1. To obtain air burst effect with percussion fuze, ricochet fire is resorted
to. It is the phenomenon of bouncing shells at target end. This procedure is
used with Eastern Equipment only when time fuzes are not available.
Out Line OP Procedure
2. In ricochet air burst, procedure is same as for normal IN shoot except
following:-
a. Initial Orders
(1) The nature of target is “Battery / Mike ricochet target”.
(2) Observer sends nature of terrain alongwith description of
target.
b. Ranging. A short bracket is established on line OT and MPI is
adjusted at single rounds of gun fire.
107
c. Fire for Effect. Target is engaged with the required number of

rounds of gun fire.
Ammo
3. Ammo used for ricochet fire is as follows:-
a. 122 mm How. HE shell with fuze A2 or A3. The fuze is set for
delay action with “Cap on”.
b. 130 mm Gun. HE shell with fuze Pr M-2 (ERR GA EMM - 2)
“Cap on” set for delay. With fuze B-429 “Cap off” set for
delay action.
CP Procedure
4. Calculator Procedure
a. Both GPOAs feed the GR of target.
b. Range and angle of site is displayed.
c. GPO selects appropriate charge keeping in view the angle of
impact.
d. Thereafter normal procedure of IN shoot is followed.
5. Firing chart procedure is same as for IN shoot.
6. Selection of Charge. To select the charge, angle of impact will be
determined as follows:-
Angle of Impact = Angle of fall + Angle of slope
Angle of fall is worked out from firing table and angle of slope from the
map. In case map of the area is not available, angle of slope in a cross
country terrain is normally taken between 6 to 8 degrees. If the target is on
forward slope, angle of slope will be added to angle of fall and if target is on
the reverse slope, angle of slope will be subtracted from angle of fall while
working out angle of impact. Table given below shows limits of angle of
impact for 122 mm How and 130 mm Gun to obtain ricochet effect.
108
ANGLE OF IMPACT
Equipment Hard ground Soft ground Water Borne Target
122 mm How Not more than Not more than -
366 Rukhs 300 Rukhs
130 mm Gun Between 33 and 333 Rukhs for Between 33 and 167
both hard and soft ground Rukhs
Example
RICOCHET SHOOT
122 mm How 130 mm Gun
Battery Ricochet Target Battery Target Battery Target
GR 457520 HE A2 “Cap on” delay HE Pr M-2 “Cap on”
Height 1400 Charge …, Deflection Delay Sleeve at 3
OT 1700 Rukhs …. Charge …, Deflection...
Troops in trenches Site …,Right Ranging Site ….., Right Ranging
Soft Elevation ….. Elevation …...
Fire Fire Fire
Go Right 200 Drop 200 Deflection… Deflection…
Elevation… Elevation…
Add 100 Deflection…. Deflection…
Drop 50, 1 RGF Deflection…. Deflection…
1 RGF 1 RGF
3 RGF Elevation …..3 RGF Elevation ….3 RGF
Target neutralised Target neutralised Target neutralised
Stand easy Stand easy Stand easy
109
SECTION 34 – SMOKE SHOOTS

1. Ammo
a. BE Smoke Shells. These are carrier shells fitted with a time
and percussion fuze containing a number of canisters filled with
smoke producing mixture. The fuze is set to burst the shell in
the air, short of the target. The canisters are ignited and fall to
the ground, where they emit a dense cloud of smoke. Mostly
BE smoke shells range the same as HE shells and no extra
correction is required. Coloured BE smoke shells are of non-
standard weight thus require a weight correction.
b. WP Smoke Shells. WP smoke shells are fitted with PD fuze
and on impact produce a hot dense ball of smoke with a
pillaring tendency. They range the same as HE shells.
2. Smoke Screens – General. The normal method of producing a
smoke screen is by “Smoke Screen Procedure”. A smoke screen is produced
by simultaneous engagement of one or more “points of origin”, so placed
that the wind causes the smoke produced at these points to form a
continuous screen in the required area (see Figure 29). These points of origin
may be considerable distances apart and it is normal for one point of origin
to be allotted to each gun.
Smoke Screen Procedure
3. Procedure for indicating smoke screen is same irrespective of the level
of shoot. For a smoke screen by a regiment or more principles for Mike and
higher concentrations in Section 26, para 2 apply, and screen may be moved
as a linear concentration (Section 27, para 6).
4. Outline OP Procedure
a. Observer’s initial orders will include number of batteries to
engage and order “Smoke Screen”.
b. Observer indicates upwind point of origin, point one or any
other poiont and downwind point of origin by GR or by ranging
on it.
110
c. He orders “Interpolate FBO …. rounds gun fire …. seconds”.
Figure – 29
Procedure at Battery CP
5. Observed Smoke Screen. During ranging the procedure in the
battery CP is as described for linear concentrations Section 27. On the
observer’s order “point ---- interpolate FBO 1 RGF” further data is worked
out in ‘P5’ using option ‘1’. While using firing chart, the drill will be as
under:-
a. GPOA4 Deduces battery centre data for upwind and downwind
points of origin. Write down predicted HE deflection and
predicted HE range in the Linear Target Form (PAFB-6064).
b. Data for the other points of origin is interpolated and entered in
the appropriate place in the Linear Target Form (see Figure 23).
c. He calculates the concentration, position correction and MVV
correction for each gun at the deflection and range to number 1
gun data. These are entered on Linear Target Form and columns
(e) to (k) are completed.
d. GPO checks the “Data for Prediction” produced by GPOA.
111
e. Elevation and FS is read against predicted range for each gun

using GFT. The fuze length is reduced by 2.0 and columns (1),
(m) and (n) of Linear Target Form are completed.
Example
SMOKE SCREEN SHOOT
(105 mm How)
Battery smoke screen target Battery smoke screen target
Prepare 17 rounds per gun Smoke BE M 501
GR…..Height …........ Charge… Prepare 17 rounds per gun
OT …. Company on ridge No 1 HE M 557
Fire Deflection …. Site…..
No 1 ranging
Elevation …. Company on ridge
Fire
Drop 200 Deflection …. Elevation …..
Point One, Go left 500 Add 400 No 1 Report Deflection, Site and
Elevation
Deflection….Elevation ….
Drop 200 Deflection ….. Elevation …..
Add 100 Smoke Deflection ….. Elevation …...
Smoke BE M 501
Point five, Interpolate FBO No 1 Report Deflection, Site and
15 rounds gun fire, 15 seconds Elevation
Deflection ….No 1…,No 2-----No
5….
FBO
Fuze No1 …No2----- No5.....
Elevation …. No1 …No2----No5....
2 RGF followed by 15 RGF 15
seconds
Fire Fire
Screen effective, stand easy Screen effective, stand easy
112
6. Unobserved Smoke Screen. If observer indicates that he is not

going to carry out any ranging, he will indicate both points of origin (point 1
and any other point) by their GR. Procedure in the CP is generally same as
mentioned in para 5 above. Appropriate option of ‘P5’ of calculator will be
used. For firing chart map data is produced first which is predicted for
battery centre before entering it in Linear Target Form (PAFB-6064). Rest
of the working is same except that data for prediction would be checked for
unobserved limits.
7. For smoke screen fired on a timed programe see Chapter 8.
8. Two Guns per Point. When observer orders, “two guns per point”
(FA 3/4 Section 37) both the guns of a section will fire on one point. The
interval between firing of these two guns allotted to that point will be double
the interval ordered by the observer, e.g:-

Point three. Interpolate. Deflection, No1 …No2......No6...
Two guns per point. FBO
FBO 8 RGF 10 seconds. Fuze, No1 ….No2......No6...
Fire Elevation No1 ….No2......No6...
*10 RGF 20 seconds.
No 1, No3 and No5 Fire
(after 10 seconds)
No 2, No 4 and No 6 Fire
*Two rounds as a convention will be added by the GPO to the number of
rounds ordered for fire for effect. This specimen of order is applicable to
above mentioned situation only where two guns per point has been ordered
(para 8).
9. To Move a Smoke Screen After Engagement. It is only practicable
to move a smoke screen after engagement by ordering a correction which on
conversion in CP is applied equally to all guns. This correction should
always be given with reference to upwind point of origin as a convention,
e.g., “OT 280 mils. Go right 200”. At OT 280 mils a correction of “Go right
200” is applied at the upwind point of origin. Difference between new and
113
old data of the upwind point of origin is found out and applied to all the guns
uniformly. The work in the CP is same as for any other Mike and higher
concentrations.
10. Convention. As it takes sometime for smoke to build up, GPO will
order “2 RGF” extra before executing the observer’s orders for fire for
effect.
Smoke Screen – Alternative Procedure
11. The second method for indicating smoke screen is by registering point
one and giving bearing, number of points and distance between them. If no
ranging is required, the observer orders the GR of point one in the initial
orders. For example “Point one Grid Refrerence 137324, height 150 metres
Bearing 6100 mils, 10 points, 200 metres”.
12. Procedure at Battery CP. During ranging procedure in battery CP
is as described for linear concentrations. On the order “Point one, bearing ...
mils .... points.... metres”. For calculator the procedure is same as given in
Para 5 above. For firing chart following procedure will be adopted:-
a. GPOA-4 notes the deduced battery centre data of point one,
removes target grid template, and plots point one direct on to
firing chart, using the predicted HE deflection and predicted HE
range.
b. He draws a line through the plot at the bearing ordered.
c. Measures distance along this line and marks the points to be
engaged by the battery. He reads deflection and range to each
gun’s point and records them in Linear Target Form (PAFB -
6064).
d. He calculates concentration, position correction and MVV
correction for each gun at deflection and range to Number 1
gun’s point. These are entered on Linear Target Form and
columns e, f and g of the form and columns h to k are
completed. Further procedure is as given in para 5.
114
Example
ALTERNATE PROCEDURE SMOKE SCREEN SHOOT
(105 mm How)
Battery smoke screen target Battery smoke screen target
Prepare 17 rounds per gun Smoke BE M 501
GR ….Height .... Charge ........prepare 17 rounds per gun
OT ..... Number 1 HE M 557
Company on ridge Deflection ..... Site .......
Number 1 ranging, Elevation .....
Company on Ridge
Fire Fire
Drop 200 smoke Deflection ......Elevation .....
Smoke BE M 501
Add 100 Deflection ..... Fuze ..... Elevation .....
Point one, Bearing ........ Number 1 report deflection ,site and
6 points, ……M elevation
FBO 15 RGF, 20 seconds Deflection ….No 1…,No 2-----No 6….
FBO
Fuze No1 …No2----- No6.....
Elevation …. No1 …No2-----No6.....
2 RGF followed by 15 RGF 20 seconds
Fire Fire
Screen effective Stand easy Screen effective Stand easy
Distribution of Points to Batteries

13. Both for standard and alternate procedures, if number of points of
origin are more than six, point 1 and the next five points (point 2 to 6) are
always engaged by the senior battery. The other batteries in order of
seniority engage the remaining points e.g., 7 to 12, 13 to 18.
14. Quick Neutralization with Smoke. If quick smoke is required then
a Smoke Shoot is carried out.
115
Example
QUICK SMOKE SHOOT
(105 mm How)
Battery smoke target Battery target
Prepare 12 rounds per gun Smoke BE M 501, Charge 4
GR 137444 Prepare 12 rounds per gun
Height 300 Ms Number 1 HE M 51
OT 4840 mils Deflection 1680, Site 312
Number 1 ranging Number 1 ranging
Machine gun on ridge Elevation 351
Fire Machine gun on ridge
Fire
Go left 300 Deflection 1740, Elevation 344
Smoke Elevation 344, Number 1, 1 RGF
FBO (After ranging gun cleared)
4 RGF, 20 seconds Smoke BE M 501
FBO
Fuze 16.1, Elevation 344
2 RGF followed by 4 RGF, 20 seconds
Fire Fire
Notes
a. The GPO selects the lowest suitable charge.
b. As number 1 gun is loaded with wrong ammo this gun is
ordered “Number 1, 1 RGF” to clear this round and “Shot 1
HE” is reported to the observer (FA 3/2 Section 17).
c. Fuze corrections are not given for observed smoke shoots.
Emergency Smoke Shoot
15. If direct fire is brought to bear against the battery position from close
range, it may be possible to blind the enemy by firing smoke from one or
116
more guns. The GPO should consider whether some guns should be used to
fire HE until the screen put down by the other guns has become effective.
16. The normal anti-tank sectors may be used as a quick means of
indication of the target to the battery as a whole, and GPO will normally go
to one gun and direct it at required point of origin.
17. If screen is being formed as a cover for withdrawal, GPO decides
which gun is to be last to leave the position and himself controls fire of this
gun. BHM orders gun towers onto the position as soon as the screen is
effective. Each gun which has been firing smoke should fire two rounds
immediately before moving, to ensure that the screen persists till they get
away. GPO is responsible for the last gun, Whereas AGPO should lead the
remaining battery from position of assembly.
18. No 1 must watch the complete screen and place rounds where these
are required to prevent gaps. Normal sequence of laying may not be
followed. The gun can be laid for direction with sufficient accuracy by
looking along the barrel and it should be depressed to point blank and fuzes
set to, “one point five” when using fuze M 501.
Example
EMERGENCY SMOKE SCREEN SHOOT
(105 mm How)
GPO Orders Remarks
Battery Emergency Smoke Screen
Target For BE smoke Fuze 1.5
Smoke WP M 51 charge 2
Right Sector Alternatively the GPO may align one
Reference point Lone Tree gun at the required point of origin and
Right 3 O’ Clock 50 mils order “On” when the gun is directed at
Enemy in bushes the target.
Engage
Coloured Smoke
19. Coloured smoke shells are normally used for such purposes as
marking targets for aircraft, for indicating the end of a phase of fire plan or
117
the end of a fire plan to the supported arm. Their use requires no special
procedure at the guns, other than the application of the normal rules of fire
discipline.
SECTION 35 - DPICM SHOOT

1. DPICM (Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions) Shell is
HE, BE projectile with a mechanical time fuze and a body assembly
containing a number of sub-munitions. Presently, DPICM is only provided
with 155 mm How M109 / M198, i.e. Shell HE M 483 A1. This shell ejects
88 (64 x M-42 and 24 x M-46) dual purpose grenades i.e. anti armour and
anti personnel. On functioning of fuze MTSQ M-577, centrifugal force
dispenses grenades radially from projectile’s line of flight in air. Size and
shape of sub-munitions dispersion patterns are not constant and change over
ranges. Concentration of sub-munitions is also not uniform over entire target
area.
2. DPICM∗ can be fired on two modes:-
a. Fire for Effect Mode. When ranging is carried out with
normal HE ground burst shells and DPICM is only fired for fire
for effect. DPICM is prepared with expelling charge and
appropriate FS for fuze MTSQ M-577 to cause an air burst.
b. Self Registration Mode. When ranging is also carried out with
DPICM on ground burst role. Shell is prepared with spotting
charge and appropriate FS for fuze MTSQ M-577 to cause
ground burst. However, to conserve this ammo, use on self
registration mode will be avoided.
CP Procedure
3. Following firing tables will be used in this shoot:-
a. Firing Table AM-2. To obtain data for HE ground burst
shells.
∗
Term “DPICM” is used for Shell HE M 483 A1 in this section.
118
b. Firing Table AN-1. For solution of DPICM met message /

initial data for graze burst.
c. Addendum J -1 to Firing Table AN-1(Add J-1). To obtain
data for fire for effect and subsequent corrections in
conjunction with AN-1.
4. CP procedure till order for change of ammo, is similar to an IN shoot.
On change of ammo GPO will plot the target at reduced data. He will work
out new map data for this plot and will proceed as in subsequent paras.
5. Working Out Data for 1st DPICM Round
a. C of M. Separate met message will be solved for DPICM.
As soon as change of ammo is ordered, C of M worked out for
DPICM will be applied to map data (Para 4 above).
b. Find out predicted QE by adding site into predicted TE
(computed in ‘a’ above) for DPICM.
c. Low Level Wind Correction
(1) Determine wind direction and speed from ‘line 1’ of
met message.
(2) From Add J-1 determine low level wind correction for 1
knot against predicted QE for DPICM (‘b’ above)
rounded off to nearest 5 mils.
(3) Multiply wind speed with factor determined (2) above
and calculate total low level wind correction.
(4) Use wind direction as OT bearing and apply low level
wind correction as “Add Correction” to target plot (para
4 above) and work out fresh deflection and elevation.
d. Elevation
(1) Convert new elevation into predicted QE.
(2) Find correction against this predicted QE from Add J-1,
Table A column 2.
119
(3 ) Add this correction to predicted QE to determine

corrected QE for firing.
e. FS
(1) Initial FS will be obtained form Firing Table AN-1
against predicted range to new target plot (para 4 above).
(2) Apply fuze C of M worked out for DPICM.
(3) Find correction against predicted FS in (2) above from
Add J-1, Table B column 2.
(4) Apply this correction algebraically to this FS to
determine corrected FS for firing.
f. Deflection. Deflection C of M computed in ‘a’ above will be
applied to all rounds fired.
6. Data for Subsequent Rounds
a. Line / Range Correction. Any line / range correction will be
plotted on firing chart using target grid template to obtain map
data. For computation of corrected QE and FS for subsequent
rounds follow steps given in ‘5d’ and ‘5e’ above.
b. Correction to Height of Burst.
(1) Enter column 1 of Table A, Add J-1against corrected QE
to find correction to QE for increase in 50 Ms in height
of burst from column 3.
(2) Determine total correction to QE accordingly.
(3) Apply this correction algebraically to corrected QE to
determine new corrected QE.
(4) Enter column 1 of Table B, Add J-1against corrected FS
to find correction to FS for increase in 50 Ms in height of
burst from column 3.
(5) Determine total correction to FS accordingly.
(6) Apply this correction algebraically to corrected FS.
120
c. For any correction to range and/or height of burst will require

alteration to both QE and FS.
Example
DPICM SHOOT
(155 mm How M109 / M198)
Section DPICM target Centre Section DPICM target
Prepare 4 rounds per gun Prepare 4 rounds per gun
GR 935295 Height 237 Ms HE DPICM M577 Ch 6 W
OT 4700 mils No 3 HE M557
Enemy tanks and infantry Deflection 3125, Site 3000
Centre ranging, Elevation 371
En tanks and infantry
Fire Fire
Go Left 200 Add 400 Deflection 3153, Elevation 407
Add 100, DPICM Deflection 3154, Elevation 398,
DPICM
Drop 50 Deflection 3154, Fuze 21.6
Elevation 391
Up 100, 4 RGF Fuze 22.0, Elevation 421, 4 RGF
5 Tanks damaged 5 Tanks damaged
10 persons killed, stand easy 10 persons killed, stand easy
SECTION 36 - ILLUMINATING SHOOTS

1. Star or Illuminating Shell. Star shells are of carrier type and
contain a star case, filled with an illuminating composition connected to a
parachute. The shell bursts high in the air, whereupon the star composition is
ignited and descends slowly to the ground, illuminating a wide area beneath.
The lowest possible charge should be used. Star shell may be used to enable
the observer to engage targets or observe fire on targets at night.
121
2. Except for the engagement of target at night the use of illuminating

shell is pre-arranged. When illuminating shoot is pre-arranged the orders
must include the following:-
a. Location of the points of burst required (GR and ground
height).
b. Height of burst required.
c. Rate of fire.
3. When the observer engages a target at night with the help of
illumination his nature of target will be “............... star target”. This
implies:-
a. Illuminating or star shells are to be prepared.
b. The observer will first range one gun to adjust illumination over
the target. GPO is responsible for bursting the illuminating shell
at the correct height (para 4). After the report “Illumination
correct” is received from observer GPO does not fire
illuminating shell till so ordered.
c. Ranging with HE, without illumination, is carried out till the
order “illumination” is received from observer.
d. GPO now fires illuminating shell before each HE round so that
the target area is illuminated when the HE round lands. The gap
between firing these two rounds should be equal to the
difference between their time of flight and an additional
allowance (which can be gauged by experience of one or two
rounds), to enable the illumination to become effective.
e. Fire for effect is carried out subsequently as ordered by
observer.
4. Height of Burst. The correct height of burst for various equipment
is:-
a. 105 mm How /105 mm (Pack) How - 750 Ms
b. 122 mm How / D-30 - 400 Ms / 650 Ms
122
c. 130 mm Gun, 155 mm Gun and

155mm How (SB) - 600 Ms
d. 155 mm How M 109A2/ M 198
(1) Shell M485A2 - 600 Ms
(2) Shell M118 - 750 Ms
CP Procedures -Illuminating Shoot
5. Calculator Procedure. ‘P0’ of the calculator is used to obtain the
data for HE round and illumination data is obtained from ‘P6’. Data for
subsequent target grid corrections is obtained on similar lines.
6. Firing Chart Procedure
a. Obtain map deflection and map range to the point of burst from
firing chart. Work out site for the ground height.
b. Apply the deflection correction for HE shell to get predicted
deflection. Convert the map range into predicted range.
c. Enter ‘Illumination Part’ of firing table at predicted range and
read corresponding FS and elevation. This elevation and FS
given in firing table is for the optimum height of burst. This
will be passed as data for first illumination round. After seeing
first illumination round, observer may adjust height of burst by
ordering “Up/Down ______”. Procedure for subsequent rounds
is as under:-
(1) All Equipment (less 155 mm Gun/122 mm How). On this
order, GPO will determine change in FS and elevation
for 50 Ms change in altitude from relevant columns
against the map range. GPO then works out change in
FS and elevation corresponding to the correction ordered
by the observer. This change in elevation and FS is then
added to or subtracted from the last fired elevation and
FS.
123
Example - 155 mm How M 109 / M 198 (Firing table AM-2)

(a) Charge 6W
(b) Map range 8000 Ms
(c) Predicted range 8400 Ms
(d) Data for first illumination round against predicted
range:-
i. Elevation - 439.5 mils
(Ordered 440)
ii. FS (Fuze M 565) - 24.8
(e) Observer ordered “Up 100 Ms”
(f) Change in elevation and FS against map range
8000 Ms for 100 Ms:-
i. Elevation change - 14.0 mils
ii. FS change - 0.12
(g) Data for second round:-
i. Elevation - 440+14.0=454mils
ii. FS - 24.8+.12=24.92
(Ordered 24.9)
(14.0 and 0.12 is added in elevation and FS
respectively as the order is “Up”)
(2) 155 mm Gun/122 mm How. On this order, change in
elevation for 50 Ms /50 feet, change in height of burst is
determined from the appropriate firing tables using map
range. Change in elevation for the required change in
height of burst is added to or subtracted from the
original elevation ordered. No change is made to the FS.
124
Example - 122 mm How

(a) Charge 2
(b) Map range 8000 yds
(c) Predicted range 8200 yds
(d) Data for first illumination round against predicted
range:-
i. Elevation - 456.3 rukhs
(Ordered 456)
ii. FS - 71.0
(e) Observer ordered “Down 450 feet”
(f) Change in elevation against map range 8000 yds
for 450 feet is 18.0 rukhs.
(g) Data for second round
i. Elevation - 456-18.0=438 rukhs
ii. FS - 71.0
(There is no change in FS)
Example
ILLUMINATING SHOOT
Battery star target Battery star target Battery star target
No 1 star HE A2 charge 3 HE M 51 charge 4
No 1 prepare 14 rounds No 1 star T6 No 1 Illuminating M501
GR.... Height ..... No 1 prepare 14 rounds No 1 prepare 14 rounds
OT ........... Deflection ..... Site..... Deflection ..... Site.....
Number 1 ranging No 1 ranging No 1 ranging
Fuze ....Elevation .... Fuze ......Elevation ........
No 1 elevation…… No 1 elevation……
125
Infantry locality Infantry locality Infantry locality

Fire Fire Fire
Go right 200 drop 200 Deflection ....Fuze..... Deflection ....Fuze.....
Elevation ...... Elevation ......
No 1, Elevation...... No 1, Elevation......
Illumination correct No 1 rest No 1 rest
centre ranging repeat Centre ranging Centre ranging
Elevation...... Elevation ....
Drop 200 Deflection ..,Elevation .. Deflection ..,Elevation ..
Illumination repeat No 1 take post. No 1 take post.
FBO Number 1 and FBO No 1 and
No 3,1 RGF No 3,1 RGF
No 1 fire (gap) No 1 fire (gap)
No 3 fire No 3 fire
No 1 rest No 1 rest
Increase gap by 10 Deflection ..,Elevation .. Deflection ..,Elevation ..
seconds. Add 100 No 1 take post Number 1 take post
No 1 and No 3 Number 1 and No 3
1 RGF 1 RGF
No 1 fire No 1 fire
(gap increased) (gap increased)
No 3 fire No 3 fire
No 1 rest No 1 rest
1 RGF No 1 take post No 1 take post
1 RGF 1 RGF
Fire Fire
No 1 rest No 1 rest
Add 50 repeat Deflection ..,Elevation .. Deflection ..,Elevation ..
No 1 take post No 1 take post
1 RGF 1 RGF
Fire Fire
No 1 rest No 1 rest
5 RGF No 1 take post No 1 take post
126
No 1, 3RGF 5 RGF 5 RGF

30 Seconds No 1, No 1,
3 RGF 30 Seconds. 3 RGF 30 Seconds.
Fire Fire
Target neutralised Target neutralised Target neutralised
Stand easy Stand easy Stand easy
7. Battlefield Illumination. In case observer is called upon to

provide illumination over the battlefield, CP procedures will be as follows :-
a. Linear Illumination. On the order “Point 1, bearing _______,
___ points, ____ metres” from observer, the layout will be
plotted on the firing charts and data for individual guns will be
worked out as in the case of smoke screen (Alternative
procedure). The GPO is responsible for bursting the star shell at
the correct height (para 4).
b. Box Illumination. On the order “Point 1, box bearing ____,
___ points, ____ metres, bearing ___, ___ points, ___ metres”,
the layout will be plotted on the firing charts, numbering the
points in the clockwise direction with respect to point 1 (Figure
30). The data for individual guns will then be worked out on the
linear target form and passed to the guns.
Figure 30 – Box Illumination

127
Example 1
LINEAR ILLUMINATION
(105 mm How)
Observer orders GPO Orders
Battery star target Battery star target
Prepare 12 rounds per gun Illuminating M 501, Charge 5
GR 276750, Height 400 Ms Prepare 12 rounds per gun
OT 1600 mils Deflection....., Site........
Area illumination Number 1 Ranging
Fuze....., Elevation.......
Fire Fire
Go Right 200 drop 200 Deflection....., Fuze......, Elevation.......
Up 100 Ms Fuze....., Elevation.......
Point 1 bearing 3200 mils Deflection ….No 1…,No 2-----No 6….
6 points 800 Ms FBO
FBO Fuze No1 …No2----- No6.....
12 RGF 30 seconds Elevation …. No1 …No2-----No6.....
12 RGF 30 seconds
Fire Fire
Illumination effective stand Illumination effective stand easy
easy
Example 2
BOX ILLUMINATION
(105 mm How)
Battery Star target Battery Star target
Preparation 12 RPG Illuminating M 501 charge 5
GR 218884 Height 400 Ms Preparation 12 RPG
OT 4100 mils Area Illumination Deflection...., Site.....
Number 1 ranging
Fuze...., Elevation.....
Fire Fire
Add 400 Deflection....., Fuze......, Elevation.......
128
Up 150 Ms Fuze....., Elevation.......

Point 1 box bearing 400 mils Deflection ….No 1…,No 2-----No 6….
3 Points 800 Ms bearing 2000 FBO
mils Fuze No1 …No2----- No6.....
2 Points 800 Ms Elevation …. No1 …No2-----No6.....
FBO 12 RGF 30 seconds
12 RGF 30 seconds
Fire Fire
Illumination effective, Stand Illumination effective, Stand easy
easy
SECTION 37 - VT SHOOT
1. VT and CVT fuzes may be issued for use with HE shell. These fuzes
are issued in separate containers, are very delicate and sensitive and are to be
handled with extra care.
2. VT fuze possesses considerable advantages over the normal time
fuzes used with HE shells. These fuzes do not require FS and functioning of
fuze is independent of range, MV of the gun, met conditions (except heavy
rain) and A/S to the target.
3. The CVT fuze, however, needs a FS which must be set to correspond
to the predicted time to target, so that, fuze gets armed shortly before
reaching the target and functions in its proximity. If the VT element fails to
perform, the fuze will function on impact like super quick.
Procedure when Using VT Fuzes
4. Selection of Charge. With high angle fire the highest charge
should be used. In low angle fire the lowest charge which will achieve the
desired degree of accuracy and arm the fuze, should be used.
5. Crest Clearance. When VT fuzes are to be used, special crest
clearance data must be prepared, see Section 25 paras 13 to 15.
6. Engagement of Target by Observed Fire. Ranging is carried out
with percussion fuzes, and no ranging for fuze length is required. GPO is
129
responsible for applying correction necessary to range when changing from

percussion to VT fuzes at fire for effect as given in the firing tables and for
raising the site equivalent to 20 Ms (low angle fire only).
Example
VT SHOOT
(155 mm How M198)
Battery VT target Battery VT target
Prepare 5 rounds per gun HE M 97 charge 3, Prepare 5 RPG
GR........Height ..........OT......... Number 3 HE M557
En infantry attacking Deflection ...., Site .....
Number 3 ranging
Elevation ......
En infantry attacking
Fire Fire
Ranging Continues
Drop 100 VT Deflection ....., Elevation....., VT
Add 50 1 RGF Deflection ......, Elevation ......,
1 RGF
3 RGF 3 RGF
Target neutralised, Stand easy Target neutralised, Stand easy
CHAPTER 7
SPECIAL SHOOTS
SECTION 38 - PROPAGANDA SHOOT
1. Ammo. Unlike other types of shells which are fully factory
assembled propaganda shells are assembled to permit field insertion of
propaganda leaflets, bundled together to fit to projectile cavity.They permit
efficient ejection without damaging the propaganda material. BE smoke
shell M-84 (105 mm How), T-107 (155 mm How) etc are issued empty as
130
propaganda shells. Shells should be weighed after they are filled to

determine the mean weight.
2. Procedure in CP. Since no separate firing tables are available for
these shells, the elevation and FS to be computed from HE firing table. The
procedure is as follows:-
a. Plot GR of the centre of area.
b. From the met message find wind speed and direction at ‘line 0’.
Plot GR of an upwind point at a distance in Ms of 44 times the
wind speed in miles per hour. This will allow for the drift of
leaflets.
c. Measure the deflection and range to this point.
d. Convert this data into predicted deflection, site and predicted
range as for HE shell.
e. Apply the weight correction to predicted range. Convert the
resulting range into elevation and read the FS against it.
f. Raise the site equivalent to 100 Ms at map range.
SECTION 39- ASSAULT FIRE

1. General. Assault fire is a special technique of indirect fire which is
used for destruction of stationary targets with a vertical dimension such as
concrete bunkers, pill-boxes, embankments, caves and other fixed
fortifications.
2. Ammo
a. Projectiles. HE shell is normally used for assault fire. Deep
penetration can be obtained with 155 mm gun /130 mm gun
firing armour piercing shells with super/full charge.
b. Fuzes. Percussion or concrete piercing fuzes e.g., Fuze M 51 or
CPM 78 / B 429 set at non-delay or super quick (SQ) are used
during ranging. Same fuzes set at ‘delay’ may be used during
131
fire for effect. If excessive ricochets result from the use of

percussion or concrete piercing fuzes set at delay, non-delay or
super quick setting should be used until cratering has been
effected to prevent ricochet due to delay fuze. (The CP will
apply a site correction of up 1 yd/M at map range to the target
whenever during the shoot, the observer changes over to fuze
CPM 78).
c. Charge. The highest most consistent charge which will clear
the intervening crest is used to obtain maximum terminal
velocity and a flat trajectory.
Procedure at Gun End
3. Maximum effective ranges (rounded off) for different equipments for
various charges corresponding to 60 mils angle of fall are given below
(weapons are listed in order of preference for assault fire):-
Table XI
Serial Equipment Charge Maximum Effective Range
a. 8" How M 110 9 4700 Ms
8 WB 4000 Ms
7 WB 3100 Ms
6 WB 2400 Ms
5 WB 1800 Ms
5 GB 1700 Ms
b. 8" How 7 3100 Ms
6 2300 Ms
5 1700 Ms
4 1300 Ms
c. 155 mm Gun Super 5100 Ms
Normal 3400 Ms
d. 130 mm Gun Full 6000 Ms
1 4900 Ms
2 1900 Ms
e. 155 mm How 8 3600 Ms
M 198 and M 109 7 2700 Ms
132
6 2000 Ms
5 WB 1500 Ms
5 GB 1300 Ms
f. 155 mm How 7 2700 Ms
6 2000 Ms
g. 122 mm How D-30 Full 3400 Ms
Reduced 2500 Ms
h. 122 mm How Full 2400 yds/2200 Ms
1 1800 yds/1600 Ms
j. 105 mm How 7 1900 Ms
6 1400 Ms
4. Planning and Preparation. Generally, GPO himself will go with

the gun although no CP is required. However, when several guns are to be
employed section commanders may be sent as GPOs with individual guns.
Weather conditions will not materially affect placing the MPI closer because
of short range and very low trajectory passing through localised near surface
weather. However, VE and charge temperature corrections should be
applied. When engaging targets with assault fire following preparations
become necessary:-
a. A defiladed gun position is selected preferably with a covered
approach so that the gun is brought into action unseen and the
muzzle glow is not visible from the enemy area.
b. Gun is brought into action, aligned with the target with the help
of compass or any other practical means and C/A is recorded.
c. Target location is determined by map spotting, but survey is
preferable when possible.
d. Clinometer laying is used throughout the shoot.
e. Tabular firing tables are used as GFTs do not give elevations
for very short ranges.
133
f. No firing chart is required. Range and bearing from gun

position to target may be determined by computation before
occupying the assault fire position.
g. Before the order “Adjust MPI” the corrections to deflection will
be received to the nearest mil / rukh, these will be applied
directly to the deflection. The range corrections will be received
in Ms; for these the GPO will find out the elevation change for
100 Ms from firing tables and keep on ordering fresh elevations
according to the corrections.
h. After the order “Adjust MPI” elevation corrections will also be
received in mils/ rukhs. These corrections will be applied
directly to the gun data.
j. For deflection the gun will be laid using a special procedure
(see para 5 below).
5. Laying for Deflection. With the special procedure explained in this
para it is possible to lay for deflection to an accuracy of a quarter mil/rukh.
A deflection board (constructed as shown in figures 31 and 32) is clamped
on the near aiming post which should have been planted at exactly 50
yds/Ms from the gun sight.
6. The deflection ordered is applied in two portions ie, upto 1 mil/rukh
on the sight and the remaining portion by laying the vertical reticle on the
required band of the deflection board.
7. Laying on Deflection Board. Deflection board (Figures 31 and 32)
has three black bands in between are two white bands, making a total of five
bands. The black band in line with the aiming post is used when deflection is
ordered in whole mil/rukh. When fractional deflections are ordered the
vertical reticle will be offset from this black band by an amount of one band
for each quarter of a mil/rukh. Following examples illustrate the laying
procedure:-
a. US Equipment. The deflection ordered is 1623 ½. 1623 will be
set on panoramic telescope and sight line moved by two bands.
134
Width of each Black / White Band

is .48 inch / 1.23 cm which is subtention of .25 mils at range 50 Ms
Figure 31 – Deflection Board (Mils)
Width of each Black / White Band

is .52 inch / 1.31 cm which is subtention of .25 mils at range 50 Ms
Figure 32 – Deflection Board (Rukhs)
135
Vertical reticle will be on middle black band. If deflection is

1622 ¼, 1622 will be set on panoramic telescope and sight line
moved by one band.Vertical reticle will be on first white band.
b. Eastern Equipment. The deflection ordered is 5064 ½.
5064 will be set on panoramic telescope and sight line moved
by two bands. Vertical reticle will be on middle black band. If
deflection is 5064 ¼, 5064 will be set on panoramic telescope
and sight line moved by one band. Vertical reticle will be on
first white band.
Example
ASSAULT FIRE SHOOT
(105 mm How)
Single gun assault target Number 1 gun assault target
GR 345982, Height 210 Ms HE M 78 Charge 7
OT-BT Deflection 1614
Clinometre Laying, Site 3000
Number 1 ranging, Elevation 45.4
Enemy Bunker, Fire Enemy Bunker, Fire
Right 28 mils Drop 200 Deflection 1586
Elevation 41.8
(Elevation change for 100 Ms is 1.8)
Right 4 mils Add 100 Deflection 1582
Elevation 43.6
Up one point two Elevation 43.9
Down point six Elevation 43.3
Down point three Elevation 43.0
Right one and a half mils Up point Deflection 1582-1/2
two Elevation 43.2
Delay, repeat Elevation 43.2, Delay
Elevation 43.2
Repeat Elevation 43.2
Target destroyed, Empty gun Elevation 43.2, 1 RGF
Stand easy Stand easy
136
SECTION 40 - ENGAGEMENT OF GUNSHIP HELICOPTERS

1. Gunship Helicopters are a serious and potent threat to gun position. A
gunship helicopter may position itself at varying heights to engage the
targets from a safe stand off distance. Generally these helicopters will be
engaged by firing HE and WP smoke airburst ammo in their vicinity to
cause deterrence and damage by splinter, smoke and incendiary effects. It is
not possible to lay down one set of ranges and altitudes for working out
firing data beforehand for all the situations as they depend on:-
a. Technique of attack by helicopters.
b. Terrain.
c. Weather.
d. Weapon system employed by helicopters.
e. Location of own troops.
f. Early warning system.
2. Ranges and altitudes for engagement of gunship helicopters will be
laid down keeping above mentioned factors in consideration.
CP Procedure
3. GPO will work out QEs and FS at various ranges to engage
helicopters at different heights. This data will be different for all guns,
keeping No 3 gun at actual range and staggering ranges for other guns to
1000 Ms. QEs will be worked out by adding TE and A/S to respective
ranges. NR will not be included because of its negligible effects. The highest
possible charge will be used to engage helicopters with minimum of delay.
FS should be seen against TE.
Example
a. Range to the helicopter - 3800 Ms
b. Height of the helicopter - 1000 Ms
c. Guns - 105 mm How
d. Charge - 7
137
Gun Range Elevation A/S QE FS
No 1 3400 93.4 291.4 384.8 8.8
No 2 3600 100.6 276.0 376.6 9.4
No 3 3800 108.1 262.1 370.2 10.1
No 4 4000 115.8 249.5 365.3 10.7
No 5 4200 123.7 238.7 362.4 11.3
No 6 4400 131.8 227.6 359.4 12.0
4. After calculating data for different sets of ranges and heights for
various guns, GPO will prepare “GPO/No 1 Heli Data Card”. For ease of
application a set of range and height will be denoted by a range number. For
example, range number 2 of “GPO Heli Data Card” indicates range to
helicopter 3600 Ms, whereas for each “No 1 Heli Data Card” it gives such
elevation and FS which will cause the fire of the battery to spread over an
area of approximately 200 x 1000 Ms.
Example
GPO HELI DATA CARD

Range No Range (M) Height (M)
1 3600 1000
2 3600 500
3 3800 1000
4 3800 500
5 4000 1000
6 4000 500
138
NO 1 HELI DATA CARD

GUN NO 3 HE/WP
Range No Elevation FS
1 335 8.2
2 321 8.0
3 348 8.6
4 340 8.1
5 370 10.1
6 345 9.2
Engagement Procedure and Specimen Orders
5. On receipt of early warning of an approaching gunship helicopter
from local OP, observer, higher HQ or any other source, GPO will order
“Heli Alert”. On this order No 1 proceeds as under:-
a. Order preparation of requisite HE and smoke ammo.
b. Appoint one person on look out.
c. Ensure availability of “No 1 Heli Data Card”.
6. On spotting the helicopter, GPO will estimate the range and altitude
for selection of appropriate range number from “GPO Heli Data Card”. He
will order engagement of target as under:-
‘Heli Target’
‘Right Sector’ or ‘Reference Point Pole right 3 O’clock 70 mils’
‘Range No 5’
‘Engage’
7. As time is of prime importance gun will be roughly laid for direction
and “No 1 Heli Data Card” will be used for obtaining elevation and FS
against appropriate range number. QE will be laid on elevation scale and site
kept standard.The firing should continue till the helicopter is destroyed,
disappears or otherwise ordered by the GPO. If required the GPO may order
an alteration to the FS and / or elevation.
139
Miscellaneous Aspects
8. All the AA weapons deployed for local defence should also engage
the target.
9. For equipment not provided with time fuzes, AA weapons are only
available for engagement of gunship helicopters.
10. If attack of gunship helicopters is likely, own troops / infantry present
in the intended areas of engagement must be cautioned in advance.
CHAPTER 8
PROGRAMME SHOOTS
SECTION 41 – GENERAL
1. A “programme shoot” is any shoot conducted on a timed programme.
Such a shoot may involve no more than the engagement of a single target by
a battery, or it may involve more number of guns firing large programmes in
support of a major operation.
2. CP procedures for executing Quick Fire Plans have already been
covered in Section 29. This chapter deals with CP procedures related to
Deliberate Fire Plans, concentrations and CB.
SECTION 42 – DUTIES AT RHQ AND AT CPs

1. Written fire plans will usually be issued as annexure to an operation
order as task tables alongwith a target list and target trace, showing such
details as the allotment of tasks to regiments, timings, ammo and rates of fire
etc. These are received at RHQ at the scale of two for RHQ and two per
battery CP. Task Tables can also be received verbally on wireless set or
telephone.
2. The adjutant’s first step on receipt of orders for a fire plan, is to send a
warning order to batteries so that the preparation of ammo may be started.
He then marks each battery’s tasks on the trace and task table and issues
140
these together with the target lists. These details are described
comprehensively in the sections dealing with particular types of fire plan.
3. During the programme, the adjutant exercises any necessary control
over the fire of the regiment. Such control may involve: -
a. Ensuring synchronization at the beginning of the fire plan and
at the beginning and end of its various phases.
b. Passing orders for modifications to the fire plan to batteries,
when received from divisional artillery HQ or from an officer
authorized to order modifications.
4. Synchronization. The adjutant may control the synchronization of
the timed programme by any of the following means: -
a. By synchronizing watches with batteries before the fire plan
starts. This must always be done to cater for communication
failure.
b. By giving the order to fire for the opening serial and for any
other serials for which synchronization is particularly
important. In the case of serials for which a Time on Target has
been ordered, instead of ordering fire he will count down the
time. Each battery will fire on hearing its own time of flight.
c. By giving the order “Stop loading” immediately before the
programme is due to end, or by ordering “Serial … stop” at the
end of any serial for which accurate synchronization at the end
is particularly important.
5. He must always warn batteries if methods 4 b and c are to be used. If
communications fail, the control of synchronization devolves upon GPOs,
who base their timing upon the initial synchronization of watches.
6. If so ordered, the adjutant will report to divisional artillery HQ or to
the rep of his regiment with the attacking troops, as soon as the last rounds
of the fire plan or of any phase of it have been fired. The report “…
(Nickname or Serial) all gone” is used in these circumstances. A similar
report is used, when required, between GPOs and the adjutant.
141
7. The duties at RHQ in the preparation and issue of orders for fire plans
originating within the regiment are described in FA 1/6 Section 17-19.
Battery CPs
8. The GPO must pass the initial warning orders received from RHQ to
the guns. In addition, he must as soon as he receives the fire plan orders,
determine accurately the nature (including the charge to be used) and the
quantity of ammo required for each serial. He must order the guns to
prepare ammo accordingly.
9. He is responsible to: -
a. Prepare and issue gun programmes to Nos 1.
b. Arrange rechecking of data and ammo.
10. Gun Programmes. Fire orders are issued to Nos.1 in the form of
gun programmes on form PAFB-6058. GPO is responsible for the
application of the latest C of M before the programme is to be fired and of
all other necessary corrections as described in FA 3/5 Section 11. Gun
programmes should be issued to Nos.1 at least 30 minutes before the first
serial is due to be fired except for Quick Fire Plan.
11. Organization of Work. The work in the battery CP must be very
well organized if speed and accuracy in preparation of gun programmes is to
be achieved. A suggested method of organizing the work is given, for
concentrations in Section 45 and for barrages in Section 49.
12. Checking. All work must be checked independently. When the
situation allows, the whole process down to the preparation of gun
programmes, should be carried out independently in duplicate in the battery
CP and the results compared / rechecked.
13. Adjustment of VEs. With medium or heavy guns it may be
necessary in a long duration programme to adjust the adopted VEs of the
battery to allow for wear of the guns during the shoot. This adjustment is
made during the computations and is done on the basis of EFCs to be fired.
The MV loss expected for these EFCs is read from the wear tables and
applied to the adopted VEs. An adjustment is necessary for an expected MV
142
loss equivalent to about 25 Ms in range. More than one adjustment may be

necessary in one programme.
SECTION 43 – DUTIES AT THE GUNS

1. Work at the gun position is based on the warning orders received from
the battery CP. The duties described below are common to all types of
programme shoot.
Preparation of Ammo
2. All ammo to be used must, if possible, is prepared before the
programme starts, as during the programme there will be little time for the
preparation of charges or for FS. A possible exception to this rule is
described at para 4 below.
3. Immediately the warning order is received from the battery CP, work
can begin on preparing a sufficient number of rounds of the right nature at
each gun. Ammo should be stacked in groups and charges should be
prepared, checked and marked. A number of spare rounds should be
prepared to allow for modifications to the fire plan. Mixed lots should be
fired unless otherwise specified.
4. When time fuzes are to be used, it will generally be necessary to
uncap and set them to the required FS for each serial as soon as the
necessary data is available. If possible, when powder burning time fuzes are
to be used, minimum number should be uncapped and set, the remainder
being prepared during the progress of the timed programme.
Sight Testing
5. Sights must, whenever possible, be fully tested before a timed
programme is fired.During the programme, the elevation of each gun must
be checked periodically to ensure that the sights have remained in
adjustment. The elevation and site (or QE) for each serial will be entered on
the gun programme and Section Commanders can check the QE of each gun
by field clinometer or gunner’s quadrant at any stage during the shoot.
143
Conduct of the Shoot

6. Timings. The timings given on the task table are always assumed to
be the times between which the guns may be fired unless ‘Time on Target’
or ‘Last Round on Target’ is specified i.e., the first round of any serial is
fired at the time given for the beginning of the serial minus time of flight
and the last round is fired not later than the time for the end of the serial
minus time of flight. Any rounds which have not been fired by the time
ordered for the end of the serial will lapse.
7. Control of Timings. Timings are best controlled from the battery
CP rather than by individual Nos.1. This is usually done by voice, the GPO
ordering, “Lift to line (or serial)…” at the appropriate time. An alternative
system such as a vehicle horn or whistle to indicate the end of a serial must
be arranged in case telephone system fails. Any such orders are
acknowledged in the usual way.
8. Duties of the No. 1. At the end of each serial, No.1 orders any
alterations to deflection, site, FS and elevation required for the next serial.
He must check the setting of the sights periodically during the shoot.
Resting Guns During a Programme Shoot
9. During a long duration programme, it is necessary that each gun be
rested periodically to avoid overheating and to allow servicing to be carried
out. The frequency and duration of the periods of rest will be governed by
the following factors:-
a. Length of programme.
b. Rate of fire.
c. Climate.
d. Frequency and duration of important serials on which it is
essential for all guns to fire.
10. The standard system of resting guns within each regiment, always
used in the absence of some other orders is: -
144
Time in minutes Guns resting within each battery

P Battery Q Battery R Battery
0-20 No gun No gun No gun
20-30 No. 1 No. 2 No. 3
30-40 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4
40-50 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5
50-60 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6
60-70 No. 5 No. 6 No. 1
70-80 No. 6 No. 1 No. 2
80-90 etc No. 1 No. 2 No. 3
11. This system is suitable for a programme of one hour duration and
over, fired at an average rate of normal. In shorter programmes, no resting is
usually required unless the weather is very hot or the rate of fire is very high.
12. Duties at the Originating HQ. The originating HQ must include any
necessary modification to this standard system in their orders for the
programme e.g: -
“No gun to rest on Serials 1, 7, 10”, where these are very important
serials.
or
“No gun to rest from 0 to 10”. Thereafter one gun in each battery
every 5 minutes”, where the rate of fire is high.
13. Duties Within the Battery. The GPO is responsible for: -
a. Entering the periods of rest in the ‘Remarks’ column of the gun
programme.
b. Ensuring that guns rest and resume the programme at the time
ordered.
c. Ordering the resting gun if any, to resume the programme if a
gun goes out of action for some reason.
145
14. Duties of the No. 1. Each No. 1 is responsible for: -

a. Ordering his gun to rest and to resume the programme at the
times ordered.
b. Ensuring that while resting, the sights of his gun are set at the
current deflection, site and elevation, whenever this is
consistent with the duties described in ‘c’ below, so that his gun
can at once resume the programme if ordered.
c. Ensuring that the servicing is carried out as detailed in the
relevant section of the Gun Drill Books “Servicing when the
Gun/How is rested in action”.
SECTION 44 – CONCENTRATIONS
1. A timed programme of concentrations consists of the engagement of a
number of targets or groups of targets in succession with the fire of a
number of guns. Concentrations differ from a barrage in that fire is directed
at particular localities, rather than to cover the whole area over which the
attacking troops advance. Superimposed guns may be used.
2. Concentrations indicated in either of the ways described in Chapter 5,
may appear in fire plans under any of the following headings: -
a. As Part of the Timed Programme. For each concentration, the
position of the target, the time and duration of the engagement,
the ammo to be used and the rate of fire will be specified.
b. As Concentrations “On Call”. The position of the target will
always be specified, and the duration of engagement, ammo and
rate of fire may also be ordered. No time of engagement is
given, the concentration being called for when required.
c. As DF or DF (SOS) Tasks. This is similar to concentrations on
call, but are tabulated separately since their engagement, when
called for, is a matter of great urgency.
146
Orders for Concentrations

3. Written orders for other types of technical shoots to be conducted as
part of fire plan are obtained from task table and target list, or if the GR of
all the targets to be engaged have already been circulated, of a task table
alone. Traces when issued are usually for illustrative purposes only and are
marked “Not to be used for deduction of data”.
4. The type of task table to be used is illustrated in Figure 33. The
headings above column (g) can be filled in to suit the fire plan. Detailed
instructions for compiling task tables are contained in FA 1/6 Section 17-19
and FA 3/4 Section 40.
Sub-Allotment of Tasks
5. The adjutant after sub allotment issues two copies of the fire plan
orders to each battery. Figure 33 shows a very simple fire plan from HQ
divisional artillery on a Task Table PAFB-6047. Its editing has been done by
the adjutant.
Verbal Orders
6. When task table is verbally passed following transmission is made: -
“Task Table, Cobra Star, Alfa one, Bravo Hotel, Charlie 7, Delta
Uniform 4011, Echo Woods, Golf two batteries, Hotel HIGH
EXPLOSIVE, Juliet normal, Read back, so far over, etc”.
7. If only a few tasks are involved, there is no difficulty in transmitting
target lists verbally. Long lists of GR however take a long time to transmit
and the process may lead to mistakes as well as make wireless net vulnerable
to jamming.It is always desirable to issue target lists in writing well in
advance of H hour.
147
SECRET
PAFB-6047
TASK TABLE
(Issued with Arty 50 Div Tgt List No. 4 dated 16 Oct 2006)
Originator CO 23 Fd Regt Fire Plan BIRBALTask in Support of 25 Bde H hr 100430 Mar DTG 091800 Mar Sheet No1 of 1
Time (Mins) Btys / Mor Tps to engage

(Fmn) Arty 50 Div
Target GR and Ht / Nick- Ammo
Ser Ammo Rate Remarks
From To No Description name Exp
23 56 87 166
Fd Fd Med Med
g
a b c d e f h j k
1 2 3 4
420 927 Ht 320 M
1. H 7 U 4011 … QR … … 1 HE N
(Woods)
428 911 Ht 130 M
2. H 7 U 4012 … … 1 1 1 HE R
(Buildings)
Pt one 431 923 Ht 120 M
3. 8 17 U 4013 … … 3 … 1 HE N Linear
Pt six 429 924
446 929 Ht 130 M
4. 18 24 U 4023 … P … 1 … HE N
(Fields)
441 916 Ht 110 M
5. 18 24 U 4024 … … 2 … 1 HE S Sweep 100 M
(Ridge)
Smoke screen
Pt one 4241 9075 Ht or To be ROF to be
6. 25 30 U 4029 … … 3 … … Smk
4210 9065 Ht 120 M ordered ordered by
H-90
*Altn HE task
427 908 Ht 140 M
7. 25 30 U 4028 … QR * 1 1 HE R (Remainder
(Hedge)
56 Fd)
SECRET
Figure 33 – Task Table

148
SECTION 45 – CONCENTRATIONS - CP DUTIES

1. While using calculator ‘P8’ will be used for feeding target list. For
details refer to Table XII for calculator and Table XIII / Table XIV for firing
chart drill. Tables XIII and XIV differ in the method adopted for prediction.
Table XIII lays down the drill to be followed when GFTs are being used.
Table XIV lays down the drill to be followed when corrections are being
determined by computation. The necessary modifications to these drills
when full CP staff is not available are described in Note 1 to Table XIII.
The Linear Target Form
2. Linear Form is always used for prediction of data regarding all types
of targets for a fire plan. The method of filling in this form is as given in
Section 27.
149
LINEAR TARGET FORM BTY BTY HT 340 Ms
BTY CENTRE CONC AND GUN CORRN DATA FOR PREDICTED DATA
DATA PREDICTION
SER TGT SITE REMARKS
GUN CORRN
DF RG CONC DF RG DF ELE FS
POSN MVV TOTAL
CORRN CORRN
a b c d e f g h j k l m n o p
1 1383 4900 L13 -20 +66 +46 1396 4946 1 TGT HT 430 Ms
2 1392 4915 L10 +61 -10 +51 1402 4966 2 DIFF HT +90 Ms
3 U4013 3 1402 4925 L7 -30 -40 -70 1409 4855 3 A OF S +18.7 mils
4 1415 4945 R4 +25 -45 -20 1411 4925 4 NR CORRN +2.3 mils
8 - 17 Linear 5 1425 4965 R14 -40 +25 -15 1411 4950 5 SITE +21 mils
6 1436 4985 R22 +30 +18 +48 1414 5033 6
1 1640 5420 1 TGT HT 410 Ms
2 2 DIFF HT +70 Ms
5
3 3 A OF S +13mils
U4024 4 4 NR CORRN +2.1mils
18-24
5 5 SITE +15 mils
6 6
1 1820 4400 1 TGT HT 450 Ms
2 2 DIFF HT +110 Ms
6
3 3 A OF S +25.5 mils
U 4028 4 4 NR CORRN +2.3mils
25-30
5 5 SITE +28 mils
6 6
Figure 34 – Linear Target Form

150
TABLE XII– PREDICTION USING CALCULATOR

Serial Duties Remarks
Supervision Calculator Miscellaneous
GPO GPOAs 1 and 2 AGPO GPOAs 3-4 GPOAs 5-6
A B C D E F G
1. a. Distributes target Feed all the targets in Supervises and Fill in Assists
list to GPOAs 1 calculators in ‘P8’ as checks work of headings and GPOAs 1 and
and 2 per target list. GPOAs 3 and 4. columns 10 to 2 in feeding
b. Gives one copy of 13 and 19 to target in
Task Table to 21 of gun calculator as
AGPO. programme. per the target
c. Gives out nature of list.
shell and fuze so
that non-standard
projectile
correction if
required is applied.
2. a. Checks all the Feed the met result (if Checks all
targets, which have already not fed) and targets, which
been fed in the report ready. have been fed in
calculator. the calculator and
b. Supervises work of supervises work
GPOAs 1, 3 and 5 of GPOAs 2, 4
with his own and 6.
calculator.
3. Calls out target Feed the serial number Calls out target Enter the
number allotted to his of target in calculator number as per charge in
battery as per task called out by GPOAs task table. column 14 of
table. 5 and 6 respectively gun
and work out the data. programme.
151
Call out charge as per

range band of ‘P9’.
4. Supervises the work Work out deflection, Supervises work Enter the data
of GPOAs 1, 3 and 5. site, fuze and of GPOAs 2, 4 in columns 15
elevation and call out and 6. to 18 in gun
to GPOAs 3 and 4. programme
called out by
GPOAs 1and
2.
5. In case of linear Enter the data
concentration and in individual
smoke screen target, gun
work out the data for programme.
individual guns and
call out to GPOAs 3
and 4 as per ATN –
57.
6. Checks gun
programme before
issue to No 1.
152
TABLE XIII – PREDICTION USING GFTs

Serial Duties Notes
Supervision Firing Charts Miscellaneous duties
GPO As 1 and 2 AGPO A3 A4 A5 A6
A B C D E F G H J
1. Distributes coordinate Plot GR of Supervises and Fill in headings Assist GPOAs 1 1,2
list and traces to concentrations on checks work of and columns 10- and 2 respectively
GPOAs 1 and 2 and their charts and GPOAs 3 and 13 and 19-21 of
gives one copy of Task report “Ready for 4. gun
Table to AGPO. checking” programmes.
Orders method of
prediction to be used.
2. Checks plotting of Checks As for serial 1. As for serial 1.
GPOA 1 at serial 1 plotting of
against gross error GPOA 2 at
(with trace, if issued). serial 1 against
gross error
(with trace, if
issued).
3. Orders charge to be Read from charts As for serial 1. Complete As for serial 1. 4,5
used and indicates battery centre data column 14 of
which concentrations for each gun programme.
require the application concentration and
of gun corrections. enter them in
columns c and d on
two copies each of
the Linear Target
Form. Complete
columns e to h and
o of form
153
4. Compares forms filled Assists GPO

by GPOAs 1 and 2, in checking
Agreement should be Linear Target
within the limits. Forms.
(AI 1 Section 5)
5. Supervises work of Call out entries in Supervises Enter data called out by either GPOA 1 5
GPOAs 1, 3 and 5. columns 5,6 and 7 of Work of GPOAs or 2 in columns 1, 5 and 17 of gun
the Linear Target 2, 4 and 6 programmes.
Form to their pairs:
A1 to As 3 and 5,A2
to A 4 and 6.
6. If fresh GFTs have to be Prepare GFTs for Checks GFTs of Complete columns 2,3,4,7,8 and 16 of 6
prepared orders targets or charge(s) and his team gun programmes. Prepare one extra
met check points for targets/met check GFT for each team.
which GFT settings points ordered and
should be computed. report “Ready for
Checks GFTs of his team checking”
when ready.
7. As for serial 5 and Using GFT call out As for ser 5 Enter data called Independently checks
Carries out a visual elevations (and FS out by GPOA1/ with GFT elevations
check of gun where necessary) A2 in columns 9 called out by GPOA1
programmes before issue corresponding to (and 15 if / A2. In case he does
to Nos. 1. column 8 of gun necessary) not agree says
programmes to Completes “Wrong”
GPOAs 3 and 5 columns 18 and
respectively. 22 of gun
programmes.
154
Notes on Table XIII

1. If only half the CP staff is available the drill is modified as follows: -
a. Serial 1 and 5. The TA Havildar if available or the GPO assists GPOA 1, while GPOA3
assists GPOA2. They carry out all the duties of GPOAs 3, 4, 5 and 6. The GPOs in
addition also checks the plotting / feeding of GPOA 2.
b. Serials 6 to 8. Instead of two teams completing three gun programmes each, one team
completes all six gun programmes, GPOA 2 carries out the duties of GPOA 5.
2. If verbal orders are issued the GPO reads out the orders and each member of the CP staff notes
the details that he requires to carryout the duties shown for him.
3. In the case of simple concentrations which do not require the application of concentrations or
gun corrections, entry of chart data on the linear target form is not at all necessary. However, this
entry is made for the sake of uniformity of drill and for ease of checking. Column e to k of the form
are not completed for such targets and the data in columns c and d is called out for entry in columns 1
and 5 of the gun programmes.
4. If the site is to be computed, serial 4 and 5 under column o of linear target form cannot be
completed at this stage. They are completed after serial 7 when the predicted ranges are available. In
this case column 17 of the gun programmes is filled in later.
5. From this serial onwards the CP staff work in two teams, GPOAs 1, 3 and 5 supervised by the
GPO, work on the gun programmes of Nos. 1 to 3, while GPOAs 2, 4 and 6, supervised by the
AGPO, work on the gun programmes for Nos. 4 to 6.
6. If the programme is to be fired some time after the receipt of the orders, this and subsequent
serials are carried out on receipt of the met message or datum registration results valid for the time the
programme is to be fired.
155
7. While using calculator, data for linear concentration and smoke screen should be worked out for
individual gun using ‘P5’ as per ATN 57.
TABLE XIV – PREDICTION USING RESULTS OF COMPUTATION
Serial Duties
Supervision Firing Chart Miscellaneous Duties
GPO GPOAs 1 and AGPO GPOA 3 GPOA 4 GPOA 5 GPOA 6
2
A B C D E F G H
1-5 The same as serials 1 to 5 of Table XII.
6. Distributes Computes C of Supervise Computes C Independently Independently computes C
the M and where computation of M and Computes C of of M and where applicable,
concentrations applicable, of C of M and where M and where predicted FS for all
among the predicted FS where applicable, applicable, concentrations allotted to
three pairs of for all applicable, predicted FS predicted FS for GPOA1 / A2
GPOAs for concentrations predicted FS for all all
computation allotted to him. for all concentrations concentrations
of C of M and concentrations allotted to him allotted to
if required, allotted to him GPOA3
predicted FS.
7. Compares Gives their Compares Give their
results of correction results of correction
GPOA 1 and sheets to the GPOAs 3 & 4 sheets to the
GPOA 5 and GPO and and 2 & 6 AGPO.
hands over AGPO and selects GPOA 5
one correction respectively. one correction gives his to
sheet for each sheet for each the GPO.
concentration conc. Marks
to the AGPO. task table ser
nos on them
156
and arranges
them in order.
8. Enter C of M Calls out C ofEnter C of M
and where M and where and where
applicable, applicable, applicable,
predicted FS predicted FS predicted FS
called out by called out by
for each serial
AGPO in of the task AGPO in
columns 2, 6 table fromcolumns 2, 6
and 15 of one correction and 15 of one
gun sheets. gun
programme programme
each. each.
Complete Complete
columns 3, 4, columns 3, 4,
7, 8 and 16 of 7, 8 and 16 of
their gun their gun
programme programme.
9. Supervises Using GFT Supervises Enter data called out by GPOA1 Independently checks with
work of convert work of / A2 in column 9 (and 15 where GFT elevations and FS
GPOAs 1, 3 predicted GPOAs 2, 4 necessary) of the gun called out by GPOA1 / A2.
and 5 and ranges in and 6. programmes. Completes In case he does not agree
carries out a column 8 of columns 18 and 22 of the gun says “Wrong”.
visual check gun programmes.
of gun programmes
programme into elevations
before issuing and FS if
to No 1. required and
call to their
respective pair.
157
Gun Programme
3. The entries to be made in the various columns of the gun programme
are shown in Table XV.
TABLE XV – FILLING IN THE GUN PROGRAMME (PAFB-6058)
Column Entry How Obtained
Number
a b c
1. Map deflection. Called out for each serial by GPOAs 1
and 2 (Table XIII, serial 5).
2. Deflection C of M. From correction sheet or deflection C of
M scale for each serial
3. Non-Standard From firing table.
projectile
correction
for deflection.
4. Predicted Total of columns 1 to 3 for each serial.
deflection.
5. Map range Called out by GPOAs 1 and 2.
6. Range C of M From correction sheet. No entry if GFTs
are being used.
7. Non-standard From firing table.
projectile
correction
for range.
8. Predicted Range. Total of columns 5, 6 and 7.
9. Predicted From the GFT (Table XIII Serial 7; or
elevation. Table XIV, serial 9).
10. Number each From task table (as amended by the
serial. If the rate of adjutant if the battery is firing in depth).
fire changes during
the firing of any
serial, a fresh line
on the gun
programme should
158
be used.
11& 12 Timings in As for column 10.
minutes.
13. Nature of shell From task table. Shell weight ordered by
(including weight GPO where necessary.
if other than
standard) and fuze.
14. Charge Ordered by GPO (Table XIII serial 3).
15. FS. Found, if necessary as described in FA 3/5
section 16.
16. Deflection From column 4, “rounded off” as
necessary.
17. Site. Called out by GPOA 1 and 2 (Table XIII,
serial 5).
18. Elevation. From column 9, “rounded off “ as
necessary.
19. Number of rounds From task table (deduced from duration
for each serial and and rate of fire ordered).
total for
programme.
20. Method of fire. From task table. When a rate of fire (e.g.
intense, slow, etc) is ordered, the method
of fire is gun fire.
21. Interval From task table (deduced from rate of fire
ordered).
22. Remarks, including
rest periods
(section 43 para
10), use of a single
lot (section 43 para
3), and any sweep
and / or search
required.
159
Notes on Table XV
a. The entries in columns 16, 17, 18 (when used for shooting)
must all be “rounded off” to conform to the graduations of the
sights, i.e. to the nearest 1 mil/rukh.
b. Columns 19-21 are filled in even for rest periods, in case the
gun has to resume the programme during its rest period (section
43 para 14 b).
c. The right half of the gun programme headed “FOR
SHOOTING” is issued to the Nos. 1. The left half is retained
in the CP for reference till the completion of the programme.
4. While using calculator the entries to be made in various columns of
the gun programme are shown in Table XVI.
TABLE XVI – FILLING IN THE GUN PROGRAMME (PAFB-6058)

WITH CALCULATOR
Column No Entry How Obtained
4. Predicted deflection From Calculator.
5. Map range From Calculator.
9. Predicted elevation From Calculator.
16. Deflection From column 4.
17. Site From Calculator.
18. Elevation From column 9
Note: Column 1, 2 , 3, 6, 7 and 8 are not required to be filled.
5. Specimen Gun Programme shown at Figure 35.
DF Tasks and Concentrations on Call
6. DF tasks (other than DF (SOS) tasks) and concentrations on call are
not generally entered on gun programmes, since the time at which they will
160
PAFZ-6058
FOR PREDICTION ONLY FOR SHOOTING
Date 8 Aug 2006 Battery P Gun 5 Date 8 Aug 2006 Battery P Gun 5 Propellant NH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
DEFLECTION ELEVATION TIME AMMUNITION GUN DATA METHOD OF FIRE

(MINS)
Map C Non Pred Map C Non 1+6+7 Pred Ser From To Shell Charge FS Df Site Ele No Method Interval Remarks
Df of std Df Rg of std in Ms Ele & of of fire
M proj M proj Fuze Rds
HE
1411 L5 … 1416 4950 … … … 307 1 H 7 5 … 1416 321 307 14 GF 30”
M51
1640 L5 … 1645 5420 … … … 347 2 8 11 “ 5 … 1645 315 347 6 … 30”
Sweep
11 14 “ 5 … 1645 315 355 6 … 30”
20 m
11 14 “ 5 … 1645 315 339 6 … 30”
1820 L7 … 1827 4400 … … … 269 7 18 22 “ 5 … 1827 329 269 8 … 30”
Single
22 25 “ 5 … 1827 329 269 9 … 20” Lot
49
Figure 35 – Gun Programme

161
be engaged and therefore the C of M is uncertain. Records are maintained in

calculators / firing chart or in target lists and the necessary verbal orders
given to the guns when the engagement of one of these tasks is ordered.
Gun programmes are, however, issued for DF (SOS) tasks and are amended
periodically by the GPO to allow for alterations in the C of M. The gun
programmes for these tasks should be separate from those for the main timed
programme.
SECTION 46 – CB TASKS
General
1. This section deals with the procedure for executing CB tasks.
Generally it is same as that for engagement of normal concentrations.
2. An HB is normally any number of enemy weapons apparently
controlled by one CP. However, where an HB is widely dispersed the CB
staff may designate sections or even individual guns as separate HBs to
ensure more effective engagement.
HB Lists
3. An HB list (Figure 34) provides data required for engagement of HBs.
Details are as under:-
a. Letter ‘L’ indicates divisional targets and ‘N’ corps targets.
b. The entries are grouped as “fixed” or “unfixed” batteries.
(Depending upon accuracy of GR).
c. Separate lists may be produced for OPs and special weapons
(e.g, AA guns).
d. Columns (d) shows the accuracy of location to enable the CB
staff to determine and order the amount of sweep and / or
search required. It has no other significance and is ignored
within the regiment
e. Column (e) shows the number and nature of weapons eg. G
(Gun),GH (Gun How)etc.
162
f. Columns (f) and (g) are for intelligence purposes only and are
ignored within the regiment.
4. Each HB list states whether it adds to or supersedes any previous list
and in the latter event, the previous list is to be destroyed. Urgent short
amendments are sent out in message form, e.g.: -
“HB List No…Add fixed HB, N 4784, 2422 7742, 330 metres, Z, 4 Med”.
5. Routine amendments are issued in CB intelligence summaries and
should include confirmation of any urgent amendments issued in message
form.
Deduction of Gun Data
6. The normal method of engagement applies (Section 45 para 1). An
order to concentrate, sweep or search, e.g, “Concentrate. Sweep 100” may
be included in the fire orders or tasks table.
Target Records
7. The HB list will be kept uptodate in all CPs but no HB will be
recorded on the Calc / firing chart until so ordered by the CB staff.
CB Task Table
8. CB task tables contain fire orders for the engagement of HBs, either
by timed programme or with concentrations on call. The tables are in the
form shown in Figure 33, the principles of which apply. For details refer to
FA 1/2.
163
SECRET
Copy No. 18
Date 23 Mar 06
This list supersedes 3 Corps HB List No. 1 which will be destroyed.
Ser Target GR Ht Accuracy No/Type/ Facing Frontage Remarks
No (Ms) Calibre (Ms)
a b c d e f g h
FIXED
1. N 1042 48872318 310 A 4/-/Fd N - Registered by 85 Med 20 Mar
2. N 1176 48612159 320 A 6/G/130 W 200 Registered by 85 Med 22 Mar
UNFIXED
3. N 1046 48262385 310 B 6/H /155 W 150 Registered by 85 Med 20 Mar
4. N 1275 49702325 330 B 4/H/152 N - Sound Ranging 20 Mar
SECRET
Figure 36 – 3 Corps HB List No 2
Notes: 1. Only column ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ and ‘h’ are applicable within regiment.All other columns
are ignored.
2. For further details see FA 1/2.
164
SECTION 47 – SMOKE SCREENS

1. Smoke screens included in a timed programme may be either
observed (i.e. registered by an observer and fired within two hours of
registration) or unobserved.
Form of Orders
2. Detailed orders for an observed smoke screen are usually issued
verbally immediately on conclusion of the registration. These orders will
include the order to record point one, the bearing of the screen, the number
of points, the distance between them and the rate of fire. The allotment of
guns will usually be included in the task table, together with an alternative
task for those guns not called upon to participate in the smoke screen.
3. In the case of unobserved smoke screens the orders are issued in the
following manner: -
a. With the fire plan, orders include the GR of the two possible
positions of point one and the allotment of the unit to engage
the screen (See Figure 33, serial 6). The number of guns
initially allotted will be that required for the worst case. When
the screen is actually fired it is not necessary that all these guns
will be required. It is therefore usual to include in the orders as
alternative task for these guns (see Figure 33, serial 7). The fire
plan orders also usually specify the time by which the actual
layout to be fired will be notified.
b. When the weather conditions likely to prevail at the time the
screen is required are know, the actual position of point one
(one of the two GR already notified), the number of points, the
distance between points and the rate of fire are ordered∗. The
bearing is defined by the line joining the two possible positions
of point one already ordered (a above) and hence is not ordered
as such.
∗
In case these orders are not received in time the adjutant must remind the brigade major or the officer
responsible for a quick fire plan. If communications are interrupted, the adjutant must himself decide these
items using the best available weather information (applicable met message, observer’s report etc).
165
Sub-Allotment of Tasks and CP Duties

4. For fire plan smoke screen the allotment of points of origin to guns is
as follows:-
Points 1 to 5 Senior (P) battery
Points 6 to 10 Next (Q) battery
Points 11 to 15 Junior (R) battery
5. No. 6 gun of each battery is used as a reserve gun to engage any other
gun’s point of origin if that gun becomes a casualty or is rested∗∗.
6. When the actual layout is ordered (para 3b) the adjutant passes on
these orders to the batteries specifying which batteries are to engage the
smoke screen and which the HE task.
7. The alternative HE task is entered on the gun programmes in exactly
the same manner as other tasks. One serial is left blank in the appropriate
place for the smoke screen. When the actual layout to be fired is received,
the batteries engaging the smoke screen work out smoke data and alternative
HE task is deleted from all six gun programmes. If time is available a
separate gun programme is prepared for No 6 showing its data for each of
the five points allotted to the battery. If such a gun programme has not been
prepared and No 6 is required to replace a gun, the data is worked out and
ordered verbally to the gun.
SECTION 48 - MODIFICATIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO

FIRE PLANS
Adjutant’s Duties
1. In order to guard against any error in CPs, the adjutant on receiving an
order to modify a fire plan will when necessary, add the line(s) of the
barrage or the target number(s) in question to the original message, in
passing it on to batteries, e.g:-
∗∗
In some cases say when only one battery is available, it may not be possible to spare a gun as reserve.
This must then be specified in the orders for screen.
166
a. Modify SABRE FLASH. Dwell on line foxtrot at plus 31. Rate

very slow.
b. Modify SABRE FLASH. Add 20 minutes to all timings. Re-
start on line golf at plus 55.
c. Modify TEER KAMAN. Dwell on U 7720 at plus 31. Rate
slow.
2. When all batteries have reported that the modification ordered has
been carried out, the adjutant reports to the authority ordering the
modification :-
“…(code name or serial number) modified.”
GPO’s Duties
3. On receiving an order to modify a fire plan in any respect, the GPO, if
time is available sends the AGPO or a section commander to amend the gun
programmes as necessary. If there is no time to do this, he gives the
appropriate verbal orders to the guns and if the timings of the programme are
affected, he controls the remainder of the shoot as described in Section 43.
4. If the order is to dwell at a certain time, the GPO waits until the
specified time and then orders:-
“Lift to line (or serial) .. Dwell… Gunfire… seconds.”
5. The guns continue to engage the line or serial in question until further
orders.
6. On the completion of any order for a modification, the GPO reports to
“ RHQ ,… (code name or serial number) modified.”
Method of Correcting Fire in Fire Plans
7. All fire plans should if possible be observed so that, if predicted fire
comes down in the wrong place it should be corrected immediately. In a fire
plan involving several serials, observers may be specifically detailed to
watch certain serials. Fire should be corrected by target grid procedure, e.g:-
167
“Hullo 25 Target 3401 OT 800 mils/rukhs Drop 100, over or

Hullo 25 ALIF LAILA Serial 3 OT 800 mils/rukhs Go right 200,
over.”
8. Although infantry officers are trained in target grid procedure, it is
possible that their corrections may be in terms of cardinal point corrections,
in which case the gunner receiving them should convert them to target grid
corrections with reference to OT bearing 6400 mils/rukhs, e.g:-
“Target 3401 Go East 100 ” becomes
“Target 3401 OT 6400 mils /6000 rukhs Go right 100.”
Method of Lifting Superimposed Artillery
9. To obtain flexibility artillery units in direct support of the assaulting
troops frequently superimposed on to the timed programme and are at the
call of certain FOOs for the engagement of opportunity targets. Before the
attack starts it is important that such FOOs know what unit or sub-unit they
can call on for this purpose. As this is pre-planned there is no need for the
FOO to request the use of such artillery or to order it to stop on its present
task.
Example : P Battery X Field Regiment is superimposed on and engaging
Serial 4 of a fire plan (target U 3605) and an opportunity target
occurs, the FOO orders:-
“Hullo 25 for 23 Battery target Grid reference 123456 height
300 metres OT 800 mils/rukhs 5 round gun fire. Fire, over.”
or
“Hullo 25 for 23 Battery target Reference target U 3605 OT
3000 mils/rukhs. Go right 200 add 300 4 rounds gun fire. Fire,
over.”
10. The duties at the gun position are the same as for normal
concentrations of observed fire.
168
CHAPTER 9
BARRAGES
1. A barrage is a moving belt of fire, providing a screen behind which
the attacking troops advance. This is the form of fire support, normally
provided to breaking out regimental groups in a bridgehead operation
undertaken by the strike corps or to the division or corps reserves being
launched against the enemy penetration in a defensive operation. OP
procedures and orders for modifications with their explanation are covered
in FA 3/4 Section 42 . In this Chapter CP procedures related to barrages
have been discussed.
2. Definitions. The following are the important terms used in describing
barrages: -
a. Opening Line. The line of barrage on which fire is first
brought down by guns not firing in depth. This is not to be
confused with the “start line”, which is the line from which the
foremost attacking troops advance at H hour.
b. Lines. The successive lines on which barrage moves forward.
c. To Lift. To move the fire from one line to the next. The word
lift must not be used as a substitute for the word line.
d. Lane. A longitudinal section of the barrage, within which the
fire of an artillery formation, unit or sub-unit moves forward.
e. Pause Lines. Lines on which fire is directed to cover own
troops halted on an objective.
f. Final Line. The line nearest to the opening line on which the
barrage finishes.
g. Final Depth Line. The line farthest from the opening line on
which the barrage finishes (including units firing in depth).
h. Depth Line. A line between the final line and the final depth
line.
169
j. Depth of Barrage. The distance between the final line and the
final depth line.
3. Key Lines. These must include the following: -
a. The first line on which the guns are to fire.
b. The final line, depth line or final depth line, whichever is
applicable.
c. An ordinary line every 600 Ms or less, when the barrage
advances more than 600 Ms.
Depth Line
T S
oo O Final Depth Line

Final Line
n N
m M
l L
k K
j J
i I
h H
g G
f F
X W
e Opening Line E
d D
c C
b B
a A
Figure 37 - Barrage
170
Drill When One or More Points in the Barrage are to be Registered

4. Registration for deduction of the GR of one or more points in a
barrage may be used. In this case, the barrage orders need only contain a
rough GR of the point to be registered, the results of registration being
circulated when available. The procedure to be followed when the barrage
orders are issued before the results of registration are known is described in
para 5 below.
5. When the barrage orders are issued before the results of registration
are known, the following steps should be taken to reduce to a minimum the
amount of work remaining to be done after the receipt of the GR of the
registered point :-
a. A trace of the barrage based on the data given in the barrage
orders is prepared, showing the battery lane and relevant key
lines. The points to be engaged by the guns are marked on the
key lines. This trace cannot of course be accurately related to
the ground until the GR of the point to be registered is known.
b. Gun programmes are filled in as far as possible (the headings
and the columns 10 to 13 and 19 to 21 can be completed).
c. Displacement corrections for the key lines are calculated and
entered on the linear target form. The deflections and ranges
required for this purpose are found by superimposing the trace
over the rough GR of the point to be registered (as given in the
barrage orders) and measuring deflection and range to each
gun’s point for each key line.
6. When the GR of the registered point is received, the trace is
accurately positioned and the linear target forms and gun programmes are
completed.
SECTION 50 – STANDARD BARRAGE

1. Shape of Barrage. In its simplest form, a barrage advances straight
forward over a rectangular area. A belt of fire is brought down on the
171
opening line at the time and rate of fire ordered. Then in accordance with
the timed programme, the fire advances to successive lines at stated intervals
until the programme is completed.
Barrage Orders
2. Verbal orders are normal for the standard barrage. However, they
may be issued in the form of traces and task tables.
3. A trace issued with written orders may be designed for illustration
only and may not be drawn with sufficient accuracy for use in measuring
data for the guns. In this case it would be marked “Not to be used for
deduction of data”.
4. Certain features of the standard barrage are defined in standing orders.
Variations from these standard features must be specified in the orders for
the particular standard barrage to be fired.
5. Standard Lettering of Points. For a divisional standard barrage the

letters defining the points of the barrage are normally as shown in Figure 36.
V U T S
Final Depth Line
Opening Line
Z Y X W
Figure 38 – Standard Lettering of Points
6. The rectangles WXTS, XYUT and YZVU are regimental lanes. Point
K may be any point near the opening line and is used when registration is
required and none of the points on the opening line is suitable for the
purpose, e.g point X bearing 3560 mils / rukhs 320 yards / Ms indicates that
Point X is 320 Ms from Point K at a bearing of 3560 mils / rukhs (as in
172
Figure 36). The line WS (parallel to XT, YU and ZV) is known as the axis
of the barrage. When a single regiment has to fire a standard barrage it
should use the letters as allotted to it for the divisional standard barrage.
7. The following conventions may be included in divisional artillery
standing orders: -
a. The width of regimental lanes i.e., the length of WX, XY and
YZ.
b. The allotment of lanes to regiments and the arrangements for
fire in depth.
c. That the axis will always be at right angles to the opening line
unless otherwise ordered.
d. The distance between lines.
e. The timings and rates of fire for the opening, final and other
lines.
f. The ammo to be used.
8. Within the regiment, each battery will fire over the whole regimental
lane.
9. Assuming that standing orders include all the above details, the orders
for a standard barrage might be :-
“Standard barrage SHARP ARROW. Point K grid reference
137560 height 400 mtres. Address group NIK register forthwith.
Point W bearing 2400 mils / rukhs 400 metres. Bearing WZ 4800
mils / rukhs, 14 lines. Engage at H minus 15 minutes. H hour
1250 hours”.
The phrase “14 lines” means that all units will engage 14 lines.
10. If no registration is required, the GR of point W, X, Y or Z would be
included in the message in place of the GR of point K. If the axis was not at
right angle to the opening lines, its bearing would be ordered in the form: -
“Axis 3200 mils / rukhs”.
173
Sub Allotment of Tasks

11. Verbal Orders. Verbal orders for a barrage received at RHQ are
passed on exactly as received, if necessary, the addition of the allotment of
the battery to fire in depth, e.g, “R battery 200 metres ahead”.
12. Written Orders. The adjutant’s duties are as follows: -
a. On the copy of the trace to be issued to any battery he marks the
line on which the battery is to open.
b. He makes any necessary amendments to the task table, e.g, he
would amend one battery per regiment by inserting the name of
the actual battery concerned.
c. He issues traces and task tables on the scale laid down in
Section 42 Para 1.
SECTION 51 - STANDARD BARRAGE - CP DUTIES

1. Drill with Calculator. The CP drill for preparing gun programmes
for a barrage is basically the same as for concentrations. The drill described
in this para is based on use of Calculator for determining deflection and
range.Firing chart available in the CP can be used to check against gross
error. The drill is as under:-
a. ‘P5’ is used for computation.
b. After deciding about type of barrage, axis, terrain (plains or
mountains), lane width and line distance, GPO proceeds as per
requirement i.e whether registration will be carried out or not.
c. GPO indicates the standard length of linear concentration (each
key line will be treated as standard linear concentration). In
column ‘a’ and ‘b’ of linear target form the letter, description,
timings in minutes, length and bearing is entered.
d. Data of all six points of line as displayed by calculator are
entered in column ‘c’ and‘d’ of linear target form.
174
e. Calculator keeps on displaying the data for subsequent lines

which is recorded in the same way.
3. Drill with Firing Chart. The drill is as under:-
a. GPO indicates the key lines.
b. GPOA 4 draws flanks of the barrage, the centre of the battery
lane and the key lines on his chart.
c. The GPO orders the length of the linear concentration to be
used. Each key line is treated as a linear concentration and data
for points one and six is read from the firing chart and
interpolated for remaining points. In columns ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the
linear target form letter, description and timings in minutes are
entered.
d. Data for the other lines of the barrage is found by interpolating
between the key lines in columns 4 and 9 of the gun
programme.
e. Site is handled differently as in para 4.
4. Site. The barrage trace is oriented over the map, or the barrage is
drawn on the map and the heights are read off at all points in the barrage
where the slope of the ground changes direction (i.e, at crests and at the
bottoms of valleys) and at the opening and final lines∗. These heights are
used for the calculation of site to the barrage lines nearest to the points
concerned. Site to these lines are then entered in gun programmes and are
interpolated for the remaining lines.
SECTION 52 - MODIFIED BARRAGE

(FUNNEL SHAPED BARRAGE)
1. Standard barrage as explained above only deals with barrage in its
simplest form. This does not effectively encompass the technical aspects as
∗
It is usually sufficient to read the heights at the centre of each lane. If however the ground slopes
appreciably along the lines of the barrage, height should be read at both flanks of each battery lane and
those for No2 to 5 guns found by interpolation.
175
a result of funnelling effects of armour breakout. To overcome this problem

procedure of modified barrage has been evolved as one of the solution.
2. Shape of Barrage. As the name indicates this barrage funnels out
progressively with each subsequent line, thus ensuring its conformity to the
shape of breaking out armour. (Figure 39).
3. Salients
a. Number of lines to be fired is 15. However 18 lines may be
planned to meet the unforeseen.
b. Distance between lines is 200/300 Ms (depending upon the
speed of tanks).
c. Opening line ‘a’ is 1200 Ms and final depth line ‘p’ is 4000 Ms
of width (when firing a barrage of 15 lines). Opening line is
further divided into three equal regimental lanes of 400 Ms
each.
d. Increase in width of each lane is 200 Ms on subsequent line i.e
line ‘a’ is 1200 Ms width and line ‘b’ is 1400 Ms of width.
e. At line ‘g’ the regimental lane will be further subdivided into
three equal battery sub lanes.
f. Three barrages will be planned in advance with axis shifting
400 mils right for 2 nd barrage and 400 mils left for 3 rd
barrage.
g. For each barrage as mentioned in ‘3 f ’ above, alternative
barrage on the same axis will be made by shifting the base of
original barrage by 300 Ms ahead and rear.
4. Barrage Orders “Modified Barrage SABRE FLASH Point ‘K’ GR
137244 Height 300 metres. Address Group ‘RAK’ Register forthwith. Point
‘W’ bearing 3400 mils/rukhs 400 metres bearing WZ 4800 mils/rukhs
(distance WZ 1300 metres) 15 lines engage at H-15. Report ready”
176
4000
4200
p
3800 3900
o
3600 3600
n
3400 3300
m
3200
l 3000
3000
2700
k
2800
j 2400
2600
h 2100
2400
g 1800
2200
f 1500
2000
e 1200
1800
d 900
1600
c 600
1400
b 300
1200
a
Axis of Advance
Figure 39– Funnel Shaped Barrage
5. Time Required. On receipt of barrage orders, time required for

calculation of data is approx 45-60 minutes (working out of data and filling
of linear form for each line separately) and another 20-30 minutes for
preparation of gun programmes, thereby requirement of total of 1 ½ hour.
This time does not include the move and deployment of guns and time
required for passage of barrage orders.
177
SECTION 53 – ALTERNATIVE - STANDARD BARRAGES

(COMBINATIONS OF STANDARD BARRAGE)
1. Procedure of standard barrage can also be used to cover the breakout
forces effectively during fanning out by following variations/combinations -
a. For deeper penetration increase in number of lines or two
standard barrages. One placed above the other.
Figure - 40A
b. Two standard barrages at the base and one above in the centre.
A B
Figure - 40B
c. One standard barrage at the base and two above it in the centre.
B C
Figure - 40C
178
d. Two standard barrages at the base and two above them.
C D
A B
Figure - 40D
e. umber of lines at the base and above them can be added /
deleted to meet the unforeseen / requirement.
f. Provision of a barrage of 1800 Ms front with fire distribution in
3 lanes 600 Ms each.
600 600 600

1800
Figure - 40E
g. Provision of a two barrages one above other, with first barrage
of 1200 Ms front (3 lanes of 400 Ms each) and second barrage
of 1800 Ms front (3 lanes 600 Ms each).
1800
600 600 600
400 400 400

1200
Figure - 40F
179
2. The data of the barrages can be worked out in a similar way as in

existing procedure of standard barrage.
CHAPTER 10
HIGH ANGLE FIRE
SECTION 54 - GENERAL
1. “High angle fire” means fire with those trajectories given by angles of
departure greater than one corresponding to the maximum range. The theory
of high angle firing is dealt in detail in FA 3/1 Section 21.
2. Sighting System. The procedure for high angle firing is governed by
the sighting system of the equipment in use. Sighting systems may for this
purpose, be divided into two main classes:-
a. Those limited to elevation below 800 mils / 750 rukhs (e.g.,
130 mm / 155mm gun).
b. Those capable of elevation above 800 mils or 750 rukhs.
3. High angle fire is not carried out with equipment mentioned at para 6a
in Pakistan. Equipment provided with sighting system capable of elevations
beyond 800 mils/750 rukhs are laid in high angle fire in exactly the same
way as in low angle fire.
4. Gun Pits. US carriages can be used for both high and low angle
firing from the same gun pit. Details of the construction of high angle gun
pits are given in the Gun Drill Books.
5. Corrections for Non-standard Conditions. The effects on range of
non-standard conditions, such as MV, air pressure, etc, are, generally, in the
same direction in high angle as in low, e.g., a gain in MV causes an increase
in range and requires a negative correction to range. Since, in high angle, an
increase in range is achieved by a decrease in elevation, the following rules
hold good:-
a. When a range correction is expressed in yds/Ms, sign of the
correction is same in high as in low angle fire.
180
b. When a range correction is expressed in mils/rukhs sign of the

correction in high angle is opposite of that in low angle fire.
CP Procedure
6. Calculator Procedure. Appropriate option for high angle fire will
be selected while feeding target data in ‘P0’ of calculator. All other
procedures remain the same.
7. Firing Chart Procedure. The procedure is the same as in low
angle firing except following:-
a. High angle GFTs are used.
b. Handling of Drift Correction. Since drift changes
appreciably for small changes in range, a correction for drift is
applied to each deflection ordered to the guns. This will be read
from the GFT under the elevation gauge line. (The deflection C
of M less drift is applied to the initial chart deflection and the
target re-plotted at this corrected deflection).
c. Handling of Site. GST cannot be used to obtain site. Site can
be read from the firing tables, but in observed fire it is usual to
use the GFT. The A/S is multiplied by the 10 mils site factor
read from the GFT under the elevation gauge line to give site.
The sign of the site is always opposite to that of the A/S.
Example
A/S - + 40 mils
10 mils site factor - 5.2
Site = (+4.0) x (-5.2) - - 20.8 mils
8. Predicted fire with high angle fire is described in FA 3/5 Section 10 .
181
CHAPTER 11
ANTI - TANK GUNNERY
1. Gun areas must always be prepared to defend themselves against
ground attacks, whether by infantry or tanks. Gun positions must, therefore,
be sited and concealed with this in view and gun detachments must be
trained to engage tanks in shortest possible time whenever so confronted. To
achieve this, it is important that the elementary principles of tank design and
tank armour are known by all concerned.
Tank Design
2. Distribution of Armour. Every design of tanks is the result of a
compromise between the conflicting requirements of gun power, mobility
and armour protection. If the armour protection is distributed equally all
around, thickness would not be sufficient to keep out even small anti-tank
weapons. General distribution of armour on a tank is as under:-
a. Increased armoured protection is provided against attack form
the front.
b. Turret is usually thickly armoured all around and particularly to
the front.
c. Armour is sloped so as to increase the angle of incidence of the
projectile.
d. Floor of tank is only sufficiently armoured to protect them
against mines.
2. Angle of Incidence. With the exception of “squash head” type, the
performance of anti-tank projectiles falls off as the angle of incidence
increases. This is because:-
a. The thickness of the plate in an oblique plane is greater than in
the normal plane.
b. The projectile may ricochet.
182
c. The projectile may break as a result of uneven stresses.
SECTION 56 - PRINCIPLES OF DIRECT LAYING

Point of Aim
1. In direct laying, layer lays on the target itself. When laying on a tank
the point of aim is not always very obvious. To ensure uniformity of
understanding, convention is that point of aim, except when otherwise
ordered, is centre of the visible mass. This is taken to be a point halfway
between the highest and lowest visible parts of the target and halfway
between the right and left edges of the visible portion. Such protruding parts
as the gun, wireless antenna etcetra are disregarded. (Figures 39 and 40)
Figure 41 – Point of Aim Completely Visible Tank
Figure 42 – Point of Aim Hull Down Tank

2. When engaging hull down targets, the portion of the target which is
visible may make the application of this convention difficult. In such cases
183
the point of aim must be the centre of the largest and most easily seen
portion of the tank (Figure 41).
A - Point of Aim Using Convention

B - Point of Aim Using Common Sense
Figure 43 – Tank behind a heap of rubble
3. Fundamental principle of Anti-Tank Gunnery is that the Layers must
be trained to be Accurate and Consistent in their Laying.
Direct Laying Sights
4. Open Sight. An open sight is provided as a spare and for use in
conditions of very poor light. This consists of a U type back sight and blade
foresight. It is laid as shown in Figure 42.
Figure 44 – Open Laying Sight

5. Central Laying Sight. This usually takes the form of a simple cross
engraved in the telescope. Lead and elevation are applied on sight externally
(figure 43).
184
Figure 45 – Central Laying Sight

6. Graticule Laying Sight. This is engraved with a series of graticules.
By using these, layer can lay the telescope in desired relationship to the
target. On a stationary target, sight is laid centrally on the cross wire or on
‘0’ graticule. In case of moving targets the lead is applied by selecting the
appropriate graticule. Pattern and layout of graticules and procedure of
laying is different with various types of equipment. For details refer to
Annex ‘D' and respective Gun Drill Books.
SECTION 57 –LEAD
1. Lead means directing of the bore ahead of the target to allow for its
movement during time of flight of projectile so that both target and
projectile arrive at same place at the same time.
Factors
2. The lead depends on:-
a. Speed.
b. Approach angle.
c. Range and time of flight.
d. Wind.
e. The muzzle velocity of the gun.
f. The difference in level of the trunnions.
185
3. For reasons explained below all the factors mentioned in Para 2 may
be neglected except the speed of the target and its approach angle.
4. Speed and Approach Angle. For a target approaching at a given
angle, the lead required is proportional to its speed, e.g a target moving at 50
kmph in any given direction will require twice as much lead as a target
moving in the same direction at 25 kmph. Similarly a target crossing the line
of fire at right angle at a given speed will require more lead than one
approaching the gun at 550 mils / 500 rukhs to the line of fire at the same
speed.
Figure 46 – Effect of Approach Angle on Lead

5. The combined effect of speed and approach angle gives the “lateral
speed” of the target across the line of fire as it appears to an observer at the
gun, and the lead depends on this.
6. Figure 44 shows three tanks moving at the same speed at various
approach angles. The distances they actually move are the same (i.e. AB’,
AC’ and AD’ are all equal), but the lateral distances they move in relation to
the line of fire vary as lines BB', CC' and DD'. These distances are
proportional to the “lateralspeeds” of the various tanks.
7. It can be seen that the lateral distances covered by the tanks moving
between 0 to 270 mils/0 to 250 rukhs and between 270 to 800 mils / 250 to
186
750 rukhs to the line of fire are approximately 1/4 and 1/2 of the distance
covered by the tank moving between 800 to 1600 mils / 750 to 1500 rukhs to
the line of fire in the same time respectively. Their “lateral speeds” bear the
same relation.
8. The lead required to hit any of these tanks is directly proportional to
its lateral speed, e.g, the lead for the tanks approaching between 270 to 800
mils/250 to 750 rukhs to the line of fire will be half the lead required to hit
the tank moving between 800 to 1600 mils/750 to 1500 rukhs to the line of
fire. In practice, small variation in course makes little difference to lead and
all approach angles are grouped under three categories as given in Table
XVII.
TABLE XVII – APPROACH ANGLES AND LEADS
Approach Angle Category Lead Required
1600-800 mils Appropriate leads are
Direct crosser
1500-750 rukhs given in Table XIX
800-270 mils Half the lead for a
Diagonal crosser
750-250 rukhs direct crosser
270-0 mils
Head on Zero
250-0 rukhs
9. Range and Time of Flight. In figure 45, TI and T2 represent two
direct crossers, both moving at the same speed towards t1 and t2
respectively. The range GT2 is twice the range GT1. The sights are aimed at
TI, and the gun is given the correct lead, L, to hit the centre of the target at
t1.
10. If the effect of air resistance is neglected, i,e, if the speed of the
projectile is assumed to be constant, the times of flight to t1 and t2 are F
and 2F respectively. During these times of flight, the tanks T1 and T2 move
distances D and 2D respectively. The projectile which hits the centre of t1
with the lead L would, therefore, hit the centre of t2 with the same lead. In
other words, lead is independent of range and time of flight.
187
Figure 47 – Effect of Range and Time of Flight on Lead

11. In practice, air resistance causes the speed of the projectile to decrease
throughout its flight and, therefore, the time of flight to t2 is slightly greater
than 2F, and the tank T2 will have moved slightly further than 2D.
Consequently a projectile which is given the correct lead to pass through the
centre of t1 would pass slightly behind the centre of t2 as shown in Figure
45.
12. Table XVIII shows the amount by which a projectile will miss the
point of aim for deflection on a direct crosser moving at 25 kmph if the lead
given is correct for a range of 200 Ms.
TABLE XVIII – DEVIATION OF A PROJECTILE FROM POINT OF
AIM
Range to Tank Distance of Hit Behind Point of Aim
105 mm 122 mm How
How HEAT HE (Charge Full)
200 Ms Direct hit Direct hit
400 Ms 13.3 cm Direct hit
800 Ms 73.4 cm 66.7 cm
188
13. Since the average dimensions of a tank are 6 x 3 Ms it can be seen

that, at ranges upto 800 Ms the range and time of flight have no appreciable
effect on lead.
14. Wind. The effect of wind is small, e.g. a 20 knots cross wind carries
the 155mm projectile 0.2 M to one side at 600 Ms. The effect of wind is,
therefore, negligible on all but hull down targets. It is in any case
impracticable for the No 1 to assess the effect of wind when estimating lead
before engaging a target, and he should not attempt to do so.
15. Muzzle Velocity. Guns of different muzzle velocity require different
lead, e.g, doubling the muzzle velocity will halve the lead. As a gun wears
out its muzzle velocity falls off, hence a slightly increased lead is required.
This factor can be ignored in practice, e.g, for a 155 mm How M198 loss in
muzzle velocity of 30 Ms increases the lead required by less than 5 per cent.
This also is a negligible amount.
16. Difference in Level of Trunnions. If the platform is not level, the
projectile will be deflected towards the lower trunnion. This effect is so
small that it can be neglected, e.g, for a 105 mm How on a side slope of 1 in
10, firing at a range of 500 Ms the change required in lead is about 1.6 mils.
Initial Lead
17. Since lead is independent of range and TIME OF FLIGHT, standard
initial leads for each equipment can be worked out for direct crossers at
different target speeds as under:-
Example
105 mm How HEAT
Speed of target 15 kmph
In 1 second target travels 4.6 Ms
For 1 second time of flight range from Firing Table is 360 Ms
At 360 Ms, 4.6 Ms subtend 12.7 mils
So initial lead is 13 mils.
189
Ө = Lead
= tan -1 (15/0.360)
= 12.7 mils
=13 mils
Figure 48 – working out Lead 105 mm How

18. Table XIX shows the correct leads for direct crossers and diagonal
crossers.
TABLE XIX – INITIAL LEADS
Target Speed (kmph)
Charge
Ammo
Equipment
15 30 50
Direct Diagonal Direct Diagonal Direct Diagonal
crosser crosser crosser crosser crosser crosser
105 mm HEAT - 12 6 25 13 37 19
How(mils) HE 7 10 5 20 10 30 15
105 mm HEAT - 14 7 28 14 42 21
Pack How
(mils) HE 6 14 7 28 14 42 21
122 mm HE Full 7 4 14 7 22 11
How(rukhs) HEAT 4 13 7 25 13 38 19
122 mm
How D-30 HE Full 6 3 12 6 19 10
(rukhs)
130 mm AP
Full 4 2 10 5 14 7
Gun (rukhs) HE
155 mm
HE 7 8 4 16 8 24 12
How (mils)
155 mm
How
HE 8 7 4 13 7 22 11
M109/M198
(mils)
155 mm
HE Super 6 3 12 6 18 9
Gun (mils)
8" How
HE 7 8 4 16 8 24 12
(mils)
190
Target Speed (kmph)
Charge
Ammo
Equipment
15 30 50
Direct Diagonal Direct Diagonal Direct Diagonal
crosser crosser crosser crosser crosser crosser
8" How
HE 9 6 3 11 6 19 10
M110 (mils)
Alteration to Lead
19. If the initial lead is approximately correct, the opening round is not
likely to miss by a large amount. If the opening round misses for deflection,
a fresh lead is ordered, with the object of ensuring a hit with the second
round. No attempt is made to bracket for lead and in order to avoid creeping
towards the target by small alterations, the lead is changed by the angle that
the width of the target subtends at the gun This change alters the lead by the
maximum amount that still ensures that the next round will not miss on the
opposite side of the target.
Subtension at 600 Ms = Ө 1
= tan -1 (6/600)
= 10.19 mils
= 10 mils
Subtension at 300 Ms = Ө 2
= tan -1 (6/300)
= 20.37 mils
= 20 mils
Figure 49 – Working out Subsequent Lead

20. The width of target presented to the gun by the average tank, lead
subtended by these dimensions of widths at various ranges and the
consequent alterations in lead required are given at Table XX. Lead so
worked out is added to the initial lead and total lead is passed to the guns.
Layer will use his judgment for application of lead less than graduation of
191
graticule pattern. For example, if graticule pattern provide graduations very

5 mils, a 17 or18 mils lead will require a lay between 15 and 20 mils.
TABLE XX – ALTERATION TO LEAD
Nature of Width Lead Subtended Alteration to lead required at range
target Presented at range (Ms) (Ms)
to gun Over
300 600 0-300 400-600 700-900
1000
Direct or
20 mils/ 10mils/ 20mils/ 10mils/ 7 mils/ 5 mils/
Diagonal 6 Ms
19rukhs 9 rukhs 19rukhs 9 rukhs 9 rukhs rukhs
crosser
10 mils/ 6 mils/ 10 mils/ 10 mils/ 4 mils/ 3 mils/
Head on 3 Ms
9 rukhs rukhs 9 rukhs rukhs rukhs rukhs
Hull 6 mils/ 6 mils/ 6 mils/ 3 mils/ 2 mils/ 2 mils/
2 Ms
Down rukhs rukhs rukhs rukhs rukhs rukhs
21. Change in Point of Aim. Leads of less than 2 mils/rukhs are not
ordered, Table XX shows that no target normally requires an alteration of
less than 2 mils / rukhs There may, however, be occasions when the tank
subtends less than 2 mils/ rukhs of lead at the gun, in which case an
alteration of less than 2 mils /rukhs is required (e.g. hull down tank partially
obscured by a heap of rubble). Such an alteration is affected by ordering the
point of aim to be changed to the right (or left) edge of the target.
Figure 50 – Change in point of Aim, Partially Obscured Stationary

Target
192
a. X is the central point of aim for the initial round.

b. Opening round misses left at A.
c. Fresh lead ordered “Right edge”. The layer now lays on
R, and the projectile strikers at C, where XA and RC are
equal distances.
d. Had “Right 2 mils/rukhs” been ordered the trajectory
would have been moved 2 Ms to the right of A (i.e, more
than the width of the visible target), probably, causing
another miss at B.
20. Wide Misses. If the opening round misses by a large amount, the
fresh lead ordered must incorporate a bold alteration.
21. After a hit has been obtained, smaller alterations to lead than those
shown in Table IV may be given if it is required to adjust the point of impact
to a more vulnerable part of the target, e.g, a direct crosser moving right at
500 Ms is hit far back with a lead setting of “Right 10”, and does not stop.
The No I may order “Right 15”.
SECTION 58 – RANGE
Opening Range
1. The opening range is the estimated range to the target. The GPO will
normally order the maximum range at which fire is to be opened. Nos 1,
however, are responsible that the correct range to the target is set on the
sights, and therefore, they must be trained to a very high standard of range
estimation.
2. US Equipment. For range, the appropriate horizontal reticle of the
telescope is placed on the target.
3. Eastern Equipment. When using range drum, range is converted into
divisions by dividing it by 50 and is applied on respective charge of the
range drum. When using telescopic sight appropriate range graticule will be
used.
193
Alterations to Range
4. If the first round miss the target for range, the setting of the range
scale is altered with the object of ensuring a hit with second round. As in the
case of corrections for lead, no attempt is made to bracket for rang and the
correction should be the boldest that can be made, without the risk of
causing a miss on the other side of the target.
5. It is assumed that with a well trained No l, a good layer, a correctly
tested sights, and a very flat trajectory any miss will be a near miss. The
boldest correction that can be made without the risk of causing a miss on the
opposite side of the target is therefore, one which raises or lowers the
trajectory by height of the target. An average tank hull is 1.5 Ms high. The
whole of a tank presents a target almost twice this height but a hull down
tank presents something less than 1.5 Ms.
6. The first round may miss a target for range even if the gun is known
to be correctly sight tested due to either:-
a. Error in rang estimation. or
b. Height Dispersion error of the gun.
7. In general, the probable error in range estimation is much larger than
error due to the dispersion of guns and as the range increases, errors in range
estimation increase much more rapidly than the size of the height zone. With
a 122 mm How firing Charge Full at a range of 400 metes, an alteration of
200 Ms in the scale setting raises or lowers the trajectory by 1.5 Ms.
Therefore, at 400 Ms the ideal correction is 200 Ms.
8. At longer ranges, a given change in range setting has a greater effect
in raising or lowering the trajectory. At 750 Ms the height of the trajectory is
raised or lowered by l.5 Ms with a change of only 100 Ms in the range
setting. Experience, however, has shown that the errors in range estimation
at such ranges are likely to be greater and a bolder correction is more likely
to give a hit with the second round.
9. At ranges shorter than 400 Ms, however, the reverse is true. At 300
Ms it is necessary to alter the range setting by 300 Ms to raise or lower the
194
trajectory by 1.5 Ms. On the other hand, at such short range, the error in
range estimation should rarely be so great as to cause a complete miss on a
1.5 Ms target. Wide misses are unlikely and smaller change in range is likely
to cause a hit with the second round.
10. Rules for Correction to Elevation. Following rules are adopted for
corrections to elevation at all ranges (unless they differ from the rules given
in the appropriate Gun Drill Books) :-
a. If a round miss above or below the target, alter by 200 Ms for
all ranges.
b. If this changes, a miss above into a miss below or vice versa,
alter again by 100 Ms.
c. When firing at hull down targets or when it is necessary to
adjust the point of impact, a final correction of 50 Ms may be
ordered.
SECTION 59 – PREPARATIONS AT THE GUN POSITION

1. Preparations by GPO. GPO should make following preparations on
occupation of a position:-
a. Divide the zone into four sectors. These are called right sector,
left sector, right rear and left rear. One sector is allotted, for the
purpose of observation, to each gun. Guns may, however, be
required to fire into any sector (Figure 49). The following
standard allotment is convenient and can be modified when
necessary :-
(1) Field and Medium Artillery. No 1 Right rear, Nos 2&3
Right Sector, Nos 4&5 Left Sector and No 6 Left rear
(2) Heavy Artillery. No 1 Right rear, No 2 Right Sector, No
3 Left Sector and No 4 Left rear.
195
b. Select reference points in each sector for target indication. Nos

1 are shown these reference points and told their names and
range to each (Figure 49).
Figure 51 – Anti Tank Sectors and Reference Points

c. Select a position from where he can observe and control the fire
of the battery during a tank attack.
d. Choose positions for local OPs, to give early warning of ground
attack.
e. Order the maximum range at which fire is to be opened at
tanks. This range should not exceed 600 Ms.
2. States of Preparedness. There are three states of preparedness for
the engagement of tanks:-
a. Normal. This is the state when no order for a tank attack has
been received. In this case, No 1 ensures that his detachment
knows the sectors for which they are responsible, the reference
objects in all sectors, their names and ranges and the range for
opening fire as ordered by the GPO. He ensures that ammo to
be used is ready and set aside.
196
b. Prepare for Tanks. This means the tank attack is expected

but it is not imminent. The guns keep on firing in support of
forward troops. This order is cancelled by ‘Cancel prepare for
tanks”. With this order, the GPO gives the ammo which is to be
used for engagement, i.e, HEAT, HEAP, HE, WP Charge 7,
Super etc and whether camouflage nets be removed or not. On
this order No 1 ensures that:-
(1) Preparations for the normal state are complete.
(2) At least one man from his detachment is keeping the
watch over the required sector. This man should have a
binocular, if possible.
(3) Ammo is brought upto a convenient place.
(4) Camouflage nets are removed, if so ordered.
c. Tank Alert. This order means that tank attack is imminent.
Any other task, on which the guns are engaged, lapses
forthwith. This order is cancelled by “Cancel tank alert”.
Alongwith this order, the GPO orders ammo, if not already
ordered, and whether guns should move to anti tank platforms,
if these are other than the gun pits. This is not normally done
because it takes time and discloses the position of guns. On this
order:-
(1) Camouflage nets are removed, if not already done.
(2) Gun is run up and in case of self propelled started up.
(3) No I orders method of lay, in case of US equipment.
(4) Sights are zeroed. In case of one man lay the cowl of the
telescope is also set to zero and elevation indices of
telescope are also matched.
(5) Traverse is brought central and all bubbles are also
brought central.
(6) The gun is loaded.
197
(7) A close watch is kept on the sector.
SECTION 60 - ENGAGEMENT OF TANKS

1. Smoke Screen. Owing to the likely inaccuracies of range
estimation and laying, tanks will not be fired upon unless a kill is certain.
Gun positions must be concealed in a way that the guns are not visible to
approaching tanks till they are in effective range for engagement. Whenever
possible GPO will make an effort to blind the enemy tanks and conceal his
guns by putting a smoke screen between the guns and the tanks in a way that
once tanks cross this smoke screen they are within the optimum range for
anti tank firing. Data for such smoke screens must be prepared before hand
and Nos 1 briefed in advance. Smoke screen will be highly advantageous for
own guns as it will cause confusion and disorder in tanks which are already
extra cautious and careful while moving in unfamiliar terrain.
Orders by GPO
1. Control of fire delegated to Nos 1, by the order “Engage” from GPO,
who will indicate the direction from which the attack is coming and the
number of guns to engage e.g:-
a. “Tanks, right sector, engage”
b. “Tanks, left rear, left section engage”
c. “Tank, Right sector,reference point hut, left 9 O’clock, 20 mils,
No 3 engage”
4. Although con delegated to Nos 1 by the order “Engage”, the GPO
maintains an overall supervision of the engagement, and may direct
individual guns or sections, or the whole battery on to fresh targets by the
use of orders similar to the above.
Orders by No 1
5. Initial Orders
a. Indication of target, including the phrase “Hull down” if bulk of
the target is not visible.
198
b. Method of lay, if required.

c. Range.
d. Traverse right / left, if required.
e. On.
f. Description of target, if required.
g. Lead.
h. “Fire”, after’ the GPO has ordered “Engage” and when the
target is within range.
6. Example
“Target, hull down, 600, left tank, zero, fire.”
or
“Target, one man lay, 400, front tank, left five, fire.”
7. Orders During a Shoot. Refer to appropriate Gun Drill Books.
Opening Range
8. The maximum range at which guns can open fire with a reasonable
chance of damaging modern tanks is 600 Ms. It is emphasized that this is the
maximum range and that, unless forced to fire at this range the approaching
tanks may be allowed to come as close as deemed necessary to ensure that
each round fired causes a hit.
9. If tanks are observed approaching at a range greater than 600 Ms, all
preparations for engagement, consistent with not disclosing the position by
movement, are made. The GPO gives out initial orders but withholds the
order to engage.
10. Unidentified Tanks. All tanks are kept covered, as explained in Para
2, until they are identified.
11. Change of Target When one tank of a group has been destroyed,
another tank in the same group may be engaged without giving out the full
sequence of orders, e.g “Stop, last tank, go on” “stop far tank, 600, go on”.
199
CHAPTER 12
TARGET RECORDS
1. A target may be recorded for either of the following reasons:-
a. To enable its GR to be deduced for circulation to other units on
the same grid as the registering gun, so that fire of those units
can be concentrated onto it.
b. To enable it to be engaged without delay when required.
2. A target recorded for reason mentioned in para 1b may be one which
has been successfully engaged already, the one whose position has been
found from a map or air photograph, by means of a CB locating device or by
survey.
3. As a general rule recording of targets must be kept to a minimum as
the main aim of target records will be defeated. In case of targets circulated
in the manner of DF or Uniform target lists, only such targets will be
recorded as are specifically ordered to be recorded.
Class of Targets
4. Targets are classified as follows:-
a. Battery targets
b. Regimental targets
c. Divisional targets
d. Corps targets Any of these may also be defensive
e. Army targets fire tasks. (DF)
f. HBs
5. The distinction between these classes of targets is in the number of
batteries which have records of them. A battery target for example, is
recorded by the originating battery, regimental target by all the batteries of
the regiment, army target by all artillery batteries of the army which can be
200
brought to bear on it. HBs are not normally recorded by units or sub-units.
The ICB staff may order certain HBs to be recorded before or after
engagement. The various classes of targets are distinguished by the letter
preceding the target number. Individual targets are distinguished by their
numbers (Section 62).
Records to be Kept
6. In general, each HQ keeps a record of all targets recorded on its own
and higher levels, e.g. a divisional artillery HQ keeps records of divisional,
corps and army targets, but not of regimental targets.
7. Within the regiment, the responsibility for target records is as
follows:-
a. GPO is responsible for maintaining record of all battery and
higher targets and for circulating necessary data about higher
targets registered by his battery.
b. Adjutant is responsible for maintaining records of all
regimental and higher targets as ordered and for providing
GPOs with their GR on the current grid.
General Principles of Recording Targets
8. The GR defines the centre of the target except in the case of linear
target where it is that of point one and point six and point one and four in
case of heavy batteries.
9. If , owing to the conventions for distribution of fire, the guns are not
directed at the GR of the target with directions of fire parallel and a common
elevation, site and FS, then the deviations required for shooting will be
recorded as “shooting correction”.
10. When a target record is being circulated, the GR will always be
reduced one.
201
SECTION 62 - LETTERING AND NUMBERING OF TARGETS

Letters
1. The formation, unit or sub-unit initiating the registration of a target
allots target letters as follows-
a. Battery Targets. The letters “P”, “Q” and “R” are used by the
batteries according to seniority in the regiment, e.g., “R 3864”.
An attached battery uses the letter next following those already
in use e.g., “S 2385”.
b. Regimental Targets. The letter “M” e.g., “M 3501”.
c. Formation Targets. The following letters are used :-
(1) Divisional targets - “U”
(2) Corps targets - “V”
(3) Army targets - “W”
2. DF Tasks. DF tasks are distinguished by having “DF” written
against the target plot. The DFs on own localities have “(OL)” written after
the target number. SOS is written against the target plot as DF (SOS).
3. Standard Barrages. The point to be registered in a standard
barrage may be recorded as point W, X,Y, Z or K (Chapter 9) in addition to
its normal target number, e.g., “U 3319. Point W”.
4. HBs and Mortars. Hostile guns, mortars and rocket projectors
are numbered as for other targets. The “N” is used for corps CB targets and
the letter “L” is used for divisional CB targets.
5. An HB, registered or engaged with observed fire by a regiment, is
initially allotted a normal regimental target number (e.g, “M1445”) and may
be renumbered by the ICB office from their own block of numbers. The
GPO will forward a target registration report as given in Anx A.
Numbers
6. Jumbled blocks of target numbers are allotted by corps artillery HQ to
artillery formations within the corps. The numbers are in blocks of ten. The
202
blocks are in turn sub-allotted to regiments, and within regiments to

batteries. Target numbers outside the blocks allotted will not be used.
7. The precise sub-allotment of numbers will depend on the
circumstances. Following is in parts a possible sub-allotment within a field
regiment, which has been allotted 300 numbers :-
RHQ 3500, 3900, 4110, 1259, ∗etc. (150 numbers)
P Battery 8510,6320, etc. (50 numbers)
Q Battery 9300, 5210, etc. (50 numbers)
R Battery 3610, 5880, etc. (50 numbers)
8. 150 numbers retained by RHQ may seem excessive, with the batteries
only getting 50 numbers each, but when numbers are as few as this, it is
considered better to hold spares centrally for issue to batteries as required.
9. Since, within the artillery of the corps, there is no duplication of target
numbers, a target, once allotted a number, retains the same number
throughout its life, except as shown in paras 10 to 12. For example, target P
3920, originally recorded as a battery target, may subsequently be passed to
other batteries of the regiment, becoming M 3920, and finally to all
regiments of the corps artillery, becoming V 3920.
10. If a target, which has been allotted a number from the corps allotment
of numbers, subsequently becomes an army target, or is passed between
corps artilleries, the original number is dropped and the target is given a new
number from the allotment of the army numbers. Thus, if target V 3920
mentioned in para 9 above becomes an army target, it might be renumbered
W 6401.
11. In exceptional circumstances a general re-allotment of target numbers
may also be ordered by the General Staff.
∗
Each block is referred to by its Ist number, e.g., the block from 3500 to 3509 is referred to by 3500.
203
Allotment of Target Number

12. In general, target numbers are allotted by the CP of the fire unit
carrying out the shoot and not by the observer, e.g.:-
a. By GPO for a battery target.
b. By adjutant for a regimental target.
c. By Brigade Major Artillery for a divisional target.
13. The exception to this rule is an officer detailed for a special task who
will require a block of target numbers for the execution of that task, e.g., a
BC making a fire plan, or an FOO accompanying attacking troops, who will
have to make a DF plan immediately on reaching the objective.
14. DF Tasks. DF and DF (SOS) tasks are numbered by the artillery HQ
from the normal block of target numbers. The officer making the DF plan
may either obtain a block of numbers from his HQ, or may pass the tasks to
his HQ for numbering.
15. It will often happen that a target that has already been recorded may
be selected as a DF task. Such a target retains its original number but is
upgraded usually to a U target, e.g., if target M 4973 is selected as a DF task,
it may become U 4973.
Code Words and Nicknames
16. A code word is a single word used to provide security cover for
references to a particular classified matter. It consists of one word,
preferably of two syllables, and is allotted by the G staff.
17. A nickname is a name used for convenience when security cover is
not required. It consists of two words, neither of which may be a colour, and
may be devised locally.
18. Fire plans and groups of targets not requiring cover will be allotted
nicknames and not code words. This will be the normal procedure.
Nicknames should not bear any relation to each other, such as all beginning
with the same letter or all about a certain subject, as this assists enemy
204
interception organizations. Within the regiment, sub-allotment of nicknames

may be obtained from RHQ.
19. For the purposes of target records, all nicknames (or code words) will
be regarded as additional to the target number, and should appear in addition
to target numbers against the target plot, if possible an alphabetical list
should be kept showing the associated target numbers.
SECTION 63 - TARGET RECORDS WITHIN BATTERY

1. Distribution of Fire Over the Target. Target record must be
maintained so that the conventions governing the distribution of fire over the
target are observed. (Section 24).
2. Target Record. The record of a target in the battery CP comprises
some or all of the following:-
a. Record in two calculators /plot on firing chart. This is always
made.
b. If the target was received from outside as part of a target list,
then a record of its GR is available in the target list file.
c. If any shooting corrections have been recorded or are necessary
(Section 24) a record is made in the Shooting Corrections
Record.
3. Recording / Plotting Procedure. Record of all the targets is kept
in ‘P8’ of the calculator with the reference of target letter and number. In
case of firing chart the main record of a target is its plot on the chart
(Figure 50). For details see AI-1 Section 8 . This plot provides the following
information about the target.
a. Its location.
b. Its letter and number (any associated nickname or code word, if
there is space to write in it).
c. Its description, if space permits, and any special remarks, e.g.,
whether it is a DF or a linear etc.
205
d. Its height, in Ms.

e. Whether any shooting corrections have been recorded for it.
f. Its grid, if it is on a grid higher than that of the guns.
g. Whether the target has been registered by the battery.
h. Whether the plot is of ‘as fired’ data.
j. In the case of “as fired” plots the following further information
is provided :-
(1) Shell and fuze, if other than standard.
(2) Charge and nature of propellant.
(3) Time at which it was recorded.
(4) Instead of height, the site is recorded.
Pt 6
Pl Area
M 2768 P 4615 P 4620
DF
* 600 * 305
600
0930 Cap on *
2W
Reduced Target As Fired Target Linear Target

Figure – 52
4. Shooting Corrections Record. Shooting Corrections Record
(PAFB-6048) is used for recording shooting corrections, where applicable.
An example is given in Table XXI below. Only one record book is
maintained in the battery CP. Under “Target Number” the description of the
target and any technical remarks relating to it are entered instead of against
the plot. Under “Charge” is normally entered the charge and nature of
propellant. In an “as fired” target, record of FS, if any, is also entered under
“Charge” (This entry is deleted when the record is reduced). Rest of the
form is for recording the difference between each gun’s data and battery
206
centre data. The same corrections are applicable to as fired, reduced and new
grid data, except as given in para 13 below. In case of a linear target the
shooting corrections would be the difference between each gun data and the
battery centre data to point 1.
TABLE XXI - SHOOTING CORRECTIONS RECORD (PAFB-6048)

Target No Charge 1 2 3 4 5 6
M 7020 5 Deflection +12 +20 +28 +35 +40 +48
Linear Site
Trenches Elevation +5 +11 +11 +15 +11 +20
Fuze -0.7 -0.2 -1.0 +0.5 -0.2 +0.5
The Target Index

5. The first nine sheets of the Shooting Corrections Record Book consist
of the target index, in which each target is entered as soon as it has been
recorded. The index is used to find quickly the record of any particular
target.
6. Each page of the index contains target numbers arranged in double
columns, each headed by the figures of the first number of the column,
(Table XXII).
7. The square of the firing chart in which the plot of a target, and the
page of the Shooting Corrections Record Book on which the record for that
target, if any, are to be found, are entered against its number in the index.
8. The use of the index is illustrated by the following example (Table
XXII). The observer orders “Target P 3761”. The GPO turns to the index
page showing numbers from 3500 to 3999. He reads down the column
headed 3700 until he comes to 61. Against this he reads the square (5281) in
which the target is plotted and the page (4) on which the shooting
corrections record for the target is to be found. Target is recorded in ‘P8’ of
calculator with its letter and number and can be found using the same.
207
TABLE XXII – TARGET INDEX

3500 3600 3700 3800 3900
00 50 00 50 00 50 00 50 00 50
01 51 01 51 01 51 01 51 01 51
02 52 02 52 02 52 02 52 02 52
03 53 03 53 03 53 03 53 03 53
04 54 04 54 04 54 04 54 04 54
05 55 05 55 05 55 05 55 05 55
06 56 06 56 06 56 06 56 06 56
07 57 07 57 07 57 07 57 07 57
08 58 08 58 08 58 08 58 08 58
09 59 09 59 09 59 09 59 09 59
10 60 10 60 10 60 10 60 10 60
11 61 11 61 11 61 11 61 11 61
5281(4)
12 62 12 62 12 62 12 62 12 62
13 63 13 63 13 63 13 63 13 63
14 64 14 64 14 64 14 64 14 64
15 65 15 65 15 65 15 65 15 65
16 66 16 66 16 66 16 66 16 66
17 67 17 67 17 67 17 67 17 67
18 68 18 68 18 68 18 68 18 68
19 69 19 69 19 69 19 69 19 69
20 70 20 70 20 70 20 70 20 70
21 71 21 71 21 71 21 71 21 71
22 72 22 72 22 72 22 72 22 72
23 73 23 73 23 73 23 73 23 73
24 74 24 74 24 74 24 74 24 74
25 75 25 75 25 75 25 75 25 75
26 76 26 76 26 76 26 76 26 76
27 77 27 77 27 77 27 77 27 77
28 78 28 78 28 78 28 78 28 78
29 79 29 79 29 79 29 79 29 79
30 80 30 80 30 80 30 80 30 80
208
31 81 31 81 31 81 31 81 31 81
32 82 32 82 32 82 32 82 32 82
33 83 33 83 33 83 33 83 33 83
34 84 34 84 34 84 34 84 34 84
35 85 35 85 35 85 35 85 35 85
36 86 36 86 36 86 36 86 36 86
37 87 37 87 37 87 37 87 37 87
38 88 38 88 38 88 38 88 38 88
39 89 39 89 39 89 39 89 39 89
40 90 40 90 40 90 40 90 40 90
41 91 41 91 41 91 41 91 41 91
42 92 42 92 42 92 42 92 42 92
43 93 43 93 43 93 43 93 43 93
44 94 44 94 44 94 44 94 44 94
45 95 45 95 45 95 45 95 45 95
46 96 46 96 46 96 46 96 46 96
47 97 47 97 47 97 47 97 47 97
48 98 48 98 48 98 48 98 48 98
49 99 49 99 49 99 49 99 49 99
GR of a Target Engaged by More than one Battery
9. Different GR will result from each battery’s centre data. Therefore, it
is necessary to ensure that such a target is defined by only one GR. To do
this only the battery centre data of ranging battery is used to find the GR.
10. The ranging battery is defined as follows:-
a. The first battery to carry out the registration of a target.
b. The first battery to be ranged in an observed concentration.
c. The battery nominated by the adjutant when there has been no
ranging in an observed concentration.
11. The effect of this procedure is that the concentration is “tighter” when
the target is re-engaged.
209
Linear Target Record

12. Ranging battery will circulate the GR of points one and six e.g.,
“Target M 2786 Linear Point one, Grid Refrence ... Height ...., Point six,
Grid Refrence ... Height ..”. Non-ranging batteries will plot these points,
work out the shooting corrections for individual guns and enter them in the
shooting corrections record (PAFB-6048).
Target Record “as Fired”
13. In the case of a target recorded “as fired” initially each battery records
the target at its own fired data. At the end of two hours the ranging battery
(para 10 above) will produce the reduced GR of the target, if the target is
Mike or higher target, will be circulated in the normal manner. All batteries
erase their fired data plots at the end of two hours. The reduction of data in
the ranging battery must be done using the C of M current at the time of
registration.
14. In the case of a Uniform target in which the fire of only one battery
per regiment is seen on the target, the other batteries in each regiment (who
will be following up the shoot) will record the target at their final predicted
data.
15. Safety. Plots of targets rendered unsafe by the movement of our
own troops will be erased and a red line will be drawn through the shooting
corrections record, if any. Plot should not be erased if the move is only a
temporary one.
16. Passage of Target Records. When passing a target record the
following information will be passed in the sequence listed below:-
a. The target number.
b. Any description or technical remarks, e.g. points one and six of
a linear etc.
c. Eight figure GR and height.
d. Grid.
(The GR will always be the reduced one)
210
SECTION 64 – RECORDING A TARGET IN BATTERY CP

1. Duties of GPO. GPO is responsible to:-
a. Maintain records of all battery and higher targets.
b. Pass necessary data to RHQ for all regimental and higher
targets registered by the battery.
c. Ensure that no data leaves the battery CP until it has been
independently checked.
4. Amends his target records on change of grid as described in
Chapter 13.
2. The duties of Nos 1 on the order “Record as target ....” and the
procedure to be followed by the GPO when the observer has ordered the
target to be recorded at a specific target grid correction are given in FA 3/2
Table XV.
Battery Targets
3. The procedures using calculator is as under:-
a. The No 1’s records are checked against the data last ordered.
b. Shooting corrections, if any, are recorded in the shooting
corrections record.
c. Targets registered with in the battery are recorded in ‘P3’ of
calculator. The same record is shifted to ‘P8’ for future
engagements.
d. In case of battery registration, record is made in ‘P6’ and then
shifted to ‘P8’.
e. In case of linear / smoke shoots, record is made in ‘P5’ and then
f. Reduction and deduction is carried out by the calculator
automatically.
4. In case of firing chart the procedure is as follows:-
211
a. The No 1’s records are checked against the data last ordered.
corrections record.
c. The fired data is reduced. No allowance for adjustment of range
for false site is made.
d. The site is converted into difference in height between battery
and target and the target height is deduced.
e. The necessary information is entered against the plots (AI-1
Section 8).
5. In case of linear, smoke screen, registration and precision target the
battery centre fired data is first deduced as under :-
Deflection
Ranging guns fired deflection - 1610 mils
Concentration for ranging gun - R5 mils (sign reversed)
Battery centre fired deflection - 1605 mils
Elevation
Ranging guns fired/adjusted elevation - 320 mils
Gun correction for ranging gun - + 5 mils (sign reversed)
Battery centre fired elevation - 325 mils
The steps in paras 4c to e are then carried out.
6. If a recorded battery target is upgraded later, the GPO will ensure that
the GR of the target is adjusted, if necessary for false site before circulation.
Mike and Higher Targets
7. For target registered by the battery, or in which it was ranging battery,
the procedures using calculator is as under:-
a. No 1’s records are checked against the data last ordered.
212

corrections record.
c. Targets registered by the ranging battery are recorded in ‘P3’ of
the calculator. The same record is shifted to ‘P8’ for future
requirements.
d. In case of linear / smoke shoots, record is made in ‘P5’ and then
e. Reduction, deduction and adjustment of range for false site is
carried out in ‘P3’ of the calculator using option specified for
higher targets.
f. GPO passes the target record to RHQ.
8. On the firing chart the battery CP will follow the procedure given
below:-
a. No 1’s records are checked with the data last ordered.
b. GPOA-4 independently produces reduced deflection and
reduced but not adjusted range as a check against gross error.
c. In case of linear, smoke screen, registration and precision target
the battery centre data is first deduced for reduction as given in
para 4 above. Shooting corrections if any are recorded in the
shooting corrections record.
d. He checks and, if necessary adjusts the range for false site.
Then he produces the reduced and adjusted range.
e. The necessary information is entered against the plots (AI-1
Section 8).
Targets Received from RHQ
9. In the case of target records received from RHQ, the following
procedure is followed:-
a. The GR is fed in calculators / plotted on firing chart.
213
b. GPOAs read deflection and range and compare them to ensure

that the target has been correctly recorded.
c. Necessary information is entered against the plots.
d. Shooting corrections, if required are worked out independently
by GPOAs, checked, and entered in the shooting corrections
record. They should be entered to the nearest mil/rukh.
Shooting Corrections
10. Ranging Gun. When GPO deduces the battery centre data by
stripping off the concentration and gun corrections neither of these are
recorded as shooting correction unless so required in the normal course of
events.
11. Laying by QE. The shooting corrections for elevation are the
differences between each gun’s elevation (Adjusted, if necessary for index
error) and the QE corresponding to the final range. If target is re-engaged a
fresh site is computed and applied to the shooting corrections for elevation
which are then ordered as gun corrections. The elevation ordered will then
be the predicted TE corresponding to the range.
12. Target Plot. If a change of grid is likely in the near future then
the plots of recorded targets are not made on the firing chart but on a tracing
paper superimposed on the chart. They are transferred to the chart after
change of grid (Chapter 13 and AI-1 Section 9). However, like normal
procedure, targets will be recorded in ‘P8’ of the calculator.
Re-engagement of Targets
13. Targets are re-engaged after predicting the data for current conditions.
Shooting corrections, if any, are ordered except for “As fired” records. In the
case of target recorded “as fired” the data recorded applies only to the
ammo, including charge, used in the initial engagement and cannot be used
with other ammo. In the case of target for which shooting corrections are
recorded, the re-engagement must take place using the same charge. If, for
some reason, the same charge cannot be used, then the following procedure
is followed:-
214
a. The corrections for elevation are converted into Ms for the old
charge at map range.
b. The MVV correction for each gun for the old and new charges
is read against map range. The difference is applied to that
gun’s elevation correction.
c. The corrections for elevation are converted into mils/rukhs for
the new charge at the predicted elevation.
Example-1
105 mm How, Map Range 4980 Ms, Predicted Range 5200 Ms,
MVV -2 m/s
a. Elevation correction charge 5 (old) +10 mils
b. Correction in M charge 5 (old) +110 Ms
c. MVV correction charge 5 (old) +57 Ms
d. MVV correction charge 6 (new) +25 Ms
e. Difference (d-c) -32 Ms
f. Correction in M charge 6 (new) (b+e) +78 Ms
g. Elevation correction charge 6 (new)
at predicted elevation 272 mils +5.2 mils(+5 mils)
SECTION 65 - ADJUTANT’S TARGET RECORDS

1. Adjutant keeps records of regimental and higher targets, on the system
described in Section 64 except that he does not maintain a shooting
correction record.
2. He passes the necessary details of targets to all batteries concerned,
and passes the GR of divisional and higher targets registered within the
regiment to the divisional artillery HQ.
3. On change of grid, he proceeds as described in Chapter 13.
215
CHAPTER 13
CHANGE OF GRID
1. The sequence of operations between the initial deployment of a
regiment and establishment of a theatre grid is described in Section 10.
When the data for a fresh grid is provided change of grid must be carried
out. This may involve the following:-
a. Deduction of fresh co-ordinates of all points fixed on the old
grid and alteration to the orientation at the guns.
b. The deduction of fresh GR for all targets of which the current
GR are on the old grid.
RSO’s Responsibilities
2. RSO is responsible for establishing the regimental grid and for
ordering batteries to change to it. He should refer to the adjutant before
ordering any battery to change in order to avoid prejudicing any fire plan
which may have been arranged without his knowledge. After reference to
adjutant, he should order each battery to change as the data becomes
available. His orders must include:-
a. The time at which the change is to take place.
b. The alteration, if any, to be made to the C/A.
c. The co-ordinates on the regimental grid of the battery centre
e.g. “P Battery change to regimental grid forthwith. Change
C/A left 20 mils, Amend ROs right 20 mils, Co-ordinates
battery centre Eastings 137578 Northings 444110 height
67 metres”.
3. When divisional or higher grid data is received, RSO is responsible
for advising the regimental commander whether a change of grid is
necessary or not. He should not normally advise a change if the errors of the
current grid are less than:-
216
Orientation 3 mils / rukhs for field equipment

2 mils / rukhs for medium and heavy
equipment
Eastings and Northings 15 Ms
Height 5 Ms
4. If it is decided to change to a divisional or higher grid, the RSO is
responsible for calculating the alteration required in the C/A of the guns and
for providing co-ordinates on the new grid of each battery centre and any
targets fixed by him.
5. The change will be carried out simultaneously by all batteries of the
regiment and the orders for the change must be issued sufficiently in
advance of the time of change for the necessary work to be carried out.
Responsibilities within the Batteries
6. GPO is responsible for ordering any necessary change of C/A to his
guns at the time of change, amending the ROs on his aiming circle form and
for amending the target records of all battery and higher targets as described
in Section 63. He also informs the BC and the observers.
The Amendment of Target Records
7. The principles governing the amendment of target records in the
battery CP must be clearly understood. A change of grid may necessitate:-
a. A change in fixation only, or
b. A change in orientation only, or
c. A change both in the fixation and orientation of the battery.
8. Change of Fixation Only. If only the fixation of the battery
centre is changed, the firing chart must be set up on the new grid data and
the following amendments to target records must then be made:-
a. A Target Registered Within the Battery. The gun data to the
target remains the same but since the co-ordinates of the battery
centre have changed, the GR of the target will also change.
217
b. A Target on the New or Higher Grid. The GR of the target is

unchanged, as it is already on the new or higher grid.
9. Change of Orientation Only. If only the C/A of the guns is
changed, no alteration is made to the position of the battery centre or to the
C/A plotted on the firing charts, since the co-ordinates of the battery centre
are same on both grids, and the C/A has been plotted on the chart at the
correct bearing ordered. The effect of the change of grid is to direct the guns
more nearly onto the bearing plotted on the firing charts. Target record will
require amendment as follows:-
a. A Target Registered Within the Battery. Since the C/A of the
guns is altered, therefore, deflection to the target will no longer
be the same, see Figures 51 and 52. Hence the GR of the target
(which was plotted at the old deflection) must change.
b. A Target on the New or Higher Grid. No alteration is made to
the GR. The effect of the change of grid is to direct the guns
more closely onto the target.
“Deflection 1500 Record as Deflection 1600”

Figure – 53
218
“Deflection 1700 Record as Deflection 1600”

Figure – 54
10. Change of Both Fixation and Orientation. If both the fixation of
the battery centre and the orientation are changed, the effect will be a
combination of those described in para 8 and 9 above.
Targets Registered by other Units
Targets registered by another unit on the same grid as the battery are
affected in the same way as targets registered within the battery, but the new
GR are deduced and circulated by the initiating GPO.
SECTION 67 - DUTIES IN BATTERY CP

1. When a change of grid is ordered, the following duties are carried out
in the CP:-
a. Data for change of grid is fed in Calculators and records of
targets are amended .Firing chart is set up afresh, if necessary,
and the records of battery and higher targets are amended, as
219
described in AI-1 Section 9, in conformity with paras 2 to 5

below.
b. The record of the reading from the battery aiming circle to the
ROs are amended as ordered so that the instrument can be set
up at any time in the amended C/A, e.g. :-
Original reading to RO 3452 mils
Orders from RSO “Change C/A left 50 mils.
Amend ROs right 50 mils”.
Amended reading to RO 3502 mils
(For eastern equipment the implication of the order is that ROs
would be amended in the same direction as of C/A).
c. At the time ordered the GPO issues to the guns the order to
amend their C/A record, e.g. :-
(1) US Equipments. If the C/A has been recorded at
deflection 1600 and the RSO orders “Change C/A right
50 mils” the GPO will order “Deflection 1550 Record as
deflection 1600”.
(2) Eastern Equipments. If the C/A has been recorded at
deflection 500 and RSO orders “Change C/A right 20
rukhs”. The GPO will order “Deflection 520 Record as
deflection 500”.
Target Records
2. Target Registered by the Battery. The procedure to be followed
in the battery CP is as under:-
a. Change of grid is carried out in ‘P3’ incorporating the changes
ordered by RSO and maintaining the old data which has
remained unaltered.
220
b. Target letters / numbers requiring change will be fed into the

calculator turn by turn. These will be amended automatically by
the calculator in the same programme.
c. On the firing chart the records of these targets are amended as
described in AI-1sectoion 9.
3. In the case of Mike and higher targets GPOAs, working together,
check and, if necessary, adjust the range for false site. The new site is
worked out from new target and new battery and old target heights. If
adjustment is necessary this is carried out as described in FA 3/5 Section 16.
4. Targets Received from Outside Sources
a. Targets on the Same Grid as the Battery. When the new GR of
the target is received from RHQ, the old record of the target is
erased and the new GR is fed / plotted
b. Targets on the New or Higher Grid. Their GR remains
unchanged and the original record will be left unaltered.
5. Shooting Corrections. Shooting corrections recorded in the shooting
corrections record book are not amended. They remain the same on the new
grid.
SECTION 68 - DUTIES OF THE ADJUTANT

1. Targets on the Theatre Grid. The adjutant takes no action in regard
to these targets on a change of grid, since their GR remain unchanged.
2. Targets on any Other Grid. The adjutant records the amended GR
as soon as it is received from the GPO of the originating battery or from
divisional artillery HQ. He passes the amended GR to all batteries
concerned, and, for divisional and higher targets registered within the
regiment, to divisional artillery HQ as well.
221
Annex A
RECORDS AND REPORTS TO BE KEPT WITHIN THE
REGIMENT
Serial Records and Kept or initiated Remarks PAFB No
reports by
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
1. Log of Tac RHQ and all
Info and Tac Btys CPs.
Map.
2. OP log All obsrs. Contents reported PAFB-6055
periodically to
ICB Office at
higher HQ as
ordered.
3. Sitrep. RHQ and Bty Compiled from
CPs. serial 1 Fwd to
next higher HQ as
ordered.
4. SHELREP, All concerned. Fwd to next higher
MORTREP, HQ imed.
BOMREP and
TOXREP.
5. HB regn report. All concerned. Fwd to next higher
HQ imed.
6. Shooting All Bty CPs. PAFB-6048
corrections
records.
7. Dead ground RHQ and Bty Prepared and fwd
trace CP. to next higher HQ
if ordered.
8. No 1’s ammo All No 1 To be compiled
record. after each shoot.
9. Ammo record. RHQ and all Bty Handed over to
CPs. CP periodically.
222
10. Ammo return. RHQ and all Bty Prep from Ammo
CPs. Record. Fwd to
next higher HQ as
ordered.
11. Memorandum All Bty CPs. PAFB-2562
of examination kept in
gun carriage AB 402, or
and recoil sys DA form 9
histories. to 13.
12. Record of Cal All Bty CPs. See FA-3/10
13. VE record. All Bty CPs. See FA-3/5
Notes on Serial 5
After any shoot involving the registration or engagement by observed fire of
a HB or an enemy OP, the GPO must find the GR of the target and forward
immediately the following report, through the normal channels, to the ICB
staff concerned :-
Form Example
Target Registration Report Target Registration Report
1. Regiment and battery 1. 7 Medium Regiment P Battery.
concerned.
2. Description of target and 2. HG, M 1234.
target number.
3. Type of observation (artillery 3. Air OP.
OP, air OP, sound ranging or
radar).
4. Number of enemy weapon 4. 2
used as ranging point.
5. 8 figure GR, including height 5. 16856780,110 Ms
and method of reduction. Met message.
6. Degree of registration. 6. Within 25 Ms
7. Frontage. Facing. 7. 200 Ms. West.
8. Time of firing. 8. 0910.
Note. While sending the report, refer to each serial by its number only. If
no information is available for any serial, the serial number is omitted.
223
Annex B
PREPARATION OF TAPE NIWAR
1. To facilitate night deployment without daylight recce the tape niwar
should be prepared in the following manner, although rope, lime quick or
fluorescent paint may also be used. (Diagram at Appendix 1) :-
a. Base Tape Niwar. Tape niwar of 150/200 Ms length,
depending on the frontage to be adopted, should be prepared as
under :-
(1) 150 Ms
(a) At one end of tape niwar attach / sew a metal ring.
A white cloth patch of 2’ x 2’, with figure 1 boldly
written on it, is sewn on this end.
(b) After 30 Ms from first ring attach / sew another
ring and sew a cloth patch with figure 2.
(c) From ring of figure 2 at 30 Ms attach / sew another
ring and sew a cloth patch with figure 3.
(d) At 15 Ms from ring of figure 3 attach / sew a ring.
This will be centre ring and should be slightly
bigger in size for ease of identification.
(e) At 15 Ms from centre ring attach / sew another
ring and sew cloth patch with figure 4.
(f) At a tape length of 30 Ms from figure 4 ring, tie
another ring and sew a cloth patch with figure 5.
(g) At the end of the tape length / at 30 Ms from figure
5 ring, attach / sew the last ring and sew a cloth
patch of figure 6.
(h) The tape should be wound on two reels with the
centre ring in the middle of the two reels.
224
(2) 200 Ms. Tape niwar of 200 Ms will be prepared in the

same manner except that in this case the spacing between
the rings will be 40 Ms, and number 3 and 4 guns will be
at 20 Ms either side of centre ring.
b. Gun Tapes. Units should prepare a total of six gun tapes for
each battery. Four of these should be 40 Ms long and
remaining two 75 Ms long. All with a metal ring attached /
sewed at one end. These will be required as under :-
(1) For W Pattern. Only four tapes, each 40 Ms long, are
required for number 2, 3,4 and 5 guns.
(2) For Horse Shoe Pattern. Two tapes each 40 Ms long
and two tapes each 75 Ms long are required for this
pattern. Shorter tapes will be used for number 2 and 5
guns and longer tapes will be used for number 3 and 4
guns.
(3) For Single Line Pattern. No gun tapes are required as
the guns are deployed just astride the base tape.
c. Additional Tapes
(1) 150 Ms of tape with GPO A 1 for marking the route from
CP to the aiming circle.
(2) 75 Ms of tape with TA havildar for marking the route
from battery centre to the CP.
225
Appendix
To Annex B
PREPARATION OF TAPE NIWAR
150 Ms FRONTAGE
30 M 30 M 15 M 15 M 30 M 30 M
6 5 4 3 2 1
150 M
200 Ms FRONTAGE
40 M 40 M 20 M 20 M 40 M 40 M
6 5 4 3 2 1
200 M
GUN NUMBER 2 AND 5
40 M
GUN NUMBER 3 AND 4
40 M 35 M
226
Annex C
PATTERNS OF DEPLOYMENT
Base Tape
1. Procedure for laying the base tape is same for single line, horse shoe
or W pattern. Suggested procedure for laying the base tape is as under :-
a. Standing at the battery centre location GPO will determine the
direction of C/A.
b. He will firmly fix the battery centre flag / pole through the
centre ring of tape niwar and utilize gun rep of number 3 or 4
(or both) gun to hold this flag / pole firmly in place. Put on
battery colour light on the battery centre flag / pole.
c. He will order TA havildar to attach CP tape to the centre ring
and lay in the direction of back bearing of C/A. CP will be
sited along this tape, at about 75 Ms.
d. He will order gun rep of number 1 and 6 guns to lay the tape
niwar square to C/A by giving them the bearing on which to
move towards some sort of landmark / reference point visible
through naked eye or night goggles. He may utilize the TAs /
BHM to guide these gun reps to their destinations and then
return to the battery centre along the tape niwar. GPO will then
move to the right end of tape at number one ring. Using battery
centre light as reference, with help of compass have the tape
niwar laid square to C/A. (Bearing from number 1 gun to
battery centre will be bearing C/A minus 1600 mils).
e. Plant the gun flag of number 1 gun through number one ring
(this will also hold the tape niwar in place) and return to the
battery centre.
f. GPO will then move along the base tape to left end of the tape
niwar at number six ring and again with reference to battery
centre light have the tape aligned.
227
g. Plant flag of number 6 gun through the ring and return to the
battery centre.
h. GPO will order GPOA 1 to tie the end of aiming circle tape
(being carried by him) with number 6 gun marker ring and lay
the tape to appropriate direction depending on type of
equipment. At about the end of the tape he will select a suitable
position for the aiming circle from where all guns are visible.
Single Line Pattern (Appendix 1)
3. It precludes overhead firing and takes the least time for marking the
gun platforms. For deploying the guns in this pattern after laying the Base
Tape, the GPO will order gun reps of number 2, 3 4 and 5 guns to move
along the tape and plant their gun flags at their respective marks.
Horse Shoe Pattern (Appendix 2)
4. To mark the remaining gun platforms on this pattern, the GPO
alongwith BHM will proceed as under :-
a. Move to number 5 gun marker, gun rep will tie the open end of
40 Ms gun tape to the ring on base tape.
b. BHM will stand at the number five ring with torch light.GPO
taking along the gun rep will move in direction of C/A, the gun
rep laying the tape while they are so moving.
c. GPO will have the tape aligned in the direction of the C/A
using the light held by BHM as reference and place the gun flag
through the ring at the end of tape.
d. Move to number 4, 3 and 2 guns in that sequence and mark
platforms in the same manner. Using the gun tapes of
appropriate length the platforms for number 3 and 4 gun, will
be selected at 75 Ms while the platform for number 2 Gun will
be at 40 Ms.
e. Remove battery centre flag pole from centre ring and plant it at
40 Ms in the direction of C/A from centre ring.
228
W Pattern (Appendix 3)
5. In case of W pattern, gun platform of number 2, 3, 4 and 5 gun will be
selected at 40 Ms distance from base tape, using gun tapes of 40 Ms length.
Two of these guns will be plus of base tape and two short, with reference to
direction of C/A. The gun tape of guns being deployed short of base tape
will be laid in the direction of back bearing of C/A.
GPO’s Deployment Aid
6. General. A wooden aid, as at Appendix IV to annex C, can be
prepared for night deployment without daylight recce in a plain and open
terrain. Its shape is like a star or chinar leaf.
7. Construction of the GPO’s Deployment Aid
a. Take a circular wooden piece of 30 centimeters diameter.
b. Mark a pivot in the centre of the wooden piece with a strong
nail.
c. Mark an inner circle approximately in the middle.
d. Mark an arrow with the help of luminous paint depicting C/A,
extending from the centre till the outer edge.
e. Assuming the arrow at 6400 mils, mark directions with the help
of service protractor as follows, keeping its centre at the pivot :-
(1) Gun number 1 - C/A + 1200 mils
(7) Aiming circle - C/A + 2000 mils
(8) CP - C/A + 3200 mils
229
f. The above directions will be marked at the outer edge of the

round disc. The disc will now be cut in the form of fingers,
cutting the unnecessary wood inwards up to the inner circle.
g. Numbers of the guns, aiming circle and CP will be written in
luminous paint on the respective fingers.
h. Three to four iron legs should be provided at the base of the
deployment aid for fixing into the ground.
8. Use
a. Initial Orientation. The GPO places an open compass on the
GPO’s deployment aid, while standing at the battery centre, and
orientates the C/A finger in the required direction of C/A.
b. Fixing the Aid on the Ground. Three or four iron legs are
provided below the wooden aid to enable firm fixing of the aid
to the ground.
c. Directing the Gun Rep to Respective Gun Platforms. The GPO
calls each gun rep, A1 and A2 turn by turn, preferably starting
with the farthest gun, to direct him to the respective gun
platform. Following drill is recommended in this regard :-
(1) Each gun rep A1 and A2 carries a rope of specified
length, preferably rolled on an improvised small pulley,
just like a wire drum.
(2) Battery centre end of the rope is first fixed with a hook or
a knot to the pivot-hinge provided in the centre of the
GPO’s deployment aid.
(3) The GPO indicates general direction and orders the rep to
move in that direction towards respective gun platform.
(4) The rep keeps moving in the direction given by the GPO
and keeps unrolling the rope rolled around the pulley.
When the rope finishes, the rep stops and looks towards
the GPO.
230
(5) The GPO signals him with the help of torch to move left
or right if he is not correctly aligned as per the respective
finger of the leaf.
(6) When the GPO is satisfied that the rep is correctly
aligned, he signals him to plant his respective gun
platform marker.
(7) The above drill is repeated for all guns, aiming circle and
CP.
d. Rope Lengths. A battery can easily be deployed on a frontage
of 200 Ms by keeping following lengths of the ropes for guns,
aiming circle and CP :-
(1) Gun number 1 and 6 - 100 Ms
(4) Aiming circle - 150 Ms
(5) CP - 75 Ms
231
Appendix I
To Annex C
SINGLE LINE PATTERN
C/A
Aiming Circle
100 M
Battery Centre
6 5 4 3 2 1
150/200 M
40 M
CP
C/A + 3200 mils

232
Appendix II
To Annex C
HORSE SHOE PATTERN
C/A
Aiming Circle
Battery Centre
100 M 75 M 75 M
40 M
40 M 40 M
6 5 4 3 2 1
150 / 200 M
40 M
CP
C/A + 3200 mils

233
Appendix III
To Annex C
W PATTERN
C/A
Aiming Circle
100 M
Battery Centre
40 M 40 M
6 5 4 3 2 1
150 / 200 M
40 M 40 M
75 M
CP
C/A + 3200 mils

234
Appendix IV
To Annex C
GPO’S DEPLOYMENT AID
C/A
5 3
C/A
3
5
1
PIVOT
6
A/C
4 2
CP
6 2
Aiming Circle
4
CP
235
Annex D
DIRECT LAYING SIGHTS
US Equipment
6. 105 mm / 105 mm Pack How. The distance between each vertical
line in the panoramic telescope represents 10 mils. To lay with a lead of
right 10 mils on a target moving to right, the layer places the first graticule
to the left, at the point of aim. The ranges are marked after an interval of 200
Ms in elbow telescope. For range, the respective line should be aligned with
the target.
Figure 1(a): Panoramic Telescope Figure 1(b): Elbow Telescope

Figure 2(a): Panoramic Telescope Figure2(b): Elbow Telescope

105 mm Pack How 105 mm Pack How
236
2. US Equipment (Less 105 mm How). The distance between each

vertical line in Panoramic Telescope represents 5 mils. The ranges are
marked after an interval of 200 Ms in 155 mm How M-198, 400 M in 155
mm Gun/ 8" How and 500 M in 155 mm How M-109 / 8" How M-110 in
elbow telescopes. The lead and range are applied in similar manner as in
case of 105 mm How.
Figure 3: Panoramic Telescope 155 mm How, 155mm Gun and 8 " How
Figure 4(a): Elbow Telescope Figure 4(b): Elbow Telescope

155 mm Gun 8" How
237
Figure 5: Panoramic Telescope 155 mm How M-109/ M-198
Figure 6(a): Elbow Telescope Figure 6(b): Elbow Telescope

155 mm How M-198 155 mm How M-109
Figure 7(a): Panoramic Telescope Figure 7(b): Elbow Telescope

8" How 8" How
238
Eastern Equipment
3. Application of Lead using Panoramic Telescope. The distance
between each vertical line in Panoramic Telescope represents 5 rukhs (total
20 rukhs on either side). To lay with a lead of right 10 rukhs on a target
moving to the right, the layer places the second graticule to the left of the
centre , at the point of aim.
Figure 8(a): Panoramic Telescope Figure 8(b): Panoramic Telescope

122 mm How/122 mm How D-30 130 mm Gun
4. Application of Range
a. 122 mm How. Range is converted into elevation using firing
tables (column 2) or roughly dividing it by 50 and is applied on
the respective charge of the range drum.
b. Eastern Equipment (Less 122 mm How). Using telescopic
sights lead and range for different ammunitions are applied on
their respective scales. To set the range and lead in case of 130
mm Gun M-46 / M-49 and 122 mm How D-30 (Figure 9) the
horizontal graticule is aligned with respective range keeping in
view the lead graduation, with sight knobs.For 130 mm Gun
M-59 (Figure 10) the respective range line is aligned with fixed
239
horizontal line inside the telescope with sight knob and respective
lead dot is then aligned with the target using traversing and
elevating hand wheels.
Figure 9: Telescopic Sight 130 mm Gun (M-46 and M-49) and 122 mm
How D-30
Figure 10: Telescopic Sight 130 mm Gun (M-59)

5. Further details of various scales shown in Figures 9 and 10 are
described in respective Gun Drill Books.

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RESTRICTED

The information given in this document is not to Code No

By order of the Chief of the Army Staff

Amendment Number By Whom Amended Date of Insertion

Notes: 1. Surplus copies will be returned to the Administrative Officer {A6(c)},

2. For details of scales of distribution please see para 6 of Introduction to

CHAPTER 1 – DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES

CHAPTER 2 – LAYOUT AND ORGANIZATION OF CP

CHAPTER 3 – PREPARATIONS FOR OPENING FIRE

CHAPTER 4 – GENERAL TECHNICAL DUTIES

CHAPTER 6 – THE EMPLOYMENT OF SHELL WITH

CHAPTER 7 – SPECIAL SHOOTS

CHAPTER 8 – PROGRAMME SHOOTS

CHAPTER 10 – HIGH ANGLE FIRE

CHAPTER 11 – ANTI TANK GUNNERY

CHAPTER 12 – TARGET RECORDS

63. Target Records within Battery 204

CHAPTER 13 – CHANGE OF GRID

A. Records and Reports to be kept within the Regiment 221

B. Preparation of Tape Niwar 225

I. Bearing Aiming Post for Night Deployment 25

IV. Crest Clearance Card 65

1. The Adjutant’s HB Board 2

12. Directing Guns at Target – 3 48

45 Central Laying Sight 184

Following abbreviations have been used in this pamphlet:-

observer has been specially authorised to order regimental

h. Inform next higher HQ whenever guns of his regiment engage a

SECTION 2 - DUTIES OF RSO

d. Responsible for carrying survey to OP area.

SECTION 3- DUTIES OF GPO

(6) Determine GR of battery centre.

(7) Order quick sight tests.

b. Inform adjutant whenever his battery engages a target. His

o. Carry out calculations connected with datum registration.

SECTION 4 – DUTIES OF AGPO

(3) Preparation of displacement grid.

SECTION 5 – DUTIES OF SECTION COMMANDERS

One Despatch Rider (DR)

Target Records Operator

Figure 2 – Layout of Regiment CP

GPOA 3 GPO GPOA 2

Figure 3 – Layout of Battery CP

SECTION 8 - GUN POSITION

a. All guns must be able to cover allotted zone laterally and in

b. Shells be stacked and cartridge shelters should be constructed

6. There must at all times be at least one member of each detachment in

C/A recorded at - Deflection 500/5000

2. If more than one battery is to be used, each battery will have to be

8. Duties of RSO. RSO’s duties are described in detail in FA-3/9

SECTION 11- LAYING GUNS IN THE C/A

(2) Must be as distant as possible.

(2) Eastern Equipment /Clockwise Sights (122 mm How, 122

SECTION 12- OCCUPATION OF POSITION BY NIGHT

Night Occupation with Day Light Recce

(3) From CP to “Battery picket”.

Route Marking with Tape Niwar