POWER SYSTEM-1 (EE-592)

PRESENTED BY:

 NAME :APURVA LOHREH

 DEPT. :ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

 SEC :B

 ROLL NO :13001616125
 REGISTRATION NO :161300110632

 YEAR : 3rd (2018-2019)

INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance
and assistance from many people and I am extremely privileged to have
got this all along the completion of my project. All that I have done is
only due to such supervision and assistance and I would not forget to
thank them

I respect and thank Ms. JAYANTI BHATTACHARJEE , for

providing me an opportunity to do the project work in the topic
SOLAR POWER PLANTS and giving us all support and guidance which
made me complete the project duly. I am extremely thankful to her
for providing such a nice support and guidance. I've learned a lot
about this topic and it really help me expand my knowledge. I am
thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement,
support and guidance from all Teaching staffs of Electrical
Department . Also, I would like to extend our sincere esteems to all
staff in laboratory for their timely support.

INTRODUCTION

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from

the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-
evolving technologies such as solar
heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar
architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial
photosynthesis.[1][2]
It is an important source of renewable energy and its
technologies are broadly characterized as
either passive solar or active solar depending on how
they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it
into solar power. Active solar techniques include the
use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar
power and solar water heating to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building
to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal
mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing
spaces that naturally circulate air.
The large magnitude of solar energy available makes
it a highly appealing source of electricity.
1.NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF POWER GENERATION
Non-conventional energy is considered the energy of the future.
Considering the benefits of non-conventional energy generation, many
countries have started producing this energy in large scale. There is
continuous research for development of technology in this field to reduce
the cost of production and to make it more cost-effective.

1.SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy is harnessed by converting solar energy directly
into electrical energy in solar plants. Photosynthesis
process carries out this process of conversion of solar energy. In
photosynthesis, green plants absorb solar energy and convert it
into chemical energy. Solar energy is an essential energy of all
non-conventional sources but its usage amount is very less. It is
the most important non-conventional source of energy and it
gives non-polluting environment-friendly output and is
available in abundant.

2.WIND ENERGY
Wind energy describes the process by which wind is used to
generate electricity. As the wind increases, power output
increases up to the maximum output of the particular turbine.
Wind farms prefer areas, where winds are stronger and
constant. These are generally located at high altitudes. Wind
turbines use wind to make electricity. There is no pollution
because no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity. One of
India’s largest windmill farm is in Kanyakumari which generates
380mW of electricity.
3.BIOENERGY
Biomass is the organic matter that originates from
plants, animals, wood, sewage. These substances burn to
produce heat energy which then generates electricity. The
chemical composition of biomass varies in different species but
generally, biomass consists of 25% of lignin, 75% of
carbohydrates or sugar. Biomass energy is also applicable for
cooking, lighting, and generation of electricity. The residue left
after the removal of biogas is a good source of manure.
Biomass is an important energy source contributing to more
than 14% of the global energy supply.
4.GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal energy is the heat energy that we get from hot
rocks present in the earth’s crust. So Geothermal wells
release greenhouse gases trapped within the earth and but these
emissions are much lower per energy unit than the fossil fuels.
This energy generally involves low running costs since it saves
80% on fossil fuels. Due to this, there is an increase in the use
of geothermal energy. It helps in reducing global warming and
does not create pollution.
2. COMPARITIVE CONTIBUTION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES:
OIL- 35.1%
COAL- 23.5%
NATURAL GAS- 20.7%
RENEWABLE COMBUSTIBLE WATES-11.1%
NUCLEAR- 6.8%
HYDRO- 2.3%
OTHERS- 0.5%
3. SOLAR POWER GENERATION

SUN Radiates about 3.5*10^23 kW into space and only 2*10^14 kW reaches the earth.

In countries which are within 3200 km of equator use of such energy is economically significant,the
use of solar energy is therefore of special imp for INDIA.

Solar energy generation is one of fastest growing and most promising

renewable energy sources of power generation worldwide. Nowadays, the
electrical energy becomes one of the basic needs in our daily life, which
makes increasing demand for it.

As a major source of electrical power generation fossil fuels are depleting

day by day and also its usage raises serious environmental concerns.
These reasons force the development of new energy sources which are
renewable and ecologically safe.
4.ENERGY CONVERSION METHODS

DIRECT CONVERSION METHODS

CONVENTIONAL BOILER METHOD

5.DIRECT CONVERSION METHOD:

A PV cell (can be called as a solar cell) is a semiconductor device that

converts the sunlight energy into electricity without going through any
energy conversion steps.

This conversion takes place by photovoltaic effect and hence they are
called Photovoltaic (PV) cells. It generates voltage and current at its
terminals when sunlight incident on it.
The way and the amount of power generated by a solar cell depend on the
sunlight falling on it. This also includes some factors such as intensity of
light, angle at which the light falls on it and area of the cell.

The more is the power generated, if higher is the light intensity. If the area
of the cell is more, the power generated is also more. And the optimum
power is generated by it when light falling is perpendicular to the front side
of the cell.

The solar cells are made with silicon semiconductor material and is treated
with phosphorous and boron to make a thin silicon wafer. The wafer layers
are then aligned together to make the solar cells, once they are doped.
6.SOLAR CELLS:
The efficiency of solar cells are as low as 15%.

The main problem is faced with the cost and maintenance of solar cell.

Solar cells generate voltage proportional to electromagnetic radiation.

Typically one cell produces 1.5 watts of power.

Individual cells are connected together to form a solar panel capable of developing 3 to 110 W
power.

Panels are connected in series and parallel to make a solar aaray which produce any amt of wattage
as space permits.

7.Advantages of photovoltaic solar systems:

1.Absence of moving parts.

2.Direct conversion of light to electricity at room temperature.

3. Can function unattended for long time.

4.No environmental pollution.

5.Solar energy is free and no fuel is required.

6.System is noiseless and cheap.

8.Limitations of PV solar systems:

Solar power plants need very large land areas.

Low efficiency.

The initial cost of the plant is very high .

The energy spent in the manufacture of solar cells is very high.

9.CONVENTIONAL BOILER METHOD
TOP 5 SOLAR PLANTS IN INDIA
1. Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park, Andhra
Pradesh
Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park is the world’s largest solar park, spread over
a total area of 5,932.32 acres in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh.

2. Kamuthi Solar Power Project, Tamil Nadu

Kamuthi Solar Power Project is the largest single location solar power plant
in the world, located at Kamuthi in Tamil Nadu. The Kamuthi solar plant is
the world’s second largest solar park with a capacity of 648 MW
commissioned by Adani Power.
3. Bhadla Solar Park, Rajasthan
Bhadla Solar Park near Jodhpur district of Rajasthan is the third largest
solar park in India, spread over a total area of 10,000 acres. The park has
total capacity of 2,255 MW and NTPC announced that it had commissioned
115 MW on 22 February 2017.

4. Charanka Solar Park, Gujarat

Charanka village solar park is one of the Asia’s biggest solar park, located
at northern Gujarat. The site is the world’s second largest photovoltaic
power station and spread across 5,384 acres of unused land.
5. Sakri Solar Plant, Maharashtra
Sakri Solar Power Plant is the largest solar power plant in Maharashtra,
located at Dhule district in Maharashtra. The 125 MW Shivajinagar Sakri
solar plant is also one of the largest of its kind solar projects in the country.
11.SOLAR POWER IN INDIA

The Indian government is promoting solar energy. It announced an allocation of ₹1,000

crore (US$140 million) for the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and a clean-
energy fund for the 2010-11 fiscal year, an increase of ₹380 crore (US$53 million) from
the previous budget. The budget encouraged private solar companies by reducing the
import duty on solar panels by five percent. This is expected to reduce the cost of a
rooftop solar-panel installation by 15 to 20 percent.

A lot of efforts have been made during the last quarter century as the number of devices like solar
water heater,solar cooker,solar street lights have been developed.
.
India has also star wide solar photovoltaic programs for about 2 deacdes and has installede an
average oh 1.3 million systems.

CONCLUSION:
On conclusion we can say that,non conventional energy sources are better alternatives for
production of electricity as they can be repleinished by natural process and doesn’t bring much harm
Non-conventional energy is considered the energy of the
to the environment.
future. Considering the benefits of non-conventional energy generation,
many countries have started producing this energy in large scale. There is
continuous research for development of technology in this field to reduce
the cost of production and to make it more cost-effective.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following sources have helped me alot to complete this report:

 www.wikipedia.com
 www.electrical4u.com
 Power systems by J.B.GUPTA

THANK YOU!!