Database System: Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik Jakarta

Database System
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik

Jakarta
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik

Referensi
T. Connoly, C. Begg, Database Systems, Edisi 4, England: Addison Wesley, 2005.
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary Prescott, Heiki Topi, Edisi 8, Modern Database Management,
Prentice Hall, 2007.
Access Database Design & Programming, 3rd edition, Steven Roman, O’Reilly, January
2002.
Database Systems: The Complete Book, Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ulman, Jennifer
Widom, Prentice Hall.
Microsoft Access 2010TM An Essential Guide (Level 1), The University of Reading, 2011.
Microsoft Access 2010TM An Intermediate Guide (Level 2), The University of Reading,
2011.
Using and Designing Access 2010 databases – Practical workbook, University of Bristol.
Said Mirza Pahlevi, Tujuh Langkah Praktis Pembangunan Basis Data.

Penilaian
Tugas/Quiz : 20%
UTS : 30%
UAS : 50%

Lecture 1
Introduction to Databases

Objectives
Some brief definitions and common uses of database systems.
Characteristics and problems of file-based systems.
Meaning of the term database and Database Management System (DBMS).
Components of DBMS Environment
Roles in the Database Environment
Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs
DR. SAID MIRZA PAHLEVI, M.ENG. Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik
Some Definitions
Database
• A collection of related data.
Database Management System (DBMS)

• A software that manages and control accesses to the database.
Database Application
• A program that interacts with the database at some point in its
execution.
Database System
• A collection of application programs that interact with the database.
Examples of Database
Applications
Purchases from the supermarket
• Bar code reader  app prog  DB (update stock number)
Purchases using your credit card

• Card reader  app prog customer DB & stolen DB
Booking a holiday at the travel agents

• Ensure not to overbook the seat
Using the local library

• Bar code reader  app prog book DB (borrow & return)
Examples of Database
Applications
Taking out insurance
• A broker accesses several insurance company databases
Using the Internet

• Bookstore to buy books and purchase by using a credit card
(both uses DB)
Studying at university
• Student database
File-Based Systems
Collection of application programs that perform services for
the end users (e.g. reports).
Each program defines and manages its own data.
File-Based Systems

Limitations of File-Based
Approach
Separation and isolation of data
• Each program maintains its own set of data.
• Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data
held by other programs.
Duplication of data
• Same data is held by different programs.
• Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different
formats for the same item.
• It costs time & money to enter data more than once.
• Loss of data integrity.
Limitations of File-Based
Approach
Program – Data dependence
• File structure is defined in the program code.
• It is difficult to change the file structure.
• Need to change both the file and accessing programs.
 e.g., change PropertyForRent address field from 40 to 41. Creating one-off program &
modify all accessing programs
Incompatible file formats

• Programs are written in different languages (e.g., COBOL & C), and so
cannot easily access each other’s files.
Fixed Queries of application programs

• Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
• Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
The file-based approach limitations arose:
• Definition of data was embedded in application programs,

rather than being stored separately and independently.
• No control over access and manipulation of data beyond

that imposed by application programs.
Result:
• The database and Database Management System (DBMS).
Database
Definition: shared collection of logically related data and a
description of this data, designed to meet the information needs of
an organization.
• Shared large repository of data with metadata (self-describing).
• This enables program–data independence.
Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and

relationships of an organization’s information.
• Entities: branch and staff.
• Property: branchNo and staffNo.
• Relationship: a branch has staff.
Database Management System
(DBMS)
A software system that enables users to define, create,
maintain, and control access to the database.
(Database) application program
• A computer program that interacts with database by issuing

an appropriate request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.
Database Management System
(DBMS)
Figure 1.5
DBMS Functionalities
Data Definition Language (DDL).
• Permits specification of data types, structures and any data

constraints.
• All specifications are stored in the database.
Data Manipulation Language (DML).
• General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.
DBMS Functionalities
Controlled access to database may include:
• A security system
• An integrity system
• A concurrency control system
• A recovery control system
• A user-accessible catalog.
Views
Allows each user to have his or her own view of the database.
• e.g., contract department wants to see for a rental property

shown in Figure 1.5
A view is essentially some subset of the database.
Views - Benefits
Reduce complexity.
• A view based on necessities.
Provide a level of security.

• Excluding data that some users should not see.
Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the database.

• Call field rent as Monthly Rent.
Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of the database,

even if the underlying database is changed.
• Field added or removed, relationships changed, renamed etc.
Components of DBMS
Environment
Components of DBMS
Environment
Hardware
• Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
• Client-server architecture (backend & frontend).
Software
• DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and

also the application programs (3GL such as Java, VB etc. & 4GL
such as SQL embedded in 3GL).
Components of DBMS
Environment
Data
• Operational data used by the organization and a description of

this data called the schema.
Procedures
• Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and

use of the database and DBMS.
 Log in, start/stop DBMS, backup etc.
People
Roles in the Database
Environment
Data Administrator (DA)
• Manage the data resource (DB planning, conceptual/logical

DB design etc.)
Database Administrator (DBA)
• Physical realization of DB (physical DB design &

implementation, security and integrity control etc.)
Environment
Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
• Conceptual/logical DB
 Identifying the data (entities & attributes), and their relationships &
constraints
 Understand the data and business rules (main characteristics of the
data as viewed by the organization)
• Physical DB design
 Deciding how the logical DB design is to be physically realized
 e.g., mapping logical DB design into a set of tables and integrity
constraints
Environment
Application Programmers
• Creating program to access the DB (retrieve, insert, update &

delete data)
End Users
• Naïve: unaware of the DBMS
• Sophisticated: familiar with the structure of the database and the

provided database facilities
Advantages of DBMSs
Control of data redundancy
• Can be duplicated for performance reason
Data consistency
• Store data in one place
More information from the same amount of data

• Data integration
Sharing of data
• The database belongs to the entire organization; not to departments
Advantages of DBMSs
Improved data integrity (constraints)
• Validity and consistency of stored data
Improved security
• Usernames and passwords for authorization
• Access by operation types: retrieval, insert, update & delete
Enforcement of standards
• Data formats, naming conventions, document standards, update
procedures and access rules
Economy of scale
• Combining operational data into one database and managing
them can result in cost savings
Advantages of DBMSs
Balance conflicting requirements
• The database is under control of a DBA that can make best decisions
base on user needs
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness

• The integrated data is directly accessible to the end users by using
program, query language and report writers
Increased productivity
• DBMS provides all the low level file-handling routines (typical in
application programs)
• Also provides 4th generation environment
Advantages of DBMSs
Improved maintenance through data independence
• DBMS separates data descriptions from the applications
Increased concurrency
• DBMS manages concurrent database access
Improved backup and recovery services

• Minimize the amount of processing that is lost following a
failure
Disadvantages of DBMSs
Complexity
• Database design, access policy etc.
Size
• A large piece of software requiring substantial memory to run
Cost of DBMS
• Depends on the user number, maintenance cost etc.
Additional hardware costs

• Disk storage, dedicated machines for DBMS servers etc.
Disadvantages of DBMSs
Cost of conversion
• Converting existing apps to run on new DBMS & hardware

• Staff training
Performance
• DBMS is developed for general application compared to a file-based system
Higher impact of a failure
• Centralization of resource increases the vulnerability of the system.
Kuis
Sebutkan dua contoh database system/applications
• Jelaskan fungsi database nya
• Jelaskan operasi yang digunakan pada database tersebut

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Database System

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik

Characteristics and problems of file-based systems.

Meaning of the term database and Database Management System (DBMS).

Components of DBMS Environment

Roles in the Database Environment

Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs

Database Management System (DBMS)

Purchases using your credit card

Booking a holiday at the travel agents

Using the local library

Using the Internet

Each program defines and manages its own data.

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik (STIS) Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik

Incompatible file formats

Fixed Queries of application programs

• Definition of data was embedded in application programs,

• No control over access and manipulation of data beyond

Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and

(Database) application program

• A computer program that interacts with database by issuing

• Permits specification of data types, structures and any data

• All specifications are stored in the database.

Data Manipulation Language (DML).

• General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.

• A concurrency control system

• A recovery control system

• e.g., contract department wants to see for a rental property

A view is essentially some subset of the database.

Provide a level of security.

Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the database.

Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of the database,

• Can range from a PC to a network of computers.

• Client-server architecture (backend & frontend).

• DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and

• Operational data used by the organization and a description of

• Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and

• Manage the data resource (DB planning, conceptual/logical

Database Administrator (DBA)

• Physical realization of DB (physical DB design &

• Creating program to access the DB (retrieve, insert, update &

• Naïve: unaware of the DBMS

• Sophisticated: familiar with the structure of the database and the

More information from the same amount of data

Improved data accessibility and responsiveness

• Also provides 4th generation environment

Improved backup and recovery services

Additional hardware costs

• Converting existing apps to run on new DBMS & hardware

• DBMS is developed for general application compared to a file-based system

Higher impact of a failure

• Centralization of resource increases the vulnerability of the system.

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