POWER QUALITY ASSEMENT AND IMPROVEMENT of 3-PHASE 3-WIRE NON-

LINEAR SYSTEM USING INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY BASED D-

STATCOM

A Main project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of
Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted
By
J.V.M PHANINDRA 16HT5A0203
T.DURGA SAI PRASAD 16HT5A0209
T.GOPI RAGHAVENDRA 16HT5A0210
P.GOPI CHAND 16HT5A0207
P.SUDHAKARA REDDY 15HTA10219
A.NAGA MANIKANTA 15HT1A0202
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
R. HANUMANTH NAIK, M. TECH
Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CHALAPATHI INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, NEW DELHI & Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada by NAAC A Grade

(A.R. Nagar, Mothadaka, Guntur (Dist.), AP: -522212)

2019

1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CHALAPATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUK)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the foregoing thesis entitled “POWER QUALITY ASSEMENT AND IMPROVEMENT
of 3-PHASE 3-WIRE NON-LINEAR SYSTEM USING INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY BASED D-
STATCOM” is a bonafied work done by
J.V.M.PHANINDRA 16HT5A0203
T.DURGA SAI PRASAD 16HT5A0209
T.GOPI RAGHAVENDRA 16HT5A0210
P.GOPI CHAND 16HT5A0207
P.SUDHAKARA REDDY 15HT1A0219
A.NAGA MANIKANTA 15HT1A0202
In partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering, submitted to the Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, CHALAPATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MOTHADAKA during the
period. These results embodied in the project report have not been submitted to any other university or
institute for the award of any degree.

Project Guide Head of the Department

MR.R.HANUMANTH NAIK, M. TECH MR.P. PURNA CHANDRA RAO, M. TECH

Department of EEE Department of EEE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly grateful to numerous local and global peers who have contributed towards shaping
this project. At the outset, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my guide Mr.
HANUMANTH NAIK, M. TECH Assistant Professor of EEE Department, for this advice during my
project work. He has constantly encouraged me and been a source of knowledge.
I am privileged to express our sincere gratitude to Dr.P. PURNA CHANDRA RAO, MTECH HOD of
EEE Department, for giving continuous support and guidance in our endeavors.

I convey our special thanks to beloved and honorable principal Dr.C. RAVIKANTH, principal,
Chalapathi Institute of Technology, and our college management for providing excellent lab
facilities for the completion of project within our campus. Finally, we express indebtedness to
everyone even remotely involved in this project.

I would also like to thank all our teaching staff members of EEE for giving us their valuable
suggestions.

Finally, we are thankful to one and all who contributed for the successful completion for our
project work.

J.V.M.PHANINDRA 16HT5A0203
T.DURGA SAI PRASAD 16HT5A0209
T.GOPI RAGHAVENDRA 16HT5A0210
P.GOPI CHAND 16HT5A0207
P.SUDHAKARA REDDY 15HT1A0219
A.NAGA MANIKANTA 15HT1A0202

3
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled,” POWER QUALITY ASSEMENT AND
IMPROVEMENT of 3-PHASE 3-WIRE NON-LINEAR SYSTEM USING INSTANTANEOUSPOWER THEORY BASED

D-STATCOM submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering, To Chalapathi Institute of Technology,
Mothadaka, affiliated to JNTU Kakinada is a authentic work and has to not been submitted to any
other University or institution for award of degree.

J.V.M.PHANINDRA 16HT5A0203
T.DURGA SAI PRASAD 16HT5A0209
T.GOPI RAGHAVENDRA 16HT5A0210
P.GOPI CHAND 16HT5A0207
P.SUDHAKARA REDDY 15HT1A0219
A.NAGA MANIKANTA 15HT1A0202

4
 CONTENTS

CONTENTS

CHAPTERS NAME PAGE NO

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Literature survey

1.3 Motivation of the subject

1.4 Objective of the project

2.POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

2.1 Power quality problems

2.3 Solutions to power quality problems

2.4 Voltage sag

2.4.1 characteristics of voltage sag

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 2.4.2 How a fault results in voltage sag at a customer facility?

2.4.3 Standards associated with voltage sags

2.5 Voltage swell

2.5.1 Over voltages

2.5.2 Swell causes

3. STATCOM:
3.1 Introduction

3.2 STATCOM structure and voltage/current characteristics

3.3 Six Pulse STATCOM

3.4 STATCOM equivalent circuit

3.5 Main Applications

4. INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY:

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Control analogy(CLARKE TRANSFORMATION)

4.3 D-STATCOM
4.3.1 The PWM converter for D-STATCOM

4.3.2The Active Filter Controller

4.3.3Instantaneous power computation

4.3.4Power compensating extraction

4.3.5DC voltage regulator

5.MATLAB&SIMULINK
5.1Matlab

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5.1.1Introduction

5.1.2Key features

5.2SIMULINK

5.2.1Introduction

5.2.2Key features

5.2.3Block diagrams

5.2.4Simulink block libraries

5.2.5Sub systems

5.2.6Solvers

5.2.6.1Fixed-step solvers

5.2.6.2Variable-step solvers

5.2.6.3Continuous solvers

5.2.6.4Discrete solvers

5.3The power system block set

5.4 Simulation results

6.CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

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 ABSTRACT
Harmonics is an eminent power quality issue confronted by the end user. It possesses several
adverse effects in the electrical environment. It should be reduced for the smooth and efficient
operation. In the presented study, Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) is initiated to
strengthen power quality in terms of reducing harmonics. The control strategy is contingent on
instantaneous power theory.

The harmonics annihilation is accomplished by providing compensating current accordingly

that it produces the sinusoidal wave shape source current no matter what nonlinear load in the
distribution line.

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

In this day and age, there is augmented in the anxiety of the power quality(PQ) at the power
consumer primarily due to the reason of more delicate loads such as power electronics and micro-
controller based load. There are various constraints as a result of which the PQ in the distribution
and/or transmission system figured out. Out of them, harmonics is a prominent PQ issue confronted
by the end user. Harmonics are the voltage and/or current waveform retaining frequency integral
multiple of power system (fundamental) frequency. An all-inclusive utilization of non-linear load
has raised content of harmonic at point of common coupling(PCC).Harmonics are predominantly
because of industrial non- linear power electronics load such as an inverter, drives, arc furnace,
rectifier, welding machines, transformers, FACTs devices, rotating electric machines, etc.

1.2 Literature survey:

Traditionally passive L-C filters were used to mitigate harmonics. A passive filter is
composed of only passive elements such as inductors, capacitors and resistors thus not requiring any
operational amplifiers. Passive filters are inexpensive compared with most other mitigating devices.
However it had demerits of aging and tuning, resonance, bulk size and also fixed compensation.
Recently, active power filters (APF) or active power-line conditioners (APLC) proposed power-
electronic equipment for solving these power quality problems. The APF has the ability to
compensate current-harmonics and reactive power simultaneously. But they are not feasible and cost
effective for a large-rating nonlinear load due to their high rating requirement. Hybrid series and
shunt active filters, characterized by a combination of passive filters and active filers, offer a cost-
effective and practical solution for harmonic filtering and harmonic isolation for a large-rated
nonlinear load and especially for a group of 26 nonlinear loads. Jason Wells et al(2007) have
proposed a modulation-based technique for generating pulse waveforms with Selective Harmonic
Elimination (SHE). The drawback of this method is the modulation index cannot be set exactly.
Ghennam et al (2008) have proposed a hybrid parallel active filter/offline UPS component for
computer loads. The inverter acting as an active filter using the single phase PQ theory control
strategy in the active filter mode of operation has achieved harmonic mitigation, reactive power
compensation and battery charging. In addition, by employing feedback loop control to provide a

9
pure sinusoidal line current and to regulate the output voltage, they have provided an uninterrupted
and reliable power supply in the off-line UPS mode. Zhong Du et al(2008) have presented a reduced
switching-frequency active-harmonic-elimination method (RAHEM). Faiz et al (2009) have
proposed a mathematical modeling using three-phase PWM inverter, nonlinear load, control system
and multiple-filter for the analysis and design of a system. They have explained the output
waveform distortion mechanism of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter with
nonlinear loads by means of detailed theoretical analysis. A multiple-filter has been employed at the
output of the UPS, for eliminating the harmonic components transferred to the load. Faiz et al
(2009)have proposed the dynamic analysis of a three phase PWM voltage source inverter with the
output of multiple-filter in UPS system. They have explained the mathematical model of their
proposed filter and the reduction of harmonics in the output waveform because of the use of 27
multiple-filter has been demonstrated by means of simulation result. Low THD (less than 4%) and
low steady-state error have been obtained in the simulation results with linear (resistive) load. Here,
the drawback of multiple filters is when the inverter level varies, the filter order gets changed. The
current harmonic compensated by using the Shunt Active Power Filter, Passive Power Filter and the
combination of both was proposed by Mahalekshmi (2010). The system has the function of voltage
stability, and harmonic suppression. The reference current can be calculated by dq transformation.
An improved generalized integrator control was proposed to improve the performance of APF.IGIC
is a PI controller used to eliminate error between the filter current and the harmonic current. It
consists of several PI controllers. Each controller is tuned to reduce the particular harmonics
1.3 Motivation of the subject:

In this presented study, the current control mode is incorporated to introduce a set of three
unbalanced currents. The VSI associated with a DSTATCOM injects current in one phase
autonomously with reference to the other two phases. A unique control strategy based on
instantaneous power theory is exercised to improve the PQ by means of harmonics in a power
system scenario associated with the non-linear load. The harmonics annihilation is accomplished
by injecting compensating current in a manner that it produces the source current sinusoidal no
matter what nonlinear load in the distribution line. The harmonic current of source current is
curtailed. Due to this, THD of the system is lessened and as a result of that, the heat losses in the
system are subsided.

1.4 Objective of the project:

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 The switching of nonlinear load yielded in30.30%THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)in
source current. The harmonic current of source current is curtailed. The DSTATCOM with
instantaneous power theory has improved THD of source current by reducing to 2.31%.The
efficiency of D-STATCOM relies too much on the control strategy that is employed to produce the
compensating reference current. Besides the numerous control strategies, the instantaneous power
theory proves its functionality very well. The amount of compensating current by voltage source
inverter(VSI)to make the source current sinusoidal depends on the switching pattern of IGBT of
VSI.

1.5 Project organization:

The project has been organization in to five chapters. Following the chapter on
introduction to project, the rest of the project is outlined as follows.
Chapter 2 Power quality problems
Chapter 3 STATCOM
Chapter 4 Instantaneous power theory
Chapter 5 presents all the simulation diagram and results which are fond using
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Comprehensive conclusion of the work under taken
in this thesis and the references taken for the purpose of research work are also presented.

11
 CHAPTER-2
POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

“Power Quality is the

concept of powering and grounding sensitive equipment in a matter that is suitable to the operation

of that equipment”.“Set of parameters defining the properties of the power supply as deliver to the

user in normal operating conditions in-terms of continuity of supply and characteristics of voltage”.

Power quality is the combination of voltage quality and current quality. Thus power quality is

concerned with deviations of voltage and/or current from the ideal. Power distribution systems,

ideally, should provide their customers with an uninterrupted flow of energy at smooth sinusoidal

voltage at the contracted magnitude level and frequency. However, in practice, power systems,

especially the distribution systems have numerous nonlinear loads, which significantly affect the

quality of power supplies. As a result of then on linear loads, the purity of the waveform of supplies
12
is lost. This ends up producing many Power quality problems. While power disturbances occur on

all electrical systems, the sensitivity of today’s sophisticated electronic devices makes them more

susceptible to the quality of power supply. For some sensitive devices, a momentary disturbance can

cause scrambled data, interrupted communications, a frozen mouse, system crashes and equipment

failure etc. A power voltage spike can damage valuable components. Power Quality problems

encompass a wide range of disturbances such as voltage sags/swells, flicker, harmonics distortion,

impulse transient, and interruptions.

2.2 POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

 Voltage DIP: A voltage dip is used to refer to short-term reduction in voltage of less than
half a second.
 Voltage Sag: Voltage sags can occur at any instant of time, with amplitudes ranging

from10% to 90% and duration lasting for half a cycle to one minute.

 Voltage Swell: Voltage swell is defined as an increase in RMS voltage or current at the

power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycles to 1 min.

 Voltage 'Spikes', 'Impulses' or 'Surges': These are terms used to describe abrupt, very

brief increases in voltage value.

 Voltage Transients: They are temporary, undesirable voltages that appear on the power

Supply line. Transients are high over-voltage disturbances (up to 20KV) that last for a very

short time.

 Harmonics: The fundamental frequency of the AC electric power distribution system is 50

Hz. A harmonic frequency is any sinusoidal frequency, which is a multiple of the

fundamental frequency. Harmonic frequencies can be even or odd multiples of the sinusoidal

fundamental frequency.

13
  Flickers: Visual irritation and introduction of many harmonic components in the supply

power and their associated ill effects.

2.2.1 Causes of Dips, Sags and Surges:

1. Rural location remote from power source.

2. Unbalanced load on a three phase system.

3. Switching of heavy loads.

4. Long distance from a distribution transformer with interposed loads

5. Unreliable grid systems.

6. Equipments not suitable for local supply.

2.2.2 Causes of Transients and Spikes:

1. Lightening.

2. Arc welding.

3. Switching on heavy or reactive equipments such as motors, transformers, motor drives.

4. Electric grade switching.

2.3 SOLUTIONS TO POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS:

There are two approaches to the mitigation of power quality problems. The solution to the power

quality can be done from customer side or from utility side First approach is called load

conditioning, which ensures that the equipment is less sensitive to power disturbances, allowing the

operation even under significant voltage distortion. The other solution is to install line conditioning

systems that suppress or counteracts the power system disturbances. Currently they are based on

PWM converters and connect to low and medium voltage distribution system in shunt or in series.

Series active power filters must operate in conjunction with shunt passive filters in order to

compensate load current harmonics. Shunt active power filters operate as a controllable current

source and series active power filters operates as a controllable voltage source. Both schemes are

14
implemented preferable with voltage source PWM inverters, with a dc bus having a reactive

element such as a capacitor. However, with the restructuring of power sector and with shifting trend

towards distributed and dispersed generation, the line conditioning systems or utility side solutions

will play a major role in improving the inherent supply quality; some of the effective and economic

measures can be identified as following:

2.3.1 Lightening and Surge Arresters:

Arresters are designed for lightening protection of transformers, but are not sufficiently

voltage limiting for protecting sensitive electronic control circuits from voltage surges.

2.3.2 Thyristor Based Static Switches:

The static switch is a versatile device for switching a new element into the circuit when the

voltage support is needed. It has a dynamic response time of about one cycle. To correct quickly for

voltage spikes, sags or interruptions, the static switch can used to switch one or moreof devices such

as capacitor, filter, alternate power line, energy storage systems etc. The staticswitch can be used in

the alternate power line applications.

2.3.3 Energy Storage Systems:

Storage systems can be used to protect sensitive production equipments from

shutdownscaused by voltage sags or momentary interruptions. These are usually DC storage

systems suchas UPS, batteries, superconducting magnet energy storage (SMES), storage capacitors

or evenfly wheels driving DC generators .The output of these devices can be supplied to the

systemthrough an inverter on a momentary basis by a fast acting electronic switch. Enough energy

isfed to the system to compensate for the energy that would be lost by the voltage sag

orinterruption.

Though there are many different methods to mitigate voltage sags and swells, but the useof a

custom Power device is considered to be the most efficient method. For example, Flexible AC

Transmission Systems (FACTS) for transmission systems, the term custom power pertains to the use

15
of power electronics controllers in a distribution system, specially, to deal with variouspower

quality problems. Just as FACTS improves the power transfer capabilities and stabilitymargins,

custom power makes sure customers get pre-specified quality and reliability of supply.This pre-

specified quality may contain a combination of specifications of the following:

lowphase unbalance, no power interruptions, low flicker at the load voltage, low harmonic

distortionin load voltage, magnitude and duration of overvoltage and under voltages within

specifiedlimits, acceptance of fluctuations, and poor factor loads without significant effect on the

terminalvoltage There are many types of Custom Power devices.

Some of these devices include: Active Power Filters (APF), Battery Energy Storage Systems

(BESS), Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (DSTATCOM), Distribution Series

Capacitors (DSC), Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), Surge Arresters (SA), Super conducting

Magnetic Energy Systems (SMES), Static Electronic Tap Changers (SETC), Solid-State Transfer

Switches (SSTS), Solid State Fault Current Limiter (SSFCL), Static VARCompensator (SVC),

Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC), and Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS).

2.4 VOLTAGE SAG

Voltage sags and momentary power interruptions are probably the most important PQ

problem affecting industrial and large commercial customers. These events are usually associated

with a fault at some location in the supplying power system. Interruptions occur when the fault is

on the circuit supplying the customer. But voltage sags occur even if the faults happen to be far

away from the customer's site. Voltage sags lasting only 4-5 cycles can cause a wide range of

sensitive customer equipment to drop out. To industrial customers, voltage sag and a momentary

interruption are equivalent if both shut their process down. A typical example of voltage sag is

shown in fig 2.2The susceptibility of utilization equipment to voltage sag is dependent upon

duration and magnitude of voltage sags.

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 Fig 2.2 Typical Voltage Sag

2.4.1 Characteristics of Voltage Sags:

Voltage sags which can cause equipment impacts are caused by faults on the power system. Motor

starting also results in voltage sags but the magnitudes are usually not severe enough to cause

equipment mis-operation.

2.4.2 How a fault results in voltage sag at a customer facility?

The one line diagram given below in fig. 2.3 can be used to explain this phenomenon.

17
 Consider a customer on the feeder controlled by breaker 1. In the case of a fault
on this feeder, the customer will experience voltage sag during the fault and an interruption
when the breaker opens to clear the fault. For temporary fault, enclosure may be
successful.

Anyway, sensitive equipment will almost surely trip during this interruption. Another kind
of likely event would be a fault on one of the feeders from the substation or a fault
somewhere on the transmission system, In either of these cases, the customer will
experience a voltage sag during the actual period of fault. As soon as breakers open to clear
the fault, normal voltage will be restarted at the customer's end. Fig2.4 is a plot of RMS
voltage versus time and the waveform characteristics at the customer's location for one of
these fault conditions.

This waveform is typical of the customer voltage during a fault on a parallel feeder circuit
that is cleared quickly by the substation breaker. The total duration of fault is 150m sec.
The voltage during a fault on a parallel feeder will depend on the distance from the
substation to fault point. A fault close to substation will result in much more significant sag

18
than a fault near the end of feeder. Fig 2.4 shows the voltage sag magnitude atthe plant bus
as a function of fault location for an example system.

Fig 2.4 Voltage Sag Magnitude

A single line to ground fault condition results in a much less severe voltage sag than
3-phase fault Condition due to a delta--star transformer connection at the plant.
Transmission related voltage sags are normally much more consistent than those related to
distribution. Because of large amounts of energy associated with transmission faults, they
are cleared as soon as possible.

This normally corresponds to 3-6 cycles, which is the total time for fault detection and
breaker operation Normally customers do not experience an interruption for
transmission fault. Transmission systems are looped or networked, as distinct from
radial distribution systems. If a fault occurs as shown on the 115KV system, the
protective relaying will sense the fault and breakers A and B will open to clear the fault.
While the fault is on the transmission system, the entire power system, including the
distribution system will experience
Voltage sag.Fig shown the magnitude of measured voltage sags at an industrial plant
supplied from a 115 kV system. Most of the voltages were 10-30% below nominal voltage,
and no momentary interrupts were measured at the plant during the monitoring period (about

19
 a year). Fig 2.5 given a threedimensional plot - illustrating the number of sags experienced
as a function of both the voltage sag magnitude and the duration.

Fig 2.5 Three Dimensional Plot

This is a convenient way to completely characterize the actual or expected voltage sag conditions at
a site. Evaluating the impact of voltage sags at a customer plant involves estimating the member of
voltage sags that can be expected as a function of the voltage sag magnitude and then
comparing this with equipment sensitivity.

The estimate of voltage sag performance are developed by performing short-circuit simulations to
determine the plant voltage as a function of fault location throughout the power system. Total
circuit miles of line exposure that can affect the plant (area of vulnerability) are determined for a
particular sag level.

Historical fault performance (fault per year per 100 miles) can, then be used to estimate the
number of sags per year that can be expected below the magnitude. A chart such as the one in fig
8.Can be drawn in splitting the expected number of voltage sags by magnitude. This information
can be used directly by the customers to determine the need for power conditioning equipment
at sensitive loads in the plant.

2.4.3 STANDARDS ASSOCIATED WITH VOLTAGE SAGS:

Standards associated with voltage sags are intended to be used as reference documentsdescribing
single components and systems in a power system. Both the manufacturers and thebuyers use these

20
standards to meet better power quality requirements. Manufactures developproducts meeting the
requirements of a standard, and buyers demand from the manufactures thatthe product comply with
the standard..

2.5 Voltage swell

A swell is the reverse form of a Sag, having an increase in AC Voltage for a duration
of 0.5 cycles to 1 minute's time. For swells, high-impedance neutral connections, sudden
large load reductions, and a single-phase fault on a three phase system are common sources.
Swells can cause data errors, light flickering, electrical contact degradation, and
semiconductor damage in electronics causing hard server failures. Our power conditioners
and UPS Solutions are common solutions for swells.

It is important to note that, much like sags, swells may not be apparent until results are
seen. Having your power quality devices monitoring and logging your incoming power will
help measure these events.
2.5.1 Over-voltage
Over-voltages can be the result of long-term problems that create swells. Think of
anovervoltage as an extended swell. Over-voltages are also common in areas where supply
transformer tap settings are set incorrectly and loads have been reduced. Over-voltage
conditions can create high current draw and cause unnecessary tripping of downstream
circuit breakers, as well as overheating and putting stress on equipment. Since an
overvoltage is a constant swell, the same UPS and Power Conditioners will work for these.
Please note however that if the incoming power is constantly in an overvoltage condition,
the utility power to your facility may need correction as well. The same symptoms apply to
the over-voltages and swells however since the overvoltage is more constant you should
expect some excess heat. This excess heat, especially in data center environments, must be
monitored.
If you are experiencing any of these power quality problems we have solutions
ranging from Power Conditioners / Voltage Regulators to traditional UPS Systems and
Flywheel UPS Solutions.

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2.5.2 SWELL CAUSES

As discussed previously, swells are less common than voltage sags, but also usually associated with
system fault conditions. A swell can occur due to a single line-toground fault on the system, which
can also result in a temporary voltage rise on the un-faulted phases. This is especially true in
ungrounded or floating ground delta systems, where the sudden change in ground reference result in
a voltage rise on the ungrounded phases. On an ungrounded system, the line-to ground voltages on
the ungrounded phases will be 1.73pu during a fault condition. Close to the substation on a
grounded system, there will be no voltage rise on un-faulted phases because the substation
transformer is usually connected delta-wye, providing a low impedance path for the fault current.
Swells can also be generated by sudden load decreases. The abrupt interruption ofcurrent can
generate a large voltage, per the formula: v = L di/dt, where L is the inductance of the line, and di/dt
is the change in current flow. Switching on a large capacitor bank can also cause a swell, though it
more often causes an oscillatory transient.

CHAPTER 3

STATCOM

3.1. INTRODUCTION

In 1999 the first SVC with Voltage Source Converter called STATCOM (STATIC
COMPENSATOR) went into operation. The STATCOM has a characteristic similar to the
synchronous condenser, but as an electronic device it has no inertia and is superior to the
synchronous condenser in several ways, such as better dynamics, a lower investment cost and lower
operating and maintenance costs. A STATCOM is build with Thyristors with turn-off capability like
GTO or today IGCT or with more and more IGBTs. The static line between the current limitations
has a certain steepness determining the control characteristic for the voltage.

The advantage of a STATCOM is that the reactive power provision is independent from the
actual voltage on the connection point. This can be seen in the diagram for the maximum currents
being independent of the voltage in comparison to the SVC. This means, that even during most
22
severe contingencies, the STATCOM keeps its full capability. In the distributed energy sector the
usage of Voltage Source Converters for grid interconnection is common practice today. The next
step in STATCOM development is the combination with energy storages on the DC-side. The
performance for power quality and balanced network operation can be improved much more with
the combination of active and reactive power.

3.2. STATCOM structure and voltage / current characteristic

STATCOMs are based on Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) topology and utilize either
Gate-Turn-off Thyristors (GTO) or Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) devices. The
STATCOM is a very fast acting, electronic equivalent of a synchronous condenser. If the
STATCOM voltage, Vs, (which is proportional to the dc bus voltage Vc) is larger than bus voltage,
Es, then leading or capacitive VARS are produced. If Vs is smaller then Es then lagging or
inductive VARS are produced.

Fig.3.2 STATCOM voltage / current characteristic

3.3. Six Pulses STATCOM

23
 The three phases STATCOM makes use of the fact that on a three phase, fundamental
frequency, steady state basis, and the instantaneous power entering a purely reactive device must be
zero. The reactive power in each phase is supplied by circulating the instantaneous real power
between the phases. This is achieved by firing the GTO/diode switches in a manner that maintains
the phase difference between the ac bus voltage ES and the STATCOM generated voltage VS.
Ideally it is possible to construct a device based on circulating instantaneous power which has no
energy storage device (i.e no dc capacitor).

Fig.3.3

A practical STATCOM requires some amount of energy storage to accommodate harmonic

power and ac system unbalances, when the instantaneous real power is non-zero. The maximum
energy storage required for the STATCOM is much less than for a TCR/TSC type of SVC
compensator of comparable rating.

3.4 STATCOM Equivalent Circuit

24
 Several different control techniques can be used for the firing control of the STATCOM.
Fundamental switching of the GTO/diode once per cycle can be used. This approach will minimize
switching losses, but will generally utilize more complex transformer topologies. As an alternative,
Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) techniques, which turn on and off the GTO or IGBT switch more
than once per cycle, can be used. This approach allows for simpler transformer topologies at the
expense of higher switching losses.

Fig.3.4

The 6 Pulse STATCOM using fundamental switching will of course produce the harmonics.
There are a variety of methods to decrease the harmonics. These methods include the basic 12 pulse
configuration with parallel star / delta transformer connections, a complete elimination of 5th and
7th harmonic current using series connection of star/star and star/delta transformers and a quasi 12
pulse method with a single star-star transformer, and two secondary windings, using control of
firing angle to produce a 3-phase shift between the two 6 pulse bridges. This method can be
extended to produce a 24 pulse and a 48 pulse STATCOM, thus eliminating harmonics even further.
Another possible approach for harmonic cancellation is a multi-level configuration which allows for
more than one switching element per level and therefore more than one switching in each bridge
arm. The ac voltage derived has a staircase effect, dependent on the number of levels. This staircase
voltage can be controlled to eliminate harmonics.

3.5. The main applications are:

25
  Reduction of series voltage decline in magnitude and angle over a power line,
 Reduction of voltage fluctuations within defined limits during changing power
transmissions,
 Improvement of system damping resp. damping of oscillations,
 Limitation of short circuit currents in networks or substations,
 Avoidance of loop flows resp. power flow adjustments.

CHAPTER 4

INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY

4.1.INTRODUCTION

0 Transformation theory (Clarke theory) is used in this presented study which comprises
of a real matrix that converts three phase voltages and current into aþ0 stationary references
frames using p-q theory. It supposes the entire three-phase system as a unit, not a superposition.
It dissociates zero sequence component employing a real matrix rather than symmetrical
component transformation that uses a complex matrix to dissociate. The 0–Transformation
theory is utilized in both steady and transient state. It is invariant in nature of power term. The
Clark Transformation and inverse Clark Transformation for instantaneous voltage are given in Eq.
(4.1) and Eq. (4.2)

As three phase voltages can be represented in 2D complex plane like vectors, the transformation can
be done by using same idea. If vector decomposition is used, it can be seen that

( П3 )−V cos ( П3 )
V α = V a cos ( 0 ) −V b cos c

П П П
Vβ = V cos ( )+V cos ( )−V cos ( )
a b c
2 6 6
To obtain zero component, every phase voltage can be summed with equal weights to reveal any
imbalances between phases or DC component. Therefore
V 0=V a K 0 +V B K 0+ V C K 0
If these are written in matrix form;

26
 [ ][ ]
K0 K0 K0

[]
V0 −1 −1 V a
1
Vα = K1 2 2 Vb
Vβ √3 −√ 3 V c
0
2 2
Let us calculate the gain caused by the matrix coefficients for the first row

G=
√ 12+(
−1 2 −1 2 =
2
) +( )
2 √ 3
2
The same result can be obtained for second row if the necessary calculations are done. To reduce this
gain to unity value, a coefficient should be added as

K1 = 1 = 2
a 3 √
And value of K 0 can be calculated from by using

G 0 = √ 3 K 02

G0=G

√3 K 0
2
=
√ 3
2
1
0=¿
√2
K¿

In matrix form

[ ]
1 1 1
√2 √2 √2

[] []
V0 Va
Vα
Vβ
=
√ 2
3
1
−1
2
√3
−1
2
−√ 3
Vb
Vc
----------------------------- (4.1)

0
2 2

[ ][ ]
1
1 0
√2

[]
Va V0
Vb
Vc
=
√ 2 1
3 √2
1
−1
2
−1
√3
2
−√ 3
Vα
Vβ
------------------------------- (4.2)

√2 2 2

This transformation holds true also for instantaneous current.

27
 This presented Clark transformation is legitimate for three phase three wire system
where the neutral wire is missing. Hence, the zero-sequence component of the voltage (Vo )

and current (io) are discarded. The instantaneous complex powers for 3-phase, 3-wire
system is given in Eq. (4.3)

S=( V α I α +V β I β ¿+ j (V β I α −V α I β ) --------------------------------- (4.3)

Where instantaneous real power P= V α I α +V β I β the

Instantaneous wattless power.

In order to define the instantaneous reactive power, the instantaneous imaginary space vector is
mathematically expressed in Eq. (4.4)

q= V β I α +V α I β ----------------------- (4.4)

Since Vα is parallel to Iα and perpendicular to Iβ .

Also V β is parallel to Iβ and perpendicular to Iα .
So amplitude Of instantaneous reactive power can be written as

q= V β I α −V α I α -------------------------------- (4.5)

The real and reactive power is expressed in matrix form in Eq.(4.6)

[]=[
p
q
V α V β Iα
−V β V α I β ][ ] ------------------------------ (4.6)

4.2. CONTROL ANALOGY (CLARKE TRANSFORM):

The Schematic diagram of control strategy used in a three-phase VSI based D-
STATCOM is depicted in Fig.4.2

28
 Fig.4.2

For the control of D-STATCOM, perceived input variables are PCC (Point of Common
Coupling) voltages of (Vsa,Vsb,&Vsc), supply currents (i sa,i sb,&i sc), non-linear load

currents (ILa,I LbI) and DC input voltage of VSI (V) of VSC.

4.3 DSTATCOM:

Influence of the compensator relies upon the precision of abstracted instantaneous real
and reactive power constituents of load currents. Ripple of compensating currents are
diminished by attaching the coupling inductor ( Lc) at the output side of the VSI.

The compensating currents of D-STATCOM (ICa,ICb&Icc )are added to nullify the

imaginary power constituents and harmonic constituent of the existing load currents for an
efficient operation of DSTATCOM, it is a prerequisite to prolong constant DC capacitor

29
voltage of VSI of DSTATCOM. The D- STATCOM in general consists of two specific block
titled as PWM inverter and the active filter controller.

The PWM inverter is liable for producing the compensating current that is drawn from the
power system. The controller is responsible to drive the switch of IGBT of the inverter by
computing the reference currents.

4.3.1 The PWM Converter for D-STATCOM

Voltage source inverter (VSI) or current source inverter (CSI) is employed in PWM
converter. Both PWM controllers perform the same job that compels the converter to deport
as a controlled current source. No power supply is used except an energy storage element
like an inductor, capacitor, battery, flywheel as an input to the inverter. The average energy
traded between the active filter and the compensated system should be nil. In this particular
study, VSI is used in preference of CSI because VSI has the low initial expense and lesser
physical dimension high efficiency. A freewheeling diode is introduced in parallel with IGBT
to accommodate the higher reverse voltage capability.

4.3.2 The Active Filter Controller

The control algorithm enforced by the controller of the D-STATCOM assesses the
compensation feature of the D-STATCOM. Constant instantaneous power control approach,
sinusoidal current control procedure, generalized Fryze current control procedure are numerous
ways to scheme the control algorithm for active filtering. In this presented study, instantaneous
power control theory is implemented for the betterment of power quality. The active filter
controller predominantly composes of four function blocks namely instantaneous power
computation, power compensating extraction, Current reference computation and DC voltage
regulator.

4.3.3 Instantaneous Power Computation

30
Voltage source inverter (VSI) or current source inverter (CSI) is employed in PWM converter.
Both PWM controller performs the same job that compels the converter to deport as a
controlled current source. No power supply is used except an energy storage element like an
inductor, capacitor, battery, flywheel as an input to the inverter. The average energy traded
between the active filter and the compensated system should be nil. In this particular study,
VSI is used in preference of CSI because VSI has the low initial expense and lesser physical
dimension high efficiency. A freewheeling diode is introduced in parallel with IGBT to
accommodate the higher reverse voltage capability.

This block is employed to compute the instantaneous power of the nonlinear load. The PCC
voltages (V ,V, &V), load currents ( ILa , ILb,&ILc) and DC input voltage of VSI of

DSTATCOM are perceived as feedback signals. Zero sequence component is not considered in
three-phase three wire system The load currents in addition to PCC voltages are also
converted from a–b–c frame to the a– þ frame after omitting the zero sequence as given in Eq.
(4.7) and Eq. (4.8)respectively.

[ ][ ]
−1 −1
1 Vsa
[ ] √
Vα
Vβ
=
2
3
0
2
√3
2
−√ 3
Vsb
Vsc
………………….. (4.7)
2 2

√[ ][ ]
−1 −1
1 Isa
[ ]
Iα
Iβ
=
2
3
0
2
√3
2
−√ 3
Isb
Isc
--------------- (4.8)
2 2
The instantaneous power is given Eq.4.9

[] [
p
q
V V
= −Vα V β I α
β α β
][ ]
I
-------------------- (4.9)

Where
p(real power)= ṕ ( average power )+ ~p (oscillating power )
And
q(reactive power)= q́ ( average power ) + ~q(oscillating power)

31
4.3.4 Power Compensating Extraction

In this block, power is chosen which has to be compensated. To ensure the power
system to supply only the average portion of real power to load, the oscillating power flow
to the load along with both the entire imaginary power and an insignificant amount of
average real power are picked. The entire reactive power is compensated to acquire
harmonic free source current and free from reactive power loss. The source current after
compensation comprises only of components that impart only the real power flow amidst the
source and the existing nonlinear load.

4.3.5 DC Voltage Regulator

This block is used to regulate the voltage of capacitor inward the limit. The voltage across the
capacitor of VSI is compared with a reference voltage (Vref =850 V) and then fed to the PI
controller. The PI controller is exerted to correct for either discharge in the capacitor voltage.

CHAPTER-05

MATLAB & SIMULINK

5.1 MATLAB

5.1.1 Introduction

MATLAB® is a high-level technical computing language and interactive environment for

algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis, and numeric computation. Using the
MATLAB product, you can solve technical computing problems faster than with traditional
programming languages, such as C, C++, and FORTRAN.
32
 MATLAB is used in wide range of applications, including signal and image processing,
communications, control design, test and measurement, financial modeling and analysis, and
computational biology. Add-on toolboxes (collections of special-purpose MATLAB functions,
available separately) extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems in
these application areas.

MATLAB provides a number of features for documenting and sharing your work. You can
integrate your MATLAB code with other languages and applications, and distribute your MATLAB
algorithms and applications.

5.1.2 Key Features

 High-level language for technical computing.

 Development environment for managing code, files, and data.

 Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design, and problem solving

 Mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering, optimization,
and numerical integration.

 2-D and 3-D graphics functions for visualizing data.

 Tools for building custom graphical user interfaces.

 Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and
languages, such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, COM, and Microsoft Excel

5.2 SIMULINK

5.2.1 Introduction

Simulink® is an environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic

and embedded systems. It provides an interactive graphical environment and a customizable set of

block libraries that let you design, simulate, implement, and test a variety of time-varying systems,

including communications, controls, signal processing, video processing, and image processing.

33
 Add-on products extend Simulink software to multiple modeling domains, as well as
provide tools for design, implementation, and verification and validation tasks.

Simulink is integrated with MATLAB®, providing immediate access to an extensive range

of tools that let you develop algorithms, analyze and visualize simulations, create batch processing
scripts, customize the modeling environment, and define signal, parameter, and test data.

5.2.2 Key Features

 Extensive and expandable libraries of predefined blocks

 Interactive graphical editor for assembling and managing intuitive block diagrams

 Ability to manage complex designs by segmenting models into hierarchies of design

components

 Model Explorer to navigate, create, configure, and search all signals, parameters, properties,
and generated code associated with your model

 Application programming interfaces (APIs) that let you connect with other simulation
programs and incorporate hand-written code

 Embedded MATLAB™ Function blocks for bringing MATLAB algorithms into Simulink
and embedded system implementations

 Simulation modes (Normal, Accelerator, and Rapid Accelerator) for running simulations
interpretively or at compiled C-code speeds using fixed- or variable-step solvers

 Graphical debugger and profiler to examine simulation results and then diagnose
performance and unexpected behavior in your design

 Full access to MATLAB for analyzing and visualizing results, customizing the modeling
environment, and defining signal, parameter, and test data

 Model analysis and diagnostics tools to ensure model consistency and identify modeling
errors.

5.2.3 Block Diagram

34
 A Simulink block diagram is a pictorial model of a dynamic system. It consists of a set of
symbols, called blocks, interconnected by lines. Each block represents an elementary dynamic
system that produces an output either continuously (a continuous block) or at specific points in
time (a discrete block). The lines represent connections of block inputs to block outputs. Every
block in a block diagram is an instance of a specific type of block. The type of the block
determines the relationship between a block's outputs and its inputs, states, and time. A block
diagram can contain any number of instances of any type of block needed to model a system.
Blocks represent elementary dynamic systems that Simulink knows how to simulate. A block
comprises one or more of the following:
1) A set of inputs,
2) A set of states, and
3) A set of outputs
A block's output is a function of time and the block's inputs and states (if any). The specific
function that relates a block's output to its inputs, states, and time depends on the type of block of
which the block is an instance. Continuous Versus discrete Blocks Simulink's standard block set
includes continuous blocks and discrete blocks. Continuous blocks respond continuously to
continuously changing input. Discrete blocks, by contrast, respond to changes in input only at
integral multiples of a fixed interval called the block's sample time. Discrete blocks hold their
output constant between successive sample time hits. Each discrete block includes a sample time
parameter that allows you to specify its sample rate. The Simulink blocks can be either continuous
or discrete, depending on whether they are driven by continuous or discrete blocks. A block that can
be either discrete or continuous is said to have an implicit sample rate. The implicit sample time is
continuous if any of the block's inputs are continuous. The implicit sample time is equal to the
shortest input sample time if all the input sample times are integral multiples of the shortest time.

35
Otherwise, the input sample time is equal to the fundamental sample time of the inputs, where the
fundamental sample time of a set of sample times is defined as the greatest integer divisor of the set
of sample times.
Simulink can optionally color code a block diagram to indicate the sample times of the
blocks it contains, e.g., black (continuous), magenta (constant), yellow (hybrid), red (fastest
discrete), and so on. The block contains block name, icon, and block library that contain the block,
the purpose of the block.

5.2.4 Simulink Block Libraries

Simulink organizes its blocks into block libraries according to their behavior:

1) The Sources library contains blocks that generate signals.

2) The Sinks library contains blocks that display or write block output.
3) The Discrete library contains blocks that describe discrete-time components.
4) The Continuous library contains blocks that describe linear functions.
5) The Math library contains blocks that describe general mathematics functions.
6) The Functions & Tables library contains blocks that describe general functions and table
look-up operations.
7) The Nonlinear library contains blocks that describe nonlinear functions.
8) The Signal & Systems library contains blocks that allow multiplexing and de-multiplexing,
implement external input/output, pass data to other parts of the model, and perform other
functions.
9) The Subsystems library contains blocks for creating various types of subsystems.
10) The Block sets and Toolboxes library contains the Extras block library of specialized blocks.

5.2.5 Sub Systems

Simulink allows to model a complex system as a set of interconnected subsystems each of

which is represented by a block diagram. We create a subsystem using Simulink's Subsystem block
and the Simulink model editor. We can embed subsystems with subsystems to any depth to create
hierarchical models. We can create conditionally executed subsystems that are executed only when
a transition occurs on a triggering or enabling input. Subsystems that are used here are as follows

1. PQ CALUCULATION

36
 FIG:5.5 .2 PQ CAICULATION

In the above fig 5.5.2 we are taken the 3-phase supply given to Clarkes transformation technique
to convert the 3-phase is converted to α&β that α&β given to the PQ calculation that PQ
calculation. The pq values vα&vβ values is given to the current compensation system the current is
compensated.

2. Hysteresis controller :
Current control is a method of controlling a voltage source inverter so that an output current is
generated to follow a reference current waveform. This method controls the switches in the APF
asynchronously to ramp the current through an inductor up and down so that it follows the
reference. Hysteresis current control is the easiest control method to be implemented. However, the
disadvantage is that there is no limit to the switching frequency. On the other hand, additional
circuitry can be used to limit the maximum switching frequency. The principle of the hysteresis
control method for an APF is implemented by presetting the upper and lower tolerance limits which
need to be compared to the extraction error signal. The maximum error is the difference between
the upper and lower limit, and this hysteresis tolerance bandwidth is mostly equal to two times of
the error. If the error signal is within the tolerance band, there will be no switching action for the
filter.

37
 Fig 5.5.3 hysteresis controller

However, when the error leaves the tolerance band, switching pulses will be generated and
the APF will produce signals to be injected into the supply line. Fig. 5.5.3 illustrates the ramping of
the current between the two limits. The upper hysteresis limit is the sum of the reference current
and the maximum error or the difference between the upper limit and the reference current. The
lower hysteresis is defined by the subtraction of the reference current and the minimum error. If the
values of the minimum and maximum errors are the same, then the hysteresis bandwidth is equal to
two times of error. According to the operating principle of the inverter, the output voltages of each
phase are significant of the switching pulses of the switches is in each leg.

3. PI controller:
We are using PI controller because the pi controller is to reduce the error and also the system is
stable .PI control is needed for non-integrating processes, meaning any process that eventually
returns to the same output given the same set of inputs and disturbances. A P-only controller is best
suited to integrating processes. Integral action is used to remove offset and can be thought of as an
adjustable

38
 Fig 5.5.4 PI controller

The error signal then goes into the P.I control loop where it gets multiplied by the proportional
and integral constant. The output of the P.I control is a power value and in order to convert it to a
quantity that is comparable to that of the control signal, it goes through a power to PWM signal
converter.

4. NON LINEAR LOAD:

The pulsed current of a 3-phase diode bridge rectifier will produce voltage distortion in the
form of flat-topping. Each harmonic current injected into the power system by a non-linear
load will flow through the system impedance, resulting in a voltage drop at that harmonic
frequency.

A load is considered non-linear if its impedance changes with the applied voltage. The changing
impedance means that the current drawn by the non-linear load will not be sinusoidal even when it
is connected to a sinusoidal voltage. These non sinusoidal currents contain harmonic currents that
interact with the impedance of the power distribution system to create voltage distortion that can
affect both the distribution system equipment and the loads connected to it.

39
 Fig 5.5.5 NON LINEAR LOAD

3.2.6 Solvers:

Simulink simulates a dynamic system by computing its states at successive time step solver
a specified time span, using information provided by the model. The process of computing the
successive states of a system from its model is known as solving the model. No single method of
solving a model suffices for all systems. Accordingly, Simulink provides a set of programs, known
as solvers, that each embody a particular approach to solving a model. The Simulation Parameters
dialog box allows us to choose the solver most suitable for our model.

5.2.6.1 Fixed-Step Solvers:

Fixed-step solvers solve the model at regular time intervals from the beginning to the end of
the simulation. The size of the interval is known as the step-size. We can specify the step size or let
the solver choose the step size. Generally decreasing the step size increases the accuracy of the
results while increasing the time required to simulate the system.
40
5.2.6.2 Variable-Step Solvers:

Variable-step solvers vary the step size during the simulation, reducing the step size to increase
accuracy when a model's states are changing rapidly and increasing the step size to avoid taking
unnecessary steps when the model's states are changing slowly. Computing the step size adds to the
computational overhead at each step but can reduce the total number of steps, and hence simulation
time, required to maintain a specified level of accuracy for models with rapidly changing or
piecewise continuous states.

5.2.6.3 Continuous Solvers:

Continuous solvers use numerical integration to compute a model's continuous states at the current
time step from the states at previous time steps and the state derivatives. Continuous solvers rely on
the model's blocks to compute the values of the model's discrete states at each time step.
Mathematicians have developed a wide variety of numerical integration techniques for solving the
ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that represent the continuous states of dynamic systems.
Simulink provides an extensive set of fixed-step and variable-step continuous solvers, each
implementing a specific ODE solution method. Some continuous solvers subdivide the simulation
time span into major and minor steps, where a minor time step represents a subdivision of the major
time step. The solver produces a result at each major time step. It uses results at the minor time
steps to improve the accuracy of the result at the major time step.

5.2.6.4 Discrete Solvers:

Discrete solvers exist primarily to solve purely discrete models. They compute the next simulation
time-step for a model and nothing else. They do not compute continuous states and they rely on the
model's blocks to update the model's discrete states. We can use a continuous solver, but not a
discrete solver, to solve a model that contains both continuous and discrete states. This is because a
discrete solver does not handle continuous states. If you select a discrete solver for a continuous
model, Simulink disregards your selection and uses a continuous solver instead when solving the
model.

41
 Simulink provides two discrete solvers, a fixed-step discrete solver and a variable-step
discrete solver. The fixed-step solver by default chooses a step size and hence simulation rate fast
enough to track state changes in the fastest block in our model. The variable-step solver adjusts the
simulation step size to keep pace with the actual rate of discrete state changes in our model. This
can avoid unnecessary steps and hence shorten simulation time for multi rate models.

5.3 The Power System Block Set:

Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and Electro-mechanical

devices, like motors and generators. Engineers working in this discipline are frequently tasked to
improve the performance of the systems. Requirements for drastically increased efficiency have
forced power system designers to use power electronic devices and sophisticated control system
concepts that tax traditional analysis tools and techniques. Further complicating the analyst’s role is
the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the only way to understand it is through
simulation. Land-based power generation from hydroelectric, steam, or other devices is not the only
use of power systems. A common attribute of these systems is their use of power electronics and
control systems to achieve their performance objectives. The Power System Block set was designed
to provide a modern design tool that will allow scientists and engineers to rapidly and easily build
models that simulate power systems. The block set uses the Simulink® environment allowing a
model to be built using simple click and drag procedures. Not only can the circuit topology be
drawn rapidly, but the analysis of the circuit can include its interactions with mechanical, thermal,
control, and other disciplines. This is possible because all the electrical parts of the simulation
interact with Simulink’s extensive modeling library. Because Simulink uses MATLAB® as the
computational engine, you can use MATLAB’s toolboxes as you design your simulation.

The block set can be put to work rapidly. The libraries contain models of typical power
equipment, such as transformers, lines, machines, and power electronics. These models are proven
ones coming from textbooks, and their validity is based on the experience of the Power Systems
Testing and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Québec, a large North American utility located in
Canada. The capabilities of the block set for modeling a typical electrical grid are illustrated in
demonstration files. The block set fits well with other specialized analytical tools you use in the
power system community.

42
5.4 SIMULATION RESULTS:

1. SOURCE CURRENT WITHOUT DSTATCOM:

2. Harmonic Spectrum of Source current without incorporating DSTATCOM:

3. INSTANTANEOUS real power:

43
4. INSTANTANEOUS reactive power:

5. Harmonic spectrum of source current with DSTATCOM:

44
REFERENCES:

1. Hariom Kumar Dept. of Electrical Engineering

IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, India

email:hariomk28@gmail.com

2. Jagannath Patra Dept. of Electrical Engineering

IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, India

email:jaganath.ptr@gmail.com

3. Ashiwani Yadav Dept. of Electrical Engineering

IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, India

email:ashiwaniurgent@gmail.com

4. Nitai Pal

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

IIT(ISM) Dhanbad, India

email:nitai_pal@rediffmail.com

5. R. A. Hooshmand and M. Torabian Esfahani, “Adaptive filter design based on the LMS
algorithm for delay elimination in TCR/FC compensators,” ISA Trans., vol. 50, no. 2, pp.
142–149, 2011.

6. A. Emanuel-Eigeles and M. S. Erlicki, “New Aspects of Power Factor Improvement

Part I - Theoretical Basis,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Gen. Appl., vol. IGA-4, no. 4, pp. 441–446,
1968.

7. S.Du and J. Liu, “A study on dc voltage control for chopper-cell-based modular

multilevel converters in d-statcom application,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 28, no. 4,
pp. 2030– 2038, 2013.

45
8. V. Khadkikar, A. Chandra, and B. N. Singh, “Generalised single-phase p-q theory for
active power filtering: simulation and DSP-based experimental investigation”, IET Power
Electron, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 67– 78, 2009.

9 .L. S. Czarnecki, “Instantaneous reactive power p-q theory and power properties of three-
phase systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2006.

10. H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, and A. Nabae, “Instantaneous Reactive Power Compensators

Comprising Switching Devices without Energy Storage Components,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Appl., vol. IA-20, no. 3, pp. 625–630, 1984.

46