Review Article

Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities

of Lagenaria siceraria: A comprehensive review
Sowmyalakshmi Venkataraman*, Shalini Kumaran, Sundari Jayapalan

ABSTRACT

Ancient systems of Indian medicines have been known to cure several kinds of health ailments. The traditional systems of
medicines have explored on different parts of the plants for the treatment and cure of various pathophysiological conditions.
One such important plant is Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), whose leaves, fruits, seeds, and flowers are known for the
treatment for several health ailments. This cucurbitaceous vegetable has shown significant activities against hepatotoxicity,
hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and free radicals among others. The aim of this present review is to succinctly compile the
earlier reports on the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities exhibited by the extracts of L. siceraria.

KEY WORDS: Antihyperlipidemic, Antioxidant, Bottle gourd, Hepatoprotective, Lagenaria siceraria, Phytochemical

INTRODUCTION ailments. Due to these facts, several scientists and

The ancient system of Indian medicine has been well
explored for their role played in treating various
diseases. The ancient literature has shown that
there are abundant information that are available in
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and other traditional systems
of medicines in curing various important lifestyle
diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular
diseases, and hypertension among others. In recent
times, the search for herbal drugs has gained great
importance as they are considered much safer than
the synthetic drugs. Notably, the traditional systems
of medicines were considered as the best remedy for
treating ailments such as dengue and jaundice where
the allopathic system of medicines has failed to do so
or rather ineffective in treating the ailments.
Since Vedic period, the Ayurvedic text mentions the
use of more than 2000 herbs as medicines for curing
different types of diseases. The ancient Indian folks
have used these household spices and herbs for treating
different diseases. It is known that several communities
of people living in developing countries follow only
traditional systems of medicines to treat their primary
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research laboratories across the world are engaged
in exploring the active ingredients in these medicinal
plants for treating life-threatening diseases.[1] As
a result, the therapeutic importance of medicinal
plants has gained momentum in the recent past in
standardizing and conserving these herbal plants. In
addition, it also finds application as an antidote to
some poisons.[2] Among them, cucurbitaceous plants
have shown remarkable pharmacological activities. In
this present review, we have chosen a the medicinally
important cucurbitaceous fruit, Lagenaria siceraria
(bottle gourd).
Lagenaria siceraria
Several important vegetables such as cucumber,
pumpkin, and bottle gourd belong to the Cucurbitaceae
family. Among this, the extracts of lagena (bottle
gourd) find application as an antioxidant, laxative,
cardioprotective, diuretic, hepatoprotective, central
nervous system (CNS) stimulant, anthelmintic,
antihypertensive, immunosuppressive, and analgesic.
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
The fruit has a high amount of carbohydrates, proteins,
fibers and minerals like calcium, phosphorous, sodium
etc.[3] Fruit contains B complex vitamins and ascorbic
acid. It also contains choline along with beta-carotene

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science,
Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding author: Dr. Sowmyalakshmi Venkataraman, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram,
Chennai - 600 117, Tamil Nadu, India. Phone: +91-44-2266 2500/01/02. E-mail: sowmyamahesh30@gmail.com

Received on: 18-03-2018; Revised on: 26-04-2018; Accepted on: 27-05-2018

Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 8 • 2018 1431

 Sowmyalakshmi Venkataraman, et al.
triterpenoids like cucurbitacins, fibers, polyphenols,
are also seen. Sterols like campesterol, codisterol,
isofucasterol sitosterol etc. have been isolated from the
seeds. .The methanolic extract of the fruit, consists of
flavones C glycosides. It also contains flavonoids like
isovitexin, saponatin, saporarin . The fruit also contains
a water soluble polysaccharide, which had shown
excellent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cell lines.[4]
Extract of its leaves showed the presence of sterols,
polyphenolics, flavonoids, saponin, protein, and
carbohydrates. A novel protein, lagenin, has also been
isolated from its seeds, and it possesses antitumor,
immunoprotective, and antiproliferative properties.
In addition, it also contains mono and di caffeoyl-
quinic acid was seen . The methanol extract of the
stem consists of D: C-friedooleanane type triterpenes,
which had shown cytotoxic activity against SK-Hep
1 cell line.[3]
ACTIVITIES IN LAGENARIA
SICERARIA
Immunomodulatory Activities
L. siceraria fruit when extracted with methanol
showed notable reactions in rat with increase in white
cells and lymphocyte. HPLC analysis showed presence
of lagenin (a ribosome inactivating protein) which is
responsible for the activity. Lagenaria was evaluated
for its immunomodulatory activity against pyrogallol
induced immunosuppression. The results showed an
increase in the humoral and cellular immunity. The
increase in non-specific immunity was indicated by
the subsequent increase in the total leucocyte and
neutrophils count. From the studies it was clear that
the fruit has both specific and non-specific immunity
modulating activity.[5]
Analgesic Activity
Lagenaria siceraria was evaluated for its analgesic
property using Tail immersion method to determine the
pain treshold capacity of rats by using analgesiometer.
It was found that the methanolic extract of Lagenaria
siceraria fruit showed nominal activity (3.97 ± 0.01)
and the aqueous extract showed more activity at 180
min (5.81 ± 0,006).[6]
Antioxidant Activity
The fruit epicarp was extracted using acetone and
evaluated for the in vitro antioxidant activity using
DPPH (1, 1- diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) as the
reagent and it was found that the extract showed a high
antioxidant activity.[7] Interestingly, the fresh juice of
bottle gourd had an effective antioxidant effect. The
juice had shown a significant effect even when diluted
to ten times, whereas when diluted further (up to
1432
1000 times) did not show any free radical scavenging
effect.[8] The extract also showed a promising effect in
liver damage induced by carbon tetra chloride where
it improved and maintained the levels of superoxide
dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase,
which are the important endogenous enzymes with
antioxidant properties.
The radical scavenging effect of bottle gourd was
observed by performing different in vitro assays like
radial scavenging assay, superoxide scavenging assay,
MTT reducing assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition
methods. It was observed that the ethyl acetate
extract of the fruit showed the maximum antioxidant
activity.[10] From the above literature, it is shown
that the ethyl acetate extract of Lagenaria siceraria
is found to have maximum anti-oxidant property in
different in vitro assay methods DPPH assay was
performed by this method. IC50 value was calculated
and change in absorbance with respect to control was
calculated.[5]
The methanolic extract of Lagenaria siceraria leaves
is a vital source of natural antioxidant and it plays an
important role as therapeutic agent by preventing and
slowing the progress of ROS and associated stress
related degenarative disease.[12]
The acetone extract of Lagenaria siceraria fruit
epicarp shows maximum anti-oxidant activity. It was
found that the ellagitannins that were present in the
acetone extract of L. siceraria fruit is responsible
for this radical scavenging activity.[8] Isoquercetin
was the major constituent which is responsible for
the antioxidant property in Lagenaria siceraria.
Polyphenolic compounds were isloated from extracts
of Lagenaria siceraria. Flavones C glycosides
such as isovitexin, isoorientin saponarin, saponarin
4-o-glucosidase was obtained in the methanol and
water extracts of L. siceraria. Flavonoids such as
isoquercetin, kaempferol was isolated from the
ethylacetate and n-butanol extracts of dried fruit
sample.phenolic acid such as gallic acid were also
isolated. UPLC chromatography studies were carried
out (at 280nm) by Mohan et al. method and was
found that peak ‘7’ is similar to that of derivative of
caffeic acid. The levels of these compounds was found
to be maximum in fruit extracts. Catechol moiety
of isoquercetin was found to have the maximum
antioxidant activity. From this study, it was found to
that gallic acid is present in low content in the fruit.
Isoquercetin present in Lagenaria siceraria can be
used as α-glucosidase inhibitor.[13] Between the fresh
and dried fruit extracts (like ethyl acetate, n-butanol
extracts) of Lagenaria siceraria, there is a negligible
difference in antioxidant and chemical properties. So
both type of fruits either fresh or dried exhibit similar
anti-oxidant properties.[14]
Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 8 • 2018
 Sowmyalakshmi Venkataraman, et al.
It has been proven that the epicarp is the best source of
antioxidant than the mesocarp, and it was found that
the ethyl acetate fractions of both epicarp and mesocarp
have higher content of antioxidant. The total flavonoid
content of the fruit was found to be 17.9 mg/g, which
was measured by Sharma and coworkers.[7]
Free radical scavenging method was studied which
shown that the ethanolic extract of the bottle gourd
seeds has maximum scavenging activity (75.19%) by
1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging
method.[7] The antioxidant activity of the fruit juice
was studied using pyrogallol-induced oxidative stress.
It was found that stimulation of humoral and cellular
response was observed in immunosuppressed patients
and thus showed a significant protection against the
oxidative stress.[11]
Antihyperglycemic Activity
The hyperglycemic condition possibly helps in the
generation of free radicals, which in turn can reduce
the natural antioxidant defensive properties of the
cell and thus results in various complications like
disruption of cellular functions, oxidative damage to
cellular membranes and increased lipid peroxidation.
The presence of several flavonol glycosides and
flavonoid containing extracts of numerous plants have
shown promising anti-diabetic activity.
The extract of aerial parts against fruit showed activity
in diabetes. The antihyperglycemic activity is due to
the presence of good flavonoid content in fruit. In the
study, streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered
in rats to induce hyperglycemia. The methanolic
extract of the fruit was given orally (200 and
400 mg/kg) for about 14 days MELS at doses of The
standard drug used for the assay was Glibenclamide
(500 μg/kg) and the antidiabetic property was assessed
using different biochemical parameters at different
time intervals (0, 4, 8 and 15 days).
Administration of phytosterols at a dose of 30 mg/kg
has significantly decreased the blood glucose level
and also has a significant increase in the oral glucose
tolerance test animals in glucose tolerance.[12]
Diuretic Activity
The methanolic extract showed diuretic potential. It was
assayedbydifferentparameterssuchasurineconcentration,
determination of electrolyte concentration of sodium,
potassium and chlorides. Vacccum dried extract and
methanolic extract of fruit were subjected for the
activity and it was found that both the extracts shows
increased urine volume (diuretic) and increased
excretion of electrolytes.[16]
Cardioprotective Activity
Lagenaria siceraria showed excellent cardioprotective
effect.The fruit juice when given in rats with isoproterenol
Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 8 • 2018
induced myocardial infarction and found a significant
cardioprotective effect. Vishal et.al evaluated the L.
siceraria fruit powder against isoprenalin induced
cardiotoxicity in rats for cardioprotective activity. It
was found that the pretreatment of Lagenaria siceraria
powder (500 mg/kg) for about 51 days provides
cardioprotective effect in the heart of rats. Hence, it
has cardioprotective activity was confirmed.[14]
The ethanolic extract of Lagenaria siceraria fruit
(EELSF) shows cardioprotective activity based on
lipid profile in myocardial infarction induced by
isoproterenol in albino rat model. It was reported
that the EELSF contain cardioprotective property
and considered helpful in the treatment of various
cardiovascular disorders.[19]
Immunosuppressive Activity
The aqueous extract of LS fruit shows preferential
suppression on cell-mediated immunity and but had
not shown effect on humoral immunity. The extract
suppresses the important contents of cell-mediated
immunity. It was found that the extract could supress
the non-specific immune system.[18]
Antigiardial Activity
Earlier, the petroleum ether and methanolic extracts of
certain cucurbitaceous vegetables were tested against
Giardia lamblia. It was found that the petroleum ether
extract of C. maxima seeds shows highest activity
against Giardia lambelia.[20]
Hepatoprotective Activity
The extract was prepared using soxhlet extraction using
petroleum ether and methanol and it was found that
the methanolic extract exhibited highest mortality
(100%) within 96 hours with IC50 35.6 ppm.[20]
Cytotoxic Activity
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality. Cucurbitaceae
family showed antitumor activity. It has been proved that
the activity is due to cytotoxic and antioxidant property.
For the study, healthy mice were selected and
Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma (EAC) was inoculated,
and it is treated with methanolic extract of L. siceraria
(200 and 400 mg kg-1) and 5-Flurouracil (20 mg k-1) as
reference drug up to 9 days. Multiple parameters like
haematological parameter, biochemical estimations,
were determined. The experimental results showed
that the antineoplastic activity was due to cell toxicity
and antioxidant effects. The experimental results had
shown a notable increase in the levels of peroxide in
the liver especially in EAC treated mice. In this study
viable cell count had shown a remarkable increase
(2.20 to 31.99%) in treated groups and the mean
survival time had increased up to 61.54% and thus
revealed the anti-tumor property of L. siceraria .[19]
1433
 Sowmyalakshmi Venkataraman, et al.
Triterpenoids present in fruit shows cytotoxic activity
compounds like 3-o-coumaroyl D; C-friedooleana-7,
9(11)-dien-29oic acid and 20-epibryonolic acid
showed remarkable cell toxicity against SK-Hep1
cell line.. The cell toxicity studies for the compounds
were assayed by colorimetric method using MTT [3-
(4,5- dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5- Diphenyl tetrazolium
bromide] as the reagent. The compounds -O-(E)-
coumaroyl-D: C-friedooleana-7, 9 (11)-dien-29- oic
acids (IC50 value: 4.8 mg/mL) and 20-epibryonolic
acid (IC50 value: 2.1 mg/mL) showed remarkable
cytotoxic activity against the SK-Hep 1 cell line.[25]
The methanolic extract of L. siceraria contained four
new D:C-friedooleanane-type triterpenes, 3 beta-O-
(E)-feruloyl-D:C-friedooleana-7,9(11)-dien-29-ol (1),
3 beta-O-(E)-coumaroyl-D:C-friedooleana-7,9(11)-
dien-29-ol (2), 3 beta-O-(E)-coumaroyl-D:C-
friedooleana-7,9(11)-dien-29-oic acid (3), and
methyl 2 beta,3 beta-dihydroxy-D:C-friedoolean-
8-en-29-oate (6), along with known triterpenes with
the same skeleton, 3-epikarounidiol (4), 3-oxo-D:C-
friedoolena-7,9(11)-dien-29-oic acid (5), bryonolol
(7), bryononic acid (8), and 20-epibryonolic acid
(9). Using different spectroscopic methods, these
compounds were characterised. Among them,
compounds 3 and 9 exhibited remarkable cytotoxic
activity against the SK-Hep 1 cell line with IC50 values
of 4.8 and 2.1 µg/ml, respectively.[25]
In another study, a water-soluble polysaccharide was
extracted from Lagenaria siceraria fruit and identified as
methyl-alpha-d-galacturonate, 3-O-acetyl methyl-alpha-
d-galacturonate, and beta-d-galactose in a ratio of 1:1:1.
Various experimental analysis showed the presence of
the repeated units in the polysaccharide, which exhibited
excellent in vitro anticancer activity against human breast
adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7).[4,26]
Antihyperlipidemic Activity
The oral administration of the aqueous extract of L.
siceraria reduced the elevated levels of triglycerides,
cholesterol and low density lipoprotein while it
enhanced the levels of high density lipoprotein. The
dietary fibre present in the fruit lowers the cholesterol
level. Saponins present in this fruit increase the
lipoprotein activity and fast removal of fatty acids in
the blood.[27]
The methanol extract showed the presence of
phytosterols and were found to be a mixture of four
different sterols namely, fucosterol, racemosol,
stigmasterol and stigmasta-7, 22-dien-3β, 4β-diol.
These compounds were identified by various
analytical techniques like FTIR, NMR and mass
spectral studies. The sterol crystals (30 mg/kg)
showed remarkable decrease in the levels of different
lipoproteins in the lipid profiles. On the other hand, the
extract tend to show an increase in the high density
1434
lipoprotein component, which is known to protect
against atheroscelerosis. Thus, the phytosterols from
bottle gourd fruit can be used as an antihyperlipidemic
agent and can be effectively used in the treatment of
hyperlipidemia. The ethanolic extract of Lagenaria
siceraria fruit contain antiatherosclerotic potential.
Thus, it reduces the risk of atherosclerosis. The extract
induces the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase
and thus reduces the HMG COA reductase action in
hyperlipidemic rats. In addition, it also decreases the
cholesterogenesis in the liver.
The studies revealed that plant Lagenaria siceraria
gave a positive Libermann-Burchard test for sterols.
These sterol crystals showed reduction in cholesterol
level, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL levels whileHDL
cholesterol which is called as a good cholesterol that
protects the heart from coronary artery disease is
also significantly increased by the ‘white sterols’ in
Lagenaria siceraria. Anti-hyperlipidemic activity was
observed at a dose of 30 mg/kg.[20]
The methanolic extracts of Lagenaria siceraria
fruits possess high antihyperlipidemic activity. It was
confirmed by performing test against experimentally
induced hyperlipidemia in rats. It is cleared at the end
of the 30th  day, the lipid levels were much reduced
and there is a notable elevation in the excretion of bile
acids.[30] It was found that the presence of phytosterols
in bottle guard fruit having antihyperlipidemic property
which helps to treat hyperlipidemia.[29] Thus, it reduces
the lipid level (TC, LDL cholesterol, TG level in the
serum) and it increases the HDL cholesterol level
and thus established as a traditional medicine for
the treatment of coronary artery diseases in India.[31]
Lagenaria siceraria has shown inhibit the activity of
pancreatic lipase and thus suppresses the digestion of
lipids. It also inhibits the entry of lipids inside the body.
The results indicate that the regular consumption of the
fruit reduces the occurrence of obesity.[21]
CNS Activity
The CNS activity was performed using the petroleum
ether, methanol, chloroform extracts of L. siceraria.
Petroleum ether extract showed maximum analgesic
activity and at high doses the methanolic extract
showed a reduced motor activity. In addition, the
motor coordination was also found to be reduced.
These effects could be due to the presence of
various phytoconstituents present in the bottle
gourd fruit.[33] Prajapati et al. suggested that the
antidepressant activity of bottle gourd could be due
to the flavonoids, saponins, sterols that were found in
the methanolic extract of Lagenaria siceraria standley
fruits (MESF). In addition, the other phytoconstituents
that were identified in the methanolic extract were
carbohydrates, tannins, protein and amino acids.[34].
Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 8 • 2018
 Sowmyalakshmi Venkataraman, et al.
Anthelmintic/Antimicrobial Activity
The extracts of L. siceraria seeds showed remarkable
antihelmentic activity against earthworm and tape
worm. The anthelmintic activity the extracts of L.
siceraria could be due to the paralysis of the worm. The
paralytic effect in Pheritima posthuma was observed
in 9 min for methanolic extract and 12 min for the
benzene extract. The crude extracts of L. siceraria
exhibited excellent activity at high concentration
(100 mg/mL) in comparison with the standard drug
Piperazine citrate.[35]
The isolation of low molecular mass peptide-like
compounds (678.9 dalton) from Lagenaria siceraria
seeds has antimicrobial and trypsin inhibitory activity.
On testing, these compounds shows antimicrobial
activity against E. coli, and at a molar ratio of 1:2 it
shows trypsin inhibitory activity.[25]
Antianorectic Activity
Anorexia nervosa, is one of the common sickness
observed among the females during their adolescence.
The study was carried out using the ethanolic extract
of the bottle gourd fruit in adult female Wistar albino
rats. The study showed that the extract considerably
reduced the stress levels, anorexia caused due
to lipopolysaccharide, also increased the food
consumption and in turn increased the body weight.[37]
Fibrinolytic Activity
The methanolic extract of Lagenaria siceraria had
lysed the plasma clot and exhibited remarkable
fibrinolytic activity in comparison with that of
streptokinase, a commonly used thrombolytic agent.
Kaempferol-a-flavonoid isolated from the fruit also
showed excellent fibrinolytic activity with that of the
standard compound.[38]
Anti-stress Activity
The elevated blood cell count of WBC (lymphocytes,
neutrophils, basophils) that were induced due to
stress have significantly reduced. Lowering on stress
induced hyper glycemia is thus a tool to indicate the
anti stress and adaptogenic activity of plant there is
an increased cortisol level, this extract significantly
decreased stress induced level of cortisol.[39]
Lagenaria siceraria is very effective to tolerate
nonspecific stress. It is also used in the to alleviate
any untoward changes that are caused to that alter and
impair the normal functioning of micro organism.
Antihypertensive Activity
Mali et al. evaluated the reults of Lagenaria siceraria
fruit in N4-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)
in rats for its antihypertensive and cardioprotective
activity. It was found that the L .siceraria fruit possess
both these activities.[31,40]
Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 8 • 2018
In this study, the Lagenaria siceraria fruit
powder possess antihypertensive activity against
Dexamethasone induced hypertension in rats. It was
found that the Dexamethasone induced hypertension
in rats was partially reversed by the long term
treatment of L.siceraria (500mg/kg).[41]
Anti-obesity Activity
The bottle gourd plant is known for its fat lowering
effect. The aqueous extract showed better lipase
inhibitory activities the methanolic extracts and other
organic solvent fractions. The study was carried out
using orlistat as the reference drug. It was shown that the
chloroform extract showed highly potent lipid lowering
effect while ethyl acetate fraction showed least potency.
The Lagenaria siceraria fruit also showed good
inhibition towards pancreatic lipase. It suppresses the
digestion of lipids and thus prevents the entering of
lipids into the body. Therefore, in traditional medicine,
it was established that the regular intake of the aqueous
extract of bottle gourd fruit helps in the treatment of
treat obesity.[32]
CONCLUSION
The present review brings out the various phytochemical
constituents and various pharmacological activities
of the fruit L. siceraria. The review presents a
detailed summary of addition the importance of
phytochemical constituents and its role in the different
pharmacological properties.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the management of
Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced
Studies (VISTAS) for providing the necessary library
facilities, infrastructure and equipments for carrying
out the research work.
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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None Declared
Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 8 • 2018