Data Communications

- Multiplexing
Multiplexing
• Multiplexing allows several transmission sources
to share a larger transmission capacity.
• 2 common forms of multiplexing
—Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
—Time division multiplexing (TDM)
• Synchronous TDM
• Statistical / Asynchronous TDM

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Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM
• Possible if useful bandwidth of medium
exceeds(melebihi) required bandwidth of
channel
[ bandwidth/frequency range : medium>signal ]
Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency
• Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap
(guard bands)
— e.g. broadcast radio
• Channel allocated even if no data

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Frequency Division Multiplexing
Diagram

FTM 4
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Synchronous Time
Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Possible if data rate of medium exceeds data
rate of digital signal to be transmitted
[ data rate : medium>signal ]
• Multiple digital signals interleaved in time
• Interleaving can be at bit level of blocks
• Time slots pre-assigned to sources and fixed
• Time slots allocated even if no data to send

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Time Division Multiplexing

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TDM Link Control
• No headers and trailers
• Data link control protocols not needed
• Flow control
—Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
—If one channel receiver can not receive data, the
others must carry on
—The corresponding source must be quenched
—This leaves empty slots
• Error control
—Errors are detected and handled by individual
channel systems

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Synchronous TDM

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TDM, Multiplexing

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TDM, Demultiplexing

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Statistical TDM
• In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted
• Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically
based on demand
• Multiplexer scans input lines (buffer) and
collects data until frame full, and then send the
frame
• Data rate on line lower than aggregate(sum of)
rates of input lines
• Thus, statistical TDM can use a lower data rate
to support as many devices as asynchronous
multiplexer
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Synchronous TDM compared with Statistical TDM
Asynchronous TDM

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Frames and Addresses

a. Only three lines sending data

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Frames and Addresses

c. All five lines sending data

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Statistical TDM Frame Formats

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Performance
• Output data rate less than aggregate (the sum
of the data rates of the inputs) input rates
• May cause problems during peak periods
—Buffer inputs
—Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay

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Cable Modem Outline
• Cable TV provider provides dedicated 2 channels to
support data transfer to/from cable modem
— One for transmission in each direction
• Each channel shared by number of subscribers
— Scheme needed to allocate capacity (fraction of down/upstream
capacity)
— Statistical TDM

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Cable Modem Operation
• Downstream
— Cable scheduler delivers data in small packets
— If more than one subscriber active, each gets fraction of
downstream capacity
• May get 500kbps to 1.5Mbps
— Also used to allocate upstream time slots to subscribers
• Upstream
— User requests timeslots on shared upstream channel
• Dedicated slots for this
— Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future time slots
to subscriber

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Cable Modem Scheme

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Asymmetrical Digital
Subscriber Line
• ADSL
• Link between subscriber and network
—Local loop
• Uses currently installed twisted pair cable
—Can carry broader spectrum
—1 MHz or more
• Most widely publicized of a family of new
modem technologies designed to provide high-
speed digital data transmission over ordinary
telephone wire
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ADSL Design
• Asymmetric
—Greater capacity downstream than upstream
• ADSL uses Frequency division multiplexing
(FDM)
—Reserve lowest 25kHz for voice
• Plain old telephone service (POTS)
—Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands
—Use FDM within bands
• Range 5.5km

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ADSL Channel Configuration

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xDSL
• High data rate DSL
• Single line DSL
• Very high data rate DSL
• Various types of xDSL
—Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
—High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)
—Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)
—Very High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)

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Comparison of XDSL Alternatives

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