'1(~2.):3.2.

~1
Al.~'2.
,,555
 (r:.ast India Af!ili~.)
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0 B S E R V AT I'O N S.
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• I

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On th~· State of So~iety 'mnoug tll('l A.,iatic Sullj~cta of

Great
.
Brita;n,
. ,
particularly
. . .. ' f(~t~pcct
with ' . to 1\foraJa;.. ' '

and on the .means of improving it.-\VriUen cllie1J1.

in the Year .179i. · · ·'

OrJ,ffll,' b1 Tbe H* ol Commooa, ~~ ~ 1'iRttd, ..

1.5 J ...... ,. . j
.
--=w~ . '· .

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4.·
A :,...
 'To thel!onouraLieTlte Court of I>IItECT~ltS for the Affairs ot
The East India Company.
•UONOUlUDL! SIRS, .
·A CC0 R D IN G to the intimation which. I la~cly took the !iberty of giving,
· J ha\'e now the honoul'l to submit to :your constdcrallon, a tract wluch bears upon a
subject prc»scd by repeutcd proposals on your ~tten~ion, n~mcly, the commuui-
cution of Ciu·iLtiunity to the nutivcs of our possesstons tn the East.
'
Tlaut this is a nue,;tion of. importunce, will hardly be denied; and from the nume-
: roua letters .which hove Leen addressed. to the Court, .in favour of such communica-
tion, u well as from the r.bare of general regnrd now bestowed on subjects of that
, nature, it appears to be a. question on wl~ich tul explicit determination, on the part
. of the Company, is becuwe Jtccessary.
• • ' ' ' I .

It is. therefore in different viel\·s, worthy of a full and candi«l discussjon ; and such
•I Juwc llecn ,;olicitous. to give it, actuated &oldy by motives of duty, arising from
! the several relations in which I find mpclf placed. For, in becoming an advocate,
.1\!1 I profc•s myeelf to be, for mukin~ot known to our Asiatic subjects, the .pure .and
. brnign vrinciplcs of our divine religion, I not only pay that 'obedience which is due
tu itlliUithoritati~c i•tiWlclious, but, in my llinccre opinion, highly consult the true
intcrrt.ts o{ the Comp•my, and the general welfare of the many tnillions living under
. ita ·l~uvcrmocDt.. Nor can 1 doubt, llw.t this will be the verdict of serious dclihe-
.rlllion, however a hnsty view of the subject, under some of its ~pccts, muy bave
. unnt·cclllillrily cxcitrd olurm.
! n eorli«•r pt"riods, the Compuny nmoiftsted 1\ lnudnble zeal for extending, as fur u
: its means then went, the kno" ledge of the Gospel to the Pagan tribes, amung whom
·its fuctorics 1\'('l'e phcrd. It hllll since prospered and llecome !,treat, in n way to wbich
the couunerciul hittory or the "·orld allords Ill) fll.\rollcl; and for this it is :indebted
to the foeterin: and llrotectiug care of divine l1rovidcoce. It owes ·therefore, the
'' anncst gl'lltitude for the pust, ami it equally needs the support of the same bene-
tkcnt }»owc:r in time tO CUIIlC: for the ' 1 Chl.\ng<•s and chunces" to "·hich hUillllO affuirt
urc ah' «~ys liulllr, II ltd espcciully the emphatic le~sons uf vic.issitude which the present
cl••Y hua supplied. .mny aSsure us, that neither elev11tion uor safety cnn be maoinlllined
by any uf the nntaons or rulerll, of the emtb, l.mt throur~b t>
lliw who !!OYierns the
~
whulc. Tue duty therefore or the Company, as pll11 of a Christian .COI'DillUility, its
pecvli11r aupt•rotl•led ouli:.,'lltion.~, its enlarged mettns, and its continual dependence
·upon tho divine fi•voua·, all call upon it to hooour God, by diffusin•• tb.e knowledr~e ot
that rcvdtLtiun which he has vuucbSilf~o.'<l to mankind,
10
'"
I~ Ul"~~g this ruoml·n~ous "·ork however, I wi:!h to be clearly understood, a.s CQn-
nfctmg "'llh the formauun and ucculion of any scheme for the pt>rformance of it.
t\'try P'''!deut Cllre, ew:ry just lll'ttllution, which may be suitable to the Bature oftbe
umlertukmg, amd to the \\i:~e, humllle, mild spirit or that religion which is to be re·
';0:11ucn~cd. At. Pr;-cut I p~ume. to otlcr no speei6c proposal, contending oDly
1?. t~le gcnrral pnnc•.ple; but it that 1s rerogni!ed, I shall be most ready to ~M~bmit
'•10 tJ~ I CUlerbliD or the llliUlner in l\'hich it might be safely brOU"I~ into
op~oral1un. 0

U the eonsidt·~tions alrt'Udy D«ilfuccd., did not sufficiently guard me ngt~.inst the
:su~e of.:a:c:hmg bt·youd the ordinary lines of bul>ine!S, 1 mi.,ht justly plead, that
ce ". 1 you, Gentlemen, e~ercisc, and ,.,.i¥ch I have th~ honou1· to hold in
0
.
<'Ommon With you, sum:nons, not unfn:.q~I(UUy, your o.tt'!.'ltion to subjec:~ of the
highut
 high.:.ot nature,-tu the painciplcs of go,·emmen!. a!'.d the internts of nutiom;
suhjects upon "Lich, h1l.\·ing men!iuncd them, I may Le permitted tool~ that C\'ftl
a dcli!Jerntive voice, though to 1l1at you o.re not r~tmincd, attachet a trust of &:,'l\'1lt
importance to the station of a Director.

Dut with respect to the execution of the trcati,;e "hkh is now ofTlttd to your
perusal, I am mtsible that 1 need the utmost intlulgt'!Jce. Jncnpuhle at ba.t to do
justice to tlle sen.'ntl topics which it t'mbraces, I might yet in India, the m-atre or
materials and informntiun relating to them, ha'-e produrnJIIQnltthin~ ba un"orthy of
notice; but though I held there the leuding opiniom now advanc.-ed, no itlea of ·giving
ony publicity to them, by writing, en:r occulTed to me, until al\cr my return to thil
country, when persuaded of the expc11iency of 110me ottcmvt ol that ~ind, and incited
by a plllticular occii.Sion, I several yc:ars ago, lutJ>tily drew up the tubst11nce ol tho
present essay. It has however since lien by me unusu.l, and my oll1C'f' a,·cx:ationt ha,..
O.:lowed me only to re,·he it, not to furm a new \\orlr, u would catainly have ben1
desirable. To meet a variety of opinion.~, and to fortify the ar&'ni'K"n& • bkh S.
maintained in it, many things are iutroduced "hii:b PlUiot bo already •no• D to )'OU1
and ir.deoed thiugs which in my own fir.;t vie•·~~oo I al.oulJ ha\"e d«"med tuperfluout i
for a~ording to my apprebcn~ion, the nutin question is 10 clear u to neoed liulo
e.uxiliary illutitration. Undcr alltl~ disadvantage:.. he•·ever, I am cootAmt to como
forwP.rd, at the call of a greater iutci'CIIt, forming no rretenr.ioo to Jitnry merit. DOl'
b&Ning oa that score, any higher hopf', than t.l111t you may be p~ lo I"'IIO!ive &hit
tract on the footing of one of those many Puprr1 of llulint"• •·itb "hicl1 tl.-e recorda
• or
c:ff your j:OYCnllllentil have been funiibhetf1 by the obser•ation and tlpent'f!Ct lllCG
"hose tiUUI and 1l1oughta have btoen chiefly employed in the ~cema of ietiwe lite.
I

I have the honour to bt. "il.h the gre•tcst resp«'..,

GEJiTl.UIU,
'\"our DlOSt obtditnt bumble Servant,
. .
Ecst·l11dia llotnt:, CIIAR.U:S C:nA~T.
.August sbtb. 1797:
• -
 C·o N 'l' E N '1' S.
..

'~flAP. t.-Iutroduction; iucludi,;g a briif Rtt•iew oj British Tmito1!al ..1d:ministJ~t~on. .

' ' "" I I '.' ' '

..
•• i11 The Eus~ .•
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7'. • -. . -
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. - -· .- .- . ·. - P· S·,

CIIAP. 1l.-l"'eftl of tlic' Siate ·of Sociciy among the Hindoo Subjects of Great Britni~,
' ·• . ~

' , • ~I ' •

CHAr. Ill.-Ca~t~t~ru•hic/i
• ' '
produced the present Situation and Character of the
'
'llll'l't
I ' ' ' ~

llindooa • . • 39•
. ,. . \ ' '
ClJAP. lV.-I11guiry iuto the llltatsUres UJIUch might be adopted by_qreat Britain, f~r t/1e
imp111TJtmenl yf tllf comlition 'oj Atr Asiatic Subjects; Mid .dn$Tl/CI'S to 07jjeclions·- 7i· .

APPEN DlX.-E.rtrortsfrom tl1t Tramaclions of lhe Society for promotiug Christian

, Kno~Z~Itdge;for theyttlr 1795 • • •. . .. - 113·
 ( '5 )

OBSERVATIONS,
~·c.

CIIAP I.
Inlroduclion-illcluditlg a brkf !lt.Tirm f!f Dritish Territorial AJm1i1islraliU11
m Thel:.:&.<!t.
divcr~ity. ha~e p~ailcd ~peeling
W II ATE V E R of opinion may the put 11 A 1.
conduct of the Ell{;hslJ m the East, aU parties "all concur one acmtimcnt, r.,.-..n.:
111
.that we ought to study the happiness of the vast body of aubjt'Ctl "hicb we have
C p,

llrlluA. '""'_,
acquired thtre. U.pon tllis proposition, taken u a truth of the hi~ht."t certainty aud #-::'£::/'''-..
importance, the follo11ing Obsca:v11tiou.s, now slll.lauittcd "itla gre11t deference, aro · ,
founded.
He who ventures to propose a plan •·hich hiLl an air of novelty, at a time "hen
• ~lt! "·ildest fanaticism; i~ p~lit.ics and phil~ophy is pun;uin~ ~ ith impioua and
auhuman success, the mdascnmanatc aubver.-aon of rcccavcd pnne~plrs a•lll c:a:U.tin~e
establishments, lalJours under peculi11r dis&tdvant,.'~'· Truth ho11evcr, and rcuun,
alll'ays the same, are not to be abandontd becauw. thry 111ay toam.:tiu1es Le prrv«-rted
and abused. Of la.te they have been perverted and alJosed in a ·u" new in tl.t
history of the world. 'l'be \\'filer of tbe!e oL!ervatioN holda tJ.e 1pisit'thut hill thus
ba·o~eu torth, in the utmost abhorrence, and would lhtnd at the remutrst dbllsnre fruua
its i11tluent-e. lJ is 11im is to promote the pence and ha.p{1ineu of naen, by p•cific 1nd
rational means, and "here he ia compelled to •peak of put or l1n:w>ut mun 1nd'
dclecbl, he mentions them "·itl1 no dispoeition to censure, but 10lc y "'ith the 'ie "o(
doing good. Ue trusts, that if the opinions which llo dclivrn, and tho mcuurcs
which he recommends in the auuaeqncnt pagu, lie ~tK:ntly and impart.i.. lly con•
sidered, they willueither be tound incoru.-istent •·itb nght priuci,.tca. oor pointing to
any other than the most bencficilll couscquencea.
Although in theory it never can have bren denied, that the •·clfare of our A..i~tio'
subjects ou~bt to be the o~ject o£ our solicitude, yet in pn&ctice, tlait ark no• lld,:rd
trutl1 Ju,s been but slowly follo"·ed up, and IIOUle of the infcrmcct wlddl are deducillle
from it, remain, as it &hould seem, still to be diM:Overt'd. or lllte undout.fl-dly mucb
has been done, and excdlcntly done, to improve tlae condition of our aulljcrta in the
East; ~t upon an altcor'ive ea:otnimltiOO it may perl111p11 be found, tha& much atiU
a:mo.ins to be perlormed.
It is now five-and-thirty ,·ears since the English l::ut·lntlia Company, and through·
thnt Coo1pany the llriti:>h Nation, actJUirt.-d on c~t«·!lllive pulilial po•cr in llind~tau.
Some time before thi,; period, they had been compelled by the amtJit.ion uf the ..f. D. 17:;,-.
French, to ta~c a part in contc:>ts which had ari..c:u aUJong the llabometlao l'rincet
on tl:e Coromuudcl Cua.~t; for the reprcsc:ntati\rt of tlull nation. tl.e til'!llauuong the
people of I::urope "ho concci\'cd the lk>ign of pruc•Jriu:; a douaiuiun out CJf the t..roJ..cn
empire of the .:\Jo~,;:ul~~, pur~ued their o!Jject b)' cntl'fin.syttcuwt.iCIIIIy into ~·c putiun
of tlae Dccan, anJ becoming hence the ally of one ot tJ~~: p11rt.1c1 eototcndang lor t.l.c
pu5St:ssion ef the Camatic, tlac [n .. tl~b "l.Kl furel(.'(;.iog tJae auccc:l!l •l•icl• wc.oulc.IJ•I'O-
t.alJiy attend the unchet:~~.-d prt;,';,.cut.iuo of tJ.~ an•Litiuul c..utt·rprizr, eud in lloe
OJilllt'fJUCut u;:grunt.liz.cauc.'lt of thdr riwa~,' the n1in of their ~·a cooulll:rciosl t!'t..Lii:.h·
111cnts, cspou-.::d the dclclu;il.lle prcten!)IOIJJ of tJJe other eaJe.. In tl•lllllnJIZ.:le till')'
were finully \it·turious· they J;ave a 1\'abob to tlJC Camat~e, •l.o tunllulool:d tu
depend upon tlnom; a:uJ "l.'t'e thl.IS ad·.:mrtd to • cut11ill d"~-c d n•ilot.uy sud
pulitit:ul iauport:ancc in the ey~ of tl~ lleti~ of tJ,ar p.trt t>f lntha•. IJut _11.::~1 puuce,
•as lett loy trc:lty in full po..-.c!!>ion ~~ t.'le ant•!fllalf!O:..Wt'Tl:UICI,'l ~ lolS r,cm!orx~. and 1
eiCl"C'i>ed all the po"·eu o& I'J\'tm;~,;n~ uver too 1"-"'J>le ot tlJCUJ. U.c unly ~
::8.:!. ll ....,...... :l
 G PAPERS :ij,ELATING TO
"'""·•100 "t.ich thll F.n"li~h rctllined for thcm~l~e~, wn a ~arro~ t~nct of la1nd tllon~.
No·. O.raut'• State """"t• f ,. ,., l·l cl'•efly in the VIClllllY of their prmc1pal sett.emcnt ot
r.r !'l<•c•rtv um""" the oust o "'oronuuu c , 1
the .,.;iiil~ Suhjo·rll l\IatlrftB,
nf vrrat lhi~um.
;
n l d • J '·e ''"" •~n• of n-iti~h
,.11~ 0 ~·as cs1me . 1o v t .... ...... ~'1
cmpira
• ••
in dthef East.
b · The
. first·
ted
' - -.....,..--'"' tni!itJtr O(ll'rB lions howovcr ef the lllltiott in thttt pronnce, lllS~U . 0 •CI~g pl OlllJ>
h vie!s or"c:onqu('ljt, \\cre employed solely for the dchmc~ ot t~Jelr pnnc1p11l ittctury,
r.~ddt"nlv, whrn tlwy thonj1,ht only of the ptaceaLle pursuits commerce, 1\al~~~nly
?t
attacked b the N ubob of the country, the recent sncce~so1 of an usurper, \lit 1 n
y Tl e f:n"lisll of Ct~luutta bavin,!! neither men nm· means adequate
numerous nrmy. • •, ' .,~ . · f tl b rb rou
to thi• une'lpt'i.'ted aen·icc, fell on eu~y p~ey, anu t 11e sut·vtvors o lC a. 11 s
~~eenra t1 1cn exhibited, were driven fmm their plundet·ed settlemc•!t, a~~· destitute of
every tt.in~, furcl·d to seck a wretched reful!e on th~ water. At th1s ~ns1s, the. warf~·e
d the [iuliticlll tt·nn~actions into "·hich thct J!,t~ghsh h11d been led m the Carnattc,
appcored of new importance. lly the result of them, th~ go.ve~unent o~ Ma~ras
1111

'"as jtscll' itl • cqn~'~iqJJ \Q flSflllf~ by III'Jll~ tht.! ~ght of the ~t.lmpany IUld tho. N aUon,
to tho &ettlcmcni.A of which they h!l<l ~l):.:n di!ipos~sscd m lkngul,, and to seek a
compcn•ution for the immense property of wl.ti~h they b~d IJeen dcsp~Jled. . , .
. 'flnt& riJ,~ht wllJ! unquestionable· It 'l'ns derived from the l~\'lful sov!lreign of J:Iirl·
d~lllll, "hea~ tho em1iire Willi in tfte zenitq of ita power, .and !lad l~ng beet} qutetly
enjn)·ed. 'l'he struAAle made f<n; the recovery and securlt~ of 1t, \\·hlch ~·Qs ~~~ our
p.111 ~elf-dofonce, enJe4 in the rum of the ag~e!li\Or i for atter once br~kmg, ".tth us,
, · he nf)t:er thou.,ht himself sate until "·e should be extirpated. Fresh );>lots ior our
1btructiun ~o~11 terminated a pacific11tion, in which he h11d never lleen sincere; we
we•~ retluc.c~ \q ~'P. 11lt'!rnlltiV!! uf tulfqrin.R tl~'ir(liJti~\ fi'Otn t>Uf just and a1tc~nt
t>l~'i.'cs~iu"t w nmintt~ining b~ fq~ our toqt,ing ~' the. cQuntry ftgi\IU!it tha oppresstve"
rulur nf i\.' \l~dll hllql\t'l\! 1.\l fUl'\lignent l\liven \0 th~ ~t,remity, e.e.cept~ .the 'Oii'era of
r.o\ll~ll\-'r~cJ 1 \\!tich h\s f\1\llgtlin!\)'_y 'Jl'\\nny in~p.el\e<\ ~O.Illt). Ol th~ prUIClfk'l_i ~OD9
~\\Ill'' utulcr. ll\5 I:IQ'AA',ll\tent to f'AAkO.. {Q' ~~~ depos\lllll'lo 1\1'\li tbt: aullsUkutwn · oi
lllllltln~r l\(4S.'i)\llll\ll'\ in 'lilj fOQm •. r~rh11ps the. J'igiq C$1.\.l~ts. llllg\lt nut chOOil& tO
1lt•fun~ tit~ 11¥(Wtlient uf f11cUitl\\ing the p.{Ogt~t of Ol.lf arms. b)t lea~umg \lith tha
iiulljcr~ of ~he N11lw\\ i.1111~1it\Cil~ liS. our qqn:,rer a111i thei.ra II'IJ.9· 'fllh. point omsl
~a 11'1\ to be \J·icd \lpon. it~~ ow~ il1eri~; but \\'lW.W\19\' i;lecision wa;y~ he pas:~~:d eon.
~~~rninjl it. two th\n~, a~'! iA ~~~OS!t eqtit~ ~o at~u{l il\ \he genentl· consideration
~(\his snbj~ct. :.,.- fi\'l\~ tltAt .~ ~ pl:Ubl\\,).le tbe Comp~ny ~md the Nation, had they
\'-~1111\in~·~ 1\ i'ltou\ cou\c~\ll'lllelio ne\!~ \I'QJ.I.\~ have li.l.l.l>mitted to bo wantonly str~ of
"llllluulu ri!\ll~.:i.; th~\l'llll,'~ tl,1~ m~inlfll~ncc of thum, wit.b further accessions Qf ti:Jrce
ycriyt.~ from ~~~· ~\1 n ~ou~CQS,. ml;.:ht ba.ve produ~ tl~. d:illcou..fitUl& of their
enemy, und by on ensy con~e~uence, bis \oSIJ oi power :....,Secondly, !:hid the con•
lctlt•flltion into which the Enghsh entered. wo.s n~ p~t o( t.i)<:.il': ot:igilllll.Ji>lu.n.. hut. Ill\
lnci•lcntal circumstnnce in the scq_uel of h.ostilitics.
. f(Om, tl~ circinni.t,onco howcvOI) '(iowe~ i.A th~ rnosl unf1wore.ble light!, prejudice
f:lWI taken. occ~ion to ollllracterizo the whole 1.1f \hc:i~ tre.flpa.ctiolli of that petiud.; lllld
\he French, who o.s hll!i been !11\41, fH'ltt of thlt Eu(Opoan nations, concehced the scheme
uf ln~~' war and, conqtWSt, and. wllliliCI gs,me 0( wanton amuition ended in tl1o loss o£
o.l~ ~teir.pos~iuns in Ute East, have not fuilcd to descriue the l'evolution in Den~tala&
Ol~!(llllllm~ 111 ?ur '""'!~::-s lul'~ of w~tl.t ~nd dQ~linio~ Many of the inflllmmlltl.lry
lhlllt'f'ptt>>~UutuiJons winch cnvmus dl~upJlUlnted nvolslup bo.s prompted them to. n1ake.,
our ';'~~'R countr~~cn luwq lll'ccipil.ll~t'!Y ~doptcd, oot, exau~iuiug whether, in theit
l'l.'llll.me,;.~ to tf>lllty tm ~~~h~JTCnoe of ~'l[U!'tt.ce towards the naUve:; of India. they wer~
nut ll\1\1!\'Cl'teutly ~mt.t;tbut~ug .to do lllJII><~ce to .the chllntCter of their own 1111tiort•.
Uut 11.'1 Ill MY til'l'IOUl! mqmry mto the duUCll wluch we owe to our subjects in that..
rountry, men of ~ltTl'C't prin~iplt':l will nuturullv be led to can-y buck. their view to the.
fil'llt 11'fP!4 by winch we ~1cqmred power there, It is hoped thut some brief elucidation.
of so 1mportont a quf>!bon, ooth here and liS it may come a"uin into notice in the
COlll'llO of this t'S.."'I)'r will lie dloemcd no in-clcVIInt di rres,ion. ., · · .
0
· J\y the dt·~itio!' q( ~uro,juh Do1\lalt, the provinces which he had ruled, tell fu9t
!'!''lcr the c::outwl ot Ute En~h~1, and suh..'«lucntly undtlr their immediate mtulll!!etnent.
ll~r.o; lll'qlll~ '!.lsu Dllhlllg tho l'IIIIIJUcsts matle ti'Um the l'reucb ~n after tl~s re11o-.
lut1u11! ll ll<u:t 1.•.1. cuuntt-y on t.he Curum.mJcll'()u.st.,. cnllcd from its relnth·e situation,
the !\orthcm Cu~un;; nnd '." a later pc!'iud, the celcbnrted district. of llenares Will,
ll!llll'~l-d by et..~lun to .Uu:!r po~iuns on· the Gan~cs. Thrse countries, thtlll
a~-q~urcd, tulll 11()\Y hclJ 10. tUI.l proporty by the llriti.-IJ :;s' ation, joini.n.; with them.
Don1bay
 :EAST INDIA AFFAtns. 1
·llomhay .and S.~lse.tt. are ~koned by that aLie etagrapher, Major Rcnnd, \0 cootain <'II Ar. 1.
-~ S:l,~oo ~~u:'!'e ami~ ~mt l:i .~o,ooo t!quare miles more tlum are, oc:cunlinll tu t.im, ,.,,_.,.,;, • .•
contamellu! (•rent l•nlllm and lrchmd; and the popuiution of tlae!e e~wn~ive ~ions """'' ,.,,.,.,....J
,nay be. e;;tunntcd at ahout foua teen Ill ill ions •. l:e.i,lt-s tl~CSC at.eolute acqui.,itiona, :-;..,,..,...,. M .
the fertile territory o! .Olllle, wilh its ap(!Cndu~es, is to be m:konC\1 among UIC atall'l Llw :..t, ,
dependent on t!IC ~lnll•h.powcr, which are ~vcmnl intcm.Uiy Ly lheir o"n printtt: '"'
8.\ld all the t.cmtvn~ winch come under tlai.s deKription, are hy tl10 anme aut1111r,
co~1puted to ,~;Untulll neal'ly 1011,ooo squo1~ milce. fiuppoein~t tl~eir popuhation to
b~ 1~ propm:tion lel'! thHn that of Dc~•gni, at may he nllo\\ahle to ~lute it at till
unlbons. 1 he cunqu~tli lately mnde 111 t11e Mysore Country ond on the ~lalnlmr
Coast, are to be added to the uccount of the tcrntoriul property of the Driti•h N ution.
Tiu~y have not been dircclly comprehended in the l·orc:,:olng c:nutnt:l'l\tion, Lecull~ It
is intended to &Jli'Bk cl.itlly upon tl&c authority of time and upcrirnce; but the
observations which these sug:.:t·st, re.•pccting the prople \\ith "·hom "e ure alrntly
acquainted, "ill douLtltss l'qulllly apply tu tho~ of tlae &lime race ••td
ptineiplt!l,
\\·ho are recently become oul' subjects. 11&c numL<-r of the!oC IH~t n&uy JM rhops lJt'
estimated at hm mil:ions. Thus the "bole B!(jtrrgute of A~iutics \1110 drpc:nd
immediately and solely upon us for e\'cry eoutfort and hnppini'SS of ~tood ~o,·cmment,
Rmounts to sixteen naillions t; and tlaose "~.o indirectly and parti11ll y dt'J~Cnd upon
us, by li\'ing under prince3 auLject to our control, and then:tore eon3iUl·raLiy under
our inftucnce, if we chose to exert it, even in matters of interior rc~lution, amount.
as has been stated, to six n&illlons. Such a chorl!e as thi11, a ctuarge of no lcs. than
two-and-twenty millions t of people, must be allowed to lle one of tlae mOl>t 1\Cit.tbly
aDd serious. nature. Ill it constitutes abo one of tbu largest. di..t.iuM or
tho power
'!l'hich ia d~ributcd among the rulers ua· the earth.
•
What then 118!1 been the effect of our adminilltra1tion upon the eoontrict whid1 hawr
thus fallen under our dominion? This is no uriuir inquiry, nor is it pro~d invi·
dioust1, but u having a reiution to the mnin dcsi)lll ol' the! cn~uin~ JliiJtt'tl; ncitl&ct
shall at be pursued upon conjcctural rositions or by proLietnaticut reusoning'f, lk(
restf!d on the broad basill of gl!ntTal f11cts, many of "hidt at&tnd consl'ku<.ous in d&t!
records of our Indian transactions. 1'bnt the aamc topics have atrendy bcco handlcll
tty persons of distingui~hcd situations, and espedalty tllut oLilitics have btoen rmployt'tt
ttpon them far transrending the hun•l&lc pretensions of the present wlitcr, 11'ould in·
Yiftcibly dctt:rnaine him to ah.!!tuin from treating of them, if hia dc~i;.:n did not i1111)()')Cf
tflis tBsk upon him, and impose it with a vito"· "hicb otf&er writl!as Jiavc tl<.ol U&actly
J"''PPOlfd to thcmsclvrs-. ll~tppily this undcrtul.ing calls not lOr tlao pol\ era or the
details of regular history; uor on the other hllnd would it he Oll!\\c:rcd Ly the c:xlaiLI-
tlon of mere results, which "ould curry more the nir of a~sc.'l'tions thll.ll of facu.
Facts tilcrefure so fur circumstantiated 11.1 to be seen i11 'thdr truth 11nd thdr c:onncc·
tian, it will be- his endeavour tn trnrc with simplicity, and "ith modcro1tion.
', Tha acc.uunL oi our territomal. man11gcmcnt in the .Eut, or of tLe intCI11lll eaucite-
«l£ our powea:- io tho~~& countr.ic.'ll "'hich ure no" h~ld tlirectly by u., u1ay be c:onW!-
Dientix arranged· intn four di~tinct period~, of "hich it willl~!.!llu~icic!nt l<t:re to •kctcl•·
· tla pnllDineru. fCilt.Um i. awd. 111 .l.l.:nJ,.:al with ill! nppendanl pruvmc:t~ fom11 Lo~h the
nWn: po1tion of. our poi>!'Cl!&ions, ami t11c ~~eeue ot our ~h..-.t c~C1'U01l;8t c:sp:encnft!,,
aod progr11Y,; tlurJ ~vi.si1.11 ~luul be the aubj.:ct ol our p~t. bru:f m'IC'W, "uh o~ly
lillcll.cuncludm~t notice of the otl~er parts, ua w11y lK'f\11 to mdu:ate the &tate to •lUcia
tbCJ bavo bitbta:to. a.Jvam:cd.
· In the Gnt period, rompn:hemling ei;;ht yrn": frum 1 i57 to 1765. _the P"?vinrrt A. n. t n7
(('.'lU."eptin~t a lew di~otrkt~ ceded to the Com puny an the coul'liC of diRt lllnC. •,•lh the Ill I jCJj.
lll.nction of tile l\to!tlll I~m!Y.'ror) •ere continuc.~l unckr the ~\'CT'II~t of NuiJO~,
let wh01n the adnaiuiotTati•m of civil ond criauinal ju,ticc, the coilectaon ~ tl1e....,...
"Ytnues, and the f,!:t:nl-r.U powen of internal s~~ntt·ndcnce. 1111! ~-gulnt.IOfl, WtTC'
lvit... Tho Eng!i.b rt'!efved to theln.oelvt'5 tl.e dal'l!'ct.JOO of f~•Wl rohcy, a cun~ll·
iog military power, a con~idt'I'IILle tribute, and advont11~ m tntde more elttna~VC'
chilD the grants of tho Emperors, or the past we;;e of t.Le cwutJy, bad c:onctdrd to
thew.
Tlae
.• n,. J•!ftt> KUmatH- -Jd -=-· JWn...,l.l
:S.Iw;; .Jill oar JI'!Sr1 of on... 10 tf'fii..Uif . , . . _
t'_ 0r Ktcm£n1 to lM ~~ ....., ""'"""
JDilt-
twftft.'m·ll- II lbeJ d.o. ab• .~t. popola:... :, Or lltConW' to llor- - · •-1·'-
el theM oilll'trtDt .-.-lo..S S:U) - D l to ~
t"'-tec• m.lliota. ·
.• 2&-.1.
 s PAPERS RELATING T.O .. . .
fllr. Clr~t'a Slate 11IC circumst~nce~ of the .first r~volutio? sceme.d to dictate I!U~h a di~ision of
e~f Soricty amoM~ ower; of \ll 1ict., the share ve,ted 111 the Nabob, IS usually called m the wutm~ ~f
the _A•iutir !luhj•c .. ft.ut time, the Cutml r!J or the J\'fltive (iO'C<"''1UIIellt, as when the mas~ of both dlvl-
o~re~I.UnwmJ aions, or tbe complex power, Native and European was spoken .of, It was termed
"' (sometimes in a way of censure) the Doubk Go~ernmen~ To tlus arra~gement the
orders of the Company seem to have at first restricted then· se~vants, who !f they ~1ad
felt them!Kllvesmore at liberty, would perhaps have deemed It unsa~e or me~ped1ent
t.o enter ot once upon the direct cbarge.of a government, to the deta1ls of wl~tch they
were entire etrangcra.
Dut plaubible as the systt'm, .viewed i~l some li~hts, appeared, it proved in ,practice,.
un~utiofu 1·tnry to all partiCII, and espcuully dc~runental to the .peopl.e. . The Eas~~n
(:llYl'rnment:l ure in general curel~s o.~ to the mtcre~tll of thctr subJects, and tln11 IS
patticulurly true of Muhomedun ruler~. The Nabobs created by ~~~~ English in
Jkn••tll forci~n adventurers suddenly ra1scd to power, dependent, susptcJous, and 1·a~
puci~u;, could loav.e little ~oncern t~r the lasting prosperity of ~ country, ~·ith .the
11 rwcrn•ncnt of ~·lu~·h, t!1c1r conne~t•.on ":ns so casual no~ prec.anous. Wh~lst they:
~ 11 w "ith secret twll·•nntJon the clucluttrJbntcs of sovereignty m the possessiOn of a
hundful of cununcr~ial men, evcrv way alien to tbe Asiatic world, and so large a
~hurt' of the rid1cs of the country; devoted throu:;h tlleru to !1. distant land; whilst
.th 1·y hdicvcd al~o tlmt the fu,·our uf these people was nnccrtam, th!ily could scarcely
huve any other uim, thon to use the titue prc;;ent in making the most of the1r
aituutiun~.
· And imk'Cd such set'ms to hB\"e been the temper of the other princes more remotely
.fluccd, who were stilet! tl1e allies, but who in realit,y were the dependents of the East
ndin Company. 1-"cclin~t thut the sume power winch supported could also diE.po~sess •
.them, and huhituntcd by the whole hbtory und the manners of llindostan to the ideas-
\lf pt•rfitly w1t.l of chnngc, they could have no settled confidence in the solidity of their,
tcmm:~, but Lie on the cvntr1u·y ind6po&ed to thu.t &tudy to which Eastern rulers at the.
b<"Mt nct'd a 11timulu.\ the pt'rmWlcnt good of their subjects. Asiu.tic.<~, accustomed:
11ithcr to nb~ulute eommu.nd or implicit obedience, do not seem well quulified to make.
a hcncfici11l usc of dl'le)(nted or mixed power. · The policy of our dependent alliCSI
lws in general been directed only to &ecure themselves in their situ¥tivns: it has been,
their nim to plcu!IO the immedi11Lc arbiters of tbch· fate, and they have found either
tiU~udously or l.ly indtlcntul discovery, that even running largely in debt is one means.
of iutcre,ting mtmy in tho stubility of their ~overnment. l:lut this policy is pursued
11t tl1e exrcnse of thl'ir suluccts, and the people, botl1 of Areot and of Oude, are with,
too much foundation represcnb..od to be in a "retched condition. A state of depend-
ei1cc !lc.oems ulsu tu unfit or indispose the princes who stlllld to us in this relation, for:
nny vi~rous co·opcrution in the external delence of their own territories. Perhaps·
!hut sptocies of prutection to which they have been used, bas enervated them, made'
tho10 unwilling to conbibute tho funds requisite hi such cases, and persuaded them
thnt tho l·:n~li~h will not sutl~r those counbies of which they are in etlect the paraw'
mount lords, to be poNie:il!Cd by any otl1er power. Another evil, more formidable!
J'O!\,jhly tlum our experience hRS yet discovered, flows from this system; it enlarges:
tl1o tpht•re of ndvnn1t1~ to the sca-vonts, especi.llly the militnry servants of the Com-·
pnn~, it cn)ur~ the military estnbl.is.lun~nt. ..milit'."'"Y emuhnnents, and perhaps
ellt'OIIniAt-'5. I~ 113 eon.o;eqnence!l, the spuu ol nnhtnry mdependence. The experience:
"·e hnve ll«J~llfCII, 11111~ probuhly estubli~h nn opinion of the impvlicy of fonmng any'
!•e~v t:Oilllt'('llons t;~ th" ~mt1~re; but wuh rt ~pt>ct to those which already subsist,. as
1t IS ou•·powcr winch nuuntams the uuthority of our dependent ullies over their subjects\
It st"·ems lll~l!mlttont on ~Is to e~crt every po~~ible endeavour, consistent witl1 the just.
11m~e and l11llh of treullcs, tlmt the go,·enunents "bicb we thus uphold may render •
.the 1lC11plo ClL~Y ruu.llmppy. · ·
• Where the .rontrullin~ puwcr.of tl1e English and the derived power of the dependent'
1\: ~~~~~~b me~. II\ one .I'~•'<'C, n11 ~n. llcnl:o"''• they could not long exh.t to~ther without,
rolh~aon. l he \Ill\\ lllm~ sulmu:iliJOn ot the \Ienker purty, and tile dominoting tem 11o
uf th~ ~t.ro.np;cr~ ~~~un tx:aune too plain; mutu11l distmst and aven;iun succeedl'd. : ;
t'\~'.."0\\'S ''' m·h~lt 1 uuls mllouned the unim~itv on e;Jch side onl the countrv '-~
tl f I t
f f
( ~c ".n ~~~;~ 11' 1 51.'\:ne 0 wnr.
Tl .. ' '
!e cruclues, tl1e l'ilpncitv, tuul the expi.dsioo of
·~ ~$nn : '· " !11 ~ un1u1ppy pt.h•·y hml cle\';).t£d w po"cr, are sutticientl known. •
1 111 11
ucutme

f.
" ht·l.hl'l' ,"' ~ t\..-rnbe hL' etmduct to unprincip:t-tlau•llitiun, or the Jirentiuus 1croach- •
mrnts Ol 1-.urop..'llliS 1\llt.l tllctr drpeodc.'ltll UI'IUI\a· lli.s Pl'\lper ...
nu'llo n.J,
·,.,_. or \\1·"tl1 mure •
1
' probabil!ty
 I

EAST INDIA AJ:o'FAIRS. 9

probal.ility to bvth of tl~~ causes, nnJ the mud,Jcnin~t ctft-ct of C\tntJ hun"\ in:! l1j, 11 r 11.\ P. L
10 let~;;tl&s t:~ had not dell ~Mcly purpo.<;e;~ it sti!l e:~.!.iuitctlthis wikin:! ~I" t:i.,,;,., tl.c ,.,rv~.,,,...:
l.n~l!..:ih oL.It.'Cd to fiE(Ill \\lth U;e crco~ture llf lltelr o~n fl<J\\er, fur tl.c t:•ulintuiiK'l' 1•1 r..,,.,,,.,,t-..
1
Uu1t pol\cr, nny e'en lor tl.eir ni>tcnce iu f.cn~;11l; unJ the cuuntt)', in.•tl·,nl d t~ :n~ ~ ··~··'•~•- ••
Let~er protected un,il'l' CU•C\i!>tin~ .authoritiu, SIJtl~'ling wic\'UU>ly hy but.h, llllll in ., •• t ...t,
their s!,o~k convulsed lll~d tum. ~\ hat l•~ul thus lmppctll!\l, hu'lt'vt'f bl.lul('.il.l 1• t:;c
c mse, nugl.t lwppcn a~a~n; a11d tlu~ cxpencm:e purch.t5ed 1\tso d1"11J' 1 ruk, uutur.,i!y
leJ tae \\ay to tl•ea.cqUislton ol tl,e lJcllllllllce of J.:cngul, Vch.tr, und Ori:o.....a.
•rhis may be consid. r.red as a ~ri11t a.t which a srcond ""ri~l ~.>f territoriul munn.~ .J 1>• 17 GS·
mcnt conuuences. II •e )) ewannre 15 the oOire of the ,.. llc•"11n the titll' uf the ·"·
provincial collt•ctor of reven11es unclcr the Mo~ul l·:mjlt'!'ors, 11ho~ JlOIKov it"''~ to
Jlhlce the linancial adminiRtrutiton of the &e\·enll dh·binns of the empire in hwttb
di~tinct from those entrusted 11 ith milihtry conunnnd und juuiciul auU10rity.'
The ad,·cnturers "ho upon the dec Iitle of the cmpiru, n~smn:·d th:• J•OIIt•:·~ of
gcwcrnmenl in the provincts, ussumru ubo the exdu~i\o: l\ll1uini-tr.•tioa nn.! u·•·
propriution of the revcuuts, as must csscntiul to tlu·ir ,.j,·"~· Tho! ri:.;l.t~ uf 1! e
rci~nin;z CllljWror howenr, t:tou;.;h di~rC,i.(:trdl'd, h.td llt·n·r ht·,·n dt·nk·d. I It: "'"s
inductd, in consideration of 1111 IHiim~l tril•ulr to l•im~c:lr: ulllla hun•humc ~tip•·ro.l tn
the rt'i;rnin!! ]\' ahoh, "ho "·a~ ul~u a ptt~1y in thi~ tn•ur_v, to )O:fltnt i11 twrpr!loity \!)
the East-India Company for tht'ir o·.m ht·ndit, the lk11 aun!r, thnt is i11 lllh1·r \\toni...,
·the revenurs of tLo~e thn..-e fll1t\'inct'!l, lie lntd not"' tlud timl', nur lln!l lik•·ly e~t·r
to have th•• ka.st power to as~crt hi" rights; his b,.stn" in~ thut ::rant thc~lore, on
the condition of 110 11mple compensatiun, was nn1l.in).llhe mo~t a:Jvantu~·ou!l uw IH:I
possihly could muke ol his preten~iuns. No other Jll'"er in llindo~IM woultl lumt
. :,!iven liim .!'uch f.wourahle l<'rms; unrl bis con~eiooNlt'!!S of this led him \'olunt.trily
,to propose u cession of the Dcllunoee. It is thence tu lr-:: cundu.lc.l, t.ho~t io1 u.;'4
transaction he Wl\ll guiJcd chidly hy the c:-..i;.:cncic:t llf loia 011 n &\tuutiun; lin· loi:6
remote di;,tance tr01u the St;ut uf the Cum pun).-• go,·cnlllll:nt mu~t lut.•e rcu.!~· 1.•J
. their influence o• er loi111 propurtiuthlbly wco~k. llut ul the ••,u,c t.iu1e it ou:,:ht ''' lte
acknowled;(l d, that the ~uu!lCqucn~ proceeding t~ ith him, by "!.kh the J·ll,>'lul:lll uf
.the stipulutcd trilrull.l was discuntiuw...J, appc11U la lre of a mur..: duLious c:oou Jct~r.
This remark also is inti rjcded lor the tilll.t: of tho~ "·hu qu1·:.tiuu tlu: 111 iu..:11'!~ ... 1.11.1
"hich our 11.cquillitiuns ha\'e Lccn made.
The Compnnv h11vinl! before held a controllin~ militllry JlO"er, wrre thUIJlutm
possrssion ol tl~e finances of the country, whkh as 11n iuuncnsc ntall.l thry were
hcnccturth to n•and!(r, •nd to mana~e lor lltl"lll'll!lvcs. Tbe cullt"Ctinn of !.lie n·vrnu•'l
there is lmo"' n to have l.lct:n till of lalu a bushlt»> of e~treaue inlric:a•·y an,J dct.Jit;
the can~es of wluch h11ve IJ,•en explained io 11 varit-ty of mo~~terlv prud•rct.i.nJS., par·
ticul•trly tltt' excellent "ritin;!S of Mr. ~hon·• on thi• suhjl·ct; into which, bo"ev1·r,
it" ill not be nt'Ct'~aary to~' lurthcr here th11n thP. at.ttL'Im'nt of tt•rt.U•• u:u.•~·s which
form the first lines ol tho lnoliun ~y·t~m of finance. In llind•,.tan, lllr tue !("tater
port of the revenue of the hUvcrcign uri!!t's hvu1 lund ; and it bll.!l lun~ bt.>t:n the
univeual practice to form the us,_"~CMn•ent ut' ~ovrmnll'nt upon the IIClu.tl proJ~JCe uf
\he soil, asnu to do tl•i. amouully. =-'ut mthl''I'"-'Ohlv the ahar.., of ~uvernm~nt hat
bcc:n paid in J.:im.l. In like ~ll1111Ht:r the l11nd·l~oiJcr r::-,.:ulutt-s ~he rent u_f bi. in.i:rour
~llllllt llllliUully, uml uccordm~ to tl:c value ot the ~~orll~le~~ "'·•.:.!1 he, r.a~:~t't, wh.cther
r1ce, cottun, ~;ul),llr, or any other ol the 111.111y t•rudu.:t&un" ~ hto.:h t.:•-' ...,,1 (urm~lw.:a.
It" i:lnt•ily be pcrceiled, that tloilt syst1.111 n it nalul'lllly ll-ads to run~.:tlllol1e11t uu
tJ1e one :.ide, fi:IJUiWIIIl C:Uii>ldDt C:OUht: uf ~igil.JIIlC unJ l.aL<niu•J~ luc.aJI,tH,:i,.,.tti.lll
on the otl•cr, in every r•• nJ.: of person» cmploycJ in tl.c l't'lt'IIUc, f;u:u the llo '' ulli.:c:r
to tire lo,,e..t 1;1rnwr ut' a willu;:.e. 1\:;ain, ti1e fl(r\crci~'11 ia arb.t.er ol the .•lldn: •U1:1:!a
Joe him..clf ~hull enjoy •rf Ilie produC'e; umlthou,;h um:it ntly Itt~ l''··pvrtton tl:t.'ll" IIJ
Lll\e ll(.'lll UI(J(knatc, in modem thm-s it ht~ l.lotlollly Lc.·n wt:r~· l•r;,:e. Ut:"'p<Jh.. on
l.K·in~ the principle ut go\enm~t•nl, Ioree i. the r('ltl, Ur<~<•:.:h IMJitM:tiiiM'* latc:ut Uhltll•
mcut "loicb-procures acquic.~enn: in loi& ~tllutom·nt,. \\ I!IN.Ut a cullllntl.ory P"'"'~·
fH.'r n·atly tu act, liule re~t'uue ~ou!J be uL111111t.•l. :\rL1lrdry llt•n..r~ud, IJCII.'Illl'tuuly
tuli.tri:(.,J on the uue twuJ, ~~lUIS ll11 t.ue Iilla of e•~iou, cuu~.:e.au.ucut, atrd ar.wJ,
.on the uthc:r.

• ~o• .!lor Joho &bore, Gon...,.(;.,.ra), ial ................

...... Ia blhb 11.&'- ... lou loorr.·•~ ....... ... u..
impcot\:IDI. Ml'ficn t.e Joa4 a...ic.tnl ,.,..,._. "' l!.r
,. .
~SL C
 to· PAPERS nEI.ATING TO . . . •.
• ¢. ~· tl ~ 'I of the 1\loJ!•Ill J.' 111 pirc c~pccially, nml tinder the As1aucs, llmdoos,
1\!r. C:r .• nt • • tute , II ICC IC •II• • '· · f collcctill" the re1·t'nues
nlll.,mly 11111''"11 (If !\Julllllllt.'dUilS, \\ho have IISIIfll('d power, I1IC u~~II1C55 U _. , "' • • ,
tl•• '' •i.otor 1-:•'•Jo·d• 1 ~ lu·<:n 8 IUIIbl dcha~ill)t struJ!)!lC !.Jet 11Ccn the supcttor ""d mft·l wr 111 tVCI y gradat~on.
111
ul 0•~·'' l.lil .... u. :t't•ll lull!'& lipon a thouhut.d prctcncl·~, often f11lse und prcpo~tCf(JlJS, havP heen 1m~
1 ·\t •11 In direct !Jrcul'h of U"rcwJclll~ before 11111de. The tcvPnue officers of
P""'-' ' ck 1 e c" tctcd for thet~sclvcs hl·sides
c1·cry run , oa ~ · 1 • • •
collecting• the1·demands 1ot govt>rn•
\'t'rnnll'llt: 1111 ,1 fi·omt!Ji:~ fruitful source of IIIJUS.llcc, !4CI"t'l'lty, c u~un~, nn.c meanness,
lutvc iJuwtcl lnnntlll'l'uhlc evils to the eonuuumty. Wnnt of. lJI'Ini~IJIIe 111. the land_-
IJUidcrl 111111 ul'cnpunts of the 11oil, hue h:d tlte j~ove.rnment to I!IVfl them us ~1ttlc t redtt
. fur thdr n•lll! 08 posl!ihlc f 60 thnt payment 111Uflll some p!aces I.Je I'Cqutrcd at the
.,. 111 t 11 f L'\"t·t·y 1111,uth,, c•r mo~c often,, t.y eight m~t~lmenb · tn the y~ar. ~ro111 the
iuft·rit.r occupunt~ of the sotl, cnro 1s. taken- to sfcmc arrears IJef?1e the crops ar()l
n.~muvcd li 0111 the gt'otuul, fur otlwr11 1~e from the ~rop~rty and artifices c~~ that de~
,,. 1·iplion of prt'SI~II~, tloosc.urrc1!r~ ".ill !-(OII~mlly he Ill dle~~ l~st j uet·u~tseii they .~re
J'!'COVl'I'Cd ut 11 future pt>rtod, It Ill Ill H·ttllly uy 1111 npphc alion of the Ill O(IUCC ot a
lll'll' wur, which lnl\·in;,~ its own rxigr•tJcie~, will thence probably als? owe a lmlunce at
the c1u~e. Ami II~ hence the ncct'~obily of BIIIIIIIJili'Y proccedmg w1th the rtnters hal;
hem plt·uckd tbcir complui11IS hnvc uot IJet~n ullowerl to suspend the payment of the
dcwund nn ll;,.,n ; IJut this uurcmiuing CX11ction bas aflordcd the agent the opportunity
or ~t·t·plng hi~ 011"11 rnulvcrsutiuns covered. . ;
• 'J'hN~c ducitfutions nm\' convry n faiut idea of the vast detail and attendant difficulty
Of the Jndiull ~y&ll'lll of fiiiUIICCj llOtll'ilh:.tunding the HpflUI'tllt simplicity Of itS
{uhdunll'utul pl'inciplc •: Lut they also sugge~t that tl•e po11 l!l' which enturcea the
J•Myllu!tlt uf lite n:vcnlll'8, us it i~ opcruth·c ut ull times und cumos home to all persons,
mu~t be the first in tho con:.idcration uf the people t· ·
'l'he Compuny therefore \ll'I'C now nut only to rro:p the produce of the country.
lottl wcr¢ virtuully im•t·~tcclwith the interior Aovernmcnt of it; uone of the p1'eroga..· ·
t.
til•cs uf domiuiu11 rr111uining to the N11huh excepting the jtldidal power which \\l\11
ttllcncll·d with no politkal importance. It wall not ho11 ever the policy of their servanb,
uur did thry at lir~t thitlk themselves able to eiH'I'cisc all this power; I.Jut in entering
upon tlll'ir new l'rivilc~s thry mudc use of miuistc1'!l who had ~crved the ·Nabob i~ ·
the ullilil·~ of tho I'(!VCIIUC. The JlCOple "-ere tllU~ht hcncefot'th t•l re.~ard the Com•
puny us tlll'ir masters; hut they wct·c trcutcd \dth tl1rou~h the medium of the same

r e-t'!mna "ith \\ho111, 111 R)(<mlll uf the N 11bou, they lutd Lcfure trnnsacted. No
:n;tli~tunun wn8 employed in the tli,tricts, or in the dctdil~ of the collettions, that is
tu lti,Y uf the Uc11·onneo lt~mls §. . 'floe l\lahumedttn untl llindoo 111iui~tcrs of the
I'CVI'Illlc mnnB.i..oN tho \\hoi«•, ~tppuinting ulltho sui.Jurdinutc ullicNs, lay in~ thch· gcnerul
tcltcmrs of o:~.-.c:~~;mcnt Lctot'\l the 1•rincipul servants ot the ColllJ'IIIl)', rcportin~ to
tlwm the atutc of the colltoclion~ ti·mn time to time, und dispo~iotg of the money
l'l't"Cln·d into tho rxchcquer, accordinl to their order'S. 'J'he uuly pl·r~tUIS "'hu in the
districbl n•prc&t'tlhld the Company it1 the exercise of the nell' ptJwers they hud ac-o
,,.c
f(Uil"cd, •. the satnr persona 11 ho 011 IK:half of thl' ntttive government exerci~rd the
like powm'll In thct11 IK'tore; twvca·thclcss, Ute cfl~ cts of this chan!(C, ht·siclcs the
trun~h r uf tho linuuciul rights and profits of tl11: country to new hunds, n ere many
and unpurltllll.
The
'
• 'rhe htnst mrthntlirAI and full npn,itinn bting in manusrript among t.be rerords of the
.-stunt uf dtt ~l"&ul 11 •trm ul· liu;u\1 o •• lu loe I omp.tlll", uud too tltlltb loadt•d with trcbnicul and
l;•und in thr A•alw11• .,,· 14r 1(, rrHIIr& "' /1, •·~.t b1· in<·oh~d· •an~nu~~. I he fundamtntal principle al!ll) ·

j )lr..l<~•r• C>ra•t; a ,..;.,k wbtrh lhut;~h ll~•u~l;t

In lou1• b.. n Ill"\ ••n ft••t I>~· l:"''rrnu;rnt 111 ·lh~
IUt.UUt'U~ •t \U'-tUU'II\K lhl lh•W.WIJpt\ 1 \t',\1 Ut'\'t'r
ulh"llli•tr•lllll Ito, '""" pri\·.•t• rnrou.~tv, tnlrr•tl
111••n II '"""Y ytan nltnw •HI•, "hrn tht oh~•in·
11\rllt of II~CIII\IIt it•lt11m tt"'ll Oil lt..-h & tllhj~·t
wu. be."mr ('t'<'lllortrly 11.tltrull. Inth•• r(.,htllute
IN!·tll>e, h• h.~ llrwlo·1•nt \YtiUltttnntt drtlltl, Luth
lhr po·ttlt'l('lta "' thr !lt ••~nl "".," of lin.utrr llll·l
llo6 SIIOtfc\ llfttl llntl'nlll \Ol tbf 11'\"1'1\U.,._ Nlil'<'h'd
fn•m t-.ry d-. ioinn, II' e.•l oM small, oi II•• "'""•h
. of llrnj\•J, MS w••ll m r..mute l"'rtotle us in the
\"rllr P~''<l'd.ll!( lht ... ,u,ttpuon ot the 1\ew.. nnt't',
h ~"'"''"10 " "'''"' t•nmrl•tt ••N•m•t ni the IMII•t•
of tbr ~~ .. ~ul ·~·•t•m nf finance boLving •ince beeD
enptru.led Ill uur p.-..rt•r•; but it is the proourt
ol hllll"rthn.try dtstjUISitory IJIIWl't·a ewployed
II(""" 11 rurmus ao.d intrr••tt~g •ul~ect
t !-t11rtly spea~ing, 11 must be auprem~. 'l'bll
rnw~r lll tlw t:noprrnr went Mlon~ With hll Oewan.
Tilt 1-:n~lt,lo pu. ..,..,d the Dewtllllll't only because
llory hml J>ttwt·r (•hirh Wllll not ulll!d befol'l') to
a ..... rt the ~;rant. .·
t \\'bo ..,. the dtM'f'tld:Uit o£ J,.IJier Ali Kba.,
th• liN 1\~t...>b llli•f'd by the l·:n!,!loah, with woom
11 truly h11d """" mud•, 10 virtue of which, the
aurr.,.,un •o~• rontimord 10 bat f4milv.

i1 ul"lltoll~•l lho\11 tlt,ll ll'IIJ"<tl \0 o11r ~1>\wtlfllt"'l\

byllac lloLU\C IUIIU•I•'I"IID ljtiS 1UII\ II Iotti~ l<ttot\111,
bf"ong
~ ~m& d•llricu, as o~ abo~e, •ere by
r"'""l•tll ""f••ft 111 the b.,.,;, ef the t'ompaay; •bo
al..-. b.d l"~>,;nstd ronnuen:ial fiiCt.ones ill the
po o~iuces aloo\'f a c••llury, .

•
 E .\ S T 1 N D I A A F F .\ I R S.
11~. ','·ants ~n:l ~<:sires uf the Company Ill h.omc &c<:mt•,l to J:.'""'" n i1h &.hi~ immrnw
.. C' II Ar. I.
IICtjlil~ruun. l he:rrst•t•·anll:-lllll'tlllll wt•re su~pll:iou~ anJ nul "ithuutl'('a~on, thut a:l ,.,,....•.,_,
the sources of l'l'~t'?IIC mi;.:htnot .be t:airly disdo....c.l to tht'ln; ami tlot'Y M'rt· 11lo~ \ut~l I;,.,, A'• ,.,..,.,
lest .the llllllllmt ut It ~ohouhl tltoelme under their muun;;cmt•nL Tho tm•grt"l!i\l' 11c· :: :;·.;.'..':''..,.,.
c:cssror.os of the. Com puny uho enlu•)!•·d the \'Ko'll'l of ('\'t'ry Europc:nn in tll(' J•rovint"t'l\ - ....J
·llllllut the ll'lllve dcp~:mlcnl!l ol l·.uropl'llll!l. Power wu1 not, as in the l'unrll'f ~\ ,tura
~f g~v~rn111rnt, i•:hcn·ut in.w•c l~•on only, lmt ir~ ~mmy pt:t!'Onll, all of "hom ihcn··
fore It mvc.>tcd "Ilia a ll011ron ol rb con!'<qut'ncc. 1 he m•ti''l' uoini~tns of tl•e "''t·nuc
wi-hed to ~ratify the cagen icn s of the l'ornpnny, nml to Colwil•11te the J:l'lll'ml f11, our
·Of the J•:n:.:li"h, 1 hey !Jad likr11 i·e thl'ir 01111' intCI\'!'ls 110!.1 tl1eir ll11111Crtlll! clt·('l'll•
<lcnts to scrn\ and to l'o('I"\C 11 hil~t opportunity ln,tcd; tout "'hu~cH·r ntnwnhnnrv
fundS they llll;.!llt \1 iLh tliC5C llilll!l ~l'l'k to p~SC'l>S, U all part it-s ronrum·cl in tl.c
urgenry of ke< pin~ UJI the ~tandMd 11t the public income, the vnly IJI( 11ns lt·lt tl.rm,
cx!:l~sive of tl.e ~ul11.rics they t•njuyr·tl\ .were plivnte ian1_msts, n~nopolb, or IIJIJ-1'11·
pru1trons of on.e kmd ~r unot~1cr; nnd 11, as has Lrm allu'JMCll .'' 11h grt·••t U('J'tllro~nre
·4.lf truth, ecrtum porllons ol tl1e !;OI·ernmcnt hmd~ \\ti'C onuttt'll in the ur~uun:.s
p•·cscntcd to their new ma~tcrs, the hurthcn upon the rest mu~t !rom this tiiU)l' u
from others, l1ave lilllcn the hcuvit·r. '
Difficulties bcj:tan to be experienced i11 reuliling the o~~r·~mrnt. A lll't «•f c:orr·
cive olliccrs or ra\t.or t:.nucns of the rcnuuc 11uc ('UlJllnlcu in the cli~tl'lcl.ll tu t'UMIIO
nnd q•1ickrn the l'll)mcnt. TuCllc Ult"ll, chidly ~~odn:utuic·r~; lrum Turtllry or J·n,i.~,
executed their Luoiuu~~ rigorou~ly. . l1 nfrding onll rapuciuus, IIJIC!;I to.~iu or hulolin~
,their employments he yond tl•e ycur, they lu.bl no time Ill lllllllll,iug mont·y lur tilt m·
selves; and .tl•c Zcauindars, or prinripU.l lund-holJcn, 11111lle nc:ry ~lo.truurtliu.uy
domo.nd UjiOil them, tl1u ground of a;tiJI more ucclll!ivc di!UIO.llll• upon tha Ulh:1ior
-ttOIIIIU.

Compulsory measures t'Rme 11lso to be ,,sed in provh.lin!t tl1c lnvt"Stw.ent of th.,

·Con•p:my. As the new wealth poured into their trcn~ury could b1• rcnli~...t in t.:uml'e
only by t11e medium of comml•n:e, the ordet!l for thnt IIIV~:jtmrnt IICn! ot ont-e 111)1.·
·u1entcd t1\0 ur three tiold. The produro of C\·cry country anci tf,e dcuuu«i lior ll•·•l
produce ha~i115 a CtTtuin rcl11tion t•1 each other, it wus i•u110~,ihle U1nt tl.e f1H1J~ IH>If
df.'ltined fur the p:n'Ch:t.Se of commoditie~ on 11ceount of tht1 Compuny, tonuiJ lie in·'
VC$led at uot"e '- itltout extruding prirute m•·rchant' J.:urope.. o iuJi\·iJ~o~.Us 11lta,
confident no1v bulb ol prutecting and controllin~ their nativo IIJ.It:DL'I, t·rur•loycd IJ.eut
i~a trade 1111 over t'1e country:. ami the furci;.:n l:urope111l eotlljldllit'l and&.IM:ir .Jt'Jiell•
dents,· av~tilillll: th•111~clve.• ol the aubhtitution of the milder ~cniull of En:4lil.b ru~, iur
the prompt despotisru of the Muhoult'dunr., every "l.ere cnc~d tl11:ir l'rt·tcn&i"DI
o.nd acth·ity. The IIIIIRt•litct••rcrs were nut unfn:quently uiJiil(ud ~~ aca pt Lha J·:..•l.!•iJa
Company 'a cmplov, and cu:n those private ll)!l'llbl requiruJ • prclcnuc:e lo vllur
.traders. Some ol' the n •the dealers retired. lloth native .. and fun:i:..'~•CB. c~IJC.1:it~IIJ
thoso attllel1rd to the other European companic•s, coml'lo~inf'd; thuu)!h tl.e lo~Uo·r lilA
al"·"ys rensonaLiy nor tempt;l'litdy; and in a '-Orll, \iolcuce aud di...orth:t' Lc:came
too prevalent. ·
Wlre•-e,·er the n11tive n:;rcnt! of the f.n;rli~h tr.llk·ra 111cnt, they aa..'WJM'd po•er; tJ,ty
interlercd in thu oll:cil"!l ot the countrv, •••d cvc·u iu the l'rll('t:ccliuj.!l of the cu1.1rtt u(
justice, which the Company still left &oldy unJcr the Cullll"ul of IJ.e s .. t..ub. ·n~
<:UUrts, which on~ht to have bocn the ftllrc l'l.'fu~c of t!.e opJti'C>o'>t'tl, '"·.rc Lduro
,;ystcmaticnlly venal, and in a time of di~i·IL~ JlOIItr an~ p:cucor..l ~·laull·•ll: "'~.e
bt.oeome so scnntl11lously corrupt, as to con~lltutc one ot tl.e r.-t au;ult-r.aL•c e'ltf
under "hich the country ~roancd.
All these cnu>I:'S opera tin~ '' ith tl1e cnergv tJf ". ne~· m·.o!ution, prodttrrd 11 I!"'Nl
nnd u1 1happy prc,~ure upon the country. lt 1\'a~ m lo.d "atl~uut n.J'.'"lJ<.T ht~ad. 1 he
F.n;:lish administration kft the internal j:tO\·emmcnt to ~he Ooltll·e mrnl!tc~•· ~11J ;'' -'JC•
little under the influent'C of puLii~ spirit, (a rare q•aahtv amon.( the .\~IAI>c.')· mwnl
~hidh· c.n the ofijirs of the rc:vcnuc, "ere un.., illinr:: to otfcnll l>y honestly rcmtllliJ tJ.e
litent1oume<;s of inJivillu~tls.
With fl'5peCt howC\'l'f to the Company and to Europeans in ~cntl, u~ nriout
evil5 proceeded more from the elatir.n ol new aucl't."Y, troro rllns~.~'llnt. noli!JII\ of ~he
l"('o;()uTcrs of the country, and un~tlcc•in~ ~~me10!1, tl~n fr~m Jn!Cntronal npac•ty,
TII('y diJ not feel thut the counizance ol the antl.'mal aOa1rs ot the country:"~ • c.lury
ro.')ting upon tl~m auJ they ~'1.,)' have iwplicitly 1.-in:u cr~it to t.Lie a::iul,$~-n. 1.1•u:r:
:rs;.:. ' .• aut.cllit.;•.11t
 u p ~\ p E R s n E LA T I N G T0 · .
• 1 1 C!l fo • a rt'•mrcl to th11t important concern. From the~e
Mr. c;,.,,•.ctt,t• intcl!ntrnt t1mn IICIU~c" 1 . 1 of I·' ,,.,h crovernn:-~nt placed near one of the
111 "'"'•tv ""'""II c~uooe~. Anrl the remotcm·~~ of the sea~ o ;n,.,.J. "' . ' . . . ·
&'·•• "" .1or ,..,~.,,... ·· .1 tl e trv !Lev rcmumcd l"tmrant of tile true state ot the mtenor, nor
•
o1 (or•.ot >
llnt..ln,
cxtrc•1111t1t'11, oII 1 ccm 11til;•t the". •
natwcs whom "
thev cmp1ove d \\.ou ld cxe1.cJse · agam~t· .
..___ 1 \\I'll' llwy '" v llllllfC u • • d ~. 1 ct r., )' d
r 1 · ·t . anv power el'l'll tulst'ly a~sume , m t 1e mo. Ulllt e mg an
t 1c1r own Cllllll J'\1111'11 1 'J d h 1 bl 11' f
• ." • ; 'fht·y' had n<~t in tim• at !Ill prccuns1 ere t e pro m e euccts o
JIHrJ'"''"'~ man r. 11 ' 1 c • ·
10 grrut a ch~ngc 05 the us~i~nmcnt of the Dcw11nllce to t 1e ompuny • ·
A D 1G In lr.~B tJ 11111 four ycnra thcr.c tffccts showc•l themselves ver~ plui!11y. The country'
' ' i !1· c,_1 1 i1Jit~~·l Ullt:l!tliH.ll.'lll ~ign~ of impuvcri~hmtnt ~nd decay. 1he ~rade to the other
, 111111 tJf Indi, 111 1\ll reducCII, mi1l the revenues, WJlh encrcase? eKeltlons, could not be
~cpt 111 , to their fir&l bltmunrd. lu truth, upon a comp~11sun _of the stlte. of the.
('otmtry in the Y''''r t i.'ii• at tel' the lmttle of Plussc~, 11nd Ill .t 7Gg, when the pO\\~r
of tl 1c r.n~~,li:.h, in une tunn or unollim·, had pr• durulll!lle<! twelve years, the r~sult ts
I'K.trclucly ~~g.du:;tthc. rc·n,lutiun. T!lc E.n~lish ure n~1t drrcctly char_gei!.~le wllh ~~~~
111 :~t·•uuluct uf the 1\ubous aud tbtn· n•Jm~ttlr~ _to 1\l.l(j.m th~y entlllsted a~Ult~rtt),,
upt·dully with the ruinous cnonuitic~ of Cosotm Air; lll~t Ill the tr~n~fcr of the
cullntry to 11 sd of Eurupcun merchants, consequences" ere· lllvol ve~ untavourable. to.
it~ pru•pcrity. The RJH de 11 hich thu~e mer~hant~. llll•l.oth~rs bar\ tor. a long sert~s
of yt·urs 111111111111y imported, cc11•ed to flow 10. 1 he En:,;hsh Co.mpa?y bought thClr
\m·"e invt'~tu•cnt enc•·euocd to three times the amount at whtch It stood when·
hnliion IItts h1·n•~;H to P"Y fo~ it, with the .reven.ue of. th~ pr.nvi~l~es; other com-
(lhllit·~ mode tlwu· purehuscs II'Jlh money reccrved lrom En)!;hsh mdtvJdual~, "ho also
dt•rh ctl it fmm the country ; and this w11s to be ti1e II,VS!em thence fonHtrrl, . at least
for· the ~:•·rutrr part of the exports, ~either rlid the evil stop here. Both the
Cnmpunv and pl'ivate p"rsuns exported htrgp, Rums of specie collected there. -'1 he·.
quuntity'thus extructf:d ti·om the country, evl'D within the period spoken of, 11a~:
•~tonishin~. A ll"uut of circuhsting Utt~uium llc;tan to be ti:lt., These .dr.tins, added
to lite immense tre11sllrt:s which the extortion of Cos~illl Ali enabled him to carry Qtf,,.
t·xcct·tlingly n·ducc1ltlu: stock.of the ~uuntry, an~ the disorders which had· arisen in
IJ11: diotdct' tlu't'ulcueJ to in11Mir its annmu produce. The 6r~t person who llttd the.
intt·~tity umll't'~ulntion to cull the 11tlcntion of ~·;vcrmneut to the unhappy state uf
ll1e. country, .wu Mr. llechc1'1 rt.,idcnt at the Duruar. , '
• Certuiuly n ~rrut drnl wa.~ duo from u~ to the people in ,compensation of the evils
"'·hich the e~tnhli~lunent of om power had introJuced am on~ tllem; and in return tor
tht• vnst tlllvllnl~~··s which WI! re:1pc•l innn the cban;•e, it was but tit that whut the·
tuuntry luul sutli·n·J, or was subjected unuvoillubly to "!use hy being dependent upon·
UR, should he l'l'Jlniu hy 1111 the IJl'llufits which Aood "uvcrnment, in consistency at
lc".~t .with. tlmt d~llcmlence, CIJ•tld bestow. And thcr~ was in the national genius of
llrunr.n, lornll'tl .hY superior li).!hts and jlhiter p•·i,wiples, and posses•ed of higher
Nlt'l'l;lt's, whut llllj.:ht still render thitt country huppicr than it had ever been belore. ·
To tli~c?vcr and suppn·ss the 'abuse of tt·ust an1l power in the colledion of the
the purdmsc ol the invl~>tmt•nt and in the conduct of t\;e courts of
I'C\l'nnts, 111
t•
d. D. 17G!). ju.~tke 11e1~ the objects of another iu~titution, which forms the commencement
ot a tlurtl pert?d of tc•Tito.ri.tl m•ma~cment En.'(li~h servant:~ of the Comp<my were
l't'nt ns supt•rvt>u~ into the di"tricts, 11nd the cuet·cive officers whom the 111inisters had •
~mp1uyt~l: llt?re 11 ith~lrdwn. The su1mrvisurs were furnished with a cotmuis~ion of
11\Vt•~tt~lltlo~ llllUIICitve supt•li•tll'ndence O\'t'r the var·iuus departments of pro\'indal
lllhnllll>ll'n.ttun, tho st..tle, the pcUCl', and order of the t~Ot111t1·y ; but without the direct
tlmr11,u ~I 1111)1 dt•purtment. To uumy ptt'Son~ in Europe these pro~ressive
II'SUtnpllons ol \'111\~'1' nmy have nppcuJ'etl liS so manv cxm Litant encroachments;
li1!t 11 hatt•n-r.muy htii'C hl'Cil thou~ht 111 ti~t cvt•n by jiHlicious mel1, if we dcter-
umwu to 1\•1\IIU the country IIIIU tu ~UVI'l'll it tither to the bendit of the people, or to
our Oil II, tl~t·y 11 l't"C lll'l'es~ary. I·'rom the lir;t 11cq ui~ition of a coutrulling power to
the Jllli:f<':':lll•ll of th:.: t'llltrll .t'xecuti,·e ~overmncnt of those provinces, it has been
~mm.• l th~tt thnc \HI.~ n~1 pomt at 11ltid1 to rest. Exp•Titncc evinced thut in every
•:Ill'I~~~t'lhttt.c ~t:l~t', the ~nlt'l'l"'t of. the t'tumtry was nl!:.:il'ctnl, ami the uuuses oJ
l Ol\ Cl IIIOI e tdt th.ln Its proll.'cllU!\, Out' nutiunal stauJard of scnlim~nts ana
UIOI'II\3,

t Private Euro~nn trol<lers Wtd lhe N .• t.\'e

Bfeuta ol t:urnpea>•>, wbu b~d on tbe L~~;<P""'l!. uf
tloe Cotup.u•y'• 1''"""1' b~eu p•it.y of •o<b "'""
ord•111 in the dos,nclo, we.-. by t1ua time brouc;bt
ll.lld.·r (~u•ulcn~ule Rl>11..W1.
 E A S T I N 1> 1 :\ A F F :\. I n S. IJ
1nonl,;, undouhteJI.v J:(ive9 R comparative cle\'auon to the chllrllclrr o( thooc "ho 11rc c 11 ..\ r 1
a·e11rcd under it. The ~:uyo,_~e.m scn·ants of the Company therclorc, 'll'ho "Crr. nl•o 1.,,,.,10(,:_. ;
held b.v l!rea~er rcsllOil,llnhtws, were worthy of more contiJcnre than tra•hicnt r..., ... '""""''#~/
ndvcntnrers, 1gnorant an,t bMh.uous, from the upper Asi\\, This ithtitutiun "M ,u... ~'"'..,_,.
the tir.o;t step Wll'ttrds an En~lbh provincial adminititrution, nucl tlae rrmutc hr~~:innin·• t .. ?a. .,.,_._J
of a new sy.tem, more open to the infiucnces of the llriti.;h genius ami principles. " "'
'fhc supervisors rendered considerahle servke. ll1eir presence in the ciLtrictt
im~oscd a re~~raint upon the native ol!_icers: ami. their inquirk-s and intcrli:rrnrt~
wh1lst they evmced the wretched stutc ol the mtenor, checked m11nv evils. llut thc.·v:-------~
bad nclcd only a very short time when the counu·v bc;:an to tuilfo:r from anotl11·r
calamity,, which i~ the end over" h~·lmed it in mi~ry, inl'Oillj)urullly more clrt·ul!ful I
than al11t had before endured. Thl$ was the f.umoc that bc"'ltn in the \'t:llr 1'ilit), .I. 1>. 1':'lit} \
and continued through the greatest part of t jjO ; of which, ~~ few circum~t.1nt~d l
relations have been given, pcrh:tps the following account may not be unacCl'JtWt.lc.
· The principal food of the ~·rat body of the pc"oplc "ho i11habit our provinct~ i.'l
rice. Of this, from the fertility of the soil. the joint etli:ct or nn ordent 11un nml
Ot !laturating periodical rain ..;, they have anOIII\lly two t:Wp~, hc.~itll'!l 1\ VJrit·l'l' u(
other grain and pull'c. The first crop of rice is ~th!'l't'd in nhuut the entluf 1\u~oo~t.
t!te second (" hich is the gredlcst) early in l>t'Cembcr; ttntl the olhrr inli:rinr artit·l·•
f;·tJin the month of 1-ehrnary till the cntluf •\pril; ~o t:mt the )!WtmJ hrin)!'l ft,rln
almost all the year rountl. In grnerol the prutlure ill ~o nb•mtlullt Ill\ t,J rt'thlcr
Den)!al the granttry of India, and it i11 but at cumi.lcntl!ly di,;t"nt intt.'f\'nlt thnl a
season tails. The natives indolent, improvident, fatuli~t~, nnclrxpu"t'lltill cof 1.-te
to IJc ttned in proportion to the produce thev naiscfl, nr e\·rn to h~tve any upp:1rer;t
sup,•rfluity invaded, by their ~Jrethrcn in pow~r. I111J never otlo(ltc.l the pr.u·ttt:o nf
keepin~ a stock of grain in case of dcurth. When a ~t·•1110n ,,r th'lJI•J.!ht tl•c·rt·furc
occurs, the sun, usually the J!ret~t n~nt in fertility, pnrchl's the J!ruun•l. ~··•rcilf
ensur.s; a scarcity &;!gr•wutcd by the etl::t·rn~ whkh pruple tht·n ~huw t.u I'Uf•
chase rice. and by the artifices of the gl'llin dC'nlers, who 11re 1\~illitl in t11~in~ a•lv11nt.t~\T
of the public apprchensiun. If dt'OII)lht extrntlcd thm•t:.;h t"o succu•ive -.~n~•nls,
it would almost incvttaloly fullow th11t thll CJU,mtity t>( gntitl in the counlry wcmltlnvt
be equal to the consumption of u propla who~ live~ depend on the ~III•Jlly of this
article; tor ex.trcmity of want will not induce the JJin•luo~ in ~··ncrttl to ft'llllft 1o
animal too<), especially the fle:~h uf the cow, bcCdll!\0 of tile hurrur •·ith ..-hich tlttf
regJ.nl an ·act 1h1.1t they are t.tu~J.t to lldicve •·ould incur the drcatllul puni..tmu:.ut
of lo~s uf Clll!tt: in this lie, arul tormcnu or dt•)?.ucliotg tunsoo.i.trllli•lflll itl the •w•t.
The perioJicul rllins be:~.in c:IU'Iy in June, and continue with intt•rmi~~o>iunl till lo~tc im
Octuber, couununly tailing more plentilully in tloc two l~t!ll monll..tt.
The cr"()S of December 1 i68 and Au~nst 17f.9, were ooth !Callty; and through·
out the m mth of October 17"9• thP. usu11lperiod of henry rain•, "loich are tth... ,lutdf
necessary for the l.ttter crop of rice, hnnllv a droit tdl. 'J he ttlu11n-t wt.tl f.sihtre
of a tlnrd crop, uftcr tloe tldicicncy of the 'two prcre<lin)! nnCJ, fillr•l all men • ill..t
con~tl·mution an1l di,mtty. Some hope wtt• ~till pltll'f.'d in the crops o( infcriur .::min,
usual reaped bet\\ ccn r.·hrunry and April, which c:vl!'ry Cttllcavour ~~~~ tu-rtcd lo
inCrt·ose; !Jut the rdrtshin:_: 5hu\\'l'fS tlmt nnnunlly f"ll in \\'IMt are c.sllcd the d'1
1uonths, between J11nuary uml ~lay, olm fioilCII, and in the f,,,,tJ yNr 1770 UM:re "II
scarcely nny rttin till late in ~!ily. The hc.tt \111'1 iol<~tlf,·rnhlt•, anJ every ki•uf o(
b'Tllill or pul~c then grow in!!, wtLS in a grc11l tle!-;n:e ,1, iL...J upnn the ~'l'ound. ~ uthiu~
t~ppeareJ but univer:ioal dr~pontlrnce ~tn•l Utt11VUi l.tble t.Jt.,tructiun: (.,r the Ill• tiC
cnl11mity cxtcmlc:J tl t.hc upper lnt!in. !"lll there 'lt,u nn neio~hf~<nrrinr ernnlt'~ lh •I
I
b11d btxn u.cJ to fum~oh l~n 0'1ll "11..1 nee !Jy &CIIt or tlout cuulJ ttlfun.l an adr.:•paLC
auppl~··
'D1c Company's ao.lmini~trntinn and the nati~e miu~'t?ra t11~l~ lfJ(,k the al.trm, und
eniPrt·tl IIJ)"I\ ~nch prt:t."'lntlonury mel!.!' urn ., "c..-re "tU•tn th~lr l'"~~r. In ~·plt·ml.":f
1 jli~ t!oe l:n,.:li,h and ull till ir dcpc;ntknt• wrre alt'Uiutety prutoth1tcJ fmtn twJ!n~
i•l rice; nOJt uccauoc they or nny oll..::r k:l o( ~Jplc 1\C..'fe ut all •u•.,·-ctc~ uf "'"1 11 .t
lx~n monnpolilillg that a:-tidc. but lut on &he klmptal.ivn uf 'cry l.t~'l .J~•c..:..
.l::urop<."'tll inll•tcnce ~hl')ul,l in any fonn operate .w ~llm.~ulb lltl'lue, q·14111tt ..... ••
JOi!,!ht a~_.,.,,\·atc the scarci:\'. Gc:1cr.d an<l &tnct. mJ•II)Ltlon' •ete •·"'' pu1111,111 .. l
n·•,•in-l huar.lin .. J!rain b•w;n.., or lt'llin;:c it cLuk.lt."'tinc:ly, or c.unin.= on any c.Jc.tk•:!•
i!~ it but at thePublic:' murkcls; a.od & ilQCk oJ rice, arnwuLi~ CQ (/Q,Qt./0 U.WUIIti<l.,
:)\!J. D "•!'
 1, .\ p F. It S R E LA T I N G T 0
14 . I I .
. · ~
Mr. ( •rani•,I•IO
1 · 1 • r. r t1 1c u"e
\\'n8 IIH llliiJ "
of the onny ' a mca~UI'I: to whlc'LJ1 tdJe prcsern•t•on
' ' ' of our
c.r !'.•·~rly """''I< 11 ,ilitilry pn"er and j 11 rl1~ 1 ·d of the country ~uty be a~cn .c ; tor tt Is nut to be
tliP ~·•uut !>ui.Jctll dulllltrcl that 11 ant llould 1;~ 1 e made the soiJ.tery throw oft all command, and ~eck
1'' Crr .• , lint.•u•. • 11 thrh- arms in their hnnds, winch must ha1·e produced total onarchy.
~~~
n
1'" 1.,.. 1'· 11,.c
~
11 11
Tl.c prime 11101·er in all these mcawrcs aIso was l\i •·· DecI1er • , rest'd ent at tl•e

. })urbar.
The fnmi1 1c w118 felt in all the northern di~tricts of Bengal as early as the month of

I 1'\ove 111 her 1 7lil'), and before the end of April following, had spread desolation
thr<n•gh the t1 1n:e provinc•:s. Rice rose gradually to four, and. at }engtll '? ten,
timcK its usunl price, but even at that rate 11•as not to ue had. Lmgermg multitudes
\rcrc ~~·en sc.•tldn!! suh~i·tcllCC from the lt:aves and bark of trees. In the country
the hi~l111uy8 tllt~l fidcls ll'l.'fe strewed,, in towns the strectq and passages choa~ed,
11 ith the cl)in\1; und the dead. l\lult1tude~ flocked to .1\Ioorshednbad, the capttal.
Jt h:·l'lune more nect·5~nry to dl't!W supplies to that nty, ancl .no. endeavour wag
bpnrcu lo IJrin~ all the gnun in the countr! to m~rkct. Subscl'lptlo.ns '.rf'!r~ ~et on
J(mL The Cumpuny, the Nabob, the 1\limsters, l~umpean and nat1ve mthv~duals,
c:untributcu fur ll'cuin.!.! the poor. In l\foorshedabad alone 7,000. were d11tly fed
,;,r wvc·rnlnumtlts, nnd the snme prKcticc 11·a~ folloll'ccl in other places;· but the
~uc11l dli.·c!JI wt~rc hardly disceruiule emidst the general devastation. I11 and about
lilt• cupi!!al, the murtulity inacascd so fast,'that it became necessary to keep a set of
l'"r"ms con,tuutly c::mploycd 'in removing the de~td from the streets and roads, and
thc:.c unfurtun11te victims were plnced in hundreds on t·afis and floatc;:d down the
rivet·. At 11-n:.(th the pmons cmplo~·ed in this sad office died also, prouauly from
tlw uuxiou1 dlluvia tht·y imuiiJed; and fur a time, dogs, jnckalls, and vultures were
tlae only ~cnv<·n;..rt•rs. It \189 impossihle to stir abroad without breathing an offensive
11ir, 11 ithuut bearing fruntic cries, und seeing numbers of diflerent ages and sexes in
c:vcry btngc of Hull\: ring nnd dt·utlt. The c~lamity was not less in other quarters; it\
umny pluct·s wlmle fumilic~, in other~, thr. people of cn,tire villages had expirec],
l·:1·cn in th11l country thue were persons who fed on forbidden and abhorred
uni!llul:~, nny, the child on iL'I dcud pu1cut, the mothe1· on her child .. At length a
j.tloumy culUI :;uccecdctl. Dcuth had cndc.;d. the miseries of a great portion of the
people, oncl "·ht·n a new crop came forwurd in August,· it had in syme. par~ no
IJW~lcrs. The number which. fell in this period of horror has beeq various! y
ll.l c:stlluutcd, oud n111y pe~·lmps IJe modcrutely takeu at three nulhons. . . . .
" lt lllllAt ue very evident from a simple review of this desolating event that it was
tho vi~itution of llcaven, uot the work of man. Those !~astern countries ba.ve un.o
ltap[~ily ht•t'n too'wcllacquuinted witb this species of calamity in all ages. Upon
tur·mug It' the lust century only, the records of the Company mention a destructive
famine in Su~Jt imcl the ncighuouring countries about the year 16 JO. Dow gives
. on uccount ~I 11 protli~ious one almost general in the Mogul empire, anno 1661,
lnstunccs uught eu~ily he multiplied by a more particular research; in our time, we
ha1·o seen SCI'Cral on the Coast of Coromandel, the last of which a few years arro
dt-stroycd mul!itu~cs. Since the awful mra of 1770, there have been two seaso~s
of grt·ut act~ret!Y m Dcngal, the yeurs 1783 and 178S. The dearth in those years
':~·~. ot.. ly parllul,, !Jut the. con~mon people were driven to great distress und St!~e
l wlll.tcu. ~~~~ll. C~rnwalh~ scemg l!ow. much the c_ountr~ was ex posed to ~alamtttes

l uf Uu!! sort, tn~ltlutcd p~hhc grunanes 111 Bengal, m wluch n stock of gram should
1111\'nys bo Jll'cscn·ed .RJ..'Billst emergencies. InJccd if we could suppose tliut any man
or set of _!ncn, ellleclully European servanbi of the Company who had easy means
~f llcquumg Wl'llth, could have been 50 iron-hearted as to turm the dcsicrn ot enrich-
Ill)! ti•cm~cln:s by wilh·holtling su,tcnnnce Irom their tdlow creatures," if ne could
&upp·~~ tht'y cou~d have IJome the bight, even for the first week or day. of the;
llllocncs under \1 lucll a whole people were sinking, if we could suppose further that
after
of rice. io value abllut ~o,ooo ruprn. Perhapa
lhe purtloase of a st~~ek of rice for I be Company'•
~ront>e may ulo;o have tonto ihuled to su~tsl U.e
•dea of 11 monopoly. It i1 from a ~IS. accmmt,
of 'll'blfb tile on•teri .. ls w~re furni~brd by h1m
wbtn the tvont was n~tnt, that t.his "'lauon (of
\ho f•cta &lllltd in which the wrncr J,ereuf 'tiiBIIaloo
on ·~···WIIloess) is ch1etly tuken.
1\ oothtr ~·mlenum, otoll living. WitS ol.o accu!'fd
?f b.•wg tbe author uf \be famme, though be \\:IIJI
lll l::.n 0 lllnd "'bto it commenced.
 E A S T I N f? I A A F F A I n s. IS
11ftcr denI '
yin!! every
'
thing
j ·
human •
for the
.
sake cJ "'lin
t-• 1 thrv
,
co"!·' • y
'"•r r _,.
'I " 0 lb llh q,O
tl ·
l("lf CIIAP. 1.
<-'" u o. ~cct as mstca\ ot. ac_ccpung 11 tour-luiJ, na.v tcn-tol<lpricr, to 11 11 1114• t!a;,..._. "hll J., ..!wrt~.. .-
wvuld
. purchase, to dtc Ill. .umnense mullitudcs tur \I IIIII'I ii wo coul'u "lll·1·• l' -1111 · Ill'I l:t ,,,... ,,.,.,_,""""'.,
tilt.~C e_xtrav&_!!llllt SliPJ?OSlliOUS, and the eqouJ.!Jy extruva::unt one or a ~llt'l'lllllloll\r .fd•••l•fltiiiK. M
·p~'Y ot the ~~ocince ot a great co.u!1try, still a lillie cool rdll'ction upuu the 1m., 111 t 1 HI' lot,
l>l accouoplasou.ng a scl!cme so liagJttous, would sho"· tll:l.l the uccutiou l•f it "ouiJ
be ai.Jsolutdy nnpracllcable.
__
~...-_..., .,.,

It !s perfcct.ly established that the dearth was ~rnrml 0\'tl' the u.rre J•rowinrM,
and m aU rnmously severe. A monopoly theretiJt<', if lhut hntl hren U1r "'"~
m~tst hav~ been general alw. It is ea~y to conceive how one q•lnrhT couhl l>e •k'-
pnv~d ?fits. produce to supply another, but ''hrn in all qunrter!l th~·tl' ''"~ 1 li~C!
<le~tttuuon, tt we suppose thts to ha,·e proceeded fr'O•n tnnnopolv, we n111•t a)...o
suppose not a simple operation of emptying one district to lill amoilu·r, alilllc» to
surcharge any other, because that would be to go from n hc:kr mnr~rt tu 1 wor~
on~; ~ut a l~ca.l n.lon~poly in every townshiJ~ ln;pi117 ttp, nut wu.'ing (('<~••,'1. the
!J:I':llll lound wtthm lis ctrcle. Let us noll' enq111re 111to the hm~t <)unnii!y nl J..'l'l•in
·that can be supposed to have been honrde1L In the couf!'e uf lllt·~··e ruuntlr\ ) l \I
three millions of people nre estimott'd to hn,·e dil'fl; thnt i". ll('llrlv C>tll'·tldrol ofl';e
whole population; but 6S a third of the u~uol a!Jowanre of l~xultuhiht r.; •.l! l·r:.,..·m·l!
life, we should hence be led to conclude that the grnin rctailt'll in tlmt \l'Ut wus hnt-
tlri.rds at least hclow ~he. qu:mtity usuully vrntlcd. At~, furtl1er, tloc.tuii'urc 't\Clll(,) fu.ll
cbtetiy on those "ho 111 tm1cs of comonun plenty earned onl~· a ~ul~_,~,u·ncr, un•lthC"e
m:•y be computed at cigh! it!J.rn of the community, the ddicit·II''Y in the supply vf
lhe markets tlutt year muy "dl Le rated at t"o-thirds of the u.•u.tl cun•umpllun oi
eight millions of people, thnt i5 IIODle\\hat OIOI'f than one-loalf of tloe wlrulc quu.utilt
brought to market in ordinary times: and if this \tns OCCihiuncd loy ll•••llopuly, AO
-much must have been kept up. llut let us assume whnt would be the ruo,.t pl.m·il,le
theory, that a real scarcity, to a certniu ex.tcnl, wus rerultnd IIC\trcly (.ttul lov tile
supervention of monopoly; of what mngnltude n•u't "e conceive the IIIOIIUJ1t;ly t~o~
be, in order to become thus operative l llcre •-c111ust ~u on lllllllll(lle ~"PI""hioJ•li
for if monopolists had tbougbt bf contcnth1g Utl'n~Seh·c:a "ith collcctin~. f11r irl'lhlnr~,
only a month's demand at a time, th1·ir main purpose 1101•IJ loave OO..·n ddtutcJ.
because in the mean "hile the rest •·ould loave luund 1 di!.t1iuu1iun in the u.• uo~l ••Y•
They must therefore have bought up largely al or bl:fure the l't:II)Jing of a cru11, 1nd
bought up Juore than they withheld, brcause port of thc:ir pu1chaaca •e mw.t aup-
po.ie would be resold. If then we admit a realiK'arcity • hich \luuiJ l1ave ucc.uioncd
.a mortality of a million of people, ("hich prejudice hils never J:rantt,d,) ••~lll!Crille
the mortality of the other l\\'O urilliun.s "·ho pcri.'!ht·d, to muno1111IV, couclu,ling 111 1111e
are obliged, that this monopoly con.•istcd only of t"·o ~rc•t openJtiona. tltnl. l"w un tl1e
December crop of 1 j68, and the An~st crop of 1 jli!), then the quantity of gr..in
.boardt:d up will turn out to have bt·cn one-third of t.he murkc:t aupply of ordu11ry lj
I
years: 11nd assignin~ in such yean to t.l'n ruilliolll• ol' l~n>tlllll, .the .:rounJl and tl~e Ill lull
taken together, half 1\, !l(•er (0_!.. B JlOUilll) of ric~ r•·r UI~ lilt 1\ luch II B llluOCIIIlC 11111.1••
nnre, th11tthird "1n uuii,unt to"~ix hundred ar~trTuur 111illitnl'l of tt-t:lll, or liftt't'n
1nilliono of maunds; \1 loich at a rupt·c curh, a l"oLal.lc purdou..C·lll icc in a time c..(
real scarcity whid1 we here suppo-c, "ill •munmt tu fi:to.:tn millic..ru or a cmre 11nd a I'
l1alf of rupcts, one hulf peo hup~ uf the "hule circulutin~ m~tliurn of t! e J•nniuns
ut t!,at time, anti 8Uch a ct~pilal iu the lmn<l-1 of th•otl(' &u•pt·ctcd of Lcir,c; tvllCt:mcd,
•~ no cxtr·a\·uganec of credulity can hololto Lc ~uppouLic.
Uut ue I1RVC nut yet seen ull the clinicultit'll. Th~ three Jlfo\inc(11 cout.ain l,'jo,ntoo
square miles, unJ if "e rccLun f.:i.ccn bllu"'re !~•ilt":>lur the tpl~t·re of one lllCJIII'I"'ty
ll)!rnl., ( 1\hich surely, ati••r a!lui\ in:z fur "ut~:r, •~ un ll\'cra;c lull II mudt u he couloJ
t•ompall!!,) and rcd.un turthl'r h\o ll!»blant.s guly to c:,u;IJ u:.;t111, •e tl~o~ll ha•c tlu1•
ten thousand monu110ly st..atiollll, und thirty Uou•~-an•l pcn.ont empl~•ytd at ~":m.
~uch a set of opcl'<~tiuau, or the hundredth pllrt of thc:m, au.d opcraUOII'I contu~Ut:d
througiJ a whole ycur, "o11l•l h•n·e furni.ht.·d uncontroula.hle C\ 11~c~ce ~ ol~ 01~11. I he
.uatives ore ind1..'1.-d p;otit:nt in ~ui1"l'rin~. a·hru .thry th111k eu.ficnng tncVtllllJic; tlo~:y
sutlerctl in that cula 1uit y "it!• "onJLr:'ul f\a»l\ CIIC'>!I; Lut 1f they ha•l trac~d t!Mat
mL-;cril'$ to any source li~e this, t!.c country "uuld ha\e ~!'"'" run:; ."tilt t!K:It co•u~
J>lamts. 1l;rv are ~no" n to he clamc,rous C\ en on lrJ>toal OCU\IOrtt "!..ere uny
rt!\lre,;s is po..siL!e. Thc:y h:t\'C lJC!'D knu\111 b • ti•!ll! of ~~a.rclty, fll(•r:l.r •pr•c-_
!:1
l•cndcc.l or artificial, to l~a'c cr.rried u~gcnt rrprt;c;atull11ll5 u,7"'n~t the J:raut d•·da;n,
they cJu.l so at tl1e f!Crtod ~pvl..ca ot, lf,l lvn;; u ttK:y tlruJ;;ht t.Lut t.lu.e detti•'Tt
:!~:1. M:Cn:tcJ
 su l' A p JP. n s It E LA 1' IN G T 0
· 1··I corclincr to their usual practice, they may have done,
Mr. C.rn1•t'1 Stutc ~cm·tcd ony l!f.JIIl,."' 11 ~ \· nc ti; evil But very probubly. if the p~·ople hnd seen ·
1
0111
0 11
11 1 1 11
O~e!!A::r.:;r~~;~~~lll llll'rd•y JC';~~l~I : Yf ',,:t"p~r~~d rocr~led from hunulll hands, tl:ey 1\0uld not have
1 1

ol <ir•"l. lint•""'
' ' 11
thut the Cil 111111I Co . IJ h ve helped themsc Ives to gram; . per h·•'P~ lI!IVe I:I sen upon
1
~ Lw.ue ~hem; ll:,l/ "~~ • ll No thry wt'll knew ar:d llcknowledged whence their
tl!l'lf Lurop 1~ 80 " m·~.c:~r.As•w ti.cm in the drought of successive ~easous, a dro11ght
11
VlbtrC~Kt'll came; 1c~ 10 .... . · 1 d' t' f ··
nut conlined to their provincu; anrl ~cit.~~ thllmf ~ le \lls~e,nsa :~n ·ol. Ia sff~ped•.lor
1) IJII'CJ' 1'1 116 · .• one ol' those severe JlllhctJons o tue J nng 1ty, uy '~ nc 1 o en mg
• b '
' 1 III' Ua. ·ttl 1c'1r "1ukcr
'
·arc reminded of Ius emg,- au J oj' 1us
' government
cn·uturc~. " 10 o1 ~c ' sought by suprrsutious
" r pcoJlle ··
·. 'll•o c 11110 observances to pro.p1t1ate
··
0 f t I1C un11 cn·c. • ,, d 1 · : · d
· · 1lU t tl I1·y
· I1cllJC/1
t IICif ,
"'ere "(;oda that could not save, an t 1e1r votanes remame
1
11 ithout uny tnoral chungc.

The mrmllCI'S ,,( ndministrution orp.oin~d from En~land by Parliament in 1773. a

few ~'l'UI'A uftt·r tl:e fum inc, with ll spec!~ I v1ew to ~he th~cu\·ery of abuses, men ~e~lous
; thc execution of their tnl~t, nnd froe m cxpressmg the most unft~.vonra~le ?Pimon&,
11
11 cvcr intimutl·d the suspicion of monopoly; b~t ~~~~·ay~ spoke of the famme ~s a
11 utuml c~il of moHt Jlc..~lructivc consequences, st11l VIsible 10 the country. ~rd Co~n­
\\alli~, if h"luul notjml~t·d in the same way, "'?uld nut have Cl.mtente.d hunself w1th
propm.in~ ()nly the bimplr prcv~ntive of &n tslahhshl~lent t01·. ~turmg part of the s~u;plus
produce uf plentiful ycnrs. \ ct wonderful to cuns1der, without ~n~ pr?of, "rt,10ut
u 1 vt·~ti;.:utiun, "ithunt one well authenticated adequate tact, the behel ot ~ monopoly
11y 8o111c ~l!rv 11 nts of the India ,Cou•~•my hus be.en, and perhaps. m11y st1ll IJe,. very
~encral in the wc~tcrn world. fh~ ~·rtnch of ~hande~·nagore, hke the rest ?t that
1M lion, ''"' reudy to .hluckt•n the BntJ~h c~mluct m )nrha, are accused, ~nd with ap~
JWt•nt fl'tlstm, of ht!lll~ the author~ of tins talc. h!"" Chand~rna~ore It first passed
·to Culcutht 1 ontl li·om thl'SC plllrcs It was tllen transmitted to Pans, to London, anti to
ull 1-:urnpe. It h~s. hecu rcgistl!~eu as ti'Uih in the pa!!C of h.istory, has bee~ the r·~b­
lic eulul'l't of rchj!lllliS lamentullon, h:u; heen emllalull'd m verse, and st1ll remainS
1-uch a lim! stu in upun the llritish clmractcr, as tbc annals of any people can hardly
p11rulll'l. Such is the power of credulity. In this ca.e it uot only "gave to airy
.•• nothin,!l n llJcttl habittttion and o. uamc,'' but it ascribed to a phantom, ~ft~cts, which
.hnt.lthat plmntom bl'CIIIll'eality, it wu~ incapallle of producin~. Nothing short ot an
nh~ulutc 11 ant of a sutlicicnt tiluck of foot! in tl,e country, could have occasioned so
l/ dretiMul a Jcv!l~t.,tiun of the huml\11 race. Th~ whole ide.t of ll mono..,oly of any
kind or dq~rcu, (unless such a nutuml ag.!!ravation ot real scdrcity as the cagerness of
the pl·Oillc to lay in some storl', und tho retention uf lHtJve grain dealers may hi:lve
crt'all'tl,) the prl'Sl'Ot writt·t·, hi~t~sl'lf un t•ye·l\ it11es~ ol th 1t dire calamity, aud witb..
llllrticulur mc11ns of inturu~o~tiun, most c1ssmeLIIy IJelieves to be without toundation, ·
8111\tD huve ori;;inutcd in tttlumny or in error. This testimony, due to truth and to
the l!rilibh c:h.IJliCkr, he is ublc ddillerutely llnd con•cirntiouslv to dclivl"t'; and
thnn11,h his nmin licslgn llltty nut have l'ulle I lor so tull an expos1iiun ut' a t•ollate•·al
eul!icl't, yd since the current of time swiftly remo1·e~ the opportunitil s uf gh ing and
n'Cdviu~ infurmoti•m, be hope~ he sh.,ll be pardoned in 11vailin!!: himselt uf the
present ocrnsion, to perfurm "h11t be tl.inks un uct of justice unJ 01 duty. .
.'1. D. l7i:2 1'hc eubjl·ct of tcniturit~l udmi11i•tr~tion shall now b.1 cuntin11ed. In 1772 the
,Ju·inciplc of ft•ndin~ E.nj!lish snpl·nisurs into the di:;tricts cun~idcred here as intro~
cludng u third P''riUtl, \It\~ cnltu· ~ed lly o. very impurt.111t' 111easure which completed
the tlmn;.:e, ht.·~m\ b th~ n•ltopliun of tlmt principle The Comp<\IIY stood turth as
J)crr·ml: luthertu tlw othec commued t" he es:e1:uteJ bv native lllinistcl's who rc,id..:d
ut. ~lvor>~het~nluul, tht; ul.l ~cat of goven1ment 11nd of the public Exch~:qner. These
llllt 1H cr~l., With the ••lh,·,•rs whom they employ~d in the districts, were now laid aside,
11
""'. t 10 -ompnny hy .tho n~cncy uf their own servunts, took UllUil thcmscll'es the
Clltlre cul'tl t\llll t·ollccllun ot the l'cvcnlll'S. The Governo1• and c,1,mcil with their
forall'r cunlrollin~ pulll'l\juinetl tlmt uf cotrnizonce and executive munuucment which.
hud lll'(.'ll till thm vrsh'll in those miuist.t';il, Thcv remo,·ed the ost~lSible ;eat of
Go"cn~~~~~·nt un,l of Inc E'~hequ~··· to Calcutta, the principul English scttkmen';
thl'Y lllvldt•ll tl~u tlm.-c ~1\lVIIlCl'S lllto collectorships, anti stationed. 0.11 European
st•n:mt of the Cumpm1y m t'tlcb ul tl1use di\it-ions as collector. •
• Th~~ chan~ t~u-cw a)so ~he jlll~l·i.u admini,;trution of the country in civil affairs,
1~11~ ti1u huthls o.l the !·.n~.h•h •. l11.ler the ~on.:mment which the :\lahomedans bud
tut 11111ny r.cntun..:s lll.llllluuwd Ill ll,·n~ll, tlwy estt\llli.he'l 8 \•o their own s\·stcm of
lnws, 1111J 1\ \\'11:1 t!u: bldlltl:\r,l Ol d\'ci~iuu in a\1 C•\Sl'S ch il illll\ criminal, exclo.1sive of
• those
 . E A ST I N D I A A F FAI n s. ,7
~o~ bctwcen I ~imloo.~. 11·hich wrdre dctcmJincd loy the co..lc of tlut pco{)lf' The c 11 'p, t •
1

.,.., azun, orr~ 1~r, m p~rson e~e~ul~· th~ ~ffi.::c of t.uprelllc c:i:nir.;1l ju:J:.:,~ ty drp,liV ,,,.....,•.,_,
he also admml5tercd Ill the pnnc1pal Civil court appuintC'd for t!1e Co,!nilmce cf all l'lroll.41mtl,Mf
m~ttere of property, cxcrptin'! claims of hmd and inhc1 it.nlr,-, '~~>hit·h fdl "i:hin" "'•••• ,,..,_ ia
th1rd dcp;~rtmcnt cnllec.l the Dc:rann:.e AJmt:k·t, or Court of U:e Dewan, t<> whom 1T4ot 1!"'1•
as the Emperor's officer for the C•JIIcction of lhil rC\'CillJ,·~ all cau .n rcl.uin, to Uul v ""'
details of that extrnsil'e province, and pn11icularly tu propertv ia1ltmtl M·re ;r~rn:J.
rrolll the time of the Colllfll\lly's BI'Ct'l!.oion to lhe o:li,·e of I lei\""· J.e allll.uritv u(
the Dewannce Court nat~~roally enuu)!h cm:rc.uctl, till at l:·n •th it llt·ca·.,•e in r1li:ct
the sole tritmuallor civil suit!!. In this ah1tt•, 85 apprrl.linin; t<> the tlt•pMtmrnt of
the revem~cs, it fell into the. char:te of the Con•JIIIII{& 5Crv.ai7t.s when they h.••uuo·,l
the executive mana!-lcmtnt ot that branch; 11nd thcv umutdiatdv pruc,-etlc•ltu 1111~u
nrio~s regul<~lion~·a~d i111provcmcnts. in lh~ admfn:str:'llion u( ~·\ il ju~ti~-c •. lh•J
appomted a llrovtuc1al Dcwtmnce Court 111 ('\"cry l'ulkctor•l•tjl, otcr 11h1rh t~c
I.n~lish collector wns to prc~itle; they even muclifit·•l, in some "'"tl(·ct~. the a•h11ini•·
trat10n of rriminal justkc, \\'hid.l "as peculi>~rly the pr0\·i1we 11f \l&e :\ .&bi>IJ; n1•·
pointing illfcriot· crhuinal courts in tho t.li:.trict~, 1111•1 MILjt·c:in~ thl'ln, ua •n ll
as the principal criminal court, to l:n)!;li,h autocrintcnolcncc. Thu~ C\"t·ry iull'l•
posing medium betwcrn the Eu;.~:lish n1l<.l thrir )n.li.miul~tciA \Ia~ rt·mu•·•·d: t!wy
came tl1Cil to tran~t\d immcdi"tclv "ith Ci!Ch other. Tlu: dire~·t fttllhmill' uf l!.c
En..;li>h pcrvdJed the inll:rior of the province.•, 1111d the .\',u,'<t: or {.'.,,llfi:IJ·li,n·a·lr
rmnt, saving only the prcrug.~ti1·c of tb~: NJ.!JUu us chid' cri1uiu:u uu:.;i·tr.,h~, "·u in
form and in fact d•me m• ay.
:P.fany oh!tndes to good govcrn111ent wrre ui..sipntNI loy r.J,i~ dll•n;:c. 'llie I:n ;E. !a
administr.ttioo eutcr1.-d upon their new function~ '' tth o tone t•l illtdll!!··n,··· ""'' 1 i oar.
l3csidcs introJuciug more mrthod ond or~ler into the comluct "f th~' pn 11iic lo':-i7".'\
they set tlw111~clveil tu correct !.OIIIC ol l11e 111v•t pro111intut of ll&o.C ulou~t·' !._~· "loida
the country hud b~cn so long oppr~~,;cd. In cullu:tin;.: ll1c n:n:n!lc f 11' iu l.lll~C Ia om
the ryut:l or J.u,.!Jilntlmen, ll••·rc \las no lhtd blluuiJnJ. ,\~rl-elumt:. lli,J hl·····l pa·i
hclwceo tht: landhuldcrll anJ thl'ir tenants nt thul)('p;iaming c.f the year (f•r thl'ir lt~•l't
extended only to one yt•ur), but a~ llc1orc hinted, thO!>e P,-.,:ret·m~••'' 1\li'C: c•,ln:uonly
LroLcn bytl•e btrongcr party upon 1\ tbuu!l.llnJ prdl'n.:c~, ol "!&ich the Jllpll:... r m~d~
hhusclf Ihe jud_sc, ant.l thi~ pr..~etice op~nd a uuur of c:~.ul'lion b nny elal,.,r.lin•t· '
olliccr of lhc l'cvcuue. IJcncll t:1c peuple ncn·r kuo111i11~ "h•1t J"•rllo\1 ultl•c prvduea• \
of their lubour wou!J IJc left to them, \I ere not only impovtrd1ct.l Lut oi·~~~~rJ.;t .1
from cxcrlio11.
Euctions 6t.il1 more ecant!Kious \\ere pmcli~rtl iu thr j ... ti..iul t'C111rH. 'l1oc
PhtJu~ctm:(', or criminal court, rui.ctl a rcv(•nuc loy &he iaup•,siti"n IJf ::nc• "I"'" rrimcA
and mi~tlcmet~nors tried lldorc it, havin~ t:Jll~ 11 dwxt i"t··rt-l in tl.c mnllipliratiun
of eccusat.iun"', ami in find in" the arco~J g•lil:y. 'J J,e rr,••:J •Hll• 11& of 1ii J tl) k•
its exactions, " dcte,;tablc un~ unautl.ori.u:J, Lut yd imh.stl d J,y LYt ry la1 ll~<;r all' I
" au10il in the pnn·iucc."
•
The D.rrmmct1 or civil court, in He u:nnnrr, "l.trc\cr it ~oul.l, JlJ,J no·ncr ~~
to he11vy arllitrary lines. 'l'hiu;;s ho\\t'Vd.lrlltCtit•ll(d l•:t.I~IJ llclt,.·c gw.rmll•lll ~v:·u
c.lown to the pe1iud no"' tipokcn llf, nuy )!l'iC n mhrc !l11k111~ •J~.a ol the. ·~•1..: ol t.,c
country. In law concerns the civil cuurt:l wt-re llllowrd to taLe 11 cu•mu:•~I·Jit, ~·nu::­
timesllmountin•• to one-lomlh upon tJ,c ~ums ra:o\·cr~:d on tlal·Jr •"an!.; '" tl.e
fCfCilU:! 1 the ii~JJllitants of a tO\In Of ui•tlict, howc\'t:f n.•hr:eLI iu nuu,fl~r, t1 etC
obli:Icd to make Uil t:•c as>es~mtnt at "h•··h tl1at di\ a~ ion J,:&d Lot~:!~ r7t•·ti l·y~:m·cm·
me•it, that i:l, to pay the rents oi thOl-e "l'o \\ere d,"'a•lur tlnl, u ""';I ut t .•t;r o.. n.
'l'uis priuci 1>1e, which mmt aurpri,-e pcr~un~ UOIIC<jllllllli.cd "lti• that couutry, ••• ac~J
upQn even niter U.e t:uuiue; unJ the grt·at,,t t~1.n11kr L>, bow ll:e pcc~p!e couhl a:..!J .• ~.ot
tu1d~r such u.ccum·Ilatcd barb11rou~ iml10~i•iuu!l.
The En:!li~h ~: 1 vcmmcnt o( 1 jp, appt·ars tu hn: sd out in t!~e llinccre Ut!ire. ol
allc\i.atin:! the sutfo:rin·~ of tlmt people. llut tlJe li1.t l;fC".t. fiu;~.ucJ~I lllt:I.!UIC •l,~.:h \
•they udoj;tcd, produc;d mu~t uuhuppy c:fti:ct.s. Jo op~lllon to t:1c nnn••:..l h.uu,
\\lai.:b Mrc cPrt 11inly very except.iundi.M, tl•e iJea of SJfmlug the l<~n l! fur lun.; .tcr';r I
of yc ...u had been frequently ~~~~~tc•l, and came at ll.:n,..oth to be regarded a.s • ~t.:mr. J
for m mv exi,th••• evil:~. ~u!f•c•cnt at:ention hotfc\·cr was m;l ~il..ld to ~,.we da.,·
tilu:Li•.m ·"'!,idt c~i,ts ll:t\lteO the ldnr.!!.ul•lt:r h'lvin~ 11".\ intcrc;,t I~ t •.e "''''• nnd t.l.n
r · · _, ...
r;;~-rtJue .~mlCr \\·hose 1'1"11\ClVou (;u•ect
·at DIU$ t c~cr
· L~ not to "'o···•.!cr
~ ~
the 1•·rul-1nt-r.t
• .
~8~. ' " E v.U.~~.c
 . PAPERS RELATING TO
18 • t' 1 t turn. he can draw from it within thc-
,tr. Grnnl'• S~oste welfare of a dilitnct or an rstatc, 1?ut ..e ~c& · re 1 ollections as near as ossible.
uf l!nrloly 111nnng term of his cngn"CIIlCnt. The dcMrc of kccpmg up t te c . I P d f
tho Aiaalac~ui,Jcrlf to their former etundar•l still haunted the councils of the Du·cctors a~ tome an o
of (.lrc~lllnlalo. I •• I ' d un' ·'cr t!IC id~a th»t there \\Cre hidden resomccs m,the country,
, · 110 IK.'I'VIIn ... n Jlon •
1 ( wbich might be fnr juKtift~;J, u ~ • _, \' • 1 db d
'"' tlaat early subducttons anu a tenattons 1a ee~ mu e
(rom lhB c:xchcqucr \unds, but the resumption of them was become extr~mely dtt:lcult ••
80

\\hilat tho gcncrul circum~toncc~ of the counb·y bad decayed,) an.d Ill the VJCW ot
• uniting increnw of revenue witb cu~c to the people, _it was dctennmcd. to lease the
lumls of Jlcn~ul on funn for tive yeau i and ~hat the1r utmo~t v~lue m1ght be asce.r-
tuincd these limns were p11t up to pubhc auct1on. Culcutta unmans, money dca!e1s,
und n:lventurcl"'l, were umw!g the hi~l.tcst .lrilldcrs. The co~ntry was hence g~vcn
into their hnntis, undl·r a 1,os1Uvc comht1oll mllecd for the e~u1taule treatment ot the
occupants of the r.oil; but the ancient usage of collcctmg ~l~c ,,,stalmcnt o~ the month,
within the month wus still followed by the farmers; and II there was any mter~erenee
with ~:vcn the m~t violent exercisc•or their authority, they bad to plead the lmp?s-
sihility of rc11li~ing the revenue and making ~l)od their engagcm~nts. The English
colkdor~, nfruill perhups of bavin~ a f:Lil11re m the rcve1!ue ascnbed to them! w?rc
acldom willin~ to interpose excl·p~ !n ~a grant cases i. and the poor people. preterrmg
(l(tcn the first \u"s to subsequ1'11t httgatJOns, or weaned out by. the protractions of the
othcl' pnrty, had little redress. At the end of five years, an unmc.nse balan~e of the
&tipulntcd revenue was due by the farmers, and the country havmg been 1n effect
ddil'crell a~uin into the hands of natives, still continued to suffer.
It hM hcen sniu in fuvour of the English govcrnn;ent, that under ~t,,and even witl~in
tltc periuu of "hich II'C now trt'at, Bengal has enjoyed a trnnqUJlhty from hostile
ll.<tanults und cou1motions, ra~rdy expcdcnced under it.~ former masters. But thou~h
lillie 1.li~poscd to puncgyrizc Mahomeuun governments, we must observe, that th1s
compari~on cun launlly IJe meant to extend to the times anterio1· to the dismemberment
of the !\1 o~ul Empire. The usurpation of Aliverdi Khan, who waded to. powe1·
through pcrlidy and blood•, provoked the· court of Delhi to encourage an in\'asion
of tile cmmlrJ by the Mharattns, and for ·ecvcrul years they barassed tile districts
wrst of thu Gllnj.(c:t, the far lorgcr divi.:>iona on the eastern side of that river remainioa
all the time perfectly 511fe. Uut li·otn the estubiL~hmcnt of Aurun,gzcbe on the inipcrial
throne, until tho invasion of Nadir Shaw, a period of ei~hty years, Dengal enjoyed
f111)1onml pcoce without, and experienced only few, and these transient disturbances,
"ithin.
lf however, a compari$00 of this kind is to be instituted, it must be carried much
further. tT ntlcr the j!;OV!'I1111lcnt of the last two rcgulnr viceroys, J afl'ler Khan, and
!:ihujuh I\ hun, who ruled in succe:,sion ucur forty years t, the sta~e of the country
\\'Ull eminently fiuurbhin", nnd is yet a Huhject of ce\ehrity. Jafllcr Khan indeed
appcurs to have been cnYpnbly as well as unnecessarily a;cvcre in inftictina pe1·sonul
p\mi~luncnts upun the rt·mindnrs, ami this pa11 of his condllct has brou"ht reproach
upon his memory: hut he strenuously rrotccted the common people, n1~d most ably
admiui~~red tlae ntl~1h:s of the soubuh. llis sucecssor is represented to have been
a mnn s1nguhuly hcndtctnt nml humane. Under both, the taxes were little felt, and
\ in thu time of the l11ttcr, UlOU);h the nmlUIU tribute remitted to Delhi was usually a
rrore ?f rur~'es, l~cul collcctui'B were seldom requisite, the zemiudui'B payin~ their
t r.;nts Jmme<lmtcly mto \he ro)al treusury. Even 1:1ftcr the usurpation of Aliverdi
\ Khan, thut thll'l of prrsons wus so opnlent, as nt one time to give hion a donation of
\ a crure o~ rnp~~ and nt another time fit\y lues, towards tldruyin:; his extrnol'llinary
l expcnccs In rq~clling th~ !\lhnruttus, 'l'hc general poi\'Cr and nutbori~ of tbe empire
were a }l~u~cCihl.ll to tlus dl'pCJ~deucy of it; its military forre, e:~pectally durin a the
lon~ nJnut~l~truUon o.f JtU!icr Khan, WRS iuconsidcrable, its civil aJmini;;tration ~i~nple
ami, t.'l.~notmcal, nnd 1t had no separate politicul rclutions to maintain with nei,hhourtna
or lo~'CII-(n countri~ [nsy, in short, in its fin11nce!1, mOderate in its expenditure, and
fr\'!J Iron! U1e &lut\; th~ chnf'b'es. a~ud cnn:s of indt•pcuJcnt rio1uinion, its inhabitants
enJoy~·d Ill U~e ~rcupallons.of a~~·lcu!ture.ftt~tl com~ucrce, put:lic peace and aburn1 11 nce.
Umllll' the ~1olmt ussumpl1un ol Abvcrua K.huu, 1t.s conncctaons of a; political nature ·,
were
• A.]'), tj.JI. Sllrtttd,·d in 1j~li by bis grnndso11 Sornjah Dowl.h,
t S•\i•lb 1\taul died in ljS!). nnd ""' 1urr«dcd who \US c~p11nl\ of tbe masnud nnd his life i~&
by lilt ••'D lii1ltl':ll li. h,m, who "'"' dt''"~d "'"d 1:\"'"'tll<'!li'O uf the bftltle uf l'ln...,y, anno 1757;
•huu ~~~ Allm-.ii Kbu•• in 1741. Ah~~rui 1\lum IIU that f111m !he d.... Lh oi ~bujab Kb•n (0 tbe
['<>:»C•Hil 11,~ I!\IYtniWOII~ lil\tCII ) tun, 11nd W.\1 u~~n•ltncy uC I.Le l::utllsb p.>wcr, w1111 only tl£b-
IUecndt\1 l<tl\ )N..I't.
 F. AS T l N D I A .\ F F A I R S.
~·ere still.very limited, for it had nothing to fi nr fi·om its ncighhoutl',~xcrpt 1:1~ 00 r 11.\ I\ 1.
we~tern su1e, and he seems nel'~r to ha.ve cas.l nn umuilious \icw kyout.l thc n)\·inct':!l l•tro•!w:id:
wh1ch h~ \\Te:>ted from the fam!ly of LIS ~n~1cnt master. Dut fA'Il"tll, 115 hJJ Ly u~ Rrot•..A '""'"""
po~~e;ses the rank of a sovereign state; 11 1s the head member 11 ( an empire "ho,;c ·~·t... ~" 1 ,..,,..,.
parts are remotely ~eparat~ from ~ach other, and intenni~ "ith the trn·itoric.~ of ~~, l;u. •
s~v;~al power~u! pnn~es ; It contnhu~es to the support and dcfl'nce of the otlll'r ....,
UlVI~IOn~ ~f ~lntlsh As1a; and supposmg its !'y~tem of forci;,'ll polit.·y to Le cnlirdy
~ac1Jic, 1t IS hable to be affected at so many points, Ihat the gO\cmmcnt of it rt'quin't
tar gr~lter resources. th~n were ncce<;sary when it was mcn:ly a dl'pt'mlmt pro' int't'.
I
Th~ b'lb~.tc tl~cn wh1ch 1.t pay~ to us, ben~g at least equal to" hat thl' Mog~tllJ!lP''fOI"S
denved hom 1t, and ne1ther 1ts populutlon nor prodnce, as we lmve nlr('aJv luun•l
reason to concl~de, greater than in their time, it "ill follow thnt the inhaLitatitll m11~l
now be more h1ghly assessed than they were under thtir fimnt•r rulrrs, nut t'Xt,·••lin..
~ven ~he usurpers. And if this state should pnn;ue phms of olli:u-.ive policy to~ on!~
Jts neighbours, it might multiply beyond cakuh1tion its c:-; i"cndfs aml d~ul•'f'l"'$, an•l
~h~s aggravat~ still. more the disparity between its al'tunl and prct"t'l.ling ~itnt;ti•m. lt
1s mdeed postnble, as has been already obsen·ed, to render the country hnl'l'icr undt·r
our .government than it ever was before; but after it hnd c~prricnccd so tu11ny ron-
vulsiOns, we need hardly look even for tm equulity, in the rnrlicr un~c!t!d ~wg•·11 or
•our management.
The time of which we now speak may be «:ailed a perio«l of c!'lpcrimmt. It i•
evident that with respect to the revenues, on the due regulation of "hicl1 the c:w.c of
the people so much depended, the great de~iderutum wus to fix o ju~t 8l4nd~&rd for
their amount, and to provide for the certain unopprL-ssivc realization of thnt nmuunt.
This was soon perceived; but there were various opinions crmrcrning the LClll lrKKic
of attaining that, in the propriety of 'llhicb all a~ccd, und "·hiJ.,t di<u~iuns '1\·crn
. continued, eurrent exigencies frequently decided. It «:an liC no rre:.umptivn to
assert, that our tirst and main du!>' then 'll'llll to est>~bl6b a just and compn:hrn.,ive
11ystem of domestic policy, to chensh our subjects, promote internal improvt·mcnt, and
according to the maxirn recommended, and thence dignified, by lord Clive. " to
1:ultivate our garden."
The remote distAnce of the supreme directive acat or ourautbority wu an obstacle
to the settlement of wise plans of internal government. l'crsona at home could
seldom net but upon transmitted information. lJistru•t produced bcsilation. n.e
<onstitution of the Company left U1e executive body without &uffick:nt cuntroul, anri
divisions weakened its energy. Offici111 chonges, both here and abroad, intctTUp!t·d
the progrCS!I o( u1easures, and though the ohjccts v.l!il·h oo;# tu be pul"!ucd 11tro un•
der-stood, there \TU still uncertainty as to ULe aacriticu which might be h4zurdeJ in
new attempts.
Such considerations u these mn,•, probalJly, nruong otiLen, laave proJuccd the
lrgislnti\·e interference oC 1 i73 ; by~ hi.,;h ·a new coMtitution wo1 given to lhe ~«ltt'fno- "· D. 1 i': J.
ment of Dcngul, and a. majority of tl1e mco\bel'll 11·hich v.·ere to compoec it, ac:ut from
England, the re.t being selected from the fonncr adminhitnstion•
. Whatever may be the \'itlff which the conviction of the miter hu led hirn to
tntcrt.nln of the affllir& of thi! period, he will surely Le porJoul'tl in wbl.in~ to a\·uiL~
84 far as can possibl.Y consbt with any fLiime-.s tl) !till suLjrcl, the inli'Ol!uc::tJOn of c::on-
trovcrsiol topics, always unpleasnnt, upon on occa•ion like tJ,e prC"tnt. Where l•e i~
led t.o notice events which come 11itl1in that d<...cr;ptioo, J,iJ uun will be to c:un~iJt.t
U1em, not v. ith relation to the motives "hich mny J,a,·~ pi'Q(h:red them, or thdr
intrinsic character, but to their i.otlucoce tlpon the condition or tl.c (lC."Ople of our
eastern dominioo.s, and u articles or a natioruJ account, bt:twcen U:())C ~~,iot,s
and this country. Instead then, of tnterino; into the merits of the t.:ontc!IU "hirh J<JOn
urose in the new govemment of Den"'!!I, \\'C may be a! lowe( I to r~:marlc, that hut~ cn1'
well intend~'() tbe institution of that "go,·crnn~e•it mi~~~t be, it \\aJ at liM uuhap1•:ly
compounded. On1y upon tbe sup~ition of a coi~ciJcnce of op~nions !"~ct!ng
pas• as well as present measm't"', wh1ch ~rom .the Clrcum.. t.ancn ol thn~ m•utul.lun
seems not to have been ex~cted, could d~.osenttons have been tl.o:.: ;!•t a~u:d ...blz; ~nd
if Uu:y shoi!lJ arise, Bll may more particui!\Ily have lx.'t:n epprchrnd•)(l, conccm!ng
fomter acts, a disapprobation of"' bich mu."t imp:icate the credit b<-lh of Clt pn:ccclmg
at! ministration. and of those connected ¥ith it, a di~idcd. :;o~-c~uncnt oud ~ta~ were
naturally to be lookc:d for. Thttt tl~Me con~:u~n.ces, procccdl!'~ fr.orn cnm1natory
retrospectioDS, and the utm~ discordunce of o~mton Uj:Oa v:mo•;s 11111,ortaot qul-1·
2 8:!• WM,
 20
r A r E R S R E L AT I N G T 0
• (I 11 · 11 k0own And they produced unhappv effects upon the
Mr. Or•nt'a S1att tion~, ~td 8 ~00 0 ow! 15 we
11f !loricty anum11
£ can S('nice of the Compaiw, und llpon the
adnum&tralloll of atr.nrs, upon the rop . 1
d d • and tlw fjiJure of the first
t
the AaMue !;uilJ• ell PCOIIIe The relief of the country was stt11 suspcr. e 1 •
u£ Gre"t l.ldt~1n. ' ·
10 1 c1 at hon 1e for this end 1 may have prevented a pro;;re5s to others
fUCat mea~urc Ill P c ! 1 · to be l'equisitc and
. . of executive und olliciul rcorulation 1 proLaL y at t 111t tune seen .1
eu IJSI·qurnt · 1
. Iy me u cd d •10 tl 8"' parl 1
1
'amcntary provisions of 17S4. •
Into
• •
the subJects
• • 1•of
1
r. 1 r to enter alt!Jou·•h after all the candour and diSCrllnmatton w uc 1
t IlC3e \I'C 10f JC3 • .~ . ld b (I d
. would Le 6olicitomly exercised in trrating of them, doubtless they \\'Ou e oun to
di!,covcr a 1litiLinct source of pressure upon the country.
Hitherto from the period of the revolution in 1757, ."'e ha\'C not sec~ the Engl_i~h 1
· on the siJ~ of llcngul, cn~aging in any ofieusive alhances or."ars \l~th the neJgh·
buurin~ country pow~:rs. 'f!•e sy6tcm reco.nuucnJed by Lord ~!·~e ~nd .lllculc~.ted by
tho (.;11111 pnuy, wus, to av01J ~chcmcs. ol conquest, ami_ pohttcalmtrJ~ues '' nh the
nutil·e prince~, ituproving our domestic state, .an~ maku~g oursclv~s t cspe~ted for
our anmbation und good fuith •• ~pon these pngct~lcs! h1s Lordslup and lu~ ~elect
c; 0111111 ittcc • hud .tho ma~nnmuty to restore to ShuJ.ah Dowlah t_hc doumnon of
Oudt·, nftt•r victory luul dut~liscd an u!IP!'Ovoked B)!~rcsswn of that p~mce, and m~do
, A. D. 1774• us tho nr!Jiters ol his f,.w 1·. A dcvlHllon from tlng system began Ill 1774. havmg
profl;bsctlly for one object, the pec~niary advanttigc o~· the ~01~pany; au~ a m?ch
A. D. 1778. "ider dtpnrluro from it was mudc m J;;8, by carrymg oftens1vc dwar, .w1th a ''Jew
to the ucqui~ition of tw·itory, into the west ol lmlia. The lon~ urat•o?, t 11e ex-.
tcrnul cni·cts, unJ tho isouc of this wnr, are sutliciently known. At home It plunged
the ~O\'I.'I'IlUlcnt into 11 sea of nlilitary nml political cares, that left little time or oppor-
tunity liH' the olu!ly and application o( those protecting cherishing measures, which
the tilutc of the countrv required ; it incurred an enormous expense, a bca.vy load of·
d~IJt; nnd, wh~n the J~uhlic resources were greatly exhausted, to all these evils sue·
coo\ led the attucks of II ydcr Ali in the Co.mutie, und a defensive war against him
nml tho Ftcnch, the support of which chiefly fclluppn Uengal.
. l'uch were the nccr~sitb to which our alft~il's were thrn reduced, that although
wo lmd hrforo ocquh"l!d 8 v<·t·y forhidding ex pcricnce of the farm in~ system, a tcm·
purary rn·ou1-s0 wos aguin had to it in SC\'Ct'u\ districts, some of wllich ll'cre swept
"Y. the renters with a rigour tlmt became afterwards 11 subject of pul!lic inquisition.
'J hns, notwithstunding the useful regulations begun in 17;2, through Ct'fors or de·
ft·cll in cnrr~in;.; thu tksigns then adoptt·d into execution, through the effects of
intt·~tino diviMolls, fluctttuting counsels, foreign wars, and real or conceived cxigen·
t-its of ~m·crnnJt·nt, 11ddcd to its con1mon cttres, a scl'ies of t\\'ch·e ycttrB past without
thtl appliruliuu of any l'lfectuul relil'f to tho stute of the country, without actiart
slt•udily nml ~ystemutlcally upon the Rcknowlcd~cd neces:;ity of fixing on just prin~
cipks tlu.• cxtl'llt of our dcmnnd upon the tcrl'itori..tl possessions, und gh·in.,. the
ll'-'OJl~l', out•u for oil, rest ond exemption from e\·cry species of ar!Jitt·ary
tu~nt1on.
A!Jout this time thr lr!-!is1uture ag<lin interpo~cd. The parliamentary regulations·
A. D. I iS .f. of 1;84 went upon 111 indplcs well aduptcd to the correction of the evils which pre··
vuilt-d in our lndiuu governmmts und pos~cssions, and to the invh•oration of the'
~uth~1·.ity of the home adminbtrution. ovor them.. If they ~St!lblhhcd 8 t~ew power
111 gll'll~~. ~ho l>h~tll a controul ~~pectmg the uffutrs of Indt<~, they cstabhshrd r.ew
rr&pon~tl.Jihty. hut olkr all, 1t b to IJe acknowledged, thut whatever bus may be
cnnt·,l~ fo•· thCJ go~t'l'lllllt·ut of. thost~ Jistuut t.kpt·_udcncil:'91 iuhnuitt:d by a people
so d1ssmlllnr to the Lnropcnn lhllhJIIS, the efficury 01 those la11s must ever csscntiully .
dt•pcl~d on the chttn.lch:r of tha per~ons to \\ hou1 the uecution of tucm is en·
trusttd t• •
The
• C't~nti~ling of Mfttl"..l, Sumner, Cumnt, tinutd suporim ily 1nd nwdt:-ttion. nut Ibis probable
\"otrl>\, uud ::>y~o-. lt«f.,ity nf nt<utlin~ Gur C•lllG"•sts 11 nne o£ the
. t. In 1';'<I+, A lime m•y ptt ht•• ~""" when d&Lid\'.U\Iog. . &UIIdUil)l lO IIUr dmnUliOII IQ IJ1R•
II wtlt lo<'t'IU lm t.\llll\'ll~tml 1hm tl mi~ht """' d>~st<tn, fur the wid" it 11•rtutl. the "'""' .-ulu•-
l•f th<>tt~ht, 10 iu>inu•t•, llmt ir had l"'ntbl.•· bofoo.n r•bt• "'' b«nm•. " ..... tlae uu .. i.lotmu or tb•
w•ll fur u•. 111>1\I'Uh,l&tlldtn~ I~• P'" •to· wuhb
and ewn ptll•t•• lut.. ,,h.. dt•rtvul ""'"our «>n•
M·'~"l Emptre ltttl arrrtorat•d ils r".lll; the '·1M
of d1$11llll f'"vmc~a k:ng the flit of uew cnuaiea,
n•rti••n wt:h Ot~th•, if '"" h•d t.o th• ronutt d.ty &lid Icln o rtputu.ti11n altiU.
a.thcrnl h> tho f,n>rHil >ptrtl .,j J.,., d ( l11·t'a l li tho totr ulojtrl nf II> is rt~i ..r w•lll' nol t~>
)•vt•r\'. 'J'h~ l"t~ "·'r "ilb Ttl'l'<"' w... ~ tor.;rd h(t\l ui rut" ,a~Un-) inuu.-diatrlr :ltfrttin;: •hr hwt~v"""
d•)lllflurt ("'"' 'th~ I·~•• lie 1\'flt•m, IU>d lite Mil>• au ~~nutt"..t.l rt1rt'nd,mmt' nltulo et th1• hme laa
l>iltuu an~ l'••f•lly of ln•h:•~ P.•wrr- "'"-' l"'»tllly Ute d:lf•rrul d"!':tNnl<tlli of the 1\tn~lll J.<WPrD·
t:<SI'O~f' \1$ l') H~W J\~' a~!Ucol ol tJ1t kUt\'! kuut, mcut, u11d<r l'oir Jo1hn ,\l,ocp!atl'lll>n. wvulcl dt>cn11
•mlll t\lry lilt \.;u,;ht a !.tt:u C••ttJ"•'I, h ••ur ron- lt.l lie il:u~,J~crd hue u;:h ar.p!.t.wre.
• \Lolled
 EAST. INDIA A FrAt R S. :a
The fllurth a1;<l l~t period of which it "·as intended to speuk was non- 11 pproarhin .!, C' 11 \ r. t
and Lrat~gbt "sth at a .~rent 11nd happy ch?nge for the a~t~ti~·e!i of l~..>u:.pl. l'n,kr l•ftt>J.,,,...,:
tiJC auspatcs of the pa~·,aamea.ltury systc111 Just nlludrd tu, ulluaiui~t~·r,•,f Ill laomc n,,, .• '.'"""'.J
II itl! Clli:lr;!cU IIIHl 11pnght VIeWS, lllld &l'COilllcd .UUroil<i IJ\' t!;e u 1·d:C11t CUll• : ;•·~ 0 ,.,.,_ •
duct of ~.onl Comwullas, th~ o~~ccts til! then ineOcctually 'propn.,cd, lan·c lx.•(,'.l .';:;l'•t:··"'-·......;::;:Jr"f
fnlly nttamcd. A new constatuhon l111s been cstublishe.l for the l.uul ll·nure~ uf · •
J!cngal, wbcrehy hc•;crlit.u·y property in them is ~~c111·ell, the tnot 1;"'· 1t!J!e .,,. · t!l: ."!s~al("ang '-) ~
propridors to government is equitably .n?:l. n!u!tcrubly. st1tkd, intlu~try in I
mcnt 111'C. hence t'llCOurag.:.><l, und provl::iiOil IS uuule lnr the extrn~iun of the ~II!IIO
11
fJ. illlt;Mc-ll'
/"
1

\
~~·l:o~r:~gcmc;nt, the ~a me Ct~joym.ent of r_igli~.-;, t~ C\'cry inferior Ol"CUJllllll of the so'l.
1b1~ Hi Ill eHoct .the lound.llton ot n consutultun lor the cuunlr\', bt•cau:~:: th!!> ,:me-an·· ~
II'ICIIt is bound b.v it OS well ilS the subject. \'crv CSSl'llli11l rcfilflllS hn1c 11l~u :.:t:.:.....::,,~.----­
~llnde by wi.~ Lord;~hi~l hi th~ admin!strution ofju~tice. The offi~'C of SU['f('lll~ crimi •• .u
JUdge rcmamed sltll vested m the NnbaiJ, rcprl'Sl'Utcd hv some ~lus..ullllDIItklct:11 h·
by whom the inferior courts wc:-a·e filled "ilh lllt'llll rctuiriers of hi~ own, '''"' p;•i,) fu;
their places. Nothing ran ue conceived more dcf('('th-e, nppre~>ht, a11ll H'lllltl!lluu:~,
than the administration of these pt'I"!Ous. The country groaned a:u•k:r it, t!te ~mcrn·
mcnt was reproached by it, yet reluctant to touch the rcuminin~ 111rr••:.:••li\c uf tl•e
Nabob, it <:ndured this evil long; but ~eing 1:0 t.tl.rr mr.tsuiH of rl'l~.r.u cnul•l
prosper whilst such a source of tlagnmt abuse \lOS tolcrtth'tl. the !!'1041 of t'1c pt·np:o
I\~ len:;th abs~lutcly dcmnnd~u un interfcr:cn~c, a~1ll the N:•.llolJ n.rroint,·J tl~ l'umpuuy
hts dctegate,; m the cffice ol supreme ct·munul JUtl~c. J he (,o,·crnor lkawro.~l 1m.l
1\len•bl:rs of Council then took upon thcmsches the nrcuticm of thi~ ••llil·e. 'J'I,o
-chief crimia1al court was removed to C~tlcutta, tht! cullc(tul'!l in the di•ll ;.;b 11tr"
inv<·httd with the powers of naug!~tracy, for the appn:hc·n~iun un.t ''"uliut·n•t·~;t uf
dcUilfJUCnts. Courts of circuit lor the trial of crimiuuls wnc ~tut.li3l.rcl it1 the !'rill·
<~:ipal ui Yisions of the country, nnd li:lcd "ith Engli~h ju•lc;ra ~>e:lcctnl ti·unl t!:c n;u•t '
(:xpcricnccd <lf the scrvonls of tue Compnny. In 11. \\ortl, this J:,rc.,t ~~q•ntlull ut,
\1 l.licll \\'liS UC!OI'C lntlt!C Up Of the vilest ('t:fWl'I'Sionfl t~f lce,'lll po"cr, \\ 11~ tt;lltjll'>l ,j
.anew, nnd filled "ith men of principle ami uuilitv, pi need umlcr the atwn;.:l '' r,•l'··ll·
.sibiJitics, und acting upon a system \l(,ich was lo Clll'f'J the in•jl( cliun 1!1111 t! .1:
dispensation of the lUI\S rcguh1rly into C:l•cry sretioll of tl:e l'OIIIllry, rnn [:uruptilll'
in the district~ wc1·e sultiectcd to the nuthurity of tl.e tn·u\iut:illliJ"t• uml in ci,,l.
afiairs the Vc11 am1ce Court, properly so catllctl, thut illlhc co•:rt of t!:c rc.ll,·<:t-.~r fur
the trhl of revcnue causes, \las ohiJlishcd: thol lllliccr \\as no lun;.:rr lll:u\ll·d t•1
judge "here he 11111~ a porty; but all rncnue ruses, os \\ell os other chil ~uit.~., litre
to t.le J'l>ferrcd to tire civilju•lge of the dk.lli~:t, who \I all to hu,·c no ront·tnl "ilia tlte
.collections, but to be employed sold,t in the ollminbtrution of jubti•·r ; "hl r~.·t.y
delay in decisions, the consequence of divided attention, and a ~ricnnce 1111111,.,t "'1'1"'1
to a denial of justice, would IJe prevented. To his court ol110, tho ooanmrrci.l a:,:t11t1
of the Com pony, who had been, in coo;ideration of the uuture uf thdr bu•itM .,
exempted in SOllie degree from the ordinary ruutinc of rourt l'n>c:'('S.'Il'l, 'lll.'fC hcnct:.fllrth
regularly to refer all molters of litignlion oC<"Urrin; "ithin their 1krnrtmr ott, lhc
lllw, in a word, is now made the arbiter in ollmuttcn of rrolll'rty, cH:n llctllt't'll th•·
gm·enuucnt and its s•Jitit-cts •. With fC!,l:ml to the ruk't by "hid1 ju~ticc u• II' t,.,
ociministcreJ, the llinduo and ~luhomedan codes were in ~ncrulto be t 1•e &t.a:ulml
tOt the ~pcctive subjects of them, but tempered, in some in!!t.IOCl'l "bcro thry •re
bJr!Jaruut
• It it to I.e nmemt..rrd, thn\ l!f'll•in:; raid ti«t; it ul<!nda .,...., .,..,. rol tile in~••••
btre or .1><\\ here io Urit lrc .. t•.e r~J...-IUI:,; tl•t hRUOe dcpt...UDU ol tl.a j,,..,:,.h, atod 0\tr ... II
u..Ju.lni~tr.atiun ui ja:.llct, b..a.a rel..11tnn tn the ~ .... url•r n.tll\U. ltia1 by ~ul~ut.111 a.r.,.n.rnl, Ill
1'"- Cut1rt '!.f' 'J•"•ralort, eol».ul.,hrd by h .. anY c .... .., .....,, u..,,.,...hn to I& 1 -
al;.. o~.r •It JWf-0. r•l •I>.Jif\Ot ..,.....,. ),,,,.,
II Ul.,.do
lllnjn\y at l"ort w.t:lalD. 'l'bat lfrt.wul _ ....
"'han b.:tn io.tiluttd 10i1h t•o ~ie•u; U•• II"-'
t..•aru\.-~f uwr'! clh:ctu.,lly the purpm«-t ~~'' e.b1rb
wuhrn 1.bt lumu ul tiM t.~~.heb
dcllurd rr·ot lo .... , •''I"'"'-
a.,. u 11,..1•"•
ul "' ...........
tb• DIDIIirip•l ruurt, ,,,tl•d the .Va,cr'• Co•• I, t.ad ................... IJ.I ,,.. Juo~~, ..t ( ........... ,..... ,,..
""'" lhtaul,•b•d ut l'•l,·uua io the n•••tly fOlD• ~J.,,;ul I:.O•pnm• b.d ••t..Li~olod "' at- ......
DIOftl .. l tun... of the c.. n•par•Y· n•m•:y, 10 ttd· ........... ,..,,., C"Un\luwd •Un &bt u .... ,.., Ia lt.he
nuna.ter JU>l:<t lu llri11s!\ a~I:JfCI .. awl to all C<~~o 1 anr...... tl• r•~· I''-'"" ,.-d ,,,..,.,..) J
J'<•w•~· h>~n~ """'"' tbe llnthb ll~g; the ...ooc1 11....., (;VOIIU ate "'''" \n\<4 lit lie llr;hob
'" aruwtr anotbtt I'"'P"H• •b1cla tilt' at".U t.uoo ~u\f'f'hfl')lft•l ut l.:n;.al, ln.J,r""'ir'f'U ftf t; ... '-upume
of Iem tot Y •u lboa~ht to h•• e ronJrrt'd o..:o.. (.:"":\ OJ( Juod,..a!L_,; O'«f !lc~IJt I!.Al (".,..tl ....
ur;r, tl.e ..U:.•rdmc oi •• ..,-turu lo 11,. .,.,,," fJI 110 JI'IWOf I to• I Will ""'1 •' •
,...t'on .,f , ... ,.....
tJot •'ljUif..J )'I ..UIIn11 wloo .. , ·bt bot llf<'><Ud \UM"n ""liD tLo ...,,,.. • I tl.c J co, 1.th, t!•U "
I·~ lht t:u,hl~. 'I!... juntd•cu..:. uf tl:e :-u~n:n.c ,,. wv •• .,.,,, ... l·"'•"' ...
,! ... '''1' .... ,,. .Jnll"'ft .. b~
Court lLt~e:oro,oow ..,,.,.,,... o••• all llntn h·bo•r• aDd it,. ol l~r.n or.!.:, a• J "' tt• "''"'"' IIIUO:."'
... ~ ....... ,. '"·do.Dtt ••th•o tt...r prUO'iiM'"'• f o~: all ..,,, ~Ill, lt.d - ..U ... , . Lett UUII.
odOII<I Ly tl.cru o0 m..& tKb otbu c.r a 11 ·..ir•t .,.... •
..... -..
~
u;.a;
r
 ..
2
:1 l' A p E n s R E LA T I N 0 T 0
.
:r.Ir. Gnmt'• St:otn
. I n
'\·' f iti h sr.ntimentA and improved in o!hcrs
b,trllJron! U!l!l crud, by ltc 101 unrll!l o .. ,r s · "'tt d , . Lo ·d
col Snrw«y "'"'"'~ , 11ich hwc rdation to ol~ccts of pohucal rconomy. tcsec? ~s, SO)S 1 .
''" A•iuuc t.uhJ•cll <'. . 111 i ute introductorv of this great rclorm, "are still m force, as far
·11.11 .111 1115
nf <.iro·ut l!nuuu ornwu n ' · 1 ·
'---...,..--· .J u 115 regard:; religious tenets, m:miage, caste, llltentance, an som
d e other points"
• ,
'l'hu& by the measures of liis Lordohip'K admini~tration, important rights of (li'Opcrty,
11
e,·cr bdore enjoyed, and a mclioruted legal constitution~ r~ally ~deq~ate to the
JJ pruttction of tho~e rights, hu,·c been confen·cd upon our AstatiC subJects m Dengal•.
Nor ore tlwsc the only Jtrand C\'Cnts by whkh the government of Lord Cornwalh:t
Iuta been n'"rlt.ecl as a providcntial blessing, and h?s bccom.e an epoch to !~at conn~r~.
JJo hus gi\en a new tone, a new prin~iple ?f pur~ty and v1gour to th~ Bnt1sh. admm1:
1tmtion thnr; order noel ('conomy, mtcgnty ond zea~, pervade all Its dcpa1 tments ,
for cxlliLitiu .. in l1is own cunduct on example of eqmty on the part of ~J;Overnment,
11c 'has been s~licitous that all intb·ior authorities should follow it: and no where, it
IIIHY Lte 611li.•ly nffirmcd, throu)!hout his 1\lu)csty's dominions, has public busin~ss been
tron~actrcl so fur as the civil servants ot the Company arc concerned, With more
put. he pri1~l'iplc thun in llcngol, under the iuftuence of the spirit and the con.d.uct of
thut illnstrluu~ nu!Jiemon. Distinr•ubhcd among many other valuable quahues by
~ood s<:nsc und mn~n11uimity, whicl1 cnuble him with ease to meet th; most !•·ying
<'X igcncics, ';Ct cupublc ~f drsccnding to the smallest concerns, acqmunted himself ·
"·ith nil ufiuirs and \t'ith the officers employed in them; by his intelligence. and the
upriorhtncss of hi• own churnctcr he has overawed corruption, and by kmd conM
clliutln;.t munners, flo"·inj% from a g.merous and mode~t mimi, has produced, in the
mi&l~t of a ey8tcm of reform, attachment both to himself and to that .system.
It "·ould Lte ca~y and gratifying, if it cam~ within the scope of this essay, to dilate
upl.'ll other l'nt'lll of hil& Lordshi)J's character; his justice and ~ood faith towards the
ltuliun powr1·s, his alcltie,·ements iu war, and his moderation Ill victory: but it may
~uOice to ~av, tbut whether wo look to his int<'rnul administration or to his foreign
1•ulicy, to hi; tulents for civil govcmmcnt or for miliwy a!lairs, to his conduct towards
tho Nuti Yes ur Europeans, towards enemies or friends, we must rejoice thut such an
example of chnrnctrr, and of Dl'itish character, has been displayed to the inhabitants
of tho llosL Let it uot then be imagined that any remarks "hich are made in the
lollowin_g p11jt('S are intended to derogate, Ol' cun justly be conceived to derogate from
the ntl'nt of hi~ udminibtrat.iou. f.vt·nlutd'there bccutmy grounds which could give
colou1' to euch an aucmpt, one who can neither speak of his govcmment, nor of
llimsdf "ilhout sentiments uf rtspcct and attuchmcnt, would hu.\·e been 11.mono0 the
Ia.~ t to Cllgtt!,'O ill it. .
It" ill now he lit to advert to the other Indian possessions held by the Company
in fulltwopc•·ty; und niter "hut hus bt>cn said, a very brief notice of their state will
lle aufiicil·nt. llcnarc:~ "hich is completely incorporotcd with our dominions on the
linn!;t'81 hus rccd\'cd thu full benefits of the improvements mude in Ucngll.l. The
1\orthcm Circnrs lul\'o con.linucd, until very lutoly, in a ~ituntion similar to that of
lll·ngnl u111lcr the Sl'Cond pcnod of om· mana~cm~nt, and have suflcrcd ex.tremely from
tho nml-mlminiollutiuu of tho natives, The Hcngnl system, as ncat·ly ns it can be
mluptt:d to them, is, we umlct,;huJd, intended to be esuLiishe,l in them and in the
('om puny's jughire lnmls, "hicb hnro been more under Eui'Opean inHpcction. 'l'he
~ume system, we may presume, will ulso, as speedily as possiiJic, IJe extended to our
I1t:11ly ucquh'l'tllund:; 111 the Curuutic and Ot\ the l\lulubn1' Cou&L
Ir utkr this review, in \\hit:h it will nQt be ns.~ertctl that any excess of colourino has
bt•cn employed, we p1'0cecd to fol'm am cstinmtc of the gcncrnl cllcct of our ~arly
con•1uc~t~, upon the stnte of the countries and the happiness of tho subjects acquired
~~~them, ho11 cvt•r we umy be inclined to avoid censuring intlivitloals, we can hardly
!:ul, Oil th~ ".holt•, tll od111it &~me hm!•iliutiug conclusions. 1:he history of our rule
Ill ,llt:ll~lll, IS m ~rent. purt ,a lu~tory ot our own errors, or of the all.mscs public and
Jmvutc ol l101\l'l' dcm-cd h'Om us; ami the briuhtcst portio:l of our administration
there, is .thnt which h~ been em1•loycd in applyi~g remedies to the political diseases.
11·lud.1 eltht·r • 111\Vtl )anscn, or become more invetcntte• in the countryI in our time.
0 ur ~~l.'l'SSion to t 10 ~vt•nuneut of it hns btcn productive of prodi.,ious cltangcs;
.pnd. II w~ t11ke the result of them for thirty yeurs to~! her, from tl~c elcv.,_tion of
Mbar Jnfiter, we shull be compelled to allmv, thut nt the end of that lonlt 1)('nutl, the
countl'y 1111d the pl'Ople \I'CI~ not in so good a condition as th11t in "hicll "e found
them. l>oubllc$ll tho raval=,'t!S of the tiuuine grcutly reduced the cultivution f~r a
• tnne,
 .'E;AST INDIA AFFAIRS. 1t3
ti110e, as well as the numLer of inhaiJitants, "hich "ill nccount ~r a dccrtese of tiro C' II AP. r.
n.utional revenue, but uot for. decay in the circum~ances o( auni~·ing individu~ls, I•I,.Jwti... ,
e1ther of the poorer so1t or muJJle cl11sscs; because the mlullll clkct of gnat de· n,.,.,, tmtlwrwl
J>Opulation was rather to enhance the value of l11bour and ICl>Sen the co::t u{ auU:;utcncc, ::r:;.~-
as also to leave the field uf traffic in fewer hands.
•,
L
...
. Pcrsoos wh? ~·emcmber the !tare of t!le ('(l~try in ~le l•e)!ll~ning or
176!) end in r
1787, (the tlmt1eth year of the rc,·olutiOIJ.,) tlnuk that 1t ulalnteJ more '11'Canuwo
<>f opu1rnce at the former period than ot tile Iutter; and it is ck-.rlv arLnu" ll't.IA'-.1 I'
in the ncn~al records! uot only that t.he country dc.c~inl'(l cl!n\iii!'OI!;Iy i11 the 111 cl\11
years ant::not· to 1il!!), but tl:nt vanous cau!e~ ol lis drclmc rontmue!l It, nprl'llle ,
uiler the calamity (If the famine, though per!:nps 11ith It·~ at·tivity•. Jt \lillli~c\\i>tl '
Lc granted, that the wars in which we "ere etwng<>d suhscqumt to that e\l'nt, "tre
unfavour11ole to internal prosperitv, und whntc~cr may be ur;,ocd in ,·indirlltion 11( our
governments, as to the grounds o;l which they \\'CfC umlcrtu!.1 n, JCI "i!lt n·•IW."t'l tu
'vw·s of olftncc, not tvea a remote necessity or intcrCl.lt of the people "f lk•nor0 .r, can
Le pleaded for making that people parties in them.
: But exclusive of allloeal mismnnngemcnt, the nature of that su~jcrt:on in "hirla
Dcngal is placed to this counh·y, "ill alone account for a '1\'ondcrfuJ chunJtu in it~
internal stutc. All the oflices of trust, ci\·il and militnry, and the lir:.t lint•s u( cnm•
• mercc, ore in the liamls of fore:gnct·~. who atier a temporary rc.•hlcnce rcmo'e "ith
their 1\((j!lisitions in constant succc~.ion. The AQ\'emmcnt is (urciJn. Of llclli\ t'
rulers, even the mpacious rxactioos went again into circulutiun, an• I the t~ibutc fur·
tnerly raid to Delhi, pas>incr chkfty by the mrdium o( print{(! COIIIIIJI"l't'C, \\hell .,
f.):Cncral communication thro~~hout t11e empire gave lkn).;••l great ud,·u1:t1g~!l, \t u~
little felt. !Jut the triuute paid to us extracts every ycur a )urge Jlurtiuu c..f tl1e prll'
<lucl:' of that country without the least r<'turn. It may not (lt"rloups Lc too much I·J
sny, that in the t!.irty years followin~ the 11cquisition of the Hcn,;ul pruvinc\·,, lh:t ·
Jlation, by puLtic and private cluumcl~, llcri,·cd from them 11lone, udu~i\·e of iu oth~r
Eustern dependencies aud of the profits ,;f good~ rcwiucd, fifty milliun!l stcrlin~.
. These observations and the rcvic"· which prcoe1lct them, are intendc1l forciuly to
impress upon the mind, the scn'e of those pcculiur o!Jii;~ntions under which \\C lie~
to the poople oC our A~itaic territories, on uccount of the lx:ndits y,e <lraw from
them, the tli~llc.lvautagcs they have suftcred., and mul\t still in certuin uyuuffrr (rona
their connection wilb us, and the relation in which thry llt.lnd to ua u our tuLj~'tU.
True, we have corrected abuses in the internal govcnunrot of these !Jf.lt~ivua, •e
have encouraged our Uindoo subjects, "·e have ut length givca to thcan \he aecure
.c~joymeut of property, both inhcritcll ami acquin:d. All lhcsc cvenb •·ere &uual
<lesitublc and im110rtant, and to acc:omplbh \hem was a work aingulurly anJuouL
Dut docs nothing further remain to lJe dune? In decreeing tl•nl our •ulticcts ahllll bo
delivered ft'Om oppreuioo and injustice, ill at:tling an cquit:Lble limit to our OftQ do-
anands, and in cstabli:lhiol( rights of property never well a!ICCI1.ilhtcd nor mpcc:1til
before; bave we done oil tbu.t the circumstances of the 1Ji111loot require, 11.11 thL~l it
incumbent \tpon us u rulers? l'lmt by many \hia inquiry ha.s nut been scriowly made,
nor our obli:;ations deeply considered, may be rucril.~~:d to eeverul cai.I.ICI. 1 ~r" ia
a description of persons ta "hom the whole subject of India is confu.ecd and o~uro.
They know nut wl.111t to believe or conclude; and a few there have l.x.-cn, •l10 11ith
very good meaning have thought or eluding ull dillicultict by giving back our. terri·
1orics to the natives, not reflecting that we bhuuhl thus abandon thrill to nc• d~J>Ir«•
tions, to a1h·cnturcrs of lt'l>ll prct~:nsion.t than ourselves, and R104l pruba.bly to a rivul
European power. No, we cannot now renounce them "ithout gui:r, tllou:;h we my
Qlso contract grcut guilt in the government of them.
It \\"ll~ long brfore our acquisitions in Indios, even thOFe rrovinrn "Mch Wt !""'"
fC!'~ctlly hcht in perpetuity, c11mc to be rc~l\rdc!.l here a\ J'Cnnul"ll'lltl,. our owu.
A 5teret idea of their in:;~.~urity [Jrcvai!c•l, unJ our cunJurt ta.~arrls them 'I\IJ
pcrlu•rs infiucnced by this npprehem.ion. We "ere t'llgcr to nccrul't', bt.tt alow lo
cherish. A better acqunintunce "·ith their uaturul and Pf'litk .al a..h antn .,.... and the
• upcricncc of thirty years pa.»ed unJer tr.)·ing \ ich.itudcs, ha.ve nuw c=talll.i.bed. 111
OJtULIOII,

• ~ abe l"tns of C:tlftmot \·ml.tiU\d ~lr.lnula, J>af• 100; u4 f'..lt'• C~icJ,.nt~

BftcLer, 111 17~, io the App<!ndl:a 1o \"creltt"t \"ol· Ill. M• 199- licit •'"' ....... c;..m • ..u.,,
l'~e• of lkv&..J; io !llr.. }'uloiiCiil Orig•n..J :lh· L:;~r 1o t!.·C...n ol Do~rrlor» ofA•rol14. '7".J.
Dll'U,
2~~ •
 24 1' A 1' E It S R E L A T I N G T 0 .
Mr. Gnnl'• St•lf OJlinion, nut ouly of tllC Jlr&ctict~hility of maiotainin~ thrm, but wtth manY.,: ~Or>­
of !\Qc.ety amnng (Jdcncc appr!.)llt.:hin"' to pre~umpt:on that they calln(.t be lost. \Vere 'lie> Ill ee to
\he A•i .. t•e !'!uLjtrLI I.Jccoule secure in thia notion, it "·ou!J he one of ou~ ~:rcatc~t d~n~ers. W~ a~e nu
ol VJII'oll llntaim douht internally etron;:, e~pccittlly in Jleugnl, and "lalst we rctatn ~ur t~upenortty Itt
- -......,,._ __. eea, \le lu11'c 8 prculiur and esseulittl advant~ge o1·cr. all enea!1es, ~ur?pea!l or
lndi11 n. llut n·e ou~l,t still to rcmcm!Jo::r thut llmdostan•s !ll«l ~eg10n ~I re~ol~twns.
A few more succ<:s~ful turns in l~cnurrs on the pat1 of so mfcr1or 8 cluef as Clicytc
Sing•, \\Ould hAve p11t all llcn"dl io commotion. \\"e ought !'.l~o to rentembedww
111 uch the 11 uthority of a hanJf1a of bll'dllj!.!!rs _depe~dll on. opmwn. To reduce the
10 urccR of prcjndtce a;:uinst u~, and to multiply 1rnprcss1ons favourallle to us, IJy
eP,imilatin~ our suLjr.cta to !lllr uwdt ~ of thinkiug, aml IJy m"kmg them happy, nnd
tcuchln;.: ti•cm to undcrblaml end \'u!ue the principles of the p_cople who _confer
!1uppinl'&S upon th~:tn, lllllY h? ~ome of the &~rc~t ,n~L'IIliS of J'rese~H!'1!. the fo?tmg we
!Hue RCfJttin·J. t~n~lcr the tntl.uence of thcu· ongtnal not1~ns, .1t Js lmposst!Jie th,cy
run rC'gurd nny forr1gn yu~e mth a g1·cakr dc;:rc~ of predtlccltun tl:un may .anse
ll·om tlldr dee1uiug it prcfnuLlc to wme other forc•gn one. .
lt is intkcd no uncwu:non idea among us, tlutt our only duty towards our Hind on
,.uJ,jcct~ iA tu prutl'ct thl'ltl from opprc~sion, 1md thnt doing this, the more we
u it.·uve tl:tm to thcm!ll'lvcs" the better. llut to evince that this vague hypothesis,
Jil.tl ~ome other~ 11 J,idJ luH·e a cUtTency on Indian su~jectll, must ha1·e been hastily •
udoptL·d lrom iu ~o!JOII', without ~eriuus uamiu·llion, it may IJe st1fficient to observe, ,
th11t tl1e code of the Jlimluo~, \\l1kh tl:t·y I'Ci,'Urd us divin.:, and which establishes not
only principlt·s !Jut o multitude of pooit11e 1uinute lttu, oil bdJ to be immutablr, .·
!111M IL·c:civcJ no ot!Jiriun fm· JU11ny ugcs; ttncllls in nil socktics and afl'uirs of nicn,
the coul'oc of ti111e mu~t produce mnny dmn;.:cs, many new drcumstances ·and com·
Linutic•ns, which will require 11. st:cccs:.ion of kgnl pro\ i~ions, a code formed in an
curlv ~~~~~e of aucictv in nmuy rtMpects rude, C\ln never be adequate to the exi!(cncica ·
of 1ill futuro ~Cill'rutiuus. " These code~,·· (the I Jiudoo and l\Iahomedan) says :
l.unl Curnwnllis in the minute before rp•otcd, "ore in many rc~pccts inapplicable
" to the intt'rnul J!OVernment of the country." The ln~titutes of l\Icnu liiem to·
ll'nve n hltitmlc to the sovcreirn (who was to be of the khcteree or military caste),
"ith tho ucl\·ko of l1i1 Jlndunms, to mukc ne1v rq;ul12tions according to occurrent;
lll'l'N~itit'S, But the IJinJMs "ith \\hom "·e luml chielly to do, have had no
~OIC1l'ign oi tLl'ir 011 n Iilith lo1' mony cc•ntu1 ics 1 nor is it to be supposed that their
ori)l.inul cotle h:ts hilht•rlo proved sutlici•·nt, t-vcn i.t r.au~cs llrtween parties; for the·
im.titutiun$, or pt•J"tioOnul dt•ci•ion~ of thd1• ~Juhonll'duu t'Olii}UCt'ors, nmst huvc ~upcr­
~etll 1l an upfll.'nl to it in many c:a~es. · AnJ t:•ra·e i11 re11son to belic1·e that the Ilindoo.
rnjnlu1, wltOill tlm!!C! cuncp1eror11 fuund in pos>C~biun of the province~ which hod before·
furuwd 1 I lincluo cmpirr, II$ lutcly thc·y tonucd the empire ot the 1\lorouls, <lispen~d
Ju~ticu in Ctllll'~ not JH'OI'itlcd for Ly the code, according to their O'o\ n" discretion, by
a KUilllliiii'Y l't·rbul JII'Ot't'>oS and rlt•ci>ion; 1 pructicet not unosuul with rulers in
llimlostuu, "hich tcuded howc\·er to dci'OgHle from the \li~nity of the courts of
jn~tit:t•, lllll)UliiY IICC'UIIIlt in (ll\l't f(lr OUr lliCCtitlg with UO ancient juJiciaJ rt:'COrds or·
Jll't'l.'t'tkllls. 1'1 om tht~c con~ide1'ution11 then it mny be cunclucletl, thut when the
htutc of l>Oduty llllloll){ thtl Jlintloos culls lor any new provision, it auust lie ptoJ'ICt··
uml C\'CII lll.'ccsbut·y fur us to iutcrtcrc.
llut nut to pursue these iuritlt•ntal clisrm~ior.s, si:1rc "e treat our Indian po~ses­
~ion~ 11s (K'I'IU!IIIl'lll und eon~oli.hltt•ll l'"rtll of the l~liti,h empire, and the impulicy of
gnn•l'llin;; th~·m ou any othl·r priucipil•, t'\'l'll if the tenure were uncertain, is well
Utlllt:r~toml, dcJuutlt·$~ we ~t!lllll c!nu~cJ, 11 ith thu duties resulting from a permanent
rt.'h&tlull: und surdy ft rch1t:o:1 ol &o hl'l'lolls a anturc cunnut li&il to he pruJucth·e of
num~I'OU~ duti,·s. I.t mul\t i111•uho. in it ~ariuu~ pointll U,r.hly important to the''
lmpp111l's.s of ou1· suLJl'Cls, nnd thcn:lol'e ,·ur•ous com:~<pomiing ol.lligutions. .
If we hnvc oppropri:ttctl tho•c tcrritorks in t•rrpt•wity to our~d\·cs, if we hRI'e
~~~~~~m~·tl t:lt' son·rdgn dominion of tllt'm, if IIC "1'1'1" 11 hr•·e J!Ortiou uf thdr annnuJ
p•odut'\1 tu the u~e of Gn·ut h'it:1in, ia' 11 c urc D\<;lll"tllv ~-c~olvcd to mniutuiu our
po,~c~~iuu hy urm~ ngainst n:l prt•tcn,ion:;. fon. i;;n 111' lurul; if liy th~":'C Rlt'tlsurc~ u
wl'll ns by ~pt>t·itic: tlt·chmltionl\, we ~h:>\\' t!mt ~~~ n':!.'::\i'J the inhu~ihlnh; ns t•xclu~h:cly'

I
uuJ ubsulutl'ly our 5UI!Jcclll,-n!l the dutll.'ll ol ru;~111 mu~t be mcuuclx:nt U! on us.
Wo
• A. D. tjftl, ftn.r·JI ~barut,r ant linle CWDptle.ll, t:u~plin&
i 'l'ho \lro~blllin~, in ('(luntrln undrr f.,,,.;sn tn t .... ~hi"« lin~ rule, . . •
ruh:~~ 1ft 111\tu m11~e rdi:l«l; ~u& ftu.u 1l1•1r
~:er..l • .

•
 E A ST .I N D I A A F F A I R S. :;s
,,rc are not only concerned to free the people pia red unJrr our ilo111inion from evils ru \ 1'. 1.
·connected witl1 taxation, such as feudal opprc~~ions and olliciul nbnscs, "hkb o1av l.tr<l•ctW.:
be tenned extraneous 1trievances, but to luok into rvils 11m.l di·onk"TS wlaich ori~c llr~ti.A '"'''~""
11mong themselves, whicb prevail iu their society, ond de~trov their peace· to rm1ct Atl••.~·~,.,,,.., ••
(
·In d cn.orcc wI10Iesomc I aws r•Of tIlCII'
. .mtemuI reg,uIul1011o
. . m
and . a ·word' 'lfith the Th ... 4''·
,
11flection of a wise and good superior, sedulou~ly to watch oHr thl'ir cJ\il ;nil 50ci,&J " - - -
J1appiuess. No laboured argument drawn from the nature of "n\"cmmcnt, is lll'(l'S·
sary to p-rove thi1! position; the consideration "hich hos been j~.;t ndverted tn, St'f:lllS
.:naturally to establish it; nor could it e\·er suit the principles of this noti•Jn to holtl
'the llindoos under its power as slave~, whose labours are uocted without a due r1.•
turn of benefits. Besides, such a 11ptcm would soon dcfcut its own end, by rerlucing
.the value of the subjugated eount1·y. It is a truth perfectly obvious, thnt our o" 11
·interest recommends the happiness of that people. 'fhe primary oltioct of (lr..:t\1
lkitaiu, let it be acknowledged, ll'ftS rnther to discorer whot coult.l be obtained (.·om
her Asiatic subjects, than how they could be benefited. In proccsa of time it "at
found expedient to examine ho'' thev might be benefited, in order tbat we n1i"ht
·Continue to bold the ndvanta~es which' we at first derived from them; ond no" "J7cq
·we have wisely and for e~·r.r fixed a limit to our demand upnn them, duty calls upon
us to. accomplish the remainder of our progressive work, and to eKert thut aolicitu.le
Jor the gl'adunl improvement of tbcil' condition in nllpoin!s "llc:rcin it i~ still c~tput•lc
of amendment, which is due to them as ustful sul~ccl>JIUJ 11:1 fellow ereuturl~, 11ho_.,
happiness is committed to our core.
To elucidate some of tho~e points which thus dc:monrl 011r ottention, and to au~.
gcst such meuns of melioration us \l·e muy "ith ~o lcty usc, ill the dC>~ir,"'l of the
ensuing pagca; in which l.he metho~ of p1~occcJing 1h11lJ ~' tir~t, to ~ive.a view of
the p1·c..ent stllte of our Umdoo suhJCC!~ "1th rcrp~ct to soc1cty and murals, lllu•trutt·d
by uuthentic documents; secondly, to enquire into the c:ouSl'l \lhich have pruducc:d
·that state; nnd thirdly, to prop011e remcdie~ lor the r,·ils of it, "ith •n•.-·c:n to 1ucla
objections os are likely to be made to the plan "hicb ahull thua be oOi:rc:d 111
con~idc.ru.tiou.

C 11 AP. II.
'
l'ic:w of the ·State fl/ Societyamong tltt: Ilimloo Suf:jtell of Grent Dritain,
particularlg r.:ith rt.'fltl'l to Mora/1.

I N prosecuting the proposed inq••iry, the &tate of aocicty and monr.m auwng the cHAr. 11.
people of llimlostan, and more particulnrlv among tho.sc who inlut!Jit uur trrri· ,.,_of
.tories, become!\ in the Jin:t place a ~pecial o!.j~t o( attention. It is on c.hjcct •hirb '!f tu lluoJ-.
IM .\Jw.Jo

perhaps has 11cn:r yet received that distinct ami purlicular conaidc:rutiun, to ahicb ~·'~"'' 'd (irul
lfom its importunce in a political and moral vie"'• it ia entitled. ~,."'_._...
_ _ _J
Jt has auited the vicl\"l of some philoSOJlhcrs to rcpre~nt thot people IS an."iulrlc
.and respectable ; and a few lute tra~ellers have cho.co rather to place aoulC aoflcr
traits of their cbora~ers in an cngugin~ light. th.ln to ~ive o jllbt cld_iucati'!n of·the
whole. Tbe general1ty however of tuore who have \\Otten conccm111g llmdO'IWl,
Rppear to have concurred in aftinnin;; ''hat fureign rc•idcntJ there llll\'C 11 gtncNIIJ
thought, nay, what the natives thcnu;ch·cll il'ccly acJ.uowlcd.:;c uf each other, tl•at tl•t!
are a people exceedingly dcpra\"cd.
ln ~roportion as we have become h~ttcr acquait1tcd "ith tloem, "·c bn·c to~nd
this description applicable, in a sense Lcyoud the conception c~c~o of (orurer tr~vtllers.
'fhe." ritcr <.of this paper, alter spcndiu~ many y<.-ars in ln•ha, tmd. a con~itlt·r~L>Ic
posuon of thcnt in the interior of our provinct-s, iuhalritcJ ahull'ot cnt1n:ly by natm:.ll,
~nf!1s ""h?•n 11hilst acknowled~ing his ,·iewa of t1.1tir general chura~:r· Lie .ahtl)t
hved an hab1ta of good ""ill, is oulkcd to add his testimony to all pr~cc~1n~ cvuknrc:,
and to avuw tl1~t tbey exhihit buw.an nature in 11: very .dLgrv.lle~ b~u!Jha~n;; ~llltc, and
are at ooce, ob;teta of diseste<:m and of comw1scrabon. l)&nmiDIIIJOILt an 10 'a•t
• bod~~ the •hole Hiodoo people, there must be; thvng.a the geoetlll fc:~turn arc
Yery &lmJ\.u-.
28:1. G Among
 \

2G PAPEll.S RELATING TO
• · A100 "" thnt people the natives of Bengal ,-imk low; and these ruJ llest'known ant!"
1
llflr5• Cl~a nlt !itn!ft " • t'"'tle lat···r~t divlsion of our Asiatic subiccts, arc held more particularly in vie1Y
I> OfiP y ""'""II JIJfllllll" c . ' ~ • d .h I . d
th•A•i:•.i1c ~u'•;•<~• in thb"c~~ny. Tl 1c l\luhomcllans who arc nuxc Wit t tcm, may, lll .regar tG
tf (.;r.,•lt llntum.
llllllliH'I'o
• 111111 11101 . 11 1~ '·ltl'll lie comprehended under the same observations; bu'
0 "' , , , •
"----- 1 , 1111 t:thin~ di.tinet shullafwrwards be subJomed conecrnmg them.
Of the U~n.,altz.t• then it is true most generally that they are destitute, to a won-
dc·rf111 dcg•·cc·," ot' thofc qunlitics which 111:0 rcqt~i~itc .to the security and ~omfort of
*''' it:tv. 'J hcv wunt truth, lwucsty, and good lalth, m .an .extreme, of wbtch Euro-
l'can ;och:ty fur11 i,licH no example. In Europe those p~mctpl.e~ are the st.and~rd of
&;t 111 mrkr unll crcJit; tllC:II "ho hnve them not are still ~ohcttous to ~an~ta.m the
rrputJtion of them, nn<l thoH~ who nrc known to be devo1tl of them smk mto con~
t•· 111 pt. Jt i~ not ~o in llcng:J. The qualities thcmsrh·es are so generally _gone,
t!~<tl men do n••t found tl1cir pretension in society upon them; .they take no pams to
urqnir<' or to t.ct'p up the crcllit of possessing them. Those virtues ore not the test:t
l•y 11 bkh connccliollS nn:l a~sociations arc rrgulated :. nor do.es th~, ab;ence of the~,
)IIlii C\'(:1' pl~in nnJ nutor1uu~. !l:rcatly lower .my one m pubhc estnnntton, nor strtp
him (Jf !11• ncquuintuncc. Wunt of veracity especially, ., so habitual, that if a man
hna truth 1? defend, l1c will h~rdly fail to recur to falsl!oo~ for its support; I!l
muliers of mtcrc.~t, tl•e u~e .of lymg seems so Datura!, that 1~ gtves no pr~vocat10n, 1t
j~ trt'lltc.tl us un cxcus~~.ule lndul"cncc, o. mode of procecdmg from wh1cb p;enem.
tolcrntiou luts token awlly offcnc~, and the practi<'c of cheating, pilfering, tricking;
ttntl itnpusing, in the ordtnnry transactions of life l\I'C so common, that the llindoos
ticr.m to re!-'nrd them as they do nntuml evils, against which they will defend them-
bolvcs us wt·ll ua tla-:y can, but ut which it would l>e idle to be angry. Very flagrant
brruchcs uf tt•uth uud honrsty pass without any deep or laslina stain. The scun-
uulona conduct of Tippon, in rcct·ntly denying to Lord Comwallls, in the face of the
t,~•orlt.l, the cxi~tcncc of tlutt capitulation• which he had ihamefully broken, was
·mc1·ely 1111 eKuntpll:l of the manners of tho country, where such things occur in com·
4IIOU ltfc every day.
In the wor~t parts of Europe, there are no doubt great numbers of men who are
sint:t:t'e, upright, und conscientious. In Dengul, a man of real veracity and integrity
i~ a grcnt Jlhcnomcnon; one l'OIIscu:utious i11 thetdiOle of his conduct, it IS to be feared,
is .1111 unknowu cblu'tlctcl', E\'cry "·here in this quarter of the globe, there is still
IIIIIch gcncmu~ trust nnd confidence, Jlnd men are surprised when they find thcm-
~ch·cs deceived. In lleng11l, distr.ust is .awako in all transactions; bargains and
11grcemrnts oro matlo with mutual npprehcnsions of breach of f~ith, conditions and
accurilics n.ro multiplied, and fnilure iu them excites, little or no surprise. . _ ,
A serious proposal modr. ·to a native, that be should be guided in all his int~rcourses
nntl lil'llling~ by the principles of truth and J'usticc, would be l'e"arded as weak and
. . ll c. II Du you r.now,
· illlpructtCIII 1 •• ...
bo would reply, 1 ' the character of all those witl'i
" \\hom 1 ~,a,·e to net~ lluw can 1 tiubsist ~f 1 take advaniii"O of nobody, while
11
cv~ry yer~~u \ukes ~dvun.ta.~c ?f n1e? '' Frnuus, deception;, evasions, and pro•
ca'lllltmntto •\~~. Ill everY. lme 1.!1 hi~, m aU profess.ions, perpetually occur, and forgeriea
1 1
11 so arc o en rcsortcu to Wt\u bttlc scmple. · ·
If confidence is from nc-ct•:;sity or credulity nt any time reposed, ~t is considered
hy ~he o~her yu1tY. ~s the. sr..t~n of hnrvt'tit. Fcw ~\·ill oLUit to seize such an oppor•
tmuty ol )11'0111. lhc clncf ogcnt or steward of a landholder Gf of a .merchant. will
~:oummnly emlca~our to transl\'r to himself what 11o can gradually purloin of the
jii'OJil'~'ty ll~d ~he mllucnce of bis priudpal: this agent is in the mean \imc preyed
upon ·m. ll &nmlm· way, thou~h on a smaller scale, by his dependent.'!, especially if
l 1 ro~penty lms rendered hi111 lc~s vi.,iluut. Dut s.uppose him by a slow silent, and
F~stt:mu\lc pursuit, to lu~vc uccumttl~tcd a lur~ fortune, nnd to leave it ~n his death
hl Ill~ .son; tho so11, nch •••t.l juJulcnl, is in tul'n iLnperccptibly tlceced b'\' b~
dUllll'S\IC, .I

1\~elli~l scrvnn~s who .luwe been long in ph1cc, and ha.vc even evinced a &;eal
lltt~tdmu.m.t to the~r mn.stc1·s, n1-e nc~crthdcss in the hubitual practice of pilfcrin:z front
lhun. lt a n.ep_he 1'' •~ cntt·u.-tcll by an uncle, or a son by his father, "ith tlu:
! 111111~.:..rcm~n~ ol Ius con~cm~, .there i~ no cf'rtninty tbat he will not set up a separate
In tell st 0.1 Ius ~~~~ ~~. \\ anl~lups n~tl executon hip~ trusts ofthc mort neces.<.ary &l!d
S\ll:l'l.>d l..md, "lu~:b all U1cu ll.'avmg prvpcr:y an4 W:timt .chiltlre11 o1ust rcpu;:e. m
sUI'\'1\'Uig
 EA.ST INDIA AFFAIRS. ' D7
sur.viviug fdends, are in too many instances grossly abused. The confidence to • Cll AP rr.
wlncl~ the Dengaleze are mo&t true, is in the case of illicit practices, on whicb 1 ~<Tr ~f 1 ~' -"•'-"
L.,lf .. ,•tr 1 4
occasions they act upon a point of honour. ".! !•t 11 ~."0·'4,.,.., ~.,

Even the Europeans, ~hough in general posscsse~ of powtr and of comp:1rative ~r:,.,•. ,
strength of cha,·actel·, wh1ch makes them to· be part1cularlv fc·nn·ll, yet as c•ltt'll 115 v
they are car.eless or credulous in their transactions with the' lkngnlczc, find thnt tl1ry
have fallen Into the hands of harpies •.
Throul!,h the influence of similar principles, pmfer entrusted to a nnt.il-e of IJin·
?~sta'!l seldom fails of Leing exercised tyrannically, or pcn·e11cd to tl1e purp~l'>~ ut'
lnJUStlcc. Official, or ministeriul cmplo.Ymcnts of all so11s, and in 1111 gnulutioth,
are generally used as means of peculation.
It has already appeared that the distl'ibntion of justice, whenever it l1nt but\
committed to natives, \\hether Hindoos or Mahomeduns, hus commonly t become 11.
• traffic in ,·enality; the best cause being obliged to pny for success, ami the \\ol't
. having the opportunity of purchasing it. .Money bas procul'('d acquittance ncn Ji•r
murde1·. Such is the power of money, that no crime is more frequent, lmr.IJ1 any
less thought of, than perjmy. It is no extraordinary thing to KC two ads o1 "it·
ne~ses swearing directly contrary to ccch other, ruuJ to lind, upon a 11>inotJ.• imc~ti;_:.,.
tion, that few probably of the nidcnces on tither side hu\'C a compl'tcnt l.:tull\lt'll~c!
of the matter m question. Now as these corruptions belo(in not in the rractkc of thn
courts of law, but huvc their origin in the character of tho pcopl•·· it 1~ ju~t to ~l11t•,
them in illustration of that charii'Cter; {or although tho lr~nl rclurms introJncetl t.y ·
Lord Comwullis "'ill purify, it may be hoprd, the founhuns of ju~tice, yd the lx:>l
admini,;tnuion of law will not eradicate the intcmul principiL'I of (j .. pruvity.
Selfishness, in a word, unrestrained by principle, opera tea univel'llllly; and monry,
the grand instrument of selfish gratifications, mny be called the aupreme idol of th"
Uindoos. Deprived lor the moot part of political power, and destitute of bohlne'-1
of spirit, but formed for business, artful, frugu~ and persevering, they are ab&orL4..d
in schemes for the gratifiCation of avarice.
The tendency of tbnt RbanJoncd sc16~hncss is to sct "every mnn'a h:md a~111inst
r.very man," either in projects, or in act.s of open wrce. from violence ho\1 ever,
fear interposes to restrain tliCm. 'llle people of the lower province$ iu vnrticulllr 0
with an exception of the milimry caste, are as da:;tardly 11.1 they are unprincipkd.
They seek their ends bv mean artifices, lo" cmmin;!, intrigue, faMIOQ(I, scrvilitv,
and hypocritical obsequiousness. To superiors they apprur full of revcrencr, of
humble and willing submi~sion, anJ rcu!liuc~~ to do c,·cry thing thut may IJC requiletl
of them; and as long as they di!lccrn somctl.in;; c;th1.1' to expect or to fear, they arc
\\'Onderfully patient of elightto, neglects, 11ntl iujurics. Dot umlcr aU this a ppll(('nl
passiveness and meanness oi temper, they uro innnovcuLiy persil.tin;; in tl•t:ir ,...crct
views. With inferior$, they indemnify thctn..:h·e! l•y an imlul~cnco of the l'i~clin~~·
11·hich wCI'C controulcd before ; amd toWtll'tis U1!!1Cntl.cu13o e.~p~-ciall y to wan.!• thu•c
\\'hom an ofiicial situution suhj.rcts to their authority, they tarry ll.w;mM"In-t "it.h the
mean pride of low minds. In the inlL•rior, and by r.u- the rno&t numcmu• cl.t'~ o(
the community, where each mau illncurly on a. level with hia nci;;h!Jour, the nath o
character appears with less clisgube. The pa..:.ions have a fret:r rnn~e, and II<!"
consequences are seen to rt:Suli from the oL!Ience ut' \he 11rimary 'irtu~ of wck ty.
J)iscord, hatred, abuse, slonJcrs, hyurie4, rompbiut!l, umi liti;;atiuns, all the efl'~c:u
of sclfuhness unrestl'aincd by principle, pre~ o1il to 11 tilli'jlrbhl~ ~ll':;rCC'. They over•
spread the land, they come perpt;tually bciurc ull men in authority. '!110 ddiL.cr:.ste
Plollll'C1

• If the rut!t'l' thould bf!e nd,·ut Co th.. mcny
large forhon~• wbirb aoe bruught frum lol.li.o, "'"'
'lhrMe infer that tht t:.ur.,- Dlllke tbrlf nwn
ll"fl good ll•trt, not•ritbotaoding L.li1Loe d;,l:•.n< ·~
an.6rl"t of tbc llinduoa whum tl••Y arc oLI,~·,.t In
• !''ut~loy, bl! mn~ lA: ~lS~tO'd, lht~t a.rc•Jrd:nc; to llat
Jucl,:no•nt of the .,..nun who •ritn this., tLe .;l'bt
mo .. nf the fnr'!.,nN "''"' "'qoi•ed. • ""'' by any
m<'<le ol ntuniCIQ or u .... ,, .. n t•t.rn t>ut .,( the
J-k.e" u( lnd" >du:~l., A ~onscJoor.J!.!e P''rtll>ll of
II II ""''""" fNm lhe ol!ioeto, ular:r<, c•Ofl'.r.JCI.S,
••,.1 •n•olu-nta., rnj<>yod uto<kr i:"•rmn.. nl,
iloqJ,.r port"'n frncn «ttUaoe~•. r·.r•·~oLu!y
."'t'tj;D rem"'"'"• 111 •'l11cb t:u""i~nl I.••• ,
f".lf"""'
IUf'l'ri;tt f'!'\~~rr-r.u .. t1..lr:trttr, ll'"'·l l'lf.J.n\...1':-:•-.
Ar.l il any I'"'' •• ut.c •. ,..d b:r I· rl·tdo'•• n"'~"'•
1\>lltht ll<<;O~.IUoll Ut•• ID ~•11<t..J ~ \t"&ttd ..hi•
ID>I<iy W wh,.L •• •lih ~~• ~··.! c P'"f"""• Dolt lha
J•lu,,of'I\J oi (•ra· .. I,C .. ~ ... ~..l~M\t. ·u~""'' ti:,.;ft\
ft!'OlAJ ~~ &~e throwh rot • .,., 'b'· tt..c r•.,.,...ultt'lll.-lft
uftb.,.. f>C""II" •l,o "•lboul •~'""'""" l1f' ,,..
quiry ""'>pi'" o•'>j>«l, llt•Uur~ ~JOlu .., ;·. "'~
Ill lt.a.l...a ., r•·\ '-'! r\.\.•1\JII'.n. _:\If,,.. .... ,. •• , t.llf"
••'•le•l GJ"'O u.e •u•·; oct, Lt.t 11 •wid lilA ou.L IJ.e
dn1 n vi 114 rn ...nL • ock. '
t "·rtJCno -1 t.r ru• pu-; IW..b.m ,\li Kt. ..
of ll"-'r,... u r•c~ocmi a ruu rJ prob•lf.
 ~~~ 1' A P I~ R fl rt E L AT I N G T 0
]I'J.r. Clren ·~ c, 1111e
1 nmlire, t1 1e (~tbh: 1 o~. the c.tlnnmic.~, ond the avowell cn.mity with whic.h .the ~t>ople.
"' Surioty uno:"'" 111 rr.~uc tach other, und eomctilllcS frum fu~hcr to son, ofler a vct·y ;nort1fy•:~g \'ICW o!
th• At~Ktlc ~"''J'"I' 111,, Juunan character. N 0 blr.uJ••cr can &It uown among them wtthont I.Jcmg struck
111 (,r,·ul lhlt.un.
.J
'
"ith t111~ •
tctiiiiCr of ma1•:vo1~nt c~ntcnl!ul~
" ' anu.a urut~ost
• .'t
y, as ..'! pro.tll.Uicnt .fie~tu~e
... • 1't1
'----- ·the cluu·nclcr of tl.c socl(•ty. It 1s seen 111 c;·cry lltllagc, the mhabttan~s lrve ~mong
(;, 1ch othct· ina ~rlt't of rcpubivr. 6lalc, nay it. c.n!cr~ into almo~t every ~~nuly. Scldonl
h tlil'I'C 11 l.ou~huld without its internal di>Nons, und •la;;tlll~ et!lntll';~! most. com-
uwnly too 011 the ~core. of inten·~t. The woml:n Jl.artull~ ot tlus .spll'lt of. d1scord.
J I<"Ill in ~htvi:.h ~uhjcct1un !•Y the n:rn, ~hey nsc m. ful'lous p~8~Jons ngnmst each
•1,t!.t•t·, wl.ir.h vent thcmi!Ch·cs 111 such louol, v1rulcnt, and mdecent railmgs, as are hardly
to bo hcurd in a11y other purt of the world.
Thuu:~h tlu~ J1cn~aleze in. gencrol huvc not sufficient re.solution to vent thc!r rcs~nt­
mcut-1 u··uin•t c·nch other m optn coml.mt, yet robbcrtes, theft.~, buq~lancs, nver
J•irucit·~, ~uulnll sorb of c.lcprclhttion5 '~here durkncss, secrecy, or surpr!zc can g~ve
.utll'untn;.:r, ore rx<'cc·c.litiL~IY. common, ond hnvc been so itl e.vcry post pcr1o~ of wh1ch,
uny nccount i~ cxtnnt. 1hero urc castes of roLLer~ nnd th1cvc.q, who cons1der them·
~rl\'t'~ nctin~~ in tlldt· proper profession, nnc.l hnvin:t united thci~ f~tmilies, train their
·t:hild ll'll to it. N u "bci'C in the worh.l ure ruffiuns more adro1t or more ha1·dened.
'J'rllop~ of t!w,c t.un:litti, it i~ wdl knoll n, nrc ~cncr,tlly employC'd or harboured by the
~.l'lllindats uf the di:.trict~. wl:o are shurcrs 111 tltci1· booty. They ft·equcntly make
111tn1'1,~ ju IHJ•Iics, nt11l em tho::e ocrasions murder i$ very common. llut besides these
r•·~o:•tlllt' forp~, mnltitudt·~ of inclivitluuh employ tLcmselvcs in despoiling their ncigh-
·bulll's. :t\ Ol' ir~ it only in lu•·;.:c ami populou3 plac(·S and their vicinity, that such
violcnccs ul't! prnctkcd; 110 part of the countt·y, no village is snfe from them. Com·
•!uinta of dl'lll't!dution~ in C\'cry fJUUrtcr, 01\ the highways, ou the water as well ns the
]111Hl, nre pt:r('ctuul, Thou;.th the!IC arc the crimes JllOI'C immediately within the reach
uf j11stice, llntl thnu~h nu111ucrs of crimiuals have been, and am executed, the evils
~otill Mthsi~t. J>oullllc~s the currupt admini~tralion of criminal justice in Dengal, tor
muny )·cnrs umlcl'thc authoritv <Jf the Nubob, hill! grl'utly ag~ravated disorders of this
lllllni'C ; Lut they hnvo thcil· ori~in from remote!' spriitgs. Ro1Jber11 among the Hindoos,
und frl'C'Jll!'lltly thic\'CH nl~o, aro educated t1·om their infancy in the belief thut their
)II'Ob•iun is a ri).:ltt one. No rny of in~truction reaches them to convince thetn of
t.b:l cuntrury, ond tho (etohlc stirrings or natural conscience are soon overborne by
·('\11111('10 tlllll prnclicc. lbhlcs thi~, they hold, in ·common with other Hindoos;
t!to princi('le -of t'utalism, which in their case bns most pcmidous effects. They
l11~lk·vo. that they nro dt~~tinC"d by nn inevitable nccessitv to theh· llrofession, and
tu till thnt •lmll Ll'f11l them in it; thry therefore go on without compunction, and are
Jll't',P~rcd tu n:oir:n.lifc! whenever the oppointcd period shall come, wi.th astonishing.
·Jutltfit•t·encc; con~•tlcnng tho law thnt conllemns them, not as the mstrument ot
ju~ticc, but o~ tho JMil'l' of a stron~er purty. And ht:'re again it is evident, that a
l'llllicnl chun~ltl in prindplu must be tu·ocluccd, l>cfore a spirit of ropine, thus nourished,
fUll be Clll't'd, '

llenc"ulcnl'O has been rcprl:'sl:'nlcd os a lead in~. principle in tho minlls of the
J1imluus; hut tho>c who llml.e thi:t llShl'rtion knuw little of thci.r character. How
.jo it pu;sihle \lmt hl•nevolenro should be vi:tut-ous where justice, truth, and good f11itb
1\I'C ~u ~rrt~tl,v Wllntiup? ( \·rt.rin modes indl'Ctl of dist,·ibuting victuub to mendicunts,
nn~l ~ ~cn~pulous.oiJstitwncc i.i·om eumo ~orts o.f o.nim:•l f~tl, are prescribed by the
.rl'ltgt~•n ol lho llnllluoll, llut the o:>l\nlultuns d1~tnbullotllll frequently commutative·
1111 uili.·lin~ (;\1111 tilt' ~.tin of iniquity IJI.'stowctl on j,lle and stuc:Jy priests. AnJ
.thon:,:.h 1\ lliuduu wouiJ bhrink '' ith hot'l'or from the idea of directly slaying a cow,
whkh i~ ~~ ~ucrt•tltllli,uulllmoll~ tllrm, yet he who drives one in his cort, gulled antl
<'~r.ul'imr,l us ~hn ufkn i~ hy t!to )'okc; bents her unmercifully from hour to hour,
Wlllltllll Ull\' rat't' ur con•lllcmttun of tho const'f(UCucc. Thou••h therefore the iJl-o
~tiltttit•n of the t•,·u pmrtict·s in fltll'>tion, tnuy lMl ur,:;ctl as ;., m·gummt for the
o:-i~inully llt'ttnul••llt turn of tho n·li):ion \\hkh cttioincd thl'm, it" ill not nt ull follow
·tintt ht,lh·ithml,;, w!to iu futur.: n:;t·s pcrlorm thl'llt in ol\C\Iicnco to that rdi;!ion, must
.ul,;o bo l•t'llt'mlcnt; tutti he "ho i~ ct·ud t'\~ll tu tlmt cn:ulurc fur "hich be is tau,.ht'
by his religion to t'lltl•rtnin the hi:.thrst l't'\'Crencc, ~in'S \ho r.tron~:ot proof 0 {'11 n
1mt~·ding di:<pu~itiou. It is tnu: t:;at i11 many cn~u tht·y are ~b·ict iu obscrvinor
till'lns. Tl_lt ~c nrc in~lc~~~ t!:l'ia· 1\:l_i;ion,. .nntl the fo~md?~ion of their hopt·s; thd~
cnsh•s nrc lmplll'ut,••l 111 t.tt·m, nnJ 111 tht1r ca;>lt':l t!•t·u· Ct\ •I state and comtort. Uut
of the &~.•ntimcuts \\ hkh the forms \\'\lu!J R't'lll tu it:uicntc, tllf'\'• nrc tutally l't'!ml'llll'S!',
<"
· · 'fhuu·!b0
 . . E AS T I N D I A AF F A I n S. :: 9
·:nou~h. 'from the pbyloiCI\l &truct.ure of tl~rir b00it1i tl•ey tHe c-•bily au~-..·t-.tiLic of cHAP. 11.
lmpll:!llitUns, ye~ that they have htUe real tcndcrnc.'5 of tuin•l, sectui n:ry e\ j,lcnt l"i,..ul tw Jl~ll
·from eeverul ctrcumstances. The first that &hall lie mrotiunctl i:l the ehcx·kin .. Jtw"ll ..J..
barba~ity of their puni:.hme~ts.. :n•c cuttin..: ~tr lc:::", hnnds, mw"ll, llll<l C"l\rt, putting ·"·~,m• ~ GrHII
out ot eyce, and other penal UllltcUona uf a smular kmJ, nll pet fonn<"\1 in tho coan<":>t 11~.,"'_....._ _ __.J
mo.nner, abundantly justify our orgumenL
A ~imilar disl'l!sition to cruelty is likc"i!iC sl!o.1':n in C.t ir trrutmt nt of \·anqui,JM.-d
enemtes. And m general a want of sen-•l.thty for oth<n is a vcrv t'minent
characteristic of this people. The apnthy with "hic!1 a Jlimll>O ''i<·ws e."U proons
and interests unconnected. "·ith himsclt~ 'i:~ such os nritl'; the imlignntiun of
Europeans. At any rotc hts rc;;urds extend but to a ,·cry tmrrow cirdc. l'alliuti:lm
is absolutely unknown in llindostnn. · ·
Theae observations lead us to another &tril..in~ proof or \fnllt of bcriC\"Oll'llt:'C in the
llindooa; namely, their deficiency of naturnl aficctiun. It it admitlt'd that esamJllea
are nut very uncommon o( pnreuu who bhow n.uch tendcml'at to their childnm
e::~pecially during their infancy; but instances on the other •ide are 10 gmcrul, ..;
tlearly to mnrk the dispo~itions of the people. 11re following !act is one out of
many, by which this ~rtion might be ju:,tilicd. · In tho e.currity of grain •·lJch
pll!vailed a\>out Calcutta in the )CIU' 1 iS~, a gentleman then high, n01Y atill bigbcr
so office there, ordered his servants t9 ouy auy children that mi~ht lie brought fur
sale, (for in times of dcartl1 llindoo parents fr"<tuently ~~ell their o!T!•pring,) and to
tell their mothers, that when the scarcity should be over, they utight come again and
receive. their children back, Of llUOUt l11CIIty thUi humanely pi'CICO'CI~ m011t of
whom were females, only three were ever r.uquin:d for by their motbcn. The
scarcity wo.s neither extreme nor long. The unuutural llllfCIIt!l cannot be auppoted
to have perished from want, for each received money for her child, and by Urc liiJmt.l
contribution of the inhabitants of Calcutta, and chiefly of tho Europcaua, rice •u
di~tributed daily to multitudes at various stations nooul the city. And yilt notwith-
standing tl1is facility of obtaining food, a woman wu at tl1at time llecD, io brond day,
to throw away her mfunt child upon the high rood.' 1\IO!'It of the slaves In JlinJQ!Itnn
(where they are used only for domestic services) have lu~t their freedom by the act
of their pnrents. If the necessity is such llt \irnes os to lcud to this U!.Cdtcnt, i.t it
not also. an occasion to call fortll the wannth of pnrcntal afl~'Ction? liliul anrl
patcrno.l affection Appcnr equally deficient among them; and in the conjugal rclu.tiun,
the chamctcristic indifli!rcnce of the people is al110 di!ccrniulc among tl1o!C "ho cori1e
most within the ~phere of European observation, namely, the lol\·cr ordcn.
The dome&tic state of the better ra;rkt is more cuncCIIlcd from general tic" ; but
from the knowledge \1l1ich is acquired, and frow tl.e peculiar ullllgct by which
marriage is govcmed among the llindoos, we have no reaaon to believe that it i.
often SI\'Cetcncd by gencauus attachment or ration.U cnjoymeuL 1"hc parties
betrothed by tl1eir parents whilot mere chill.lrcn,,tro~n~vlu.nted, ".ilh mimls u~ICUhiva~td
and inexperienced, from the maternul zenana • mto one of tht•r own, umtt-d ~o·h1lat
reason is still in its infancv, can gi'e little more account oft.he aitnntiun in which tlaey
find themselves than aRim~ls of a lower apecics. Affection and choice hne had no
influe.1ce in this connection, nor docs it otic~ h:tppcn thnt t!.e f~.~rmcr is etudkd anr.l
improved. The parties cunti:luc pa.i!:>h·e £Jn~r. that law which firlll. Lruoght tiiCID·
together. According to tire J..:,.potic n~amter&.oi t!!e Ew.t, the hu&ba~d it lUfd,. and
the wife a servunt ; seiJom docs be tl.n~o~k of 111\lkm:; bcr a COliiJlllllKID or a fnend.
Polygamy, whkh is tolerated among the llindoos, tends &till o1ore .to t.l~troy all.
rntional domestic society. 1"he honour of the family, an1l th~ p~rvutlun. of rl!l C8-"~•
the most awful of its concel'll,, depend:J on the- •rl.'put.allon of the "af~. • ~he 11.
secluded from all eyes but those of.licr ne:trC!t relations, aml the mcr.>t tcrnfym;; ~d
~~:zyuceful punil.hments nre htlJ out again~t misconui.att. rrom SO early liB ~ntu?,
nud lllich subbOquent car.:, Europeuns om~ suppose that order ond decorum rr1~'ll au
!hu ltindoo 1.enanas; .J.,ut \11e conclusion 15 founde<.l on conjecture, rather tl~n upo.n,
actual knooled1-oc' The-profound reserve and ~ullon. oL.e~vcd Ly tl•c. men In tiJCtr
~on~h1ct, and.e\1."1\ in thrir convers.n~ion, rcspcctmg thc•r f~mrly connect tons,. Ltr~ all
lnrel;!llC."I'!I ut'a distnnce · ·md it i.; to the hononr of the En••lL-h, tl11•l there 1!1 peruup~
no .ll~>tanco ef Uieir·atotem[1tin"
•' an inva~ion·of the domestic "rcce;scs of tl re 11'Ill d1XI'ii. •
llut tlto.~•bo bavc an opportunity of lhing nmong the natives in the interior c..f the
........
· , .....
· • ., · . · countl) •
.,.;
• n, pr;,·~tt nrartmrntl ot\l.e t;,n.rn:
000. ll
 3o P A P E R S R E L A 1' I N G T 0
Mr. Grant'• State country see rcn!IOns for apprehending tlu1t tl~c purity of the female character is not
or luwty "m"ull alwuj'' ~"·ell preserved iu reality, as in appearance. .
the i\Oidtldlub)KII
CJf Grc•1t llrlta•n. In a rcsidt:ncc of several years entire y among t ~ natives, t11e prescn.t wr!'te r heard .
I h •
80 many char~;es Clf irrcg.ularity, an~ saw 10 many dJsor~ct·s among ~he mfenor .ra~ks,
\ .,. 1
that he could not but bchcve the existence of a gro~s lax tty o~ behaviOur and prmctple
in this great brunch of moral.~, in aon1e dc~rce at least reachmg to the be~r class~.
Dut the disgrace and lo~~ which follow~ the family from the proof of diShonour m
the wife, arc such os to mduce the partie& concerned to .hu&h. up all matters of that
sort and to take their rcven"c in some eecrct way; tl.ey will seldom seck redress
opc~ly, unless the affitir h1111° olrcndy become notorious. Accusations by others of ·
auclt coutnminations in fRmilics, ore very c~mmon among the .low~r. Hmdoos, and
ecanduls of the 8ilme kind pass among the lugper orders•• Enmt~, tt.l8 tr~e, may be
supposed to have ita ahare in these charges; 1t may occastonp.lly tabncate then~, and
ill undoubtedly active in l!ri~ging them .forwa~d j b~t that !t should. always mvcnt
them, and ahould pci'IICvere 111 a su~ccsston of mvcnt1~ns wine~ cxpene.nce was ever
•·curly to discredit ia not toLe conoetvcd. The truth IS, the Hmdoo writers, and the
llindoo laws express the worst opinion of their women, and seem to place all security·
in vigilanco, 'none In ptinciple. And indeed what fund of principle can _minds which
huve received no Improvement in education, and in which reason as yet has hardly
llc~un to act, carry into a premature and unchoscn conjugal relation? a relation, the
early commencement of "·hich, is prob11.bl)' to be ucril.lcd to the apprehension of
purcnts for the conduct of their children. Imperious dominion, seclusiOn and terror,
are the means aficrwards used, to enforce the fidelity of the wife. Dut .opportunities
of guilt are not nnting. In the hours of business, men are generally ot a distance
from the rctircmenta of the women ; they are often, and for considerable periods, far
from home; fcmules, who arc tho greut mstruments of corrupting· their own sex, are
prrmiltcd occcbll to tho zenanas; l!eskles the Uindoo law allows women to converse
with SoncMsccs, a I'Ct of vn:,rrant devotees, some of them most indecent in their
appeatunce. The consequences are such as might be expected. .
· It is not however asiiCrtcd or btlievc:d, that the infection of depravity has over·
spn·ad the whole mass of females, many of whom, doomed to joyless confinement
through life, and o ,·iolent prcmuture death, a.re perhaps among the most inolfen~
sive ourl auflcring of the Uindoo race. As to tlte men, they are under little' restraint
fmm mom! con~itlcrutions: . '!he laws of caste impose restrictions and fines for
otfcnccs of the nature in. qucstiun, so fur as tl~at di1tinctioll is concerned, but leave
~rent scope for new cunnectiunll, and for promiscuous intercourse, which i~ matter of
hlllo scruplcl or obsenution. Receplilclcs for women of infamous character are every
wllcre licensed, anr.l the women themselves l1ave a place in society. The female
dwu:t:rs, who are of this order, mako the ·principal figure in the entertainments of
Cct'(mony given by the great. Indecency is the basis of their exhil.litions; yet chil-
drcJ\ and younJl pcl'lions of buth ~Ul'l are permitted to be present at these shows,·
which have admitlt•ncc evt'n intn the Jlrincipal zenanfts•. Licentious connections are
tllt'rt•lore moat common, thon:.:h Fullsbting apparently without thut intoxication of
pnseion \\ hich hmdt~a on the mind against conviction, and carried on witl1out much
com't·olmcnt, My almost with tho insensibility of brutes. On such points, .the Uin~
doos st't·m to advert to no rule excrpt \I. hat the law et!,joins; there is no sentiment.
diiTuscd lit lm·~;e throu~h sudety, which attaches ahnme ·to criminality. Wide and
futul 11re th11 ctli:cta of this c:urruption of manners ; a corruption not atopping here.
but exl~·nding even to the unnatural practices of the ancient Heathens, though in
tlll'~e the 1\lt~llOilleduns are still more abandoned. ·
Europeans who not having resided in Asia, a1-e acquainted only "·ith a fe" detached
fcn~ures of the Indiun cht~ructcr, may poS:>ibly feel aome doubt "·hether thia sketch,.
"·lw:h proft·~sl'S to tn1cc l.lut the grouter and more p blc lines, is to be received 111rt
n suhcr nud f:\ithful n·p•c~cnhlliou. They "·Ul reuson c 1ing the llindous from
whnt they hu~·o seen of. bu~1on nature elscwhe!-e; and it is u.nqucstionol.lly tru~, even
thut purl of hu'Upe • btl!h 11 m01:t corruflt, oflcN no suc:l.l ptcture as tl1at "htch bas •
Lt•t•tl drawn in tl1e pl'tl'nliu~ po~t's. 'l u:y nmy be sltlj!;gertd too by bavin" heami .
mtmy d!sroJ'dnut opinion~ on this w~ry sul~e<:t. For e;ome modem philosophers al•
lttl\ly luutt:d ut, whose wm bus hl't'n to sub\'ert. together with revealed religion, aU

• I.ord ('nmwo.lli:~, I'UUR uf\tr hie UTh-.1 in

Dengt~l, l'l:fU$ed
to bt prt~tlll at au tllltrtlliumtnt
ot
l
of tbia •ort, to whkh he .,... jqyittcl
Nabob,
.
ideo a
1!1 th8
 E A S T I N D I A A F F A I R S. 3a
ideas of the m~ral goV('mml"nt of the Deity, and of ollm's ~ponsillility to hlm.l111~ C II AP. 11.
· exul~d the natives of the East, and of other pagan n-gions, into n1oJI"'s of ~nus r-tf tA.II..-
and m.nOCt'nce. Other 11Titera, with fur better vic"·s, indi~nont at the allt'd·!td dclin- ~~~· tlwll,..,_
qucnc1ea of Europeans in llindostnn. have dcscribN t!1e natin~s o( that ;ountry u ~~~· 't GIWII
a ha!'rul~, ~ind;. peaceable, arulsuflering race. Oth('rs ·~in, apeak l'llthet from 1.11
11
-.
ad'!urauon mspue~ by the supposed paul atatte of tho llindoott, Ulhl'\l with pityiUr ~----'
t!1e1r presenl111tuauon, than fro1u experience o( their actu.&l qualil.~:a and di..~poai·
lions. ~nd tl1er~ may be othm still, who have not had much J'!CI'WIIal expcrlt'nce
o~ the e~•ls resulung from the state of society among the Hindoos, bul bcin"~ pleased
With thc1r obsequiousness, and easily acquie!Cing in the liccnciousoeq Prevalent
amon)! them, have been willing to treat of their character an.J proccedin!!:S 11ith in·
dulJ;Cnce. The doubts, however, .arising. fro"!~ OK'SO soul'l"el', •ill it ia hoped, bo
entirely removed by the curroboratmg tcsumorucs now about to be produc"-d.
~t is indeed true, that travellers are apt to form their opinions of countriea and of
nations from what ilicy have lhemselves happened to eee; and it ill also to be re-
membered, that of the many Europeans l\'ho have visited India. tspccia.ll,Y in later
times, the opportunities, the means, and perhaps the desire, of intunuauon, bave
been very different. We may all he sensillle that more ucurate ollsetn.t.ion, .ad
mature experience, often ·correct the first impressions we receive, even or Euro~
countries or places new to us ; and that it is no eas1 work to att.Uo to a just and
comprehensive knowledge of the character of any people. Whilst an F.uropean.
del'iving a superiority from his race, or from the station be il appointed to fill, regards
only in a distant speculative way the efi'eminute exterior, adullllo'ladJrea!, and aub-
missive demeanor. of the llindoosi be naturally enough concca\-et them to bo a
people in whom the mild and gentle qualities predominate. Jle ia apt to consider
them. with a mixture o( complacency and contempt; and efell the bad di.tltJOSitiona
towards each other, which he soon discovers 'to exist in them, be may vae" with
feelings analogous. to those which the petty malignity of children, or of beings of a
diminutive species, might excite. Dut let him enter into dealings with them, let
him trust them, or become in concerns of importance dependent on them ; let him
in short by these, or any other means, come more upon a level with them. and be
will.then learn .better to appreciate their real character. Let it therefore be recol•
1ected, that as members of the 110me comruunit_y they ol111·aya atand, in many respects,
•n such a level •·ith each other, suffering continually from mutual injurica; and that
it is in thus viewing them, in considering not eo much the ruilchicfa which they can do
to us, as the evils which they diffuse through their own eociety, iliat •• lball&Nigtt
to them their true place in the moral scale. Whether that ia done here, •hall there-
fore be chenrfully lef\ to the determination or those ...bo have had .. long residence
among them, and extensive dcnlings with them. It is believed. tl•at no pcreon of
this description will think the picture now given, adds fictitioua features, or a~"!'& veta
real ones •. ·
•
It ·will not however be understood, that what is here advanced gt'llcrally,· ia to be
opplied to the utmost extent to every individual, and every traN>UCtioo; it ia the
universality of great depravity that is here insisted on,--a ~neral ruoml hue, bc:twceu
which, and the European moral complexion, there is a dilfcmleC, analugo1.11 to tho
· difference of. the natural colour of the two races. . '.

There is a stando.rd to 11'hich, for the elucidation orthis subject, we maylargelJ

11ppeal,...;_ilie records of the wt-lndia Company, . .-bich c~tain en. imme~ .ooi-
lection of facts respecting the llindoos, and relating to ftfiOI.II aubJccts. political.
judicial, financial, and commerciaL Tb0t1e records, l~ ~uent11 prof~ to treat
()( character and t'Onlmon life, than of maUers or bUiiDCSS; but I& C:Ontl.nuaJJy hapo
pens, that t11ey incidentally develope the principles and conduct of the lhm~oos, and
that ffi a IUOI'C com•incin" way than if the primary object hod been to dC!Cnbe them.
o . N~

• •' t may be ~roper to rrmark, that the (ntum
l.tre drliiV!Ilttd, ••• tuhn frum the Hindoo chao-
ruter u it ~rul!y e-cists in tivillife. 1'ho.
1\•ot.lmien wbo bava JII'.ASed their time chiefly in
"ur lnduw 111mtea, muy not have ICeD It with
tll~:l ~ tl.e aame w;f!ecb. The military cute of
•h.. lhnduoe ha~a a pnrtion of tbotoe ctoalitits
kbtrh Wllllttly arcnmpuoy thll pmlf>Mioa nf anne:
Uer 11-'Y• l..etter lrt!itttol<!nt, and our ltigb repu-
l.l:.lloQ •• 11'ar, m:.ke it their internt to attac:b
thtmeel•~
thtmtel\'tl te> - ~err~ 1 ~ ...... wilhdra"
fl11111 ~~~~~ay of &he tomaiOOt .,(cavil a4i.irt, 111141
!.hey ara under the powerflll COD!'ol. o( mthtary
diac-ipline, which, with ~ bab111. ol. mWia')'
·liC., m•st throw a pemlpllblr d•atmc._ 1010 t.b":'r
chan.cter, at le.\ while tbt)' , _ tmbodted ID
our emvl"Y 1 bat w'- tbeJ nrure ·~ ..,.,.u,
tbeyll!Simibte mort to t.be rut of thelf couoll1•
mta.
 ,~ 2 r A ~. E n S R 1~ L A T I N G T 0 .
Mr. o.r11nr• Swte Nor do they contain tho ~~c!c .rcpr~scntations of ~u1·opea.ns, who ·migL.t. be &us-
"1 ~ 0 ~"~~ 1 Y 6111""' pcctcd of 0 tincture of tJartlulity 10 tlus ca5e, b11t the natiVeS arc themselves brought
thr Alulllt~uLjuda
.r G....t Hritafn: upon ·
the · etlt~.t•~, uud beard conccrn~ng • '1.11ese. rccords · \\I.'lt be 10Un<
' · cac 11 otl1e1.. 1: I
\ " J .u.bunduntly to bUI.J~tautiatc ull that J~ here lldl'unccd.

To lntrodu«.:e a l(reat variety of quotations ti·om so copious a source, (as numerous

ae tl 1cy mu~t be. In do ju~ticc to the suhjcct,) i:; _not within the eo~p.ass of the.bricf
expoHitiou ltcre intcntled; lout after· hllvmg previOusly. stated ~he op11uon of an mtel-
liJ.!cnt traveller, who oh~crvcd the. r~anncrs of t!•e Hmdoos Ill the lost ~c~tu~, we
alutll aclcct 11. few cxtruct.~, contmmng the sentiments of persons of dlstmgUJshed
in(ormution nod rc~pcchsl..tility, writin~o~ut different periods, \\'ithout any concert witb
Cllch other, unti under no tcmptulion to depredate the people of whom they speak.

DEBS 1 Ell, about 1670.

" .Ccs Bortcs de rois bnrbarcs n'ont aucune veritable gb:erosite, et 111! sont gu~res
" ~cft·Jius par Itt jili qu'ila on I Jmml.iat, ne rq.,'1lrdnnt qu'a leurs interet:; .rrt!sens, sans
.11 r.uiiJ,:~r m~mrs 11ux mulhcu111 qlll leur peuvcnt arnvcr de leur perfid1e, et de leur
" 'brutulitC. '
~· rvur ~0 tircr de leurs main~. il faut l!trc ou le plus fort, ou .n'avoir rien qui
·" JIL!b·'ll! c~cit~:r l~ur avarice." : ·
t 1 Je ne 'eni e'il y a au momlc, rme rulfion Jl!us a'!Jat'e ct plus tori/ide que celle-lii." ·'
• " ~~~ Druh;ncus cntrcticnncnt ccs pcuples dans ccs erreurs et superstitions, et
a,
pa,!~f!ll mflm: J.llo'IIJU~'II. tl Ju.f~urbcri(:6 cl dea vj/a~1iics si ,iltf~JJC81 quc je ne 'les auroi!;
Juou~~ :P~ CIOII'C'I 91 JC 110 10 Cll ctou plclllClDCilt JufurUlC •,· · ...

~lu.ScaArTo5, 175~
'
1
Tho Grntons are.foumlatil/ mot~ erucl and rapacious tlta11 tlu:irforeig11111asters,
.~· ~ a,nd 11ltut is mu•·e cxtroordinury, tlu: llrahmcus still e.t'Cced the l'est i11 every abuse
.~· ~fpou;cr, and 811'"' to tliiuk if'
tiiC,I/. bribe (i(Jd, by bestowing part '!{ tlleir plunder
•; on f(JU'I and.fa~uin, their iniquitie:s u·iil bt: pardoned.• · · . . ·
· " 'LoJJall.tJnnd pat riot ism, those virt uons incentives to grent and '.noble actionS,
prt,Jirr~ rw/,·n.r,n~; llllli whc•~.thcy c~·u~c to li:ur they CCflSC to ~~c>':". , ·. · . ·
, : '.' :Such uf tho IJrulu/1(1/8 as cnl,(nge in tho world, are getlcrall!J tile ttVJrat rf all tli«
,. Gcn/oul; ji1r prnu111kd llwt the tl'lflf.r& r!f the Ganges rL'ill purifY them from their
" sins, ami bl'ing l'.l'tmpt!'d .from the lllmu~t l'iKuur '!f tlu: courts '!/Justice under the
u Gcllloo govcrmncnt, III(J/·I"IIN i1110 tiiC grrutesl CJ.'CI:S4C8•.''
' .
a1Jout.1760,
. CiOV£R);OI\. lJpLWtLL,
11
A 1:11~ of people, who from thci1· iufuncy are uller strangers to tlce idea rif eom•
I' IIIIJIIjllllfl 1111J /wilt'~I!J.". ' : . ,. ,' .·
· 1'hi8 i~ tho ~itu11tion of the bulk of t!•e pcoplo of Ind~stan, as well as of the
1
'
11
modt•tn BmlmunM; •unongst the Iutter, 1f we except one 11111 tl10usaud, we 0oivo
«• U1cm ovct· mt·u~urc." • · ··• • · ..
11
1'11t (,'mtnfls. in J:t'lit'l'al, art ai d.grm'rtllt, crtifl!J, SII(Crslitious, litil1'ious. ami
., tt•it'!.t'lltl fk rplt\ tu 1111}11'itti!'l:f [x't•plt i11 tile knou'" rroriJ, if not t·mincntf; mo:.e so,
" Of'• d.u(v 11•r <W'I//11111 r·w1 ~·J·bn11tmiu1; anit we cun truly aver, th11t during almost
" fivt· Y''''" that" c prnitlc,\ in the Judicit\1 <.:utchct'Y Court of Calcutta, llf'L'tl' OII!J
" mw•t/. r r)l: ,,,,...,. tril'flt:i••ll~ rri.m~ nma.: bforc us, b11t it tt'UI pt'Ot't'd in the tlld a
" llnllu11ill 1rr1~ '11t llu: li<lfwm fit it.''t · · ··· · · ·
• .. • I • l :• , .., ••

•· · · I.ol\1) Cun:, '1765. · · ·

" The inlmhitant• t•f this couttlry we L.tiOII' by lon;; expcricnct't lun·c no a!/ac/1·
•• mo'''~' 1111.!(. ~~b:,c;.. :i•;''· r ,. ,· ·
. GovEaMoa
• ·YnynllN do rrunl'•i• llrmitr, 1\•me I. P'l:" . t llnh,...:J'• lli>torifM •:~enta, \'uL I. p4ft
ISO, lti~. ,, 'l't'lllf
II. ···~·· IO~. . • HR, and \'ol. tl. r~~ I .'II•
t lh·tl"'tinn• un tll•· '"''~m""'"' of llomk••"•"• ~ l'ntd by ll.·h'o l\•n•od<t'lliooo, \'ol. IlL
l>y lo11k~ ~"'"'""'• l""t· !"",,.. ll6d;. ~·tb• . \r~toolu.: •.11, 1"'10~ :13•
*"
111mo wnrk, l'tlj:e 19 ol< uq. 11 .l..on!l tlaa~t•r t>f
\1.1t l\h\IIOIIWihnl uC l'lll.lk Ill l~dtll.o
..
 E A S T I S D I A A F F .\ I n S. 33
GoYERSOR \'ntuT•, about I ;ti:S. t 11.\ r. II.
; I1 t I1cse pcopic tu spm
. cubtomnry \\'It . out trrutlt'l. to an .amm od ~·rutc ' t'll~lh; <-~,.... HIM .u..,.,,
I ll!\
" ,,, il.u..
u Ql•aridrm.r b1 tfu: ltigfl~.rt dr;;rr:t, tl•r!l Ultl.-tr..''"'' b!J n·o1 ari:Jire to rHr;·rmr :..~)'''' •;J (•n-t
11
tfldr uorbitaut tlcll.cllld1; a11d faitlllt:u tluJJud.-,~, ""' ure 611.•pi.it-ol4.r tJ 1kf: llf. 1•111•
" j;1ill1 r!f ol!tr:r.r." . . '-----"'
" lli-llllht!fcz Huhmct Caun'ti) character hulittle to di~tin;:;ui.b it, t.rrt'flllllll hi'
" r:uu.ing, illlrigur, and tltctit, 10 grmral i11tltu CIJIIIIII'!J ...
•• ·n,e Kahui.J Sujnla-•ll·Dowlah, our next nlly. om.l if grati111Jr: can be tiii!J t'111
i~
'' en till Iliut.~~/cm lrmrt, "e h11 ,.e l'\'L'f"J reu~on to look upvn him u cunnt'fii."J "•lh
" US by the IIIOSt indbsolub!e bond~."
. .
11
liis (Jcwhur Sing's) chorncttr, like the OlPJlrity of the J,.'l'Cat in llind•~&ll\11, h
" that of umuu aiJ,urlK:d in plcll!!un:l&nd luxury, '''·uk, vaiu·~luriuu.s, asl'iriu~ \\itb·
" out e"pcricncc or abilities."
" 'l11c !Jody of the pooplc ore in a mnnncr formed to hcnr the yul.r. 111(·v J'M•l"t
" nothin:,!. of the inqubith·cncss of t!1c Europec~n nuaiuns, 11 nd the IUtht r.lc.mh:r 11111
" (i. c. in things uokn011 n to them\ au·o 6Utlicicnt to obscure tla.ir und.:ratuuuing. and
" lit thcu1 foa· iu11llicit ~>ullmis~ion.~
· " It tt·w!d be as tO.t!J to change tltt gl'lliu• and ntflllllt'l'.l '!f tltt pt'Opl.·, ttl 11
"prn.'t'11t ill! /Jcmums OlldjGJJu:rrr.rl!J'mr~l iu II.JIKIII, Jrvm o!Jtlll'n:; tk.lr 1tut•trr'1
u 110/IIC, Chastisements ullly deter the opprcs.iull lor a mumcut, hut in auch
" cases, the servilii!J flj' tlu.: pcr.ple Wllt.il b.: l'cmwrd b<)ure C:/'J'I'Cii~IM ""' be
" crodictll ul." ·
" An I~:J).!lishmon will rver be unfit to' futlow tl1r lftbl/e 1111tin: th'"Oll?,lt all lri• ar/1,
. " The lrr:aclln:v t?l 1/imlo.~ttlll pt·ofi:uiuul u·i!l prrpare lthu l.n.:ttcr lur tl.c I11U1k
' " dccl.u'ations of his En)l;lbh ullit.'S ....
" Tlte ·wwlii!J a·lliclljimlll part rf the gmhtl ·tf. IItt ptop!<; oud h Aiel.;, A11t11: n
" to be opeulg errrci~~~:tl, or tucill!J ullo;Nd hy gm:rrtlllltllt, ll'ilh,ut tlrtl'll·ir,g tllt/1
... IJitamc or discredit 011 t/u: guiii!J, or kir•g I!IUuglrl llii!J p.culiur lrunAllip en tl;t
" II!JUI't
. . d ••••• " II

" Ertry perttm of

an!/ su 111;tonct or ri1Dt't/Cin• in tlli1 counlr!J, lza.r $m1 llrrrruh·t!J
" t ricd in t W: tJ,·pm·t meul of Ihe roll.:cl Will. li:m·, rr.r.(lrd, 11 rrrit_v, OM[ ilulu'"f'lll't,
" /iat'c 01< jaikJ, and ended in a &.hort I'Oiilicotl furbcar~~nce, or oJu'i/u11wl a7-ll ,.f
'.' tli$h0/tt:lf!I aud l'aJiilte." ' '
" The era.1·im111 and ort!firtl u·liidt Ul't.{dl11iii11r lo tht ntttit·r• oftlri.r rnuntr.v, t.a~e
•• often bec:n sncce~sful in tcrctuing them li·um llutt opcu and auo&uif~•t d~lcctiun
" which can justity puni~luucut." •
" Certain it i~ thHt trlm•>~f rw1:11 tlr1·i.Jv11 f!f their1 (the ~lnhoml'•l11n jml·!r~. t~lil)
" continue• I ao dcciJe in ct·imi1111l u.uuera to the time of l.ord Corn" alii~) ;.. a
" corl'lr'•l bttl'"flill tl'itlt lltt /tiulti'KI bitltltr. The Olllhtrous o!li:uc<'!l "hida11re t'UIII•
I "' <"
" p•·omi~-d I.Jy tiuU~. l:ave left a grr·nt lutitutlc titr re•-y m~hl'4 dctl'l11tinuti"n'. Trirlin·•
" ofti:ndcrs, ami even many cont!eumctl '"' lictitiou• IICcw.uti"u•., 11rc fn:q•rr mly
" luaJed "ith hcny demand~ ; and CttJ•ilttl crimi~t~l/1 art 01 tj tell ub.wlnJ /J.v 1/•11
'' \'t:)l(l/judg~1.., -
.. Tire peculiar runishmrnl ~f.fcr:ftitiJ:g (',71/r,,, to ••ltir:h the lliutloN.ot nre li ,1.1.-,
" ir rjim iJ!Jliclc:dji'Vm priwtr: J•i1ttt: uml j't:l's:;;w/ r.:.oltm,nl omou;: !h.w..:l.-.~ t."
' 'l1le Go~·nsoa l~h.. ll.uTJS(i$) and Coa:scu. of lluGAI., ai.Jout a;;:~ .
. " The dccuiu o( Ct·n"'lJ are not, like the ro!.tbcr~ ill r~lglant~ iuditiJ•JII.t. drilrll
' ., to such dl..,.pel'llte cuu~·~ by •u.ddcn
11
••nU..
1/try ~~t: robbcr1 b!J f>!':/~;"c/11, n,.J
n·r11 h!l birth; tltrJ O•'f!}o,·mcd mlo rr:;:ulur r;:r;t:m.;u.lllt.t, twcltlt ·rrj.um.l~ef.lll.lni•l
'' J,g IItt 1pailt a·hidr /Ntif bri1:" bomt to tlrtlll; tltt'\' ure e!l tht.nfure 11!.~e cumnwl;
"\1retcht11 "ho ha,·e pht~...~ltl:UI~!~t'i in a stnte il da·clared 1111r •lit!l~;uvcrun~<.nt.,
•• and arc tln·refure t~·hvHj cxclurlcJ tiucu t:Vt"ry Lc:n~:l;t o~ !ts
I•.." 1. II t ka ;·( 11um:J
"' u.llulllt~ tj ti~eir tH«Ii,rg d.utll trilh tltt grrul<llll,.cmlbtltiJ·

• ll..i.... •hal h.u ~

• ,...,y otdd th.t...,. •• a ••II
•'.......!'""'"'"( Lim,
'"'"•...! oon .... l
the t........,.,,: •lloJ lb.ol no .ay f-1«>~ 111 ,,..
1>1
I
O.a;al; ""f'IOal l'4t""''"
"1'he
t \'oul.l'o\'-ol'tH J:,.,J .. Ia(u,..tn.l''"'l••
111 IL< ,\t•l"- '• '"'•"'.
)I, IU.I, I'•J. to), 1.,1, Ar.
Ar~odu. '""~" \·..,. ot Ccu • .J," at• •..lu..L~.
:::~::~. I
 PAPERS RELATING TO
S4 , The litirrioumr .,· nml pel'.fet>ertmre rft!le 1/0~rvea
. · ~.r ~r111
, · country 111 · Jrle/1'
t • •
8 1 ~w!"
1\fr. (lr~nt'• !!tate 1 d t"'· t• · uttPn l•rmluctive, not 1.1nly of IIIC011Vt:llle1/Ce and 'L'I:J'OitOII to tl1e1r
011 comp ll/11 "• 18
1
s.,riety nmnn~
11 ( d 1 '· "
th~ 11 ., llc'lul~•rt. u advcnari.J:II, butalso ~{'~:~~dlt.:'l c.rJJtnCil 1111 actua oppresauJII. · .
of<;,.... , llriiJiiP. · 11 To cul'lo~ and rutrain trivial and groundless complaints, tmd to deter ~l1iC011e
~ u and. iutr!!(Ul', rd1~ck pa#iclll ~mo11g6t tlu:l/c people ojlcn 'lt'ork to the 1111domg of
" tlu:ll' uagllhour1 •••••••
l\f II. SuoaE t. auout
783 or 1784.
I
" 'J'hc rwtivu are timid and aervile. As individuals. th.cy are imolc11t to their
11 iJif.rior11 ; to their superiors, gcncrully spcuking, s.ulu~t&stve! though. ~hey are to
" 11te 111 11t80 guiii!J rf insfJicnce rche!lti!C.IJ cm1 he ~o u·1~h U11fU11f(IJ· lt~d.tvtduals htree
" lillie IL'IIIIC uj/10nour, ond tlte JUittollll u·lt~llg t·ou/ rtf Pt.thltc l'lrtue. '17tey make t~ut
" the lcmt 1cruple '!I ~tJing ul~ere.fa!.~choodll ttltL'IId~d 'l.t'ltk ttdrontogc; )'tt both H.m·
11 doue ami Muhorncd1ms, continually spcnk of thc1r credit nnd rtpu~~tJOn, by wluch
11 they m«.:an little more thnn the 11ppco•·ance they make to the world.

" Cunning ontl m·!ifice ;, td~d~m to tlum. ~o deceive aml (l("CI'•I'~clt~ is to acqui1:e
11 tlte c/l(lroctcr rtf a tt•ise mnn. 'JI1c f.':catcst c!l~[f~tlce tlt~IJ can "!P~r, ~ to l11s_c the1r
11 ca 1e, or a1 '«'C fl(ly, to be e.rc·ommtm!c~ted. llus I!Uillshment IS n.1lltcted ~o•· the
11
11 Ul'('nch of the injunctions of tlacil· rehg10n, or what IS the same, of the ordmances

~·. of tllcir priests.\•

" 1'o lie, 1/rul, plum!cl', rat:i.Yh, or murdt1'1 arc net deemed st!lficient c1·imcs to me'l'it
\ t.tpui.YiOII ji"Om 8fJCicty." , ·
1

·• 11 With tl llimloo, all i1 cflltered ;,, llimse!f; ·his .ou·,, inter~st is his guide:
11 amLition ia n accomlnry qu!llity with him, and the love of money is the source of
II I' . ..
Ill pU!&IOil,

· ·" 'l'hr advnnt11~ tlwy dedvc o"ver F.uropeans, is by practising those al'fs of mean~
11
111:881 tr/iidum l.'W'tJfi'OJ/dt'tests, A MAN !\lUST DE LONG ACQUAilC'UD \VlTU
11 Til Ul t,, htjill'c /111 t'DII bclit'l:e tl1e111 rapable oj' that harifaced j{il.l·el~eod, B£1"Vila
" mlulttliou, tmd tklibtl'tllc tf,·nptiull, rdlich thry dai{IJ practise. It is in vain that we
" trorch lor men of enlil(htcncd undt:rsumding, di.'CJl reasoning and reflet;tion, umong ·
11
the nntivcs. Tho cduc:ntionl.lf tho llindoos is confined to their ·behig' taught theit·
11
0\1 n lnnAIIDge. Tho Mahomcduns ore little bt:tlcr instructed: the acquisition of u.
11
ti:'' 11111rnl or politicul muhus, which in practice they ne~tlect, is all they know of
11
· the llt't of go\·crnmrnt: if exceptions can be fount!, they o.re very J~arc. · An
" l~n~otlishman cannot dcsct:ntl to those little practices qf' opprc:s11ion, or eJ·torlioll, ~o
" jiunilim• to lite llnti'l)(·s, his miud l'r'COIIa at tile idea ij'thrm. And admitting even
" thnt some nrc by hnbit, ronncc·tion, or necessity, become depraved, there i~, after
" all, iu e'e1·y breast, a SCIISC qf/lni/0/11' and t•irtue tl1at rccoilaji·om tlte ltr.v vicious
" ac•ts ttl a ltatit·e ~f' Bengal. It is the busincs11 of all, ji·om tlte llyutl to the
11
lJ1'U'tlll, to conceal UJid dttY:it•e; the simplest mailers f!!'f'act are de.vigutcii.!J cvcercd
" tt•ith a 'I.'Cil, through u·hid1 110 llllm0/1 uuatrattllllling call ju:urtrale§."
Sm JouN Govcrno•· General, ubout 1785-6,
MAcPHERSON,
:• I 11m oftuid th11t the picture which be (~J1·. Shore) dt'!lws, and the low ebb n\
1\ luch. ho atutes U1e populur vi1·tue$ of the lJcngulizc, at·e 11ot jit·titious repre-
ICIIItllloiMII,"

Coto~n Su1 RonuT DARICEB.

11
It is well known dmt neither promises nor oaths, have been able to uind this
u trt'll<"hcrou~ sect of p<"nple to their cnll:"gonwnts. :Sttioh Dowlah "·as like 111l othtor
lmlo.-.tunncrs, not ol.lllcrving much fuith when it wo.s his int~t Lo do olhfnl:ise,f".
11

an
rho tmn.:~:·ib~~of
po..'lic~s
..,.
pre~cding pagt·s, writing at a di.qtan~ front rublic offices,
oi&~:W
UlO
unpullltl>hed dotu1ucub is not able to ad!Juce any COUlpl'eht:n·
1
utp
•, Rrpnrl' of the Seel"t\ ('nmmitt•e oflla 1 H~ttt.inRt, Arpt'tldi• to Vut Jl, J'ftge &,.- T4c
llt•ul!O ul"l'~lllmont, 1771. Arptnd•~. N". 1. lt.-....,.., ill ,,., tl"ffoiiJiMt lfflofl .,,.... ,.....n~. k:fiii"C
t \mv (oll\enu•r Gtu•n•l nJ l;tn "I · Ui. tl•..:••c•t .... UU<IIIcd 6!J I.At 'lrrittr '!II At•·
l 'f•• lhle dtdo~ruuou fn•an a .. u~.~ tminratly I ""'"·'""'"·''1 I'1'11<"1Pec1•o~e agatO$& .Mr. llas-
to11•1:•l•nt. attcnU••n IS p•• rlitulauly ""'uem'll, tin.s, At•ptndtl& lo Vol.U, p•ge 05 •
• \ I he \\'hole of llaa, runou• I'JI'"' 11 it~>orl"" , lb•d. Al'ttellth., tct \iW. L P"1r' "9• uatl
Ul the l'uham~ntllry frorttdin 0s ugain•l 1\lr, \"011, IL P.lf.t L
U""ti11gs.
 EAST INDIA . AFFAIRS. .. ~
· JJ
sive opinion delivered by_ Lord Comn11Ui~ ~peering tbe nolin·~; L~t in the _nmuy C11.\ r. 11.
papers on almost all subjects connet-ted .-1th his government, tthich Ius LurJ~I·•p lms
entered ~n the records of tl1e Company during his adu,inbtn.tion, his ecntimc~:ts Ifill!'>\ ., ,.., II•.._
In,.,.,..,·""'"'
be abooduntly seen, and to those papcn the reader is refl.'fT('(~ witiKKJt fntr ur tlKir St~jl<h"' (,,....,
~ont~ndic:ting the views h'-:'·e. give~. A gm-emmcnt o~ n:IOnn, .li~e h,is lunbhip's., !:,ot"'•·V" •
1mphcs a scn!lfl of many e:otl>tlng cv1ls, and the conduct tn one aotn~1n~ m..taiM.-c, ul a.
llCiliOll so cunbidcmte and lunnnne, is entitled to particular notin:. '} hou~h d\ il a11d
atteuti.vc w the nut.ivcs, lu: ha.t r{'pos,·d no amjidc:nce in rm!l Ol.'t tf the.,.. rtor ltlfll /,c lt.ill
ttsingleiJI(/it·it!unl, tilltc1' /lilltiflf or Mahomtddn, ofloltlltis JX"'IOII, olxn:t the rtrllk r:J •
tn1:11i11l .'ICrt'tU/11 conlrmy 16 the genua/ tmrge of 1111:11 IHX11J'!Jilll ltiCA llnlillnl "'
lie jt!IW..
•
U i'OQ o•e vcrr in•portant SUitje:.'t, the Criminal ju~ke of tlte COUIItry, \0 the
admini&U11t.ion .ol whk·h, lord l:ornwolli• has givtQ a new runstitution, 1101110
of his oi.Jservation~, writtCll u intnn.luc;tory to lha.t essential im1•ruveu~t:ut. a1c hero
t:Khiliitccl.
3d D~:cuau, t;go.
II or
The regullltion justice in crimiltal cases, although C:OII!'Ututing one of the lnO!t
" eliSelltinl ref}ui ..itca uf good government, yet never aJtpcars (u f~&r •• can be! Iraced) ·
u to have received the attention it so •ell merits, under any system, dtl:l'r of the Mogul
u or llindoo oc.minil>tration, in India .... , 1'he nut alteration I •·ouh.l prot tOM:" thnl
" already alluded tu, in l't'll,llfd to the option lei\ to the neKt of Lin, tu remit the ll1Jtl:nce
" of the luw and p11nl01\ the criminal. The evil cou5equcnces, and tho criuiCll "l·id\
41
hcrchy escape punishment, are so manibt and frequent, that tu t11~e awa1 the di$•
" Cl'elicm of the relations, ISCl'tlll abwlutcly t-cquisite to eecure an t:qu ..t aclmu•i.•ttttliod
•• of justice, oud will con~titute a 1trung additionnl check on t.!Jc ccnmui... it•ll
" of rnurclt:l', oud o1her crima, wliic:h art IIOW 110 doubt often ptrpctr·tlftd. emJ,r 1/itJ
" itktJ. '!I' all cosg escape thn·ug/1 the IIQittricul dt}rct ~I' the uioti1:K lutr, \\I1K:h at
" first j•crhops was confined to 11ppea!s. or private Jlftllitcutions, Lty tho Pt'Xt ol Lin,
., und md no application to public p1osccutio••s in 1he nome of the &ovcrcign; and
" which is besides fl''Culiurlt inupplicalilc tu this country ILo•cv~r it nmy lumf
" auitcd the society 11. was ongnally intcmkd fur); bccau&e "here JJrahmi111 cYJmmil
". fllllrder on tmg pcr1un rf tile Himiuo n:ligitm, t h~:_y knUUJ thai thq do It! 11 it II t~lllltll.l
" pcdt'Ct impt~uiiJJ, since in most cu~e• it c.annot lie expectccl tl••t any Geuloo will
" c\·cr desire, or be consenting to the deuth "fa Drntnuiu, of which 11 Cll'IC t'lllrtlf
•• in point, is now deproding helorc the Doard, from Uen.•M," here 1.1 JL·u/uui11 flin·iu.~
•• 'U'mltrmly killrd l1u rrij'r, lull, altho!tg~ ctn!Jcuing 011d coln'icltd rf tlu crimt, bcc~l
•• pcmlum:d by /1tt' rtllllitJIII. l.lut tt lb uuntrt'!alll')' to ha'-e n:counc tu tho te•ll·
'' monies of the magistrates, to Jf'D'rt. I he nbu1t1 prarti1td in thtlc OJ4tr/l. Tt.o
•• tuultitudes of crimin•l11 "ith "h1rh the jails io ttvrry d~tric:t are nmt rrun 1h-d, thr:
" 1111111(/'0fll "'urJ..n, roblxrir.t, nud lmrglt~rir.r, d11i{11 tliiH111illcJ, onJ 1/u: ~tllttlll i111t:·
" turity o/'ptl'/101' 111111 proptrl!• u·lli-.·lt ptn'llil• ;, t/u: int{'riol' pnrt• cj'tlu: cr;ulltl:l/, ·
" arc mcliUlChc.Ny prwla of their h.. , ing, long and too generally e'i...'c."l. 'lhc
" indlicucy of t.he d11ul!C .in tl•e riiJtll~tmcmtt oi l.l~e land·hnltlcrt, maluu-' tlwm ~·
11 pousihle for all robberws, hai been long e'tJCrlcll~cd, •nd eo fttr f• 0111 J•rulc:rtm~
u the country, tlK!J or their police ofticers (1\ho in gcnt:rJI purcha_sc tlwir ap 110in.t·
cc ments, or pay an annual con,idcrlltion tor llteua) are ltut too oltco c:onct!n~ J 111
" the etwnuitics it is their duty to pn.:•eut.."
Wlaeo 1his great change in the adminisbution or rrin,inal ju..cice .-as iu <"ontrm-
pllltion, vat~ioue qut·~ies "ere P!''~ to the 1-:n:.;li.h ~~~~i$t~a~tt.7 at.ttiocttd thro.oe:llout
tlte country, respectmg tlte C:lll>tmg lltnte of' the t•ohce. llacit DM"CI"!!, •lucb arc
ini1crw.J at lcn .. th in the recorda of the Uc.11;,ont ~ve"'ulffit, pn.-.cut a scene of '~L·
iu~t di.;ordc:r• .,As it uould be kX) tcrlio·•• to inl>f'rt t:.e ul10lc o( tl~eul upon a ~uhi"d
sr;liule quc.'l!tion111Jle, one
quott:d. 1c u ti-om .Mr.
t:l' which ~ into c:hanu:tcr u wcllu liact.J., •l~o~ll be
·e, the mogir.tratc oC J~
•
Da:cr.uau, 1789.
·." The punh.hmmls bo,. n>rr, t!.ou::b ttlt'y exrted in nriety and tcvNity, tlJO'Ie
" inftic:ta:d l•y a Lriti:.b coort of ju~lke, do no& appear at all adcquale ID the .. 'l'fii'C'I-
" siuo O( aUnes ; and of this the f Oil• ~ary rte'Ofd~ to tJ.e ['l't'1(;.(J. Wut' "ail br-41' a
:~S:r. " , " mdJn.l.oly
 3G P A P E R S R E L ATI N G T 0
Mr. 0ra111•1 !iwte " m1;Jnndwly tcAli, 11 ony, as well with regard to, ~he nm~b~r, as the nature of tl!e
•·f S·•r.••ty om•"'g " olf~ncc~, uiii'B)I to bu f•Jnnd in the calendar. l he partJah~y of the n,Lt!VCS ol th111
""' A•i•Ur ~ul•t•·rt• u cuuntry to 8 prul.cs.,iun ~~~t'Y have one~ e~braced,, and thctr ~xtr~me r~l~t~l.tnce to
"' O••·•L lltu.uu. " IJUit tl, nrc nownuua. Jhe same pt111Cif~lc .and mhcrcnt prcJudtce, "luch ottacb
""--v---' " the mcchuuic to lti~ particular line of prolt's~ton, op~rate er1ual~y u~on the ;abbe~,
" hout;e·lm:uker, m· uwrd•;rcr, who, dcApcratc as hts occup<ltton ts, dlCI'bhes It
" II\ nutch, holrls it"' clear, und fol_luws it. as sy,temnti~all)', a;; tin: pr.uce~ul ntercl!nnt
" Jli, cu~y nnd l•tcruth·e one. llc.o;11lcs tlus,, the constttuttoua~ apathy ol the .n:llt~es
11 of thi~ country, 1111d the patience wtth winch they endure putn, and eren r~~~~~1111e,

~· n·ndcr thc.n, tor the mo~t l'.att, re211rdlcss of corpor~l sutfcruncc; umJ. pt;lllclpal.ly
11 w t!.ia c~ubtl muy be llliCt'lbcd the rcJson, why cnmes ~f. all descriptions st11l
11 contilu•c to be perpetrated, nlthough such frequent s.Lcrtbces· are made to the.

II olli:nded luws.''

• 11 Of tltc c0l!ct5 pr()(luccd by the dHTcrcnt modes of pu~ishm~nt in thhs. country,

11 we hnvo fi'CC}ncut cxp1~ricnc:e. It mny be needless to parttculai'IZe the rnthler ones
11 intlictcd fi11· trillin~ ollcnccs, 11s thcil' etiiJcts m.ty be judged of from what we see

" fl''?tluccd hy thu~ci ~f gr~·utcr ma~otnituclc, and more sev~t·e nature. F~rpetuul im-
11 )'l'l~unmcnt 1~, J tluuk, unpropcl'ly re~l\n!l:d as a pumshment of a h1gher ord\!1',
" J'o Ul'itbh minds, the irlcu it conveys i~ indeed dt'CIItllul i but there is nothing in it
11 so tcrri!Jie to n 1111tive of Bcn~nl, to whose natural indolence and inactivity, a lite of
•,• thi11 nut11re is pcrfct'lly congcninl, on•\ whibt the necessaries and comforts of lite
'! oro within thdt· rt•uch, the rt."Mln•int they ore under is a circumstance of no greut
'' Jmnbhip to t!al'm, bcin~ beldotn or nevl'l' eo close 11s to debar them from intercourse
" with the rc~t of the "orld. The cflcct!l of this p;mishment at·e, I apprehend,
" m•vt•r such as mu~t e\·idcnlly hove Lt>tll expected frorn it, a!l being in runk imme-
11 uiulcly m·xt to a rupitul one. J.oss of a htmd, ol' a foot, is undoubtedly 11 punish-
" mcut uf n very sevrrc uuturl• 1 liS Lt·in:.; not only n painful nne! dangerous operation,
" !Jut ut Clllet• dcprh·in~ the Luciy of u mo~t useful limb, and stamping a mark of
" indclihlo inl;uuy upon it, 11nd yet this i» so little rcgordcd, tlmt 111tmy Olllfffi·nder, on
•: upprrl11m·irm, iH.Jr,umlto lurr:e ulrt:at~IJ .JU1feitc•tl a Jimb, nml Mm~ctimcs t't'l!ll tu:o, to
•• tlu! lntt'.f, J),.,,,,,
I he lo~t, and in the ,.:cncr111 opmion of munkmd, the greatest of
". ull puni~lnncnts, fuil11 here ~~·cntl y uf itil intended eRect. · Porfiji.Cd bg their strong
" •·d~r.rioua prrjudkea muJ IIOIIIJIII tj' pmk.<tiuation, and not w!)i·eqtlmtlg elated u•it/,
" /Itt idrtl rj "!1/i·ring 111 11utrlyralo tile: cauu, tmd amidst th.: prayers and applauscs
" t>j' tlu:ir tvmjctlt•rtlltw, crimiual.r i11 11118 COWIII'!f, met•t d~tllh u·it/1 iudiiJim:ucc allll
11
ClllliJIII.Sii/'t:," . •

Autht•utic rdutions of the trnnsnrtions of Jlindoo nations, nnd llindoo individuals

with t•nch otllt'r 1 woultl constitute 11 Vl't'Y ~uti~t"..ctury kind of evitlcnce in the illus-
trutiun of tlu:h· chlll'uctcr. Uut of true hi~t11ry tlwy posseS:~ fe1\' rt•cords. The
~I'll ins of the p.nvernment, ond the gruius of the peo!JIC, 'were nlike unfuvonraLlc to
thnt ~pt'cit·s of c•>n•pohition. Sud1 ucc11unts howc\'cr as hnvc reached us uf their
uncknt wur~, cxhi!Jit pictures of l·mincnt c1·ul'lty uml htiusticc•
. Of rt•ccnt time~. tho puLiic occurrences, in "·hich l~uropeuns have brcn p•u1ir~ or
willll'~St·~. 111 o ~nerally dtll'used throul!,h voluminous oflid.tl writinor,;;, wlaicla if ucces-
~ihlr, could not be Jll''"'Jlicuou»ly conh'IICll'tl within one uivibion or'this limited work;
uml uf Jll'il·ato ob!ll•rvntiun ond CX(l<'ricnc:c, \\ hich mi~ht lmVl' fumishC\lmnny curious
uml h~>t.ructi\·c culll'l.'tions,aeldom lu1s it bl'<'n the practice to register uccur.llc dctuils.
llut huppily one tl·~timcmy pt·cscnts it~d(, which·unitCII \\ ith llllfJ.lll'~tioma!Jle outhuritv, ·
views uf .llitllluo dmt'llrlt•r, in a countr,Y nerer under 11 lluhumed11n pont'r. ·n;i:~
country b 1'\c•ptllll, und tho n:\utiun i~ gtvcn !Jy Futh~·r Jost•ph, 11 Uomi~h miS~>iunwy
ot' kno\\ n rc~pect:•llility in llcll):tll, ti·um whom it wus c:ommuniCIItcd by ~!I·. (now
Sii'John) Shul'c, tn the A~i.Ltic Soddy•. 1-'utlu!r JoM•ph ns in 1'\epaul in the ycnr
1 7ti~1. 'J'Itrt•e chiefs of tlmt l't'~lun then contended fur sovcrci•mty, and soule of
tl~cir Jli'UI.'l't'tlinl:,'ll ure clcscriLctl in U1e follu•\ iug ull·c~cts, "'
Tho inlmbitnnts
II or
Ccrtiporc, n·ceivin~ 110 support from the J\ing or Lelit-
11 Putt:m, to \\hum th••y were suhjl'\"1, IIJ'plic't.l for as:-istunce to Guinprt'jcJs, "hoo
u iunucdi~~~dy nuu~·hN! \\ ith his "h~.lc army to their .relief, g.1ve battle to the ar111y
u ot tho Km~ of (Hire lm, untl uLI•IInt~lll t'Umplete \ltdorv. A bruthcr uf the Kin"
" ot Gurc'hll wus killed on the lil•hl of buttlr, nu,I the Kin~ himielt~ bv the ~ist.lu1..:
" of good bctu\:N, m1rrowly esl"tlpl'\J \\ ilh his li1i: by lk"ting into "the mountuins.
" At\1.-r
 E A S T I ~ D I .\ A F F .\ I n S,' •u ....
"·~~cr tlJC action, tl.c inhu.l•iWnts of Crrtipon: dt·m•m•hl Gainpn:jas (ur tht·ir C' 11 A 11.r.
" K•.nl!, aud the nohks t1f tJ.e tu" n wrnt to ltml;..r "ith him on tin! Ltt,•illl."'-!1; bitI , ..,. .., '" AJ.,..~
" b.:m,;: 1111 O.fl.<lll.blttl i11 tltt ltlmt opurtme11t trrtli thr Kin=:, tltt/1 trt'rt: sf/ l:rrp,.urd .., ,.., .,,..._.
:: OMI lrhcd h!J. hi., prtp.'r. .Ajtrr lht· lfi:.urt ~f lholt'f•tt:llfl,.•,, (,'ai11pn:jas, 11(7'~tlf' ·'"''""'!I (irntl
lo l'c:l'c"llge 11111111•''1 tj tltue m·blnJrr lunll•" r~/ttiiCJ thttr n·nrurtT,,'fl' lo ~~~ llt-1•>~~.
:: 1/(11/,;1'811011 DJI A ill!{ rupou a turu•cr OCCBlliun) f'l'intfdl/ f(JU.ccJ ,,.,,., ~·l tlti'IH tow • '
fut to tlulllt; tlllr11tt:r, hy nonlf: lJOI.IIl'clllltl, rra1 kd tlm'lt:;:h thr l'it1111111 urmtm'l
" dn·tr.fl, afwg r. itlt 1rnral otha1, rloathcd ;, 11 r·idiruiUltl 'a•1d "'ltiu~.•iral ,,.,,Kr,
" af tilt t.tf.c'lll't: tf tlu: tochlarj l.dit-Pottall. They "t'rc thrn l.t·pt in tl•.lo(' r••n·
" finrn~<·uttor 11 ltmg time; ut l11~t. uftcr making c:cnuin pmn1i~·s, and in!l'n:.tin;t
" ull the prim:ipul mt:.l uf the country io thc1r bcbnlt~ (jaiuprtjM 11d thuu at
" l'L
luCI'IY• • , , , , ,"

" The Kin~ of Gorc'ho, de~ pairing of his al.ility to ~rt JlO.W~\ion of thr pl.ain
" of Ncpnul hy btren:rth,/tnpcd ltJI://r•·l lti' JmtjJf>lel•!J CUIIIiiiK o J•tmit~t; 11nl1 \\ith
" tlai~ ckoit:n; ~tatiuncJ troops ut oil the pas.-.c.'ll uf the moU1;tuil~o;, to prr,·c:ul. any
.. intc..:rcuur~c with 1:\epuul: 1111d J,;, orJ~.n u·ert H/1).1/ t'i.f!,'ll.ru{v (1/,(.lltcl, fur n·n·,
'' ptnw tdw u·o.v found i11 tltc nat!, t.·ith ""'!J 11 little lUll or cutlrm a/1()11/ ltim, tr~l
" l11111/( liJIOIItJ tn:e; and Itt: t'lllllu! ollllu: ;,JwbiltJIItl rf a ltri;:.MJQIII'ill~ t·iJI.,J;t,
" to be jilt to tJ,·otlt ;,, a mo~t cmc/ mtt/11/(1"; lt\11 tltt u·umrN u1.d chdt.'rt'H 1ltJ t~ot
" tscap,-, .Jor lwril•g ~upplitd a lillie colic:II to tltt illlltlbitallll '!f.,., paul; 1111d r. hen
" J auit•rd ill I !tat COUJ/If'!J at lftt: !Jt'/:!illllillgfl{ I ifi9, it' IIIII 0 1/IOJI /wrr·iJ '/"ClOd:
" to he hold m "'""·'' fXY1'h· !tnn,:(illg on lrt'(l in tlu: road. lluu\'t'r tLc 1\iuA o(
" Gorc'lm, being ulso !li.uppuintl'd in his Cll.jledution~ of J:ninin!(loi.a lllll l.y tlai)
" project, lumcntcl1 olisscn~iuns 1unong tl1c nul>ks of the tlarc~: kinj!Jun•• uf N•'JIIIUI,
u und at!uchcJ 11..1 his pua1y mouy ot· the- priucipul on~t, hy holdiu~ forth li1 tfl('tn,
u liher11l ami cnti~:ing prou.iscs, tor which purpo~o he bud about tn o thou~aud
" Druluuins in his scr\·icc ••••••• "' ·
" 'llle iuhabitanti of ~rlipore havin:,t alrelldV sustuineJ aioc or ~~even n:rmi!L\
" siege, 1\ noble ol' Ldit·l,llUan, culled l>urlU\'IIIItn, fled to the G"' c1a" p..u1\', on1l
" trcu.chcruusly introduced their orrny into the town; the inhallit.ml• mi,.:ht atilt
" h8\'e tk.fcndl•d thcmSt:lvcs, luwin,g many other fortri."VVCS in tl1e puru <•f t:,.: tu·~ 11
" to rctreut to; but the people of liurc'ha. h;avin)! putJii,hed a !;t:Otnl ouan .... ty, the
" inhnbit•lll~ 1 ~l't'U.tly nh&llstcd by the f4lti)!Ue& of a ltJil!t ~i1·gc, IW'I'(li,.',ltl/ lh< Ill•
" sdn·.t pr·illol•fl'll llf'DII tlu: faith tf thai pr~.'tiU.t• . In the mtun ti111e t!:r. u.t n of
" tiurc'ha l'CizeJ nl! Uae gutcs lUll I turtrt·o;e4 11 ithil\ the to" .n ; hut lr.w t!u.v• t!f ic r•
" 'U'<II'dl, Prit'lr:.t•inartrywt, ":A'1tu Ifill ill .,·,n·arllla la kn!! tl.ay'a jm:rnr·y II; .r .. ul)
" issued fill ordt'l'lo Surupamlua, ~ilt hrotlttr, to /•IIIIa. 1k111h /1(1/llt t{tl'• tri,;rif'<d
" iu/111/.Jilll'ltfl f!J" the /tr.J'/1 1 unJ (O rut cjj" t/;c 1:0.~1:1 011d lip1 fj' n·C/:1/ tilt', nm t!Jc
•• infants, rdto iufe: not found ill tlu: 11mll r:J' llt(ir n'""""• vrdfl·i,:g ut the ••mre
" limt', tdltllt lln«l und lip•rrltich had bru~t rut off, to 6t prtlln.·ctl, lh<Jt ,.,. mi;:,ltl
" a~cr:rt/lill lurJJ 7nUII!J ~IJII/1 tlttl't y.-crt, amlto clum;;t tlte 1wme t{ tltt to;. n
•• i11to .\'a.d·otttpur, u:/lid 1i;11iJic:r t/,c tutm tf cu/-t:(J.It'l, Tltt ,,.J,·r ~o·a.1 Nr,.;. J
" into t.t"t'rutiou r.•ith t'fcry flzorl.· tf Aorror 1111d rrurlty, no11t tmrpin!( but tl~t•·c t. lu:~
" ('(NJ/d plu.IJ 011 tl'htd-imtrttmtnll; nlthough Futl1l'f ~licl.ntl ,\ng,l'lo, ftl111 "'ith••ut
" knu•iug that such an inhumun &C'f'lle \\'&!> tla•.n uhil>itt:.l, l.:1ol r;:uu•: to tl•l!' !""'''! uf
" ~urupamu.na, iutercedl'll much in f.a\·onr ,,r the pour iahul.it.. n!!l. :\luuy ,,f t!ac m
" put an l'nJ to their lin'll iu det~pair; oth·:n1 came in ~c.at !Jool~t to u1 i11 t<·..arch
" of mcdicinc."ll, 11111 it w11s mo..t &l.ocl.ing to 11ce roo mar•y li' in;; (M'tlj>IO "ith their
•• teeth and noses racmi.Jiing tbc t.kulls of tl.e doo."~LY.-d."
" Durin""' the sic"c ....
of Cnt'hmon•lu, the Hnr.hmins IJ( Gorc"ha ("Q.IIIt!' 11lm•J•t CVl'n' 'J
M ni .. hl into the dtv, to l ll;!:t;.:e the c:l>idi uf UIC rA.'Ople on tlac Jl.lrt o( tl.~ir h:lllg;
" ~I the n.ore l"fi;-ctu... lly to illl(¥1,.C upon l"J'•f Guinpujas, D1any cA tiM: Jlfir~t.:ipul
" lllllhuain5 1\t'llt tu t,i, huL:t', ant! tuld J,im to l'c:nc;u~re 'ftitl. ct.ufiolcrJ('l', ll.:.t tl.e
"' chie~ of the Gorc"h.a anm; \\Cfl." atlaclll.'d to Las nu....c·, anc.l that nt:n the:~ tlli'm·
" JCivc.-J •ouhl dclin·r ut' t1a.:ir f\in~ l'ritlu1 ioarayan, to l•i• hauo..l-. 11 ... ~ iu~ Ly
." tliCie ortili!X!I pn.oC'Ircd an o0•portunity of ,;l"';Khin::!; from hi~ Jlt111Y all J.i•J"i'" it ... l
." aul~ccb, tt"llltllin.! tlot·m .. it! a lii.Jtr•l pi'Uini<('\1 at:cCJrtling Ita tiK:ir ru•lom, our ui.,:lot
" tiae wen ol Uun:'u11 c.'fllcr•..J the cit)' • ithut:l "''l""'ition, and the "r~h:i.o:.J Gaiot-
'' pn·i.ts. Jk1'lti•in! loe 'll'i\' ht:ll'll~t,l, l•11•l Karce ti111c to t..A.'ll[K; wilh .,,.,,,, tl•l'":
.. hmuln.J Of l,i. IJ<'St .. nd Ill'"' r.• it:J .I Jlin•.lo.-l.llny lr'.IOjl"', to .. an.l~ II ht·l'.atl.an,
•• "11.id1 ri..1CC ,L•JI\C;t:r Lo:: ro:.u;!H-'11 U1t' ume ui;JaL"
~Sl. L.
n .. ·noe
 38 .P A P F: R S R E J, A T 1 N G T 0
l'fr. Clr•nl't StAte 11 'The Kintz nf Cir.ac1lls, havinjt made hims~~lf )ll~~tcr ·or Cat'hmanrlu. in t~lf~ yc~t •
ol i!inrtr.ay ·'"'""II u l7fi!!, pca~i~tcri ; 11 till' attt·aupt o{ pn•s~mg huu;cl~ al110 of the caty ot. Lellt-
llw :'•••nr~."''·'"'lrl u J> 11 tt:111, rrrmaihinl( all tltc nobk'S that he would auftcr tl•cm tu rcnuha Ill t•1e
" Jl"I'.Ml""ir,n uf lh•·ir pr1 ~ 1 1'rty, tl111t lae '"111\d e~en :ua~m.en~ it; a?rl becJn~e tt~c
1 1
" ''"" llna.uu.
" nnlaiL'llllf l ..clit-l'llttl\n placed a• rcliu~ce on. the .f.uth ~~.las proma~c.'l, h~ sent_lus
'' rfollu~~lit• f'l it~~t to lllllkC this protc~trtl1011, ,1 hut If he f.a.tlell !O IIC(}Uit himself of
" hi~ promi~e. he ~h.maltl dmw ~urscs upon hun~clf und Ius .fJ_nnly•. c•Ln to the firth,
" ptt~l, ~tlllillntt't·t~lhll~ .~o:encrutaon: w t!tn.t the unh11ppy Cot~lllprcps, and tl:c Kmg
" uf ~lit· PuU.ul, II''! Ill~ thnt the nr.luhty wrrc dasposcd tu render \hem selves
" ~uhicc:t to the Kin·• of Uorc'ha, withdrew them~clves 'II ith their people to the
" Ki•'•~t nt' ll'ltutj/.un. t:o \\'hen the city of Lelit·Puttun Lecamc sultiect to the King
" tJI Ciurc'hn, lao cuntiuuetl tor some time to treat the noLility 'll'ilh grell.t attention,
" and pi'Opo~··d to uppuint a viceroy of the city from amon~ them. Two or three
" uwntla11 ulll•rvmnl~. l.uvin'.! uppointcd the dny for m11king lais formal entrance into
" tloe dty uf Ldit·l'a1111n, 'he matle 11sc: tf iunumcmble &tratngi:ms to get into his
" pnMrx•·iolltfu: pa~ulllf o( the uobility, ami ill the end Sltccccdcd. He had pre\·ailcd
" 1qum tln:m I• I twrnait tLdr ~OO!I to rca.111in 11t court, liS comp11nions of his son; he
" h11tl dbpatdll:tl a uolalc of each hoa.:be to N avacut, or N cw Fort, pretending that
" the upprdll'n~ion& he en tea t11ille1l of them luul pa·cventc1l bis making a public
•• ('utnlm:e iuto thu city; multltc t·tmnining twbkll u·t:re sci;:;rd "t tltc t·ivcl' tl'ilhrmt
" the fl,;,·u, rcl11'/'t thc·.v rant to mul /dm, tlgt'ecttblc to a p1·ior cngngenutlt. After-
" \1111'!15 Ill' entered tlao city, hJU(IO A visit tu the temple of nni-(hCro, adjoining to
" nur lmLitution, nnJ p:t~>in~ in triumph throu;.:h the city nmilbt immcn~oc numbers
•• of •uldi•~r~. "hn compo~cd l1is truin, entered the l'oyul palucc 11 hich had been
" prt·par~:d I•Jr Iii l recl'ption i in tlau mean time, l'lllties of hi.s soldiers broke open
'' tl111 hou.r~ of the nohility, ~ritnl llll their effects, unrl threw the iuhahitants of the
•• dty into tile uhliiH C'Hl!;ll'rnation. .;!Jit·r hm•ing ,·ausr•tl all tile uublrs 'ldW were
" i11 ll~t•ir ro:t'CI' lu 1•1' put to ~·~·rJI h, or rill her their bodit·a to b~ mangled in a horrid
41
mam:rr, lae ckp ,, tc•l ldth 0. dcsi~~:n uf bcsicgin~ lfhlltgnn, and \\"e outuincd per-
" mi•,ion, throu~h tl••' iuh•rc•t of l1ia son, to 1ctiro 'II ilh ullthe christiuns into ll,c
, " pohcssiuns of th~ En:~l ish."
" · A multitude of other quututiuns wl1irh might be mnde in illustration of tile llimloo
chnr.lc~t··r, both from ntoclan pul1lkatliun~ nnd frotu authors of more uncirnt dutc, u
~ir ThumM llmn·, llumilloil, ll•lldu•ns, Nicuho!f, Tuvcmic:r, and others, arc fur
the ~uke of bre~ity omith:c:l ;, lmt u& it may La int~·rt·~ling to see the sc11limcnts of so
m~tin~ui•hcd ll chomctrr Ul Tiuauul', or Tumnlllnc,. upon the ~uhjcct in (l'li:Stion.,
thc~c extr11ct~ el111ll bu clo•cd \I ith a quoluliou from hi~ lnotitut~·s, ijuppuscd to htho
iJCCll compikd 1l. D. l<400.'
11
'l'bfl iuh11bitunta of llimlostlln tiro equally dcbilitntcil in tl11~ir rorpnrcol 1 and
11 inert in Uwir rnt•nta1l fucultit·s; ilwxorahlll and pt-nmiuus to Fuch on t'lltn~u1(! 1 that
" only ptt·sunu\ violence ram t'nlorcc jn~tico. lle)!ttrdlt•ss of honour, ou:l iutlccl'nt in
" lh~·1r drc.,•, they a.acrilicc thl"ir liH!s fur trifle.!', und &l'e inJcfati~~ble in Ulii\Ol'thy
" pul'lluil!l; "hil&t impro\iclrnt tmJ impiUclrnt, their itlcM arc confined 111111 vie"·a
" l'in·umM'I'iltc,l. \\'hen reduced to povea1v, thrv poli1•ntlv h11ve ~course to the
" 111c••t mrniul enaploymcnu, lor)l:•·tlin!f tht·la· pn·vious t:ir•:;amst.unces, ·oucl sd.lnm
" fl'liltin~ot the worhl "ithuul iujuaina their bent•h.tdul$; but wlailot thow:•1uisitiun o1'
" lirh,·s tcmpt~t'll e~~t.r,v atmdty, inJoll-nc:e pt'l'Vadt•s thl'ir most momentous transac-
" liunA. 'J'hu nutive of llimlo~lltn has no pn:tension~ w humtulity but ll•c li:!;•ne ;
" whil}t :,npm\nl't', lr.md, and de«Jilion, aru lly him c:onsidL'fUd as mcriturioull
IC DCL'0111pliohmfllla t: I
Of tht• M.-hottl('d"n:~,
"·ho mil in <:on-i.lt'l"'\ble nun1hcrs 11ith the formt'f inllabitanl.\
or 1111 tlll! ('tll.mtri..·• •uln(ue-1 b:t thtir urma in llintlu~t.an, it is nrct•s;.ory also to uy
II. ll.·w \lt'll'tl;;. Oriat.inully l.lf thc Tllrt:lr ruce, rroud, ti~rL't', and lc\\le!IS; BllaC'ht:<l
11be to Ll•cir &•lper~titt.tn, "hich cht•rished their nntive proaoen~iti, a; tloc•v were rendered
by sUCCI:!S j'tt more pt'Uud, aan~in11ry1 IM.'R.!IU~A\, and lli,:;ouc.J. ·n~ir sovernm~ut,
th011gb
' • !1<1 in the nrit:inal: hl It IW'•Illl tn 't.e an hu 11-l'n~.alt'd. tr It be laid, thtl\ tl:m ll1tl l.he
•U11'1f <II lhf r• ,.,,· lh• itlml 1\"'i~•nn& lb.t.l II oi ~~"''"""" •N fuft'i;;•r«." n••7
rl'p.fll'llllll··••
,~.. .. ,.td I.e ...... I <li•IIIU.· bo rtph..d. tloal lM1 11• ""' " P - ..lhonod ill
t M.orkt~y'• At~aUc Mhr•lt.. ny. \\•1. r. P·•.t:• II tllll~ Ol hn&lolol' '"' f'o•ll\IOY't ... Vo ltul .... UIIf oii-
97~. 1'hl• pkhtl" tllll)' ~.
l'·ll\1"'1«1 \Uih \liM\. M~\4li"nt,ll't.ll<lt Ill o '·'"' oi ... ulod ,o,trnmror,.
"h•,·h ~It Jut111 ~h11111, rlr11<t11q 1.~ • .,.,. f>nm tl•t 1\H•r "'""' ~- ..." t•~·•n•att !If W llc\&'1111011 oW
1::~'• mu•t tJ,~u tlm:e """dl(-1 >c:an t.ft<~"""to, th<' I hiMI..Ju.l to cub ..:t.cr.
hs
 £ .\ S T I N D I .-\ .:\ F F A 1 ll ~ 39
•tboaaluncrJCQted u~r~w ~uiiJl· uf 'limour, "1\! um~a ,iokftt.'laJIOIW.. . cnu. n.
aad tlle dc·~ted ·~lllln"lta&ICH! o( tl tuo ofttt~" llt"lt'nJ oppa Mo.ML UnUiua tl'"*J&b ' .... \'"• MINfll
all the rcl&ta&nts ol 1uorul• \rludt ob,rruetrd th.-ir •·•1
tv f~UW'K. tbcv ai:.S" 1nl,. t_:~, .
a~ncd tht.'tllsel..u lu the •l~Wt ~i.dooe ind'l~l!'nrrs. .•nd UJC "".;.. atruc:wua
cruclucs. J>~ fi.ly m them, was mol'c ,,;nal thnn 111 the llirMJcvJ. SU~.'\"1-..ilu liN· --...;·---""'
'1,.,.::
'f '-...,

dJcries. twe~,int~tiun•.., auJ ruur~ticlm, 01111t ll~:•r hi-tor~· mort· Jl('rlllp!l tl.. n &!11\
of N}" other [>CO[•IC. nil! protc~·JUn • of Dl'lm 'r.l' studied by th\'111. ""'' tbq cul--
tlfttm the J>~:r.;u.n l~mtng 1l~ev m!rotlll!'l.'tl .\fl'lhic ....... funtllftl r..r filii.....~~t
iioor'ant trihc.:;, and in t!tc odminktr~iioa o( thtm, 1.1\ lnl.)' be juJ,..W lioum t.l•11uuac:n
eAio''C cxllibite\1, "ere m<Ht cuiTUI'l • ~
. Every \\'OI'Itlly proft'Mioa. iodeed every c:ounc ur tt('IJl.!r '"''int'llll, ... \o thtir
•¥0ti1Mi opinion (1111 ovinion which they lltill hold) irrrca•nrilublc "ith •t:rict mt..c.
ComDM!I'OI, a.ull the demils uf tht: finances. tl.ey lett chi.. lly to the llindOU!, 'ltiiUin
they dwpised aod inauhtd. Wbere lboit guvt·m•llt:nt etill JK'I.'\nil,, t!IC rh~nrtrr
R!IUINtA from their ori,Doal t1:mp1:r, aucl aupcntiliun, lllfl!"\llt~·,ll•i' tht f'njoym\'llt
.I power, renut.im in ruroe. In our proyiocts, "here thl'ir llllll.<trH J I\ ~ub\crlrd, 1111•1
where mony ot' them Iiiii into the lowu linea of life. that churnt"trr l~UUICI leu
obviOUJ: but with more bo'ttledge. aod 'P.ll't rn·te111i011~ tu integtiiV, lht\" ftfC "'
lltDprindpled IS the Hiodoa ntcir pniirly, bow~.:vcr, auJ li.:•1!bOUAl1111, 'u\1 t!.c
JIOI"fidy and lictntiousness of a bolder people •. •
• }"rotn tho govcrnwnt and intermiature of tbe Mabo~na~laM, t!tc lli:ldc';.QI ..._
certainly derived no impfO\atenl of charact«·r. 11-. iDvlldrl"', IIVIY liairl y llo· tulo'IIVIIIII
to ha.w:: contribufl!d tllftl' there to the ~r.al erilt, a11ll c."V.1l ,, ha1 c itiU' •.11ai thent.
liut tbcy did not produce tbalc evit.a. nor could they l•awc P'"'ll'-'tuate-1 \hcln iu l•t'PI"
.&ilion~ the jtelliul ud apirit of the Uiudoclll, •bo are in nu•ubtr proka.lJ '' -'!lllrt
tu unc. TJ.y n•ay &berelure be coNidtrcod, mtl.tcr • L"OIUiliMin~ an ape ;IP•I, u-
11!1 Rlvintz • chat11CIUI~ the DIUI. Tbr \ ict:li however of the ~lal!O•nod••lll. M1oi
Hindoua, are ~ hurnogcaeous, thutln slati••~ their ctfec.:~ it i' ,..,, lnac~ow•te lu ~vt·•d&
o{ botb claaqA UDder lbe deacript.ioa of the une collecUwc body into •hidl &!..., are
a1ow fora1ed.
Upon~ wholt, then. n CIMO\avoid re~iug in tbc p<-ople el J~ a
~~~Ce o( tntm lamentably do1!lf&l'll'!'llle and base; n:ta111ing but a feeble ..... 4lf ...,..,
ubliga1iun; yet obstinate in their clisr~ uf "'-' lhry !mow Ia he ril(,bt. F'"' •
by malc:wlent aod lioel:ldttUI ptU~K.ua, lilrungly •eaDpliiJiu!l abe e8"ed.t Jll"od.... •
'?'"-let)' ., rat and ge•~l c.'01111plioD Ill" UJ:~_II._.. aod 1U1J1 iA mir.ftJ bJ t.blir
vtceilf, an a cou~ peculiarly cakufatc.1l by u •&al'lllednJI-.10,.,.,....,.. abe
happinea of ita inhlllbitantL Thu rlel-ti·m rrOID wbida llbie euu&:IUiioo
bu been I IMk IU painful, tbal RGtilfiAg e'let•p& t.ho CUiliC.'ifMII .... ol -.aiAalo dit
ill--
pd eoold ll•·e inci~ die author lu 1~ ill it. Uu trust~ be...., • ~
st'!"'''..t of tho genera! iotperM:l.iula vi" hvn11n llilluti!, a.~ll.l •ould aWaor lbe ..._ (I(
need~ily or c:onc.emptuoully c11~1~ l.lw llctect~ oi anym~~n: or 111.t of mm. Jf he
• ~vea u aafavevable dtlorip1.1011, ·tu; "141!• .. pelt Ill e!":ue d~t.llon, ba& to
~ge· ~ dlt to mak&.: i' al~tJ&ttlll. tl~o~t wlul lfJe~oJati,., rn•y bate
-"bL'Ii to ,Oytical and IIIM:W.O~We t:~Jao 'ii•'ii•# llotu moral ~UWt"U upabl•
ot .tcft&
f
'.'

I
~ . .... • . .
'•
. •

...
.
C II A r. Ill .
.-.. .,
-" i -..a M-e pnt~Mrtlll tk JI1'UU1 $1_.,..,. ,,....,. tf u-....
t
111
.b;.n~tiog lbe ptCJli.&r
.a.-;....
il
rh.atu'rn of JIIJ'ercnt mliont, k IIMh ..i. and c 11 A r. nr.
~ lll ucrihe tht·~u JRK'lp.tUy to the: inll·~ or tli.llllde. II( ...... I m:C c-.tljrtltl ,......
...,& lllwt, ftad o{ ft'li~OII ; it "ill b<· Jltupt'l", tbt1d'ft, lo lay t.fore \llu ..... Uae ~t'1 - ~16f
~ oC l(i&JdotWI, •ilh ~i11'1"\ lo.II'Vb of li...- J~&, u.& lie ..., be 11~_.«.!.:' 7
~ ... · ·
·~ . c,.Jdcd - ·
"-----
 40
p :\ p E R S R E. L A T 1 N G T 0
Mr. dr·mL'• !it~ to enabled to jurl~c wlu1hcr the "rt·tchcd ~tate uf societ! ~nd .m~n~1ers am mi.~ th~· I lin-·
.,rl:lurwry among dul.lfl, who, 88 J1a.• t~e 1 ·n ain:<uly ubsen·ed, have a gt:ucraltJcnuty of charo~ctct, llluy
tho Allatlr ·~""J•·ct• t f; • I be tract'll to tlldt WUI'CC.
~of Ureut hm.. m. no airY
'J'hc climate of I noli••, particularl.v of th.e south-en~t provinces, must he ailt~wcd to
Lc Jc~~ fuvouruhlc to the lrUIIillll t(;ll~tttutJon th11n tim ·tuure t;empcrdte regu,us o!'
J·:nroJIC. The bodily li'.illlf' is lc~" ~tr~n:t ~nd h~trdy,, the f~tculues have Loss cnc~.~v,
tl.c r cxrrci11c is leu e~pHndd ond d~h~htlul, ardor IS che~·I<Lrl.• the opprcs~e.d SJIIr!ts
yidJ 111 ure """ily to iudolcncc 1111~ uululg~ncc, ~nd th~ krtdrty .of the, sml cuo1!y
et•ppl.) in·~ the few natural ll'a:JUI ~JI the nati\'C!I, a1ds this propensity. ;",evertllebs
j 11 .t~· 1 ·clupi 11 ~ the ctut~c~ of the I l~tu.loo clmJ'ucter, tou muc·h seenHI Momelllucs to t.a.v.e
lx·cu imputed tu the clunutc.:; c!lcct:l grcutcr, and of more necess11ry reiult, th11n fttu·
cllutuinativn "ill cuulinu. · .• ·
Tl 1e inllahibtutl of fm<ci~n descent, who continue the use of animal food, espe· ·
dul!y tho 1\nucniun~, aa;obcr people, arc more ro!Just than the IJindoos; and to
~pcuk of th:~ llinduos thclll~ch·cs, tlwir militury tri!Je has discovered, under fort!ign
diao:iplinc, a coubtdcrttl.llc ~luii'O uf uctivc vigor. The Bunitm~, and all the trading
JNI't of t:ac cutmnuuity, urc c11pa!J~e of long sedentary Application. .Porters, boa.tmen,
ruJuters, and uthet'l uf tl11: luhounug cluss, cl\n endure severe fut1gue. l\Iulutudcs
uf devotees lnuuil"ct;t a rt·solution hnd per~cvcruncc in painful ~utferin;!;S altogether
~~~toubltiu~. Ami with IC;!;III'II to the fucultic~ of the mimi, the l.lntluujns, who have
cultivtttod leuming, ltuvc C(·rtuiuly evinced tl•ernsclvrs 11n acute, suLtlc, and penetruting
order ofmcu. Thr~c circumstann·s .show, that the people in general arc equal ut least
to drcrnt upplicution in ctitl'crcnt Jiucs, &u~ccplilllu e\eu of a l>lrong impulse, though not
pcdmps of great. continuctl energy. i\nu It is rea~onublc to bclic\'e, thut were those
01 ila Ctll'l'cctell wltkh do not 11ri:;c fro•n the climate, they ll'ould in time hold a much
highl'l' plu~'C u.tuung the lJumun sped~:.~, thun they arc now cupublc of mai.ntuining.
. '"' Tho de!pnlic mudo of government which generally is prevalent in the .East, and
IIJ'J'Ctll'll ut ull ti111cs to h11vc suh.·ibted among the Hindoos, has undoulltedly had a
11cry con~itlcru!Jio iutlucncc in tho formation of their chardctcr. When a muu liuds
hitu~otf d~·l"'llllcnt on tho willund cupl'icc of anoU1er, he tltink~ and ucta as a degraded
.. bdu~o: i ltis ll'l.''lll'lllor ull thnt is vulwtblc in life is reduced to the drg1·ce of personal
inll'l't'~t ll'hich he lm:~ in it, lti:~ cure fur whatc1·er ex tenus to the rest of !tis rocc, und
to future time, is &unk in the prccariousnc~s of the present hour, fear necrssarily
~umcs hi11 ~··und principle of actiun ; thence sprin~ dU.trust; nnd os arbitrary
power uuca nut excitu iutho•e over II' hom it tymnnizcs, the cxpectu~iN1 of finding t•·uth
lllld ju~tkc it~ Dltlloriutcs, it b not pruuuctive of inlegrity ond \•etllcity. The arts of
drcept iun, RupplcneM, and :ICI'\'ility, arc r-e:;orted to, anti thus 11 system offul~chood und
nttrruw sclthhnl·ss is ~nerull'd. Violence in the ruler l')llickens the proce~s. The lit st
idell.l'lli~cd it. thut of tiCif"{Henco ll!!nin~t l1iUJ: thl'll lullolf pltms of conceulct.l unci
avowed ho~tility n~uin~t his d~putit'.s and 8!!(!111!1. fmm \\'hom injury is apptchcndctl.
'l'he dl·~potic principle: octuntl'll all the sulxmlittate otliet'll, and post:il of uuthurity,
and ita L'llco:ts become gl·nrrnl; every mun is a ~lnvc to those nllove him, and a dc..put
to tho•c hdow him; tl10 mure be i11 VJ'Jll~sc..l, tlte more he tlppl't'l!lleti; und thus is
ditlitsl·tlulL~n•pt'r ot' nnh'Ct'lllll cnr11ity, a1cting !'t'\Tctly or openly atL-ol't.ling to opportll·
nitir~. No \l'Uudcr tltcn·fun>, tltttt when the principle i:~ hi~hly lllrllined, trc.tso:Js unci
l't'vulutions uro continual; by wltkb the ittsul••nt und ullji.'Ct lil.'fJliCillly chun!!e pltu~s,
so thut ftc ~Ito )'C~tcnluy ~CIII\.'ely ucigtlt.'l.i to look on tltt' 111pplillnt LdiJrc l:im, is kl-
duy ~purner.l li-om tho krL of thut $tlppliunt, now iu !tis turn e~ullctl to the se11t uf
out.lturity. Sudt, in pm1iculnr, i11 the Ul'Sl'rtption thut t~'!l.)' be given of 1\ hll'ge pcri1Ki
or tilt~ ~luhotUcdun J;OI'CI'lllllt'Ot in llindostttn. 'J ho tksrcmlonts ot' Timuur, huiJiu~
tor a time tho J1:1\'utt-J• JIIU't ol thut ccmtincnt under one heutl, prc'vcntcJ tnu~h of the·
will' und bloodshl'tl thnt lwl bt'forc, an.l hun: t~iuco \\&tOO it~ but ink•rnlll diwl\lers,
untlt·a· the best of tltcir ~ovcrno~ were lh'ro;!'urily "'-'fY J;'l'l'Ut; anJ tile chnr<1Cicr of
the Uiauluus, aull~·rin!ot lrum the oppres.sion of uumrruus invnder3, must in sevu.tl
re>pct"ts huvo h<>l:n dcl•ust.\1. •
llut they did not rC'f<'iYO the d~potic fi•rrn of ~~·rrmuent from tlte T urta.rs, nor
wen: they tlt'gt'lldcd cn!y "l1~'tl t!tt'Y lx:etllllt' sul~jt.'Cl t.J lf illtou.edlln cuuqocrul'll. ll.aJ
thry not lll'CII un ubj1.'Ct ('t'OJllll U.::i11't, 1\ord;.:m·t':l frum a Yn~>t dilltunre, carrvioo fc,v
a
flllll:,lllilll'S witJt tltt'lll, CUuhJ nut hn~e JlO..'-'<'S..<,'<l tht•m,;dvl'S of 10 greatt cu~ntry
!'Clldt',''Cd by its lllllllr:t! ddcnt'f:t, it~ dinmtc, Ill!< I its ('Criudicul r.ait!S, \CI',Y strong agninst
Jlh':~'lotu uy lnnd. I l:cy h1tn' huJ wuun;; th~·~~~~ lvcs a COiup!t'le t.lbflOtilim tiutu the
l't'llluh.'.Sl :111ti•tuity; a dt..,.pvtkm1 the uru~tr:·u:;t•·kallle fur its puwcr a.nd dur.lti\ln that
the
 EAST INDIA AFFAIRS. 4\
the world has ever seen•• It~ peM~~ tJJ:eir govertunent, their rcli~ and tl 11·ir c IIA P. tiL
ra"·a. It bas formed by Its '\"1\flOUS raamficatloll!l, the ~tiala of the c:haractl'f which r--~:.r-
they have W\\ays !md, u furaa the light of lilitory ~and 11hich ~yatill ~<at; f::.:'..":' .
..
that character, -;h~eb has made them a prey to every invudrr, i.nditft·rent to all thdr u--." 'I '""
rulers, and easy I'! the ~hange of ~m; u a protliC, \'Oid of public 'llh it. hunour, • ..., •
attachment; and m IIOCit'ty, bee, d1sbonnt, and (aithll~ Thnt dt~poti.m, 11ilh a
variety of subordinate principles to 11hich it lw givm birth, &till uillts in gn'llt tiguur
even where the political goverument is in foreib'll hands, anJ tll('rrfore althou~h t>j
actin.K the part o~ uprig~Jt.rulca:s tow~ .our llindoo aubjccu, and emlcuvounn~t to
provu.le for a faar admtnt;~tra\Jon of JUsUcc amon~ them, wt •hall repreu Olllny dia.-
orders that before prevaaled, yet this refonn wall not real·h tl~me nils in lhcir
character and conduct, already described, "·bicb are the bane of their huppi~
penona.l and social. Nor will it ensure to us their attachment, "bich, in lll•int of
policy, it would be desirable to engn).,te by on amdioratioo of their c:barncter, inatt..,J
of leaving ~eir old facility in c:bauging, to co-operate "ilh thcir imbecility, io C.vuur
o£ any new anvuder. .
· The ancient Hindoo government is thought acarccly to nt,t aow in Its ori~nal
form •. The llindoo ltntcs, roil\Cd from the ruins of the Mogul Empire, caau10t
. well be taken as pure rep~n\utions of it; at lt:ut WI) bavo but lillie certainty O(
possessing an entire model, and can therefore only refer to it:t funtlumental principles.
of 11·bic:h there is indisputable evidence. Dut their religion and their lawa, both
parts of one complex system, still remain; the former in aU ita authority, tl.e Iutter
a.\110, in its essence and in many of ita branches, Opt'rative : and tlae~ by tliC prin·
c:iples on which they are foundt..~, and by the rules and p~pts "·hich they deliver,
have given birth to that spirit, and those practices of oppreMion, injustice, corruption.
in a worrl, thoae immoralities which incomparably more thaa every other c:auiC', ren-
der the people bu.se and miserable. To tl1ia po!!ition, tl1e most particular attcntiOI\
is rcquc•tcd. A full exhibition of all the proofa which might be brou:;ht in tupport
of it, "ould re1uire a much longer apace tban it IIC«'>>IIarily prncribed to thia
tre.. ti~e. Some cading fucta and arguments however, aufficient i\ is hoped aolidly to
e.w.blillh it, shu.ll now be alated. l1aey will be derived partly from the totle ol
Himloo laws, and parlly from the teneta of the llindoo reliJ~:ion. Tbe code of IaWI
was compiled and published in 1773, under the gotcmment of Mr. llaat.ings. and
at his dc>ire, by a bodJ of 11 experienced la"}'cn., ec:lectcd for ILe purpc!IG Crocn
.. every pnrt of DcngaJ." who we are furtlaer told, .. carefull1. pidu:d out the
•• ordinallces, sentence by 1cntencc, from various originala io tho Sb&nlc:rit langua~
•• neither adiling to, nor dimi.uishing froari, any part of tliC ancient tcxtt.• ADd
the translator adJa, v.·hat it of importance to be olJeerved, u that froiD tla.ia code IDIIY
.. be formed a rrecise idea of tbe custumt and mo.nncrt o{ tbete people ; that thefr
" institutes are mterwoven "itb tlH: reli~on of tliC country, IUld therefllft'l mered u
" of tl1e highest auU1ority." The aulllCnticity of thia v.ork, and tl10 talue ol the
general evidence which it furnishes, must thence be unqut'StiouaLle. .
With regard to tl1e religion of the Ilia'Kioot, altl.ough a regut.r tranalatioo of che
Vcdcs, those writings v.bich they repute u ucred, baa not yet gheo uull their
mythology, doctrines, rites, and ceremonict, ia autliOritatiYe detail; yrl the inter•
coun;e of three centuries between the Europeans and tl.at poopt.; the Rl.ationl of
nrious travelleR in difl"crcnt parts of India. and their agrr«oeul u to the Jf.DC!al
matter and character, u well u many partic:ulan of tl10 Gentoo faith, the ellK~tllaliu;
accounts of the l\lahomedans, and the daily upc:ricnc:e of multitutlct of ~~
leave us at no loss concerning Lhe granJ btun.'l, l.he maio m.'dc:nda and agmda of
tlJut IIUpcr!itition, its geniu.t, and ita COI\IIeq~ Of late UIO public: hu had othtr
aCXC~~~ions of inionnatiuu., •tamped with great authority. We reft-r, In the fint place.
to the JD~>titutes uf the I.mperor ALlier, compiled by his 1caroc:d and inte~i~nt

• TIM 1"'""-lof:SrP-W.olwbida ' - -

kDO¥ •bra tb11 ~ . . . wrnll'a, il probablt
110 UM!~atl tep,_IAI>M et U.. on,io:al II ....
...,...""''-. or lhat toUtn, •b.cb, u u. ""-
IDt'lll,
p~ci!IOI!d' 11., uclt1141 - r • olau r-
n~.aLI ......... liLDdooiM -*' tbe ~ el r.lll
a:urutk:f
0.. .W. 1141'.r...., ciooil .... trbLtAry,-
11111
....,,,!he ............... ..,. ............ '--
at-.ly obolrtwd,- _ , i.bdaul by !he ) J - )locuJo I •"'""I•r.-1"'- ill la'IWJ Ill •"'-'
u..
.1........, OUI' ...~ . . . . . . . . ., , bofote
J,.a. ..,..t.•'- tluth« ol (Apta.A Kott.po.tnrl!.' ,._............. •!he_.,...,..
""*'.,.,.
.. ~~<~we
frotn 1\ftlpl. 1hol gtad..mu l:w ci•• • .,.,_ ot..uro.....,,..,_
~ ~
..,,...Ll,
"........ -
..,,_,,.
lbal. ~
lha ,.,._

.....t iDw""t~ ..,.._.. of b .. .;........,., wbM"b ....., r, .........

dw~... t797·
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....... - b ..,hi .... the PI""J ol ,..,.... II t "'"" .. ...,. u..... c-.
-w t!MDft •rs-. tballha form et u.. 1-
--. L
 42 P A P E R S It E L A 'f l N G T 0
,rr. Or3nt'• Stnt• mini 8trr Ahul J:a.:il, ubout .tl. D. 15.)0, in the zenith of. tl.•c Mo11ul power •; on~
uf s..r,•IY ""'"n~ volutuu of "hkh wot k is employed ~olcly upon. th~ rehg~on and actences of thl!
tlu·~·"•ll~ !lul•,i•cll Jlindoo», and profcs8cdly formed trom the conunumcations ~f the most .lrarncd llruh-
0~ a,.,,t llrttulll.
1
min». wc rnuy rc~t llosurcrl, thut aucb a man, .employed m n work mtcnded for .a
" public record of tile hi;~hCIIt order, wouiJ ohtam. from that s.ourcc much authcutu:
Information, and thut tho view given ltim of the Ilt~doo doctnnes would La. at least
11 uffidcntly fuvouruhlc. Favouruulo indeed, both 111 respect of those doctt·mes and
the chaructcr of thn people, that view will appear to have been, by co!"paring it
with other authoritica 1· and there arc obvious reasons why the noLle wntcr would
nuturully Le disposed to acquiesce in it. It was the design of A~ber, who waa of
a toleru.ut spirit, tO concilJut.e all. his subject& l?":ards bi.mscl~ and ~o~ards .ea~;h other;
and in o work compo!!Cd nmncdmtcly under lua mspcctton wtth tl11s mtent1on, and for
pulllic U!e, it could never IJe admi~tiiiJle tp delineate at length thQ faulta of tho great
llody of tho!O ~uiJjccts, · . . .
'fhe 1ccond recent ncqulijitlon, Is the Dllagwd·Geeta, translntcd by Mr. Wilkins
(rom a Shunscrit worl1, certainly of conMidcrable antiquity. 'fhiil is a very curious
record. h is deemed to Le ao purific1l from the grosser parts of the Uindoo super•
elition, that it ill curcfully concenlcd by the Drahmins from the rest of the people;
yet it has cviucntly been corrupted, in order to condli11te •ome tolera~ly just principles
with a degenerate pr11ctice. Dcsidcs these puiJlications, Sit· William Jones't, a man
wonderful for hit stores of knowlmlgr, and fut· the nrdour witb which he still presses
(ornrd to incrcu.se them, who pcnctrutca into the abstruse recesses of oriental learn•
ing \1 ith singular felicity nnd succcs3, hns communicntcd much valuable informatiOQ.
frorn his lute rcacarchca. Ardvcd nt lcngtll nl the fountains of Shansc.-it teaming, I~
tudccd 11ppcura to con~idcr pust discoveries us inaccut·ut.e or imperfu(:t:J:; referring
~rolmLiy to the speculative and mclal'l•y~icol doctrine» contuincd in the \'edes, con-
C!•ruing which tho llrnluuins thcn\llclvcs hM·e divers !>pinions and sy~tcms. llut of the
o!Jviuus and poj'ulur tenets of t~e llimloo religion, its worship, aml ceremonies,
cncmgu ia ccrtuiu y ~noll'n to cnllLic ua to judge of their uuturc nnd their effects.
In tho followinr:t pngrR, the writer "ill rest the argument he tnRintains, on informa-
tion al!"e'udy before the public,· rntlwr thnn on any new mo.ttl'f ahich his own obser-
vation, during lai11 t'C~idt•nre in lndl11, mi.~ht cmuhle him to furnbh. l'ot· though the
ehouta from the grc:ut lruuk of llinduo fillj'<~r,lilion m·e so numc1·ou!, and all partake
of tho umo nat•ne, yut the arlditi<~n:tl fuel~ ~·hich o bin)!le Individual, whose attention
waa not "h()lly devoted to the sul~ect, cuultl huvc an OJl)lOI'tunity of asccrt<1ining.
must llJlpt~ar tritlinJZ, in comJliHi~tm of lhc I\ hole n•uss ot kmm lctlj!e cotlrctcd by
the induati'Y of numhtrtl, durin)( "lontt como.c ul' titue, 11ml rcn•lered more worthy of
notice by tUICt•ndin)! Ul'Ul'l'l' the l'O•tn•e nt' thin!!,~. Aud "'hcrll impm'tunt deductions
ve to oo made, as in the J'l'''wnt c11~t·, Itt• is fnr trom 11 i,,Jiing tho premist·s from
-.•hicb they are dm\'\·n to ft•at upon his antliolity.
It ia proposed tlll'n 1 ' " JII'UC'Cttl to the ron~i.lcrntion of the llindoo lu ws. Dut since it
hns aJlpt•Ut't'd thut lioll1 the !\luhnllll'tlun and 1-:n~li,.h conqut>rot-s ot I ndin luwe Ly lt•gi~­
luti\·elliYOViblona Clf th\-ir l\11'1l, in j•na·t snpcr!lt'tlcd thu~e 'II hidt tlwy founcl there, pet-son'l
WhO l't'IIIOn ti'Onl the Chlln~'t whtch have relnth•dy tukcn place in the social stntc and
in the lnwl\ \If c~~ery f:urtlfiCIII\ natiun, · ond frn1n the mutunl intlucncc of hms ond
of nlluthcl'll upon eurh oU1c1'1 tnay nuturully conceive, tlmt rules wbich lmvc hccn
· · a b1·o•0'atctl
• Tn•n•lotltd from lilt l'c1'11ian into tl•lj,li.b, l•y artorokd to them by aomr anli-<'hli•tiun t•llll<"""'
1-'l'llllm l:lRdwin, t:.q. l'htl'll of l:n11•r•· lie hu•huwn 1h.. 1 ""• of tl>rir
t tu"'P' 1111d .1\at~, nud tltt ,...rltl, l1a\·~ einte urli...l IM~• of In•• hialury de... nb.,• "" II Nil •r·
·~•llillf'4 111 iort)t~~n&hlelooa in 1h• d•atb of 11111 lltl -~•;:.•, in "birb nnl:-' 11 1"''"""'·ouoJ lf'l'l"'l
111\'11 vt~luuhl~ m•n,.,. h11 "u cul oil' in tbe Yij_;<~IU nlhtr "''"• {lo wb"lll llu.o M<'Otonl ,,.,.. .,..,..•••)
«>f hi• tl11y., l:u•d in II • nu~ot o( ""' in~uioin aud .......... ,c.s in 1111 •rl; and tlutl tllr •h<>le or lht·ir
dl~~o\'\'Tit11, llm(ln~ 'lha fftundlto l"J>(Itl\urite t>C · rr.ronot ..gy i• rrc••ncll-.,t.le "i1b the Mo-a1r ""·
Handuo ltuming, mlo which he taro itd 111th 1 tory.-s.., Aaiali~ llt....,rcl• .... \'ol. II . .1\rt..
ltunp of srnenll Lnuwlrd~r, u threw .•urrr11ina "Chrunui"I\,Y nl th~ llitM"-."·-h i.t iUif'OIIll•
lit:hl on evtry 1ul~ttl hr mv... ti~;•lltd. Wh•t he J,t. ()Q lltio '"''""'" lo u•uid •~pr•,..ing 11 vory
r.nR ll••n•, buwewr, will immurlnhul•i• mtnwry. lu:,h do-go.- 11( r.,;prcl ltbd nluuo lur Ihe lt •.'hoed
lie h111 11prnrd l~e "R'J lnln the mytluolug1tnl Rll<l 1uul iuflmrm·• I..OOun nf \'tu lOili IIther Ulfmben of
tritnlific lll'tllnll t>f II rf<'l>lr, who hne 101' muny ll ... t d.lttm~•u.J..rd IO<llity. Tbuu~b tllf rharuner
a&t'a l•ttn 11.1 r.·nu~t'ke~l.tl~ fur lbtir ll<lhtrtnce hi ,,f lhr II :not•IUI b• in a Ulorul ""' no"' tow, yee
tla•ir r•rnliur in,tittllillhl, •• fur llfr(l~nhu;; ll' tLr tl~""')t•:uuf'nl ul lhf'&t lublnty, tb.. ir Jitrl-.a.tu1•,
l\1rllll< h ~· 1111 Ullf.ttl•••mut.le antiquity, and 1he lh<'lr tnytholoi(.Y, Mtl llt'ornro, bu bHit ,. I<'"''
pn&tc!iOiun of" pme dnd JHinlr\\11, th"u~h tllt'f'. dr>.Jtnllllll\ in bum.ID Luo" ltJ~e, and n1u..t. pro\e
fully tonr•••lrd lJ~I<'lU llf thn•h•fY nnd lfl<h~ : o( <ll•lll(Ut lllljlO!'IJ\111"1: b.l ni•IIIKUuJ. 17<J7.
du.iwa \\·bich b1\·~ b,·rll!U e~mcie~u.:.lyu.s i,.nunmtl.1· J :o\a:utic J!et~Wcll<ll, Yul IL •
llt:COni.:d
 . EAST
. INDIA AFFAIRS. 43
.. aLro~llt~ c~ no lon~r ~!Teet tl&o chlll'llctcr of the ~pie; tl~fore th.l.t lwf.n any c n Ap, tn.
apphco.uo~ li mo.de ol evad~ce ~ruuced ~roro the lhn.loo laws. 11. ou;:ht to ~ tho•u c.....,,,.,.,.._,......,.,
. "bat portaon of those Ia"' Ill auU operative. and from t.hnt portion on"' to t'Stimate ~.,.,_ •-4
th~ ctl~>tt pr~u~c~. I~ is the "ish of the writu, to allow to t11ia ol!itctiun all the <...,,..,.... '1 tAt
"'Cight \0 whach It 111 eul.ltlcd, w1d as fat u be c.an. to afiiJrd the sati&f~&ctiun 11 bicl1 if. 14 ...._
requires. · • -----
To give an exact enumeration of the Jlindoo laws, and to diatillJtUi,h t!IOSC! '1bida
may now be regarded u obaolete, would, if the taak rould b. I1Cr1oo••d. n:quire a
detail inconsilltenl 11ith the dcaiJ.:n of thit essay. JJut DO IUI:b dij..'t'~t J~.~&~ yt1 hftoo
made. The general lines of diacrimination bow ever are tolerably ckur. 'I'll«> )I •·
bomedftllll, as we have ~een, introd1,1ced their own fonna of ju.licnture. Io crimlnl&l
matters, their code, eevere and barbarous, lil.e th11t of the llin.tuo~ 11 •~ mntlo tho
general rule of judgment. In civil conc:eros between flinoloos, tlM'!Ie IJt'tll'le had tho
benefit of their own lann. 'fhe En~liah continued, u 1re have al010 K'tn, the ll'J:tll
esto.blilll1ments of. their prtdeceuora, 1mproving them, and tofu:ning in tome inatiUk"t:l
the cruelty of punishment. At praen\ then:fore, tl10 criminal lllw a•lmini.:olcn:d in
llcngal, u that of the 1\fahomcdana rendered in certain c:uea more mild an.t e«Juita-
!Jio. 1'he civil code atanda likewise upon the bosit of their ayska), but baa a largn'
infusion of English ordinance!~, and it refen ca~Ua bcl"cen Uimluoe 1.0 110 d..:cit.lcd
by tho laws of that people.
Those laws pre!cribe certain rulct to tho 1urrrrign, 11 hicb c:~nnut CJ( tour~ ~
acted uron in our government_ tliOU~b tJae gencnll influence u( a ~ovc:rning I'O"C'f
will atil be felt: and on aubjfcta ot political economy, auch 11 c:ultivaLiuo of tl10
toil, revenue, and commerce, Mpcctin~ 11hlcb the llindoo c:oc.le i:s w:ry dc:li:ttiwe, ••
llave been obliged to enact new ngulullona.
· On the whole, besides tl1e Ilindoo in~titutions, purely nligioo~ all thoac .. hil b
relate to castes, to marriage, to inheritance, and to divcn other civil cunct:rllll, rtnuua\
lltill in force; excepting only thnt ccrtllin olfcnct•s af.'lill:lt co~t.c, for which tile ro.lo
decl't'tll eapit11.l or aan~uinary punishments, dn:ndfully •even, are not cogniloLie In
our criminal courts j nor do«'' our ~:ovcrnmrnt countcnunre t11e intlit:tion CJ( tt ... ltC
barbarities; end transgressions of tile innumerable rules or ca~te btoinJt trit:d aumng
themselves, are communlv punished bv lines or uronununicutions. ~till bo~trvtr,
the brw1ches now particul~trizrd, u( tl~eir &ystrm, are thOliC "hicb have the &ll''ltr,C
influence in the fonnation of tl1eir character and munnrn; and It ahoukll.e rt'll/('10•
be~, that ~he '!ays in which ~to may ~.ronto.minat,:d or lu..t, have bt-tn, In courae
of time, arbatnml y and exceedmgly multaphed. . . ·
or
Dut in estimating the cll'cct proouc:ed upon tho Jlindooe ou.r &trriwrin, o.en b'
that portion of their institution• which ia 10 a JlfOller lfD!\0 legal, 101110 othc:r CQilNw
&.lcflltions must l.le tukcn into the account
The Uindoo law stands upon the wulC ~r.uthority aa the llindoo rt:li:.;iun ; I!Qlb ere
parts of one aystcm, "hirh they Lclie\IC to hne bt:co di~inely rne.H~. 1'hatlaw ia
rc~rdell by.them therefore "il.b a •upcratitiout vcncl'll1iuo. ~uicb i&lltitu~ll.r.V\Iw~,IJJ
Ltf human ongin do not produce; 10 tbctt e•cn Ulldcr a forcagn yoke, •hid! w nnuu•
particular& aupcrsetk:d 111 iltiunctiom, it •till nwinta.incd ill credit. lienee o..y l.oo
dedt~cetl, io part, tl~e!redilrction of that JMlO!Jl.e, t:tpec:iWiy of ll•e k.Winl( or~., f. It'
their ancient sto.te a.n pttuliar cuslo1111, •hich in alll.l.o long pc:riud o( ~f~&l&Uil'lt:do~n
rule, prevented thMl from beina wimilated to the in•titutiuot uf their ton"}Ut1'0f'l.
Laws, \\hicb by tacit M&sent baN tuUm into gt:nc:r.d di.r.ute. tan no lous;u l.le
quuh:d 111 churacter~tic of the actual 1tnte of m11nucn.. 'flwy a.TYe rather ~ (•M't
aomc chMge in the ecntitl'll11ll or c.litJUitluus of a ~'(jple; but tl.c r.l~ru•.,:t~tl<oll or
!Hl~fiClHion, by the (10" er of a forrigtl m~ter, u( ccrt..lll r1arU f.lf I CWc 1t1U Ul'\'ront.J,
d.x:.\ uot nccc!l6UI'ily infer any roucb alteration. n.e lliuduoe hr.¥\1 ~~~ w t:~t:&r
int.crcuUI'!IOJI 11 itb eau:b other, actetl in ll.e 1pirit of their own imtitulJuft•. 't).a lal~
JM,I•It'f"\ fur instance, tuaoy of tl;em ~in~ ~\l'lbi~. di•~!"o ':a~ I~ I<J tl.etr.
o'\!Sl'fjUiOUI dcpcmlt'lltA, U J'f'UY I(J\'t'l"tl~l j t'IIU'II:I Of&,:JUAtlll~ Ill tl14:l~ 'fiCi!lltj IJ.aw.e
l.c<'n \Cf)' COinruonly refl'l'fl"l w their dcci.iun, or ncu in fMI'It. more •lL,I.iUJt. Ill tl.:&t ·
drpulic:t. Dit-putn a~ a\10 frerJueutly ~~n:d to the Jinahmam. Malt~• ul ....,..,
11re toldy w;niZI!ble by tiiC!'m, or by art.nrutort of t!.e tnl.oc 111 "'!'eh t.M- ~Mit,...t
l.n:ai.J out. and fcmn a kJUN'C uf UlUiealiti~.lt,i....n. ~f u!u 1!1li'I'L'1L•U'_g. '«Uf~ty anJ
c"ll.'< cum:iliulcl tltt:•u ntore w our gu\t:f1111M:IIt, •lt~~o:h at pnJ~&bk. l!~'Y ••J atill
l"·rhap~ ~&rit.c ll~e ch:UlJ:.'t\ 001 a.o the aopc:mrity Ql our ·~tcm Oft1' tht•r Otm, buc
-... .......
~,, lo
 44 1' A P ~ R S R E LA T I N G T 0
)Jr. OI'Uit'• State to the superior personal conduct of the En~lish, who preside ?ver them. Their •
,of Soriat~ among .l\f 11 homed 1u1 rulers, especially since the a~cess1on. of the .hne of Tunour, have .partly
JJ•• ~•aauc~ul~ecll from political, and partly from venal motJVes, patd constderable regard to the~r pre-·
of Grrac Drat~~m, judices; and the Engli~h, both in the execution of the law~, and in the ~e~eral exercise
of their autho~ity, have uniformly. and sp?ntane~lUsly dtsplayed a sptnt of extreme
toleration and andulgcnce to all thetr J•ecultar notions and usages.
· It is to be remembered also, that our subjects form only a small part of the vast
roce ~f ~coplc "'~O profess the llindoo f11itb, and that with wh?le na~ons of these,
they liVe 111 unmedt11.tc contact. · ·
Nor lllf!tly, must it be overlooked, that the account which has been given tho of
Uimloos, i11 a description of their dmrocter as it exists after a .long suspension b,v
their former rulers (a suspension continued by us) of some of the worst parts of the1r
legul aystem.
If ull these things then be con~idered, together with the influence of the congenial
institutions, which are still authoritatively in force, perhaps we shall not see reason to
auppose, tlutt the innovations which we have made in the adtninistration of law
among tho llindooa, have produced, or are likely to produce, any material change
in their character; but 11·e may rather expect that this character will still bear the
lively impress of the general spirit of their institutions, civil and saered. To illustrate
tho\ apil'it, is one oLject particularly proposed by the survey upon which we are now
to enter ofthe llindoo code. ·
Despotism ia not only the principle of the government of 1-lindostan, but an ori~nal,
fum.lumentul, and irreversible principle in the Yery frame of society. .The law, not
contenting itself with enjoining ~ass!Ve obeclience to the magistrate, or soverei,gn, and
with having a due regard to the mequalitica in condition, and subordinations In rank,
which arise from the constitution of the world, and are plainly agrtleable to the will.
of the great Creator, rcste entirely on the following fundamental position :-that
certain clW!sca or racca of the society are in their elementary principle~, in the matter
frQIU which they were fom1cd, absolutely of a higher nature, of a superior order in the.
scale of being. to ccrlatin other classes. It is, in the opinion of the Hindoos, nn
awful and momentous truth, a truth maintained in full vi:,tour to this day, a truth
piRCcd in the front of their code, thut the Urahmins were formed from the mouth of
Drimho., the Khetcrces from his arm, the Vyse (or Dice) from his thi&h, and the
·. Somlcra from bia foot. lienee it is a necessary consequence, that tillS primeval
and Cll!tllltilll distinction ia no more mutable or defensible, than it is possible for
one of the brute creation to advance itself to the rank of mao •. And such is the
diviaion of tho llindooa into four gl't'at tribes or castes-the priests, the soldiers,
the husbandmen or trudcrs1 and the servile clu.ss, whose sole assigned duty is to serve
tho other three t.
Now the evils thnt flow from such an arnmgemcnt, are infinite. Other modes of
drpotism lend in thl·ir very exct'SS and nbuse to a remedy, but here the chuin of
servitude is indissoluble anti eternal. Thou~h the highest orders be guilty of the
ntoat ftn)l.itious 11 ickcdnca~, p<"rYcl1 the use of power, become weak, arrogant und
OJ'IIlrt'SSivt, tl10 fi'IIIIIC of SOCII ty CliO suffer no chnngc j that order must It ill COntinue
of
in the enjoyment lllld exercise nil ill Vftllt Jlrivilegt'S and prerogutivcs.
Tlao lowest nlllk, on the contrary, is doomed to prrpctual abasement and un-
limitt d auhjl'l·liun, It hue no n·lil'f ng••inst the m~t oppressive nnd insulting
t.)'l'lllllly, no hope of t'\'er cscuping fr1.1tn its auft'crings. Though pel'mitted indrt'd
to
• u Tbt Rn1hmin1, lndi: pu!ahl,r penul'dtd lh .. t MfvtS, IPi(,lll I,Q 111111)' of lhl 11'iRIII Ul eltlnl'fll•
If tilt 111p~riotil)' of lh•ir \11bt ilmlfiWO\'tll ll'tlb 8"111 dur ..twD, (ma&ioa 011 l.he wbule 1111 a•eragt
" the nry tsnnrt of their 1111IU1t, Hlnlll 1h11\ &f more tbJII fur11 )'e.tn.) would [lfvt 1u PU&aoo
tt &II bf a full Md 1e1t' af11rt.,ry plr" fur n•ry Rd· l'wtp.llN In autlquity of .....,,, tbret tbollSIIIId
" vanln~e aenl•d on th111 ol>nve tl~t "''' of the Y"""' llt that u it ""'Y• it ia nidrnt., that a
" pt<~ple,• p,,./4rr to tAr COttt, p.~o 51· tradili<m aubai•ling in ~ep.aul llloiLH tl1t li,..t in.
1 h ia wonl,y of N'nt~• k, tb••t 11tr..rd'nll It> a tlltutioo of r .. tea aa bulDoUI arpoimmea.a. A
tN•Iilinn in N•·p•n•l, "'I""'"' by C'n1·t.•in 1\irk· l'n•.'llk"rlu.!t'tl •~llt7 Lh N<pauJ.. euvirolltd 1>11 all
p1111 it-lr. in the IUj;flll•'DI wo1ll bel'oaf'-llltatiunrd, tN&Irt ••lb hilb, ll \-rry hk<l)' to ha\'e bet'n an
l'UIJO J'1111>·flt<>. a 1\uj.,b of ll1.1t tOUIIIry, II ...,.. e...rly, 1f IWl aa ori~•ll4l _, u( tlkb 1111 iMt~tuu011 0
to """' fil'll di•idrd ,,,, a··nerlll m..... oi h•• pC'O· and lh<re .... "'It""' ttrnua~ reuoaa fur bohering.
pte into th• fuur !;<ftutl •nd wrll kuu\\ 11 lnl•cl of tb•l abe Br..L~t~iniC'..J N'hgiou hlld 1101 it.o lint ri..
the p1'1'stnt dny. 'I he rh,.nul••$•r- I wri" .,f in the ,.,..them r-rta oi Ulllduet.ao. if at .U ilt
Nepaul prllltea, wh1rb C•l•htio 1\.1• ktuiJ irlr. baa thatn,i~
bet11 11ble I.Q e~bib11, aud whitb, 11 be wdl ob.
llln'CI •
 .. £ A S T I N D I A A F }'A I S. n -1 • ,
•t.o employ it:1 intl~sll·y, the grcatc;st ~IIC«'S5 ran never in the ~Ji~l•t•.... t tlt•~ rt'm:t• it C II.\ r. 1:1.
~rom 1:1hcrcnt th~honuur; ami tf the ~·nius of a ~elf ton ~hould ori.c in thut d 11 "'.!, r•-•·" rl.,.,.,,.,.,
·It could hal'e no rtJom to c~pand, nor if it hod, could all it.!l ucdlt·nre ,(,•lin r iu ·'!'""to... .,.J
f'OS"c~sor from the oUi,;.1tion of administering to tl1e DlO!'t jr•norontnnJ 1it·iuus c..f the ~; """~'' '·" 1 ~
llralunins. . . . • "' . ~ --J
One of th~ hcniiC!ot _gnevances attendmg tint ~tate of dr!!f'UIInlt•lll, io~, tl.ut il tli•· .
courage'S.nil. hl>crt~.l exrruvns, nml con~i·ms those
(""
\\ ho nre tk~liii\·,Jto it '
me<~n op1mons of them~li'Cll, and con.•l'f)ncnt mrunnt·ss of lm•uncu, !'t'ulinlcnt, ond
tu hlll•llllrt'
,... .
conduct.. Lc.st ho\\~ver, through the medium of leu min~. lht·y bhonhlt ..ll·c a clm111,.
of CJRcrgtng Irom tlus lo"· and coulinctl state, the llrnhu.ins (by an onti ...u,,.,. nt'thc
•Vedcs, \\ hich through their imposl••re have the credit of pruo:cnliu • hum " oli, iu~
origin, and of contaluin~ all valuable scicnct") ho\-c foruidJ.:n tl1l'lll, o~ ruin ur d,·nth,
to read the -.crcd books.
Now Ill this fourth tribe \\·ouiJ natumlly comprchrml, ot the 11-rv fir•t, n•,•rl' tl.:ul
a four!h p~rt of the pcopl,r, 1111~ us the uli'.;prin~ uf C\t'ry eut.~oplt nt. irn';illlltl'
.com•u•xturc of the four ongmaltnhC!I, n111l all the 1hcrtukuts uf lhott 111i''"" nm·, 1,,11
Ly the law still lower thun U1c fourth cia~!!, we mwy condu.!c th.ttu htr :l· J'lu1iun uf
tl:o people is tltu:> lacld down to c~rth. The C\ils inherent in tit it I!VI t ut' di•liurtiun,
(\I i·ldy dif!b'l'!lt it will C'J~ily be st•en from mere ~dutiun in snciC'I'\', b<-n1u~ heft'
essential buperiurity i~ ent.1iled upon some clu.-...;es, and c&!ll'l:tiul infcriu;ity upon other1,
for nil gencratiuus,) extend ill thcit· dt'gl'l'C to each of the intl'rlll('lliute f.:lu""~ anJ
the lo11·cst fct:ls the uctumulutctl 1night of general supcrim itv. 'l'lao"' tll'an:r the
summit, become a cem(!nt to this !<\'stem, "laich bv allotting to them crrt.1in (11'1"-
rogativcs, dispose~~ tl1cm the more caslly to ocquic•cc in it, and lol '"I'Purt iL
Nothins is more plnin, thun tl•nt tlaiil whole f.,bric i$ the "ork of a crafty aanl int·
perious pncsthood, who fC'i~1cd a di1·ine rc,·cl11tion and appointment, to invt ~lt heir own
order, in perpetuity, with the most absolute empire over tlac cidl !lliLtc of thl! llimloo..,
.as well aa over their minds. It is true, that tlary as.•iL,'Ilcd the n·iua ~oC poiitil'.ll
~overnml'nt to another order, the Khcterccs; but they •tillmRint,tim'tl iu full urn·;.,.
tile indefeasible supcriorit' of their own rnnk, they prc'lleri!Jet.l the naiL't of a•lnaiui~·
(rtttion, they were the pmile~ed at.lvi'>{'TS of the Ala;:utralr, (aa the &o\·cn:i~n, or
ruler, is termed in the cooe,) they rendered thrmsclvt•s ncer~ry to the ftlllll invntc•l
with that di:,lflity, in his pcrson11l, ~~~ well ns (lfficinl capacity; and in tbc pn.:limin1r.,
discoun;c to the codt', wo are told of a liin;r, whum on hi~ ol,.;tiuult' tlian·l:lln.l o(
eome ordinunces of the V e.lc.'ll, ant.! of the co·Jnscl gi1·cn by the llruluninll, U·•·y put
to death. Tbut " this resignation of the ~>CculaLr ant.! elecut.i\e pon rr into tlu,
" hands of another caste, is a striking in.•luncc of the Olllllerutiun of the lla·ahminiC"'Il
"' order," cannot then be conceded to ULC translator of the C'Oclc, fi•r U1ey M'Curtd t•l
.themselves oil the power ofthe empire, !Jut trun,ft·rrt.'tlthc llw•~r.r ontltro,al!le ettcntlaJlt
on it to their inferiors; tln·y rctamcd ull the nth antJg•~ of ~ccuhtr I'' c·rmim.·n~l', 1111·1
..divested thcnasclvcs of all rc>pousiuility •.
'l'..
• AI tomf ,..nona0 lljlpt'Of oiopoatd to 1\,inlr. or a bool~ t.lltir, DIIY ... •·•"IJ di•r•nwd l W
the inatiluuon o( rut..., and lbtir nporution t.v
'ID1!>1lMMble barriel'll, the ~ff«t of profound poiiiJtal
•h~t put.uc punu1,"• un ""''"a ''~"'• •h-,.
tl•t groatnl p.>.~l nl tl.t ,...,. .. ••• M..ll1 &~.! ~.,
.wiodom, it noay be well (or lhem 1o tOfMider, .,.,,., nchukd, ood<r IW ho5brtt ....,.&lid, fr11u1
-wbuhrr it be poooit.le to retulltlle trilb the idc>a tUoiiiJI .,, t•mt<m ID r11t.loC ali.urt. llo- 8 he
..,, true wi..lom, U.at •hie II dm•• botb ita oriau• ba•• cu... kl<rcd tJ.o,. ""''J""I p~ol.-.yhiully, IC#tft
aod ouppurl (rum fraud IUld im.,...tUN ~ ,. brthet 10 rat tl•• o~.le.,.. of o..-b •• arl..rLrlll)'an~nc••
s..ud :uod i.,.,.,.ture caa finally proc!ure tbe truua -nl, •I"•D • trulliRtDI '"''~ In I'"" ..0. u..
.r truth ...... jn!lllte; ud ...... Ur ""' anr ...... cl dui<ret1l cl........., u( Lhe unio.l.bohty •·I carla olh•••
llbject of ootb pol~ty, lltUJI<rlylht IQIIIII or _,.,1, n~hlo f· ll..J • '""''"JMI>& of &J,u .,.,.,. 11111 ...
l'DI:td !hem, the ro.hl..l ,.._,... .,,., -,LJ:
11 oa fact (auly ud euhdly obt.ou....t by it. 1be
..,bjec:tintl of""' poll'\ to aoell.rr Mllll<IMd-•ml ;
hi Ja ll ~oocl (.,r 0.. part on •b_iftiiPd, (11t6aotely
""' t.lll ll'lllh ... 1...... &1M .........- .... II< . . ~~­
.... wl..•rb "'""' #,,.. 1,. u~ , _ ..,.,...,,,,4
u......,.. part or tbe .. bole,) ...,., ill ......,..... ,....,.,,-r•- ..... '~"""Y .,. - ..Jo, abJ·<I
t-"'"'~·· lhrna.:b aU 1h• IIUitff'l..iuM or 11-., to ...ntl.tY aud .. ~~r,.n;t..., thr ..cl..r. A..,. ""'II
I"' t·l-cl iD ....,.ge to lM olht-r I It - d1f• '"'""'..-; M lbe ,,,.,.,l.olt•r or tlo4 •rth W. lnh
6tlllt10 D•llla&.&.ia....,b u _ , _ ., IIT~hl, -lrd, M tlwt l.tn;t ....V 1.... por•..t~l ''·• r-·
wlur..la will .,., aloao ..--nd, a,..b 111 a P""• • pi• eJ tW ,.,_,,, ui th&;f d •.etOtt~otwae;,• llHt
1u1wl and -...a .W., 0.. .,..ilwl 1)"6kn• of .:.. .....:..........~ J ,,..,,J fl ........ lbcil ............
wn·. 'I btl awb a _ .........,.. C:-lriW'I- o{ j ... & ,,.at."'""'..,..,..,,,,., :!-·~"'"~" bctl&'r •w.•a.
ia 110& '-•nenable lO &.I.e rstcmal Ulkrnla
....-:..1,. all,,....,.,.,,...,, ••
U...U.II..d lbc Lr..llto.u..t.J lloliit
of
'"'~·
•~~oo Dr. I • ,_.,...._a-... • r • • • • • • • • • • ,..... ... ~

' ···- ..... c.... ,...,. ...

:\I

•
 46 P A P E It S R E I. AT I N G 'f 0 .
!lfr, Grant'• Slate To show bow the 1ingular specie& of despotism her~ ~escribed, perv~es the legal •
<>fSorioty umn~s. 8yetcm of the llindo~, anrl to exhibit spc.~uncn~ of d1ficrent laws, vanous passages• .·
the A••utoc !!ub)ccll from tho code &hull now be produced. Smce 1t has, we trust, appeared, that the ·
tf Oreu.t Br~tau~o , atill rcmuining influence of that system is. not to be ascribe~ s?lely ~o those l?tuts of
"' it which arc r.artctioncd by Rritiob authonty, we shall be JUStified m extemhng our
view, and our &election, beyond them. And it will be recollected, on the ~he•·. hand,
that thoae parts include the laws which. rclu.te ~o the grand conc~rns of mherltance,.
nwaringc, and c:l&tc, besides othen1 of mfcnor Import; the seye.nty ~nly of s~m~ ot
the JJindoo puui~hmcnts being discountenanced by our admm•stratt?n of crunmal
J11 w. To one or other of tho~e branches, the greater part of the ordmances now to
00 quoted, will be found to appertain;, and f?~ the introduction of others which do
not belong to them, purticular rcii.SOns, m add1t1on to the general one already urged,
wi1111ppcar. ·
The •pccimcns of laws to be adduced here, shall be arranged under the following
hc11da: · ..
J·irat, Of tho~c which determine some of the prerogatives, or duties,· of the
Chief M~gistru.te or Hulcr. · · · ·
. S,coml, Of those which establish distinctions in fav.our of the superior castes.
17tird, Of thoMe which, without reference to castes, give a direct sanction to.·
iuuuorulitics. · ·· ·
Futirtll, Of tho11e which, withou~ reference to castes, go upon principles .~f
oppression nud injustic~. ·. · ·. · . . :
Fifth, Of those which, without reference to castes, discover a ·spirit of
.cr~~. , . . .

l·'IIUT then, Specimens of l..IUI'B which establish some of the Prei'Ogatives and Duties
of the Chief Magistrate or Ruler. · ·
Although no l Iindoo can now exe1'Cise this office in our Eastern 'territm·ies, these
11DSII:tgcs, lew in number, ore produced to show the w·bitrary power with which the
lnw invests the aoven.:ign, and the abject submission which it imposes on his subjects.
h may be remurkcd, thnt our tributnry zcmindars in the Carnatie, · and even the
~rent huulholdcrs in Ucngnl, hu.vc &till rctuiucd some rescmblo.nce of this lordly
authority over their people. .. •
SoliE of his PREROGATIVES•
Colle, pnj.!Q 11 o. ,. He is not to be considered as a ·mere man, but as a D~u:tali''
(a sub~rdinutc deity, of whotn they actually woi·ship numbers.) · '
26!). ~· If

thnte n1111ritirt whirb clithtrb the ptart of Mtc:i.ty I v11lion of it& timplirily apptBre to bne been
and thil il bll~ 1111~ bmnrb or lbt mitdlief• ,enc- •IIMitlli•l. And ahboll!lb a rrltbrnled name •
1'1\tl'tl by 111rh R •ytttm. rr~lll'dt lito inatitution ·of rutti"S 11 a mark of
'J'ho oubdtvioiona of the fnur origin~~\ raot.., ronoidorubly advanred 10dety, lhete IIC'tml more
arltillll frnmrhlli:..,.urt of pn>fruinut,and a vari•ty pmb.. bility tn r.ferring it to one t.C Lite tarlier
tol' M'l'ilmtin~t di~tinrtion., ""' anw 10 muay, the at.lj!f11, in which lbeae wc•uld in<lttd be prit'lll,
wa~·· of cm•t•mitmliou, (uul then: font of put iftra• toldi•l"', and butbtndmen, Wlouring and dutnflr.ic
tion,) 1t1 nmhit•h•dl tt.alina or •~pul.iona, on lht lti'VIUIII, bul. Lhe l:lllllmunity would b4J anoall; ruui
"'" title, 10 lfrril>le, ami to tb01e, on tbe olbrr, in ettcb 11 totniiiUntly, 1111 onhniUire, appunaitly
\\hn lhtrahv tUC'Ct'tcl to P"'l"'~ly, en advanlaltrol" aintt•lo, fixin11 Lbe tf\'t'rnl memben atul lbe1r
thttt the au\.j.,..t of r:~~~te i1 a rnodi~inu• IIIUI'1:1 of limuh.. in lh~ pruf.,•iun• wbic h tlt•y alrtndy
wr~n.:hn!l, animnaily, liti~atiun, h•M nf tit~, of eun-t"d. ati~bt ntntft ~·••IJI t.. 11d.•ptcd •ud tn•
or
'""Pfl'ly, ....t fi'O\tO, '"'"'lil \be ,~...~..• IIIII of li>l'C'rd, ll1td 1111 Gtdin:u,... af lb.tt natnre bte~~
intlu•nre 11nd f'nt<•lumtnt to the llnunuitllo "ho promul~'llttd o.f:tr the IIOC'ttty wos bcrun>t nume•
111• tht arhil•t'l in nil tit••• m~llon. nm., aud inlfrn>Arriaj:..s, (not IM-fnre pn•hi~tlod',
\\'hw lht>t ''""""'lltrnrr• tU'O tllll,,tltrt<J, In• brtWHO per11<1111 of clttli:rtll\ rrof... ioO•, 800 be•
,:rthrr with tlmt "hid1 m1111 iue•ilnbi,VIt•\e i>f<n turrn tbeir dn•••nd.nta, lutd taken rlott; •nd
t>Xptdrd lrotn the ~>~~:iunin~,nsn"'l.v, th• irl"tl(lllt~r whrn orcuputiona hod ltc!<Pn n.ultil•hrd, •nd urio111
rnmmel'<'~ nf the tnbt'•, the pohlltlll "~nritv of (!r,.d.ttiollll · alr...dy rsiiWh•hcd, !be d.tbcully ol
Jhe \,•gi•l•tora uf tbo llincl•..,. -m• 11••1 tnlitlrd urryin!l it porD>IlDoDIIy into execution, 'CI'uuld ap•
I•• !ll'1::1t tnni••• tin~• to tnry public benrlit whirb pueutly bau bftn in>uper..~lc.
lhry tonld I'' 01'""" (rutu tb .. r tyaltUl, thf prt>tf•
\'&Uo:l
 EAST INDIA AFFAins.. "7
, t6g. :• If in nny J:lace where the. :!\Ingbtrnte. is. pla)ing at tables, or any sucb c II AP. m.
.~ W!me, ~n that ca..>e u any ~crson, ~ontho.ut pcnm!-Ston of tl.c M.agi.>trnlc, intL·ri>C»C$ c.,.,.. '!1·,..,.~
.. ~, w1th Ius band, or by spcalang, tltt M:~;p~lratc &haU putl1im to d.:oJ/4. • ·~""',.,. -.4
If I . I ( ..._,..,. 'I tAt
a man compums cau.<.cle..>:~ y Ro"llin:lt the 1\fa ..i.strntc's rounto('Uor, tM h•._
' I
270. 1
4
' .UagiMrate 1hall put liim to fltnth." IP ,.-~,
....

" If o. man performs any businc:!.i or ac:n·ice for tLe ~f:l.·~ratc's

0
ttt'lbl'f
"' tlu(.lllagi•II'Ofe 1/wiJ putl1imlo deat/1." . · '
· " Men who vilify tltc 1\lagi:.trutc. n1cn of ilmate ktlpl'inripfa, or lllt'!\ "hu
" ·without reason, cause any intcnml Utlc.c.ine:~S to others, (nlttll t.!.ith tM ,1/.:~i··tr.:lc
1

" llimse!/tlUIIt be tllejutfgc,) the .1\fogistrntc flhull buni:.h ull bUt:b tlte Lit•s•lou~ •
188. " If a man !l'fllk reproachfully of anv upri):ht Ma~tr:lte, tlre ~r~i.olmte
" &hall cut out his tongue; or ba.ving confiacatCd uU his etr~.-Cts, alus.ll baui,b fnm lhe
" kingdom." •
J Sg. " If a Magistrate, .fur /,;, mr·" good, has po.«<"l a1w ~~lutitm'l, "ltll('\IT
"' •·efuscs to subn1it to auch resolutions, the .!\le;;i:!trnte abull cut out U1a l!()ntun'•
" tongue•.•
20j. " If a man bent or ill use a 1\f~.~::;i~trate td,o Cflllllllill a C'rimf', "·lmtt'IW it '"'·
" the crime of murdering a hundred nrruuuina hlutll Le im,ruted to hitn ; lte !ihull Ita\ e
" an iron spit run through him, am.l be ro:t!ted with fit-c.
1

Nolt.-1'l.ts contllins nn exception in favour of Drahmins, for rr/,ida ll't tilt

Jlt.rt head.
. So»E of his DuTru.
Code, page 91. 11 A 1\fagi~b'ale 1111141 h«'t'' tlt:tn' l•i.m a kar•tinlllrolllnin."
92. " The MAgiotmte j, r«Jilirod to mnintnln trot /o~ tha11 I• n JJi;alimil;., ,.f
41
karning ami um·tll, to give them rnuucy, and c\cry token uf rt':"j~...:t uml cun.i·
" derntion in the judgment scut." .
1 13· " In all ca6cl, he shul.l ~pare and e.rctllt Iht Dral1111i111l."
. 1 16. ." I Ie shull gi,·e much effects and mollt'y to the Drnhmi111 of • conqum.-d
41
country." . ·
" And erect a &l.atcly building for tl~ew." ·
118. " lie shull keep mogicians rrho tnn nrrt h!J tfAllll.... ·
·., lie alaall keep a p·eat number (Jf hufi'oon.t, Qr paruitt,. ~ten. and
11
dancel'!l."
119. " If be resume a rcligiota endowment, be al1all reo1aio in bdl a thouaand
41
''cars."
' ' . .
, . .

S~:coND, Specimens of La'\\'!1 "hich estuhli.J, Di..tinctiona in fa,our of tl:e

Drahmins aod the otJtcr Sup.·dur (;!btl'S. '

lil'll, concerning AnnoatTT.

Code, page 11 7.'.
11 The other t.lln:'e orderJ allllll Lc obedient to the I'!rahmiut t...
28l. "Whalt\CI'
• la tbt J,,.Litu\H o( :\~roo, a work o( j11111..& t 1 bt f<.llawin- ~·· ia II.., Jna~l111ft oC.
an\.iqui\y aool CUii""ilf, \I'U\Sf&tN b~· l:iir \V,~Jo.olll M<IN arr r•: ..nrk•ltlf.o:
Jon.., tinre Uo:a \net was wntte11o " tlto lotio•· " kl DoJl a km~. thoo~la iu tLt &r•alhl .s;.uue
ill& dn.cripuua ol U.. .funnaU... IWd d•snny oi tiM " lf,r o..-y, 1,,.,..,.., II••"D•·,.. 1o .... ~.., l• k•"C ••r
11 l~ir P"'l,., ·~ 1 lUI ll"' ~· oo ·• tonr.(• 4. ,.,...,,,,
·~~: '
" Sinct a king •u com!l'*d ,,( pa.rt.clao dra...,. • iuunrd.auly, "' •...-n:W•o ond .mprtcoiJ•vtJ•, ,j.r.
.• fmrn u.......
clHd p.u..rd;.,.n d•11.l,.., he toDM·
-" motto.I I ln
. p..~ll"l
' •"
"1tror bWJ aoo4 b.a uuo.p, el<p!uuu, loo;wo,.....,
.. f'U'I.·
•• q~ntfy IUipJ.UCI au
" l.t~t the lUll, he bams rytt anol L.. rto ; ""' " \\ bo. ••t!.oo.t 1"""~'"::. '"'!I pm ..h 11,....
"tan any lu•ow.a cn:ulull c.o ot..rili CHO 'ait 1111 .. Lol, llanl, ... ~ ""'"'· II. AI ••• bJ .:.. •• - · · ·
':, J,H,.._• • ,,., .. ct•~c:r tr.:~:n~ U.t a.•l·..f.n.'.u· .r.; l·r• •..,.
" Ue u Gre Aod air; hr, Lo:luca IIJld lf.D<lft; "c•ratrd. thf'.,.... •~:h ••1"'"'' hUt tLin . . .&J..Lr, a.s...ct
.. ,,., tloe ~"41 or tliml•:al jn•toce; lr, the ,:•n·ct .. ll,. ,,..._... •~.t. .~ •• ,.rr- , •.1 u ... ~, .. r
.. ,,( •••:a!'o; br, the ... r•ot or ....... : ""· ........... "\\h,trurrr ,.,..:J ~"" .... hh l.of•1'~··,.,.~
., o( t).c iin1,...1c01. A ~'"li•Utll thnl:-, b • rl.ol•l, .. lt.~"""'• •1,., li ~~ (h"'l.u ff4Jlff u:.!.... ; • .,.w.

"'"""' 11<11 be t••..ud l.rhl!~, irom aa >dr.a that I.e

• a~-4 rr,::•n~t ul ,.,.. ~-.•,c .."':~ I·•• Lc.t.;, l.u IM•
"101 a.,...,, IUOI'Iail r.o, he a. • po•rn;J d:n~···.·· "jl"o.io ,.,,.s ..... ,.t ,.
"wt.o •l'tot.ln ia ~~~IIUJI ab•;t.-l•t!•'alrt ~~ ,. \\ lz.al IU..u.,. ,J,.,..;!••t .J I ~'• ••~··· ir Jfttl
.11"·· ,..,... l.i9· • .t...... •·r t1• .... o1 ........., ,,........••••·r,..... :......
., n.,l·•
 P A 1' E R S R E I, A T I N G T 0
. ~ . ,
)fr. Cr11nt'• Sl.t.tc ... g., Whatever onlinances Pundit~, (\\lao are Drahmins,) deliver to the Rvot~;
11
nf Ser.&etv nmong
th• A•i~tlr Sul.jecte 11 (the body nf the people, ) ~arorn t 1Je Slaostcr, t1ae great body 0f t1Jelr
• ·• ' ord'ananCei,
•
ot' ~r•·.tt llnhaiH. 11 civil und rcli~:~iou~,) the Hyot~ (who cannot and dare not read the Shastcr,). ore hound
1 11
I v /0 O!Jf!!J."
A Pundit, not delivering the sentiments of .the Shaster, to be fined two
11

" hundred and fifty puns of co~ries;" (about four or five rupees, or ten shillings.)
:201, " If a SooJer reads tl1c Dcdes.to either of the other three castes, or /i.vte;:s
11 to tllcm, ltrttltdllil, wa.r, and melted tin, slut/J be poured into his earl, and t!te orfjit:e

" stoppt•d 11p."

" If a Sootier gets by heart the Dcdcs, he shall he put to dcul!z."
" If he always 'performs the jug,:(, (one of their modes of worship, in
•• "hieh the llrahmin olliciatcs,) he ahall auflcr death, or be fined two hundred o~h­
•• rutli.:cs," (auout .£. 300.)
Second, Concerning RESPECT.
· Code, pngc 261. ., If a mnn of inferior caste, proudly affecting equality
" with a aupcrior, ahull b'll\'el by his side on tho road, he shull be tined equal to
., his abilities." ·
" If a Soodcr ails on tho carpet of a Ilrohmin, the Magistrate, having thrust
11
a hot iron into his buttock, and bnmded l1im, shu.ll banish him tho kingdom, or
•• l'l~c ahull cut ofl'liia buttork." ·
. .NlJIC.-The shadow of a Chan"ul, one of those degraded below the fourth caste,
pMbing over victuals, milk, or even water, cletilcs it. Ten thousand otl1er ways of
IJcing polluted by the lowrr ranks, mark tbcir vileness •. , .
27.5· II Brahmins waiting upon great men, shall hnvc fr~e entrance."
" Dcing passengers in a boat, shall pny no fare, and have precedence."
" .And slau.ll pay for goocl» in a boat, no freight." . ·
T~ird,
Concerning Canrts,-as AssAULTs, &c.
Colle, pu~c 206. 2R3. " No crime 1\'hatcver, nor any number. of. crimes,
•• shu II forf1•tt the life of a Dr11hmiu: /1e 1/iall tlot he put to death on any account
•• tl.'lull ct't'r."
11
No crime in the wot'ld is so great as that of murdering a Drahmin; the
" l\rngi&trnka ahullucvct· del>ire his lite, nor cut off hia limbs." · • .· :
2S4. •• ..A Drahmin murtlcrinJ:l a Drnhmin, or committing incest, shall be'punished
11
oul y with iguuminious bnmding." . ·
:oG. · 1• JC a llltl!l Ul'(ll'il·e nuother of life, the 1\f~gistrate shall deprive that
u person oflitc, cxr.t·pt he be a Druhmin; he ahnll be fmed a hundred guld mohurs,"
(ubuut f., J :;o.)
lJ07• •• For
" ~bl.,ti~n•, "·oal~'• And ~~<Is prrretunlly tub- " with thllt !It D1ay c!Htroy hit oppnuol'l."-
" 0101; thooo wllo ~1'1 rach tn 1bo lcanuna uf t.l1e
"\'c,hd• . ·
lll•titutu, """"tis. s••·
11811,
• • The llbocle ol a Cb&Ddai&Dd a Swapara
" 1\ llrulunin, whethtr lrvn•d or ignor1111, i1 " muet be out ol tbt l"W111 t.bey mu.el Dot ba\·t
" n l''"'v:IJ;.I ,,;,.;,.,'.¥• enn oe lire ia a powwrul " the 1111 of entint \'eH~ltJ l.beir 1011 weult.b 111ust
" dil·m11y, "h•tha ~"ntl'~ruttd or \'~rull\f,• " be dnga aud .--. 'l'b~ir clotbea mud be ahe
" 'l'h111, Mh..huu~h llmhn11111 till~ uy thrms~IYI'tl " manUel nf tLt clec:eatd; tLeir daobu for fllull,
11
in ull •urll ~r uac"n orrut•llti"n"' th~)' ""''' in- n broken poll 1 their omamtnl•, natty iron; tCD•
" \•tn·i,.Liy be huuuuiT<I, 1\tr U1ry &111 l<llll,thing " tinu:ally moat lbty roam from pl11re to place.•
ft ll'ttHAt( HJ& 11//f fliriMt:' " l.et no miUI wbo ft'j:udt bit duty, reliJlinua
·• or a &mhl.u.· '""n who "'b"' bis nrm do- " and civil, hold tny imercoune witb tlt<'IU ; lrt
" l<•no]y Oil all or(u•IOIII ll~"in•ltht printly d111t, • .. their l11111MCtiuoa be tontiotd l.o t.brm.. lvn, and
" the ptit•l himorlf ohaU bl' tho "h"atia•r, 1inrt " their mat.tri:t~ts only betwreu tqn•la.•
" tho ... hh•r ut isin~lly pnx... d..d lron1 tht " ul luocl be &i.,.a tu tbrm m pohbrnls, but'
11 Jlr,,hmin.~ " oot by the htllda of the giver; and let them Dot'
•• A lll'irsl wlao .,-.11 ~"''"'the law, ~~~dl not " •alk byll.llbt in titin or towu.•
" rom ph in ln lito kanr~ ut' uny j;fii\"Uita irtiury; .. ""d:ay tb•y naay ....,k nb..ut rur lbt ru.,...,..
11 •iuro fl'~n • t.y hit nm~ I"'"~~'• be may rllo•llat " uf wurk, dU.tin~uiabed lo1· the Lia.g'a Ladg,._ •
" lla'"'' wlau IUJUre h•u. • and thcoy ehallt:UT)' oot tJ,e torp.e ol t\'try our
" Ilia nwn l""'~r. wbirh drrtradt un himsrlf " who din •n.llout .. •lllln:d: IUC"b ia the fhed
" nlono, is mk ati~r lh•lll tht "'~ •' Jl""""• wlurb " 1\llo •
" dop•nd' "" 1>lhcr m•n; Ly l•it """ mi;.,bl thr••· "l'h,.., ahall alwa•• killth•1141 •l•n .,... to h1
" fl•"'· '"")' 11 llrnluu•o ...,....,.. h1• f,'"'• " tl•in b:, tJ,, ....,lrni.. oi th• t.. w, u•l Lv tbe "''"'
" lie m•v II••· ""'"'"! t. ..,,,,t<.,n, the JW''II'fl'o "tt~ITJnl; D.nd lot thcon1 l·•lr.t lhe rl<~lhrs of il,•
"fnl rh•um~ "'~••lnt 11'1 ,\J1~;;nnn, and hy ln•n tn " •low11 tl:.l.r btdo, and thr1r nm atnrnt.t ~ ·
" l\u0urfl'l; fur lj•to:cb 11th \l'toljl•D ui 11 llr.tl,nm•,
• .. \l'l~b
J.,.;,.,., '11 .uc..., p 'i:t ~~;.
 EAST INDIA Alo'}'AIRS.
'J.07. J.'or beating or ill·u~ing a :\fa~trntc, tt Ao C'r'rnmit• t1 rl'iHH', (• ltkh tl~t~ r II.\ P. 111•
11

.. fir.~t head mtt'll as the crime or

tr.urdcrin~ a bUlklretl Drll!uuin\) 11 t:ru!uuin ~h.JI CJur ..ltlw ,...,.. .,
" <C?nly be fined a bunJred BlihruffL-es." (about f.. 150.) ,,,, ..,, • ••I
I ..,,.,.,, ""'IH
209. " If a man sets fire to another pcr.10n's hou•l', witb intent to clt..l'"{•y him; Jl.u-. ·
u or causes him to take (XIi!'On ; or is dL-,jirous to 1mmlcr him ''it b a !II\"' d; or ....______,
" carries away that person's wife from bill hou!iC1 oml h>t·ps lwr l,iu~>df; vr l'lun.lt·rs
•• all that person's cli~'Cl~ or his tillt~ge; iu lhllt cnsc, if the l.&ttl·r dqHh"N tl.c funncr
" of life, he shall not be amenable. But he sh.IIIIPt l:i/1 tilhrr 11 ,...,;p or 4 ll11unitt, ..
(~nsequcntly a Drahmin may do all this for a tine•.)
206. " With •·lmtcver limb a m11u strikes a Dr~tl.min, tAut limb Ahot II k t'lll ~If."
" If a Soodcr strikes either of the other three cl~, it shllU be 10 JuHC to
" llim."
208. " IC a Soodcr spit on a Drllhmin, hie lips, &c. shu II be cut oll:"
. " If a Sooder rluck3 o. Drahmin !Jy tlu: buir, &c. !Joth hi.i luu1Js stall ba
u cut oil'."
· -" If a Soodcr gi,·e~ much anJ frequent mok'!!t•ltion to a lJrahmin, ht: •lwll
" he put to death." · .
Cantu continucJ-Aov LTUT.
Code, ~age :z.p. ·" A SooJcr, Dk't', ~r Kht:tcrcc, guilty "ith o 'AO!lllln ~~ tAe
· " Erulumn t·astr, rrho ha1 umtWr:l', (llmt Ill a hu~llund or kl'C(lcr,) bL&~llaulli:r 1lc.,.lh
" by mutilntimi and buming." . .
" A SooJcr, guilty "ith a Chundal \\OUI:IO, (one of o drgr.1Jcd trit..<-,) ,l.ull
" aufl'er death." · ·
" A Dice or Kl1etcrce, guilty "ith a "oman o£ iuf~:riur cwte, to Lc tint:J
"fi'!X: hundred or one thmuaud (lUllS of co"rics," (irum c:il!,l•l to &i\lt:cn rupcu,
six.tecn to thirty-two shilling~.) ·
" A lJralunin, guilty with a womal) of any or
the CtL•tf'!, u·llo !tal G 1/1{/1/fr,
•' to be fincd/h'C IIUIIdrr:d, or nne tholl.ra11d puns of cowries (eight tu 1i..tlun rupt:C3.)
,• Ue ill not 111 any cil.be of udultcry, to oo deprived of life.•
243· " A woman, guilty "ith one of the inferior tWilL', to be utcn lly doc..., or
' 1 burnt with fii""Ots."
" A "~nun of eqm1l or inferior caste, ~uihy, •.'m!IJIOI ~t: li:t~!r: to puni.lh·
" mmt, only bhe shall pcrturm the ceremony of txpi11tiun.''.
244• " If a man commit9 adultery with an unmurri~'(l girl r.f ;,if. r~•r c:tt.•lt:,
•• b.'l her CIJTI.'Jt:llf, he shall not be dcemc<l guilty. If it uu d01:.J LJ r:.:.Mc, tl•o
•• Magistrate shall tllkc a &mall line from him."
248. " For crimes beyon1l this class, nnd beyond tlic line ,,{ thll J. .. t•:·•n •:~·•:k.._,
" l11c superior ca>trs nrc tuxel.! in a fine of ji'C't. lomJrcd l'uus uf CLm rie'J (uLu~t ci;;lrl
" rupecll) the S~:oJ.:r oulg, t.l_ou,~cJ to death."
Cnu&ta c:ontinucd,-Sn:.UlSO.
Coc.le, pn~c ::l:lO. " If a n~nn steals a,ny u~an of sup(·rior c:u·~··, ~·e ,:,,1:: ~e h~n1l
" uilhjirr, hy Inn in~ a purtlcul11r spt.'f:ltl ol J.!fii•S lour.lll routd ':'~ ,, .. ty. ~~ l•e
" bkula •·omon, he ~hall ha~c thl.lt gr11.-s bound rountllu• l.xxly, l" :tr.t' h d o.. t til
" 1.1 hot plulr t{ irt•!!, ttnd burnt i111lu')ir.-." . ,. .
• " II' a umn stt·als anum or \\ulllan "f 1u1JJuug n•ll', the :\f,,:.'"''~;·J ,....,11
1

" c:ut oll' both 1.~ hunJ!I ontl ft'Cl, unl.! Cil!lt him out U(KJII a l•i:;:m11y w!:trc I nr rvo~<lt
'• meet. .. .
" If any penon 1t(n!1a mt.llftfi,fr:rinrc.uu, be bb:t Lc lincJ ~~~r i.'nur.~~J
•• puns or C:O'Ariu," (about ,jztWI niJM:U or tJtiri!J·Iozo a!l;:!in_.;;.) ,
" If l:e litcals a \\tJUIIln u( inferior cwtc, all W.. l•rtJpu:y a:...U L.: ron•
" tismtcJ." .
" If a mun, in time uf 11ar, stc:W a bone, or an dt}l:u.t, the ~I•..;,.tro~to
" 1lmll Jrprn:e him r{ lij(:."
• " If he ~L.a!s cit!.cr"f tllC'IC aniul4ls in tiiUc "f I)CJcc, C.c ~.r .. ~i,t•"U: .: ..11
.. cut oil' froml.im <>IIC l.untl aml one IUot." (Cun•purc ll.i.. onidc "';tJ, \I.e p~:tt..:;u~
one couccmin:; ,u;.,.lin~ a SOO<kr.)
.. ll
• Tbe l ..titnl-. d ~l<ao bown«, appou lOll"'
pormil w a rn...a wllo> '"""""' ol.brra11141 _.......,u
o!.o;r ~.;or a llr....Lu.....a. •lA a......:.. lu111 ••iJt
"""'door, 1•.,•
Ull•l•& !CO t;H-
2Sl. ~
 50 PAPERS ltELATIN.G TO
'Mr. ('lrRnt't Statt " I( a man ·steals an elephant or a horse, excellent in all respects, the
of SodetV among ., Magistrate shall cut off his hand, ami foot, and buttock, and deprive /um of ljfe:
!~<fr:~tia~:/:.cw 221 , " If a man
steals a small animal, the ~lagistrate shall cut off ha{f hi& foot."·
..__....,., ' , u If a man steal• flowers f~r d~ing:, llc. the ~fagistrate shall cause the
224
" article to be returned, and take a com I!} gold lll afine. ·
12.;. " If aiuau stc~:~ls flow~, or fr~it, or wood, o~ grass, belonging to a Bra~min,
" the Magistrate shall cut oiJ h1s hand.
11 If a Brahmin who every day performs the jugg, commits a robbery
2 2G
u that.deHCrves dt.:ath, the Magistrate shall cut off the hair of his head."

Conccmin~ the Sc.t.u: of PuNlSJUlENT, for s~andalous or bitter Expressi?ns,

which species of offence will be further exphuned under a subsequent arucle,
(Page 101.) Puns C.Jwri~a
Code, J.age 182. " A man of equa_l caste and equal abilities with the
" accuse , ahall be fined, • • • • • • • • • 1 ,ooo.
(about sixteen rupccll, less than[.. 2.) •
" A man of inferior caste a11d il!ferior abilities, • • 2,000
· " A man of superior ca~tc and superior abilities, • • 500
" An CCJUill in caste and abilities, accu~ing another of one of the
" crimes in 11noo putuk, (the third class of this ofience) • 100
" An inji:riur in coste and abi!itica, ditto, · .• 200
" A auj1crior ;,, caste and abilitu·s, ditto, •, 50
(ubout one rupee.) '
18;1. " A Soodcr, accusing one of a superior caste of any of the crimes of the
" tlsn·c fir~t ch.L~ses, (which will be hereafter dc!cribcd,) shall have his tongue cut
". vuf, tmd a hot iro11 ijte11jingc1'8 brr:adt/, tltruat into Ilia mouth." This article may
bo rumpured with the one immediutely preceding. The Sooller forfeits 1Iis tonrrue
uml in l'llh·t his life, for committing nguinst a superior that ofi'ence, which, if a s~pe:.
rior cummit it a:,:nin~t him, costs only hlllf a crown ; ll fine so trifling, whilst the
pcnulty uf rcturtin;.: on the other eidc i.~ so dreadful, as rathc1· to encourage than pre-
vent this species of wrong in the uppcr ranks.
· Concerning CtvtL ArrAus.
As to interest of money, the proportion of rates payable by the different classes~
ehull he introduced fur the suke of illu~trating the spirit of the code. ·
Code, page 2. 11 Where a Druluuin pays per month 1 per cent.
" A Khcteree shull pn y • • • • li
" A llice (or Vybe) .• • • • • 2
" A Souder • • • • • • 5
u And so in 1lro1'1Urtion whtttcvcr the rote iij • ."

PAY:u!:NT of Dun.
Code, pugo 21. " If o. vtf1 rich mnn 1 of u·cak rmdt:rstamling and of a .:cry
.. lllt<lll tribt, from a principia ot fmud ami obstinacy refuses to puy his debts, the
cc l\lugi~trute slmll oLlit;o bun to uischarge the money cluimcd, andjinc l1i111 double
" the 111111."
22. " If a vrry rich mnn, of an t.t-cclknt tducotiot~ and rf a supcrit~r coste, from
11 a prinl'iplc of frMd und olutinary refuses to pny his dcuta, and the creditor com-

,. mon!.'<'» a tnit n~ninst him, the l\l~~.gi~trntc shwl nusc the money in dispute to be
.. puid, and :~hulljilte' tl11: dt'blor one-tu·euJicth of the sum recovereJ."
As to TAxES on Dun so aml StLUso.
Codt•, pugc 25 S. " On all sull'S. lnl1Uld purchase and sale 1o per cent. •
, '' Foreign • 5 per cent. on the protit.
" A Druhmin, lcnrn!.>d in the DcJ~,-s, ,~u,n pay rw 1tu on &drs."
As
· • .The F.n~_~:liob gnVt'rumtnl in B•ng.d hu now
ordu.mM tw•ln 1~r ctnt. ~f at\llum, to bOI lhe
llioctioo of caslft nr natiou, Weahby llllti\'fs
howe\'er, probably atiU li&vour bllnowtra of th•
rnaflll l~a·ll maximum or iiiWtlt, wilhou& di... higbtt culee.
liuc:tioo
 EAST INDIA AFFAIRS. 5'
As to FJSDIXG TUixca.
• Code, page 256. cc A man finding hi:. o:m, long l~t, is to itifurm tilt Alct&istrote, CIIA P. m.
IC whO ia /0 taktjf0111 him, C-oftilprrrt'W(
u If be be a needy unlearned penon, ot~t-~i.rlh; . Sot.t.. ~
" If a miUl of SCience, • - • Ollt·ha!J·• ... ~:::;:::'I tw
256 11 A learned Brahmin finding any t11ing, the property of a atran~ who is ' ..., ~
" unknown, take1 the u:hole; an unlearned UruhUlin takes fivc-silths, and ghu one-
" sixth to the Magistrate."
" A Khetcrce is to give the Magistrate one-fourth, and the Druhmins onel'o
" fourth."
" A Vyse is to give the 1\lagistrale one-fourth, and the Drabmins one-half."
" A Soodcr. finding any thing, divides to the
· " .1\-la!rlstrate,
~
fivc•t\\·clfths •
'
• " Brahmins, fivc-t"·elfths;
." Jlimsclf, • two-twelfths:
u A 1\Iagiatrate finding any thing, shall give one-half to the Brahmins, and kcrp
" the other half himself."
Aa to Gnn, and SuccEssiON to the PaonaTT ofDRAUMUll.
Code, page 26. ·" A woman r11ng git·e to the Druluni111 any part of her husband'•
•• effects to procure hi1.(.u1ure happim:u: if abe gives the whole, the giji ;, opproml,
" but she is blameable. ' ·
" A gift proposed to be given to a llrahmin, if afterwards "ithhcld, ahall be en•
u forced by the Magistrate with intercsL"
33· " The property of Druhmins, m/1-f/ u/";~'liJ' dan·11J to Drulmut11:
46. " So must the property of Drnhmina' "·ivcs."
128. " On fuilure of. heirs to one of the three lower castes, the l\fagi~trate ma,y
.. , appropriate the propertY to hiuJself." ·
.. llut if a Drnhmin has no heir, his property ~ha II pi.!ICI to other Drahmint;
,, and if there ore no llmhmins, the Ma);illtrate aball cau~>C it to be thrown into u.e
•• water t·"
. As to Su vur.
Code, page 143. ,. Slaves are made of the three cas~ of Khctc~, \'y~ and
" Soodcr. .
,. A Brahmin can never be a slave."
" A man ofeupcrior caste, if he is upright and •tea'It in the principlt'!l of that
" caste, can ne\·er be the &lave of a man of inferior ca~tc.
•
144- " If a Drnluuin ha~ purehalK·d a Soodcr, or e•en if he hull! rwlpurrhtunl
" him, lie r11n!J Ct/IUIC him to pt..'r:form t~t:rrirf."
TI•ese in~tanccs muy suffice to illu~trntc U•e ,nture of thf dUtitll'tioru "hich ohtain
among the diiTcrent custcs. TIJCy eli. tend indt.'Cd to all tlJC concerns of life; and the
laws regulating them are diiTused throughout the code; llloke up a great put of it,
and sc:em in rwlity to be its main bu.im:u.

TuJaD, Oftbo&e Laws, which -ithoot reference to Caste, give a direct SLDCtioo to
. Immorality. ·
Concerning EvJDI.~CE, raoMUU, and FAU& Pauucu.

Code, pa.,~ 11 i· " Wherever a true cridcnce would deprive a man o( J,iJ lik-, in
" that case, if a fal,.e testimony \\ould be the prc!CITiltiuo of hillik, it ;, tditJtu·uhlc
•
.
Lia nd, ~~~
.
,
• t- • Sboold
• So it io iD the eodt-, and the p""!""iioa iD thia the liJic t.. -
inatanore - - to tootnodiC't tbe awa pnatipw ol ,.....,,.w. 41..-., .............
189 . . u..
the!..• ; but dw olnkta~ potnl al eom,...- .., • pnnt alJ U n<..,. Mc-lo..d ft- lrr,al
that • llr.huuu,lit.O•nc •HI I.L.t• to • llln•p, " li-.• lullrlla tf Jlta, .-c• tW.
lr.e•J» th" • bolt, 01' llv...,~lht ol1t; and ...ol.borr
.,....,.,.. li.oo4aa ..., .... • ot.it10<d to 11..., • ,..,.
of it.
 5:1 P A .P E n. S · It E L A T I N G T 0
• G • s. " to gh:e such te.flimom' • and for ah~1olution ,of the guilt of false witness, he shall per--
" 1r. ranu 1·'18
of Koci•ly amung
1· S I ttc tb e Godd. e~ of Letters ). : •b~\
" form the Po'!jall Ser~hullee (won• IIJ> to ers;u e,
· J '

l.hc Miat•~ ~uL~..:II u to Lian wbu bas munlcrcd a llrahmut, or slam a cow, or who bcmg of the Drahmm.
of Urc~l Urilu n. u trilre has drunken "ine, or has C?tnmit~ed any_oftl~e•.e pat~ic~larly tlt~grant o~ences.
" it ia not allowed ,to give false wttncsi m pre~crvatton of hf~.
1
" .. ·' .
" If a marriage for nn!J f!eraon may be obtamerl b!J fulae Wllneas, suc!lfalaeliood may
... , " be iold; a8 upon' the day of celebrating the m~rriug~,. if it is liable to b.e incomplete
• II for waittor ~ivin~ ce~tui~l article~•. at that IIIII~, ij tlt~·ee (}~four falseltooda are
•I aJtacrted, it docs not stgmfy; ?r 1t 11 man pr~uuse to gtve lu.o c~~ughtcr many or~
" oomcntll, ami is uot oiJic to gtve thcm,,mch julllclioods as these, 11 told to promote
11 a mnrriurre, OI'C otlowaiJlc." ' •·
11 If. a t~ao, f'Y tile impuloe . of ~u4f? tells lies to a woman; ?r i.f his own li.fe
11 would othcrwt~c be lost; or ill/18 j~r tile bcnifit of a ,Braflmm j. 111 sue!' affmr&
11 falodwod ;, al/uu:abl~:."
130.-" If 11 mno suys to another, I will give you somct.l•ing if you are able to
11 apprehend a thief or a munlcrcr, or such kind of criuunal~, then .ev\!1' if the
•1. other should opprcl;cnd 1~nd bring sucl~ a pcr.~on, 11othing shall .be bcsto~ved on
" thut uccount. If uny tlung huJ I.Jccu g1vcn Ldorc the IJuoinc~s, 1t may be taken
'' !Juck." ·
19. ~o ...:.." A creditor i~ rrprutcdly uircdr,f, uy fiig~~t·d and by emsit·e pretences,
,,. to get lioltl of f;<Jine of tl:c dcLtur"s good~." · ·
Jntro1l. to the Code, pngo 114. " The !\[u;;L!I·;Jtc is directed to sc~d 'to the
" purty in ho,tility u:(>Lin~t him, a mau of i~tto.:lli~cncc, nntl well skilled in urtifit:e,
d to inl'illllatC !lillwJt' 11111011g the tllCIIlY•II nu:n, 1111d lliUkC them dibS!llisfieo. With
" cud1 othc1·, thut they lllliY q11urrd uml li;;ht aulong thumsclvcs, aad so. b3
. I, "
11 fUiilCI ·
, .
It 11ill Lc rcmcmLcrcJ, thnt tho two h1~t ilrticl<'s ore not supposed ·to descriho
mcrrly the practice o•· the counsel of sinister ln1u~:m policy,· Lut to be, like the rest,
the dictutc& of u divinity.
Mnr>E of SIIAIIISG n111on~ ltonnt:ns.
Co.!t;, pn~c 1:1•1. " The mn,fc of shares umn11:! rohl•tn is this: If a~y tl1ieves.
" by tho coummml of the Mu~i,truw, und with Iii~ a>bi.t.mcc, have committed de~
" pn:•lution~ upun, 11111\ brou~ht any booty fro~n unothcl' province, the l\Ia;,!i3trate
'' Jhull n·cl'ivo 1\ ~huro of one·~ixth of tile whule; if tlll'y rrccivcd no comma'nJ or
11 a~~btunce from the !\l:l~i,tnitu, thuy ~111111 give the l\ld~istrute, in that cusc, one-

,.. tenth tin· hi~ bhai'C; uu,l llf the t<.:lllaiudcr tllt:ir chid bhull rcceh·e· four blmres,
11 nnd 11 hu~oc\'cr un1un!.( them i~ Jll'rll·d mu..;tcr of his uccuputiun, shall receive

•• th\'C!l ~h:u'\:s; uho 11 hichcvcr of thfm i!l l'l:llllll'kuhlv ~b·ong or stout, slut !I receive
" tii'U RliUI'~·~. 111111 tho n·-t ~hull J'Ct'ei\'r one shnre. if uny of the community of the
11 t.hit•\·t•s happen to bo t;tkl'n, untl bhoul,l be rckascd ft•om the Cutehe•·y Court upon
11 puyntt·ut ut" a sum ut" mout~l·, all the lliicl't·~ slmll mukc good that sum by enuul
I I
I . llllll'l'S,
.. .
• 'I

This i~ in c1·rry 1·kll', 1\ cutious, chur-olctcriotic article. The trun~lutor of tlte

cotlc muint.tin~, tlmt it " by no lllt'tlll~ l'c~pcclll tllll rlomt>tic tli,tut"!Jt'l'~ of the tr.m··
" quillity uf tl11.:ir country, or violutol'll ol' the fir~t principh:s of socitty, but only
" ~m·h. hut,~. untl lmrt!y uthent~r.•ri 11:1 sally. lur~!t t~ kl'y contrihutidll !".a furcigJl
" pn11111Ct•, lt wcro to bo 1\'l:·hetl the urttdc lt"l:ll hatl spokrn u.; tlduutcly; but
~uppu,t• it to I.e tim~ unolt·Nood, In the lin•t pl•tl'll tht n, it 1\tlll bcl\u-o us, nut on
o11rn milit:~ry n:pnliti,m, but IL thin· in;;, 1"\lbhin;.:, nctu">ion; fur the ucton~ ore
" rubbtr~. thint:~, loy prt•l~·!>,ion," tlit•y nro I"CI."l';!lliz.:tl tu be of 11 " community of
" thicn·~... II) be Ullltllablo fur the dt•tn~dutions thl'y h:ne cunnuitteJ, to the civil
court, uml if tukt·n, li11ule to puuklm1cnt.
~ttl.-·(he. l\Ju~ilitmll! tlirt>el:i 11111l u-i~t~ tht·~c roLbt•rs and thicn·s to plunder in
Bllothl-r province. It is a chm,ll·~tinc C1pcration, und his concern in it 1nust thcn:Wrc
be clnudcstim~. llooty is tl1e prufl':l~e..lubjl't:l, aml htl ~h11n::~ it with thcn1.
3c.I.-As thi11 rt',:ul11tion outl\orin.s the procuring.of ll ~lcu.-e from the court "hich
lntly lmi'C s,·i1cJ nny uf thr>C olli:ud~~r.;, by thu poyu!Cnt ol a $U111 of Juunr ..., it
snnctions the concurrt.:nl'C uf the ~fagi>tmtu in such a trun:>~1ction, which h:1s strv"u;.:ly
Uu: complt:xiotl of bdng a prh·utll cvrntpl bal',;ujn Lttm.-co tbc jud;;c of that cuurt
llllll
 EAST INDIA APl'AlRS. U
and th~ culprit; b•t\ WIK'thcr the ransom be • set'rrt Ill a~. or. mtml OJ'~l'l t01lanll• c II A•• "'·
·tation fi1r punL«!uncnt, the rrinciplt'lt,f jn,!kt are ,i-J:ut:.o·~ the ~(t.:\•!r ale b'!C:IID.:'t r'-t/1"",....,.,.
a (l!lr:'Y ttl. a C:OU_JJ•Ii~ted. outr•~;c •.~~~i~t l()(]dy, aa~d .i• i11 fA.:t CJ>II1tMa mn•,l ~::;.,":....,,
h~ tin• ordmance an bt•mg an•lul~nt, au b:a tum, l:l cnuu:tw •luJ au•y c.,.ue intu y,.._ "' "
·hi:s po11·er, for a rcc:uniury romiJl1'Uliun. , · 1
..
.. 4th. D~Jt {it hmay . •••h••• ~th~1 ..1 communitY• or t.hi<-nt,.. I<UM .. ,.~·rf<·c\.
. be IL•kffi,
tnn~ten o t tlr occupnt1on, nrc Jurtntu &Ctl.! Lrou.:lat to surh • &talt• o( ptt t.'l·:inn
in. their voclllion ?-C11n 11e concc.:ill'f' it to t .e Ml:t'ly 1•.1 the nl'fci~t ut till-it p:u t:t h
a hen lamh? Born, eduC"'Itt·d, nmt d,..cJlinr in the Mll~:,trate't di.<trict, j. it hi 1,1(' r.ur-
·poscd thft\ they nt'.'vcr f'111t'li-oc nt !tome~ Ycl the Mdt!i!>lro.~tc laariJ~.~un t.Oat't>': Wlr:/:ll :,
he lmoVIS them pcrron11lly, an :I he u.b tll<'m at ....ork.
If the tmn-slRtor's epolo!!y 1>e ndmitt•:tl, thnt thi• i.s an anci,•nl l1w, C'nn'f,I'IO'd ... nt
to the enrly manners of othrr n:~tions, ~:ill i: is to he rcmrm~l'l.'!.l, thAt u ltl.m t, m •
c:ode "hich clair;a.s ~o he. dh-inc, .thut tlu:r..·l~•rc an "'l'•~laut:aorit.Y i.t noc."""''J t.> i••
.repeal, and thnt ill.> ollercJ to us a.s a. l~&w c..f tl•e lliml.wt ut tl.as da1. .
Dnt "hat 11re we undrrstnml by ., 11nother pre·.-iucc :• if it 1\lt'tlllt llllOihlll' ••~c.-.
JJindostnn consi~ted andc.:ntly, u it dues now, of nm::y ~ta~a.. 1lai• IJw "" uu.t,•
lor the whole llindoo people; tht>relore it autllfll izr~ nal'l t·nr.ounaw• tlw•n ,,, n•b 11nrl
phmticr each other. It fl'CO!!'tirt'i n community n( t!tic.·r:a D•\li rubb~·" iu t'llola :ltltr·,
and makes it l11wful for them to lh-,: llyd·~pi't<httioll.!l on their nci)!hl1011r1. ~ut:h Dl:c,.mJ-
in:tly h.1s l>t'·~n the Jlrnrticc ofnt k.·il~t ~~n~lcr t!ivhint:\, in nil ti111o JlASL Thl· z~on.n.to&r-.,
·fhrou~hout. Uimlosl.lln, kcc-t' rul·~·r' Jtutl t~ieve~ llntlcr their l'rntcc_tiou : and "'h.al•
·e,·er el-.c hus c:hllll_!~crl, the· busrr:~ of J>~llo:.,oc, c..twn attcll4 4'd wu:, a~>urJtT, •h!l
c:outiuuas uu.ivcrs~~lly a~ )II t~y~trmntkally•. Can it he duuiJtt:d "l:ctl>~.·r tlu~ ordinsnre
·~aai not had a most 110werful til~ iu t·~tal>lh,hinJ,t and lurtilying a J•ro~ctit"t· tv ruilololul
w the pctwe and tj!,ood or,lcr ,,f IKidrh·l .Mu:;t we nut lleli.:vc: that roLb::n, fin•lit~g
their prolto!!llioos C\'Wl'ntly recO<_::niwd ind r.unctiQIICd by the J""• h•ve thrncc •i•h a
quiet conscience formed thcm5c)\'t".!! into t."'\.~tesand b:mdll, and t.h11t it ia the pcnuaaion
of actio.~ upon the divine authority of the :Sh:.•ter, ~thich in~~irt'll them ~~rith c:ontrmpc
1.1f death, ond penc,·cronce, from one ~_?CT.tration to another? Con '11"0 'lli'I'OI'CI that
our prohibition, and ou1· rnmi>hml1lt CJ J•re<iatury <'•rtnt~. •·ill In uail'lt!a ·/''"'"' to
them, destroy that persuasion~ Hut the ordinnnrr tinJcr eilll~idrxation tan hardl1
apply to any other than small' dP.·i~ion!l of tl"niu'lrv: and if "e "ere urtuin that
•• ;province" al<'ll.n<~~ the terri lory of nnother ma.,ter; ~ct no tilt1 is tnort nuturio••• tha11
•thllt the bands or ro!Jbcrs ""hOaiJ the zeoaimlltl'l of lical~ll are katuWil 1.1.1 flllCI1•in, C•8•
·l'loy themselves VI ithin tllnt country; fi•r its •• dwntatic trallfiiHIIity ill di.turbc..t hy
.thcm""perpctuuUy from one end to the other, u the e~tmd l.rc1uro fl••utl!'t! trom l..unl
-Com11allis haoJ evinc~'ll, 11111l a va1icty of uthcr vu•1c:hcu wiJ..:hl IJc pruduecd, is" nr•
(C!Isary, to prove. · ·'
or
·. We K"e then a lllO\t glurin~ in;tance in tlti• ordinallt'(', immor.l,ity .in f"iuciplt,
.and of the cousequcnt "ide ditl'usion of c:~iil in snuctit:e. .
::ro pi"QC.;;d to {urthar cn•~~~CS.: . . •· ; . ·
·Stiw.&~n coinmittin~ Crimea by orllrr ohhcir lfurrn-D"···,.. t • .c6 d
· . · · · LicentiutMI'I('IM. -• · ' · •
-Code, fl:l!'C J4<),. "lC a servan~ at tlt: ctlullfllud of i1i• maol·~r, Nlfl,..·r, t4ji Ill'
... 1111/l'Ja', :;,. llUy tluch crilliCll, u ""'
iaa ruu~ c.laC, il tii:}Jw!t (i 16t •CIWIII, IM
·••, mtUiet' 011lj};, guilt!J."'. . . · · . .' ,
' .23!)." ... ·,:\au~tC'J ,.;~ COI,'II~Oit pr~titutet and d~cing girl.. ....all ~~WI wji.HA!J:,."

·· ';47: ·.'.' g,;~(:;~ Li;w, ~r .i.Juitcr~ •!!'-'\' N, ~ilia con•:~/ f!.f_ '"' .4.".t,.-ri.dnllt, f•Jt tLr
·!' lriUiog ~nt of_ !,en pU&It of co~llC't (bs IJIIIR .• i!llloiD,Jt·) .
" If a.tuan by violence cumuuts 11lult:ry uo lat own ""''e GJ'l, a C.tlt' of t~ P~"'
·· ... oft.v" ries," ( a~t a. slailling.) · · •
• 'lsa .... l'fU!I&.itutcs ond dancing •001eu :":C.u.c.• st~ll.:d. :ul.! .II'Cre~ t~rtupoc..
l11duding pimps. &c. ·

Coll)ll~IOS of .. n,u) Acfl9l' a!~-J-..cd. \Q •:n-e lit'.

• . Cnde, P'R'II 271~ " 1{ a 1111111 in imrneJi.tto d&n~ 1.4 hi• lift., hJ r~iJtif!; • ~cl
• «liDM CllllletR A;, lift, ill rh.ll. CtliC tlu J!~;<frtl!c .M:t,. !j1~ A,,..,• .
.a8J. · • • Q )t:'UCUJG
 p' A1' J~ n S 'It EL .\ T I N G · T 0 ·
54
I'Jr.C:n~nt'• ~t,te J)uJl:srso PaocuftE DEA'CH.
t9
l'lltfi"IUIY ~111""6 • ' ' I' . ) , _, ,
lh• A~w•r :-u••J'r" Code, pa::e :zCS. " 1'M hwmllljt a Jll!!!!: (re 11-'(JOUB ceremony • to precure i11e lit'(J/ '!f '
•• Clro•4t l:n~t.a. " 01, innuc~11f JlfrRMt, o fine of t"'·o hun~t·cd puns ()f cu,rrit•s."
\ • v--J
2 r.s. u C:au~illl( an i;tOJO<:cnt peoon to drink a putiun, in onlcr, to procure lrir
" d•·at.~, a liue of t II'O iJ•mJre\l p•ms of cowt·ics." . .
Nntr.-Thry h:we w.cnt f•tilh in both' these expedients; intcntionai murder
ic. t!lC:tcfure hl're J'<~l~J 11t 11.lnmt len a:tilling>~.
'Concerning G.uur;o,
Corle, pagP. 2i4· ." Ciatnes ;of chancc.w·c all~wed bcfure t!1e M«/f.ist~~tt;. or a
" mun hclur~gin~t to lum; til~ ll'llll~e~ ,to f(IVt: hoff to the 1lfag~1lrarc. . I b1:. Ja~t
cl 11 u~c e~plc~1na the a·ea~on ol pro!nbtun;; haz.u·d, except b::fore 1/u: Jl~ag~rtmt~.
1sR. u A llllll\ mtty llecomo 0 shi\'C hy lo38 OD the chances of die!!, or ot!l<l:"•
44 "dluell."
0
:SCAXnA LOVft and I'!JTTEll ExPuss•o~s •
.. Thb h 11 copinu~ article in .the code, an I hl'come'; auc'l from a 'rorrcs;>ont\t•J.lt
(t·atnrc i11 the rharuct.er ot' tile p::t>plu. Virulent, foul, crimhiHliur; ubu~e, overfl•J\U
11mong th~m in a lll~IIIICI' t•rohaiJiy unpurulll'!o!d any where dse in the \\'t!rld. No
bu;.:ua~e l1ut tl1eir own .could tle;;crihe its ~lmmeless nuture, ilt1ll the malicious fl.CI'·
t~-a·(·riug ·Cilsc•·u~o.'li:l "·ith whicb tlwy J.t,·ish it upon cacb other~
1'hc llindoo law ha! therefore found it ncce,sary to arra11~'.l tJ,., vllrion$ topic:! of
~e.mtlulm•s u.hu~e un•lcr· di~tinct denotuiu.ttiun~, cxpr;Jssh·e of the quality, .or runk,
Cit' tho ~rimes which :it imJmt~-s. · ,
1'hit t\u&~~ificnliOII j~ CurimtM: ·it placeS to~ther OlftmCeS of very lli1CI]Ilal enormity ;
,it rli•t1·ihutca into the IIIIIIIC tlh i~iun, mur11l uud ceremonial pollutions ; and thus icud~·
to lc~'t:n the guilt u( some l.a:iuuu:~ iuiquities, and to confound 1111 jttst illl·as of
. n10r11lity. 1-'or iu•l"llL"e, umlt•r the ~ccou•l c.letu,>minution, or class of crimes termed'
m:tltti·Jilltuk, "·ilh the naurtlcr of a Brahmin and incatuortl adultr:t:'l• there nppe>~.nl
.lft•ttlillg rigltty nsltrl!/l't·cl, (11bout [.. 120.) .Jn·n• a ll!vtl1111i11, and a Brahmin drinkin"
wine. l 1allkr the u.irJ, \\'ith ... the llllll'tlcr ur a friend," and dh•crs kinda of in~
ctl~tnuns n1lnltcry, Ll cunjoined, ·" ertti11g lite 'f:h'luals tj'thc rl){ll/iel'llun/s ortiii!J b((.<e
'' caslt:." 'l'hc llrurth .ciR~s termed npuo·putu!~, which the g!o~~jrv vf the code
t'•l'!tti~'s to be 11 .sm11ll t!JFIIL'I.'&," conllliu~ u l11rgc assod..1tion of crituc~, of which th~
• fullownt;; umke a p~trt. .
Cud~, P:l!IC 1oS. " Slaying a cow: ndultcrv with the wi(c of n:;otbcr; perform·
~~ in:! the jUl!l.( l.n prorure the deatb of llll)' J>l'rSoll; gi\'il\~ 1\ !JI:ilter to OOtotill 81\ Ull•
' 4 \\IU'I'~tltuhlr I'O"e''; ~puilinl( trt't's; cutin~ \'ictuul& 11t the hnmls of 110 astrolo:.{cr;
" 11 mun'a nut p.tyin:t his d:!hts; r.tc111in;~~; llfllin aud metals. t.rrrfll guld; dcpriviitg 11.
" womun or " nu.n uf ~:ithcr of t.he three interior eute.s, of tile."
'P••tty as&nuhs (!~t'C cod:>!, 19 I) are also frequent amon.~ these people, nnd procee-J
(rom the le!llpt•r Just tlc~e•ibed. 'J'hry employ ll htrgo clu~pt~~ ot' the cOtle._ in which
.111111111111~r of trh·ul••"" ritlbrluus c:asrs, hardly tit. to en~·~ the 11Ucntion uf cl•ildreu,
tho nll~pring uf supeNitiun. pushed to endleM punctilio~, are t>ta.tl:ltf. Tl•e p11ni&h•
rnrnt, thollgh light.:r i11 irsdt~ proCt'eds in tht sit.me gn!.t.l11tion, as thnt ·for scnml.doui\
irnpnt.Ltions. of 11 hirh the sc~tlu hill been all'rutly given. lJnt conloemiu)l rhe.sc it lnAY
he oilllflt'Wd, ttntlcr this luwl, lh11t Lhere ill surely a din•rt. brc.~cb of morul propriety
in t.tkin~ "ahiutiu" into the dl'Ci·iun, cspt•dttlly hy ti1e s:•periur·ity of ability to
alleviute in\lel'orous hdl~t'innr; ,Ylt this di•Trtion, very fre1pacntly f)Ccurs; and how
i~ the superiul'ity of 11hility to be us~.--er\l.iiued? In l.h.is insbtnct', as itt nuuwcrlt'~'S
othent, evt:.ry thin,; is ldt 1.0 the judge.
--- . .
FouRTII, or l.a\\S '1\'hit:h, "ithout reference to CllS!e; go upolt principles of
Oppression oud lnju:sti<..:C. •
Of' h:ti'UITA ~(£.
Code, pa~e ti4. .. A peNOn bum blimt, dr.tf, or d\1mh, '1\;th<iut a 1rttm1, a foot, or
" a. nose, ~c.; wboovcr it: of &llch (;l.'l.lcna.l i:l·~~nviour, th.Lt his rcl..1ions anJ
.. 118 rt&!f",
 EAST INDIA AFF.'\tns.' ss
!' partners rcf~se \0 eat or rlrinl •ilb him: •I.OM·tr is 't) incura!•ll" di<l.,.t·fC\1 u <" 11.\ r. m.
'' that remedies June no erlert upon l:im; a nu.n a:nict.•.l •ith a tui,~,•mplicm, A.c:; r...... ._ lA. _.., ·
•cc "hoe\'et procurn hl• ~n!-t,,j~·~nre b\· an un"IUTanto~Llu II•"iaN ur J'fUI;'"i.Jo; u ~·- _.
" thereby incapacitalcd fur i.nl:critance." 'u':;;.: 'I'""
I
Note.-TIIO relations mu~t ('rtlbaloly be onr:n in 1r:te..'ltrrl in the ltii."C~.;,,.~., I ..

or I~t.rnvu,•No HtnTL
Cod(', pa~ 1 !l· "Afrcr Olhcr mr.lhr,,b J'B'1rtiiK'I1111('fe tu 1 m"lihll' for N\''0\'t'..,.
" of dl'l.1t. fail. he ~hail rnrn; tl:e tHi ,r hot:1t t. it h /,;, nn•l nt'l.tin hi111. li this
" mode also fail5, he ~rhull hy.f~i::ud prrlotn:~, mdt'lvunr tu ~ IK•hl u( ""!It' t•f •
" the dc1Jtur1 ~ood1. Jf he aurrt'C•I~ 11<1t l•t-rt\ 1111d hua no l':nl~r, At'"'~ til tll.·11
" ~ti:.e tmJ ttl'!/'111: thr Jrb/('f"'l :rifr, d:iiJ,.,.,, r:ll!r, lmjlilku, lttu·~c,, 11NJ JM.-11 £j,,J
" cf uM:fiJ animRIJt, o/lo(J lti1 pnt~. (aKCt~illrv fur dn.2~in,: his (oll.'ltl,) 1'/ol•l'•, IHtllt-'t
" tmd.furnitun:; and seating Unl3clt' at the dd•tur'e d.X>r, thrrc mci\c l1iJ n.vnc-~··
" If t\ en these UtelllOlll pru\'C wsuc~ful, Itt 1J.ail "'"' ulffi bi11J tl!c 11'c ~ll'r'• •
•• prrsmr, ond pre cure h!J forcible mt'n111, (curporall•uuiJ!nncnt,) t1 t!i.>('~.;r6' t•f til.:
" debt." . .
2 c. " If a man ari<IH)\\ lcd~rs himllclf infi,·bted to 11nnthrr, 11nd yet 11'futrt to
"' pay, tl;c c:•-cclit{)r ~olu11l u:;e the lllt'liii'S ftbove apt't'ilicd, II) r•'t'OYtr l.it anvnc.t
" villumt liillt!l·oiN'l' or m:Jr.rtllticll JiY•IH tht J,J,rgitotlnt;. It' t!lC deutor ah(J\jld
" l!X)~ a c:c.mpl.tint, the judge '""" ji:rc l:im, 11nu c:auw the crtJitiJI' 111 lie
w Jll1ld.,. . .
37· .. If during the lime cr 1\ fanJillC, or r.,r the- 1"\COllion ortonae rr:i~itlUI
,. purpvsr, or on IIC~'O·mt of skkncM, or to e«ti~(~ the i111port1.111JI.: c.!t:uumd.= u( a.
" creditor, "·ho has proccc•lrd 10 far na t.1 ~ei.:e hia dd1tur, 1r1d C01!)111t: J,;,, fl·itll•
" wt t·icltmfa, the hu~llQnd !lhould appropri•te t11 hitn>elt' his • iti.:'• JlfUJot1'h', ~·it II•
" out Ito- .lrdCe, he is j1.1.1>tilia.ble, uor ;, he o61i:;td to rrlur» o' "'fW'." •I:..St ill.o
" a.pproJlrllated." · · ·
Tl~ regulJ.tions arc limited by the fol!o" in g.
Colle, l'f'ge to. " I( a man lenda anontr. to a M11~rit.trate, IMI 01o1• m-.trr,
" or a l!rt~hmin, he allaH not be rude or unci~al in prucuring p.ayu1ent." ·
2J, 11 When a cre,!itor procurra J,is money· h.• •rplka:i..n tu a ,.f.
;.:i,,
,' lr11te, he a.lulll give J.iua OIN:·Irrclllictl& o( the autn 1\:ccin·d, li»>' J,j, iatt:r!oo-
•' aition." ·
::;o. "J( a Magil"tr.. tt's officer hath hrou:.;ht l•t'fure tl•e :\f"::i,tnatc lillY Jlt'I'Jott
" (or anv crime, 1111d upuu the Ma~i,trutc's cumiuin; ll~o~t J.t·r .... n. 1.~ ,!,."al.l
·•• dt·n1 the crime l01id to his C'hurgc. tltt·n, C\Cil if a ~~~··•11 t•lTl·un· Itt.' p•u"l.J
·" 11g..m~l biua uyou a triOin:; l:riu•t", tire llo,~ 0i<ltn.tt;: &!!.ill lc•·y a gr ••u tiue.-. •

l":nn, SpecimcJU of UIU •h"-:b,. ,~j:!w.;t rdm;n[e to ca~:c, 4Ji..c:un·r a ~,.i.:t

· · · ·· · .or Crudty. .
Code, pa~ 211 •. ".r\ man Lill!•!; a g011.1., !tone, ot c.awcl. cn~J;I /~o~r ltlt:ri/lr;, tfi
"' llm.:e OJ:t: hllm/ t."J:d tn:c fwt cut •11. ' ·
212. "A man a!·.;n' ~·iltv of tc:llin~ the ftt'!l:. of ~1..,.. jacLo::., (or 1-~"'' ''r
" 11111"
0
6c~h, lo lttJt'f: lti11 huntJ .ffld
.
/:i1 11'0-rc: cut ".!f; 1111J ili1 tutJr 6rul.c.·
::tj. "A won selling •hite cupPc,'1', &c. to c:uunll'1'(4·i& t:l\'ct, tl.o ~l.(i.otr.ata
"' tihall lneit~ tlk! lrn11Js, MO.IC!, ami teeth, o( 1ucla pc110U, al.ld !i11e Liua a UIW14liiJ
.. puns uf CO\Hic:l." · · . ·

::zo•. ·".A Dl:la ateal in~ ~o . clcpha.ot ur horJe, ncrllcnl ~ ~ll rc:tol.rct•, . tl~
" l\J~ .. ·~trute •Ita!I cut tJf h111 lw.d, jlllJI, awJ lnlfiii(L, auJ "'f'lt't lnm t.j I~J,,
(.Y~t~.':...::O!t'aliug a man u{ infcricr c.utt: is mll-d at a G.ne d a rhuuutod a•un. d
<&:tl\1 ru 5o 1111 "t' have alrnJy ac.'CO.)

21 S. •• A ruan frequenllt guilty of countcriciting gc.lJ. to k C'UI ;,. JMCI.'f lrit4

.. • r•:DI'... .
; Dut tt.e ~It' o( the IJindoo flt"Jiok appears lra no UJiaurc C\l<!r·ht t:,o)n wtl.e
.. b.Jie uf !!lc trntme:ut to "hi~-h tnrir """·"""' e!"e 1:.:L~-J iu .... ~~~. ;;.nJtr tiiC
:.,J. ·~~·c: ... a
 5G Plt.PtP.S Rf.J.ATING TO
1\!r. ('::~• \'•~'~~:.e. Ml:ctk.n .und r.alhnri<y cf th:: .c:~>t!C. TLc:~ .are truly on :'nfurt~mate part. or tho.
"' ~··~·~~~ ''''':"·II I'O!tlll!•t!l:ty. ••tH.l,.:n·ut'y toLe pu1ed. ltecct\lllj:t no. educatmn,, d1sposcd of Ul hlar-
lhcA••~~··· ~u.•J«'I.I I i '"c ,d•hout luwin:~ llu:ir comcnt a.'J;cd, ol' kn:>~&lllg any thmg of the person tor
"' ~· "•\ hll!~lfl, • ...
,___........,.---~ ll'itiJIII. ' • " • • I . I'
IJtcy IIJ'C tO UC J1,1VCI1, they JIIC lllllllUf(){ Jol' JJC,, 811U 1\lill~e mere I>CTValll.!> lft•
.I ,_ •

the f.uuily of tl1crir dc~potic lord•. If barren, ~r IJmrmg only daughterll, they Ul'f!
,,,.~lccl•!d; 11 n1lnot nh\uys rcka~cd from oppresswn, t'ven wheu. dca1h ~eu_1c~ the
hu~ba1Hl; fur they ore the:1 frequently rc~lu"C~ to the alten1aLJve of smbng mto 11.
elate u( infamy, or of lml'llin:; tln.:IIIH:II'(.'f \\llh Ius dead body.
The code cxpn·s~ly sanctions this iuhum;ul and nstt.'fli~lling custom.
2.)3 •. u It ia proper kll' a woman, after her llusb;tnd's d:!atb, to 'burn hcr!elf .il'l·
" the: lire with hia turp~~e." • . ·
u Jo:,·cry woman wi•.o thus bnm11 hcrH~I~ 11h~ \l rcmam ~ p~radl~ ;~\'llb her.
11, hu&lmml, three crore and hlty h1cks (three uulhuu~ llllU n hall) ol yea111. -
This strnnjl recommendation and injunction from ft. law-giver, b~lic\·cJ ~o be
divinr, ill of course oclmittcd to luwc the furcc cf ll religious obligation; and it j11
one of those inblitutions of \\·hich tho IJ.r11hmin! ore very tenacious. Wc are natu·
. rully led to inquire, whnt could ho\'C lll•cn thr. primury CIJU~c of nn institution SQ
horrid. 1'he lliu1loo writin;z!!, so li1r as tht·y are kno"·n, acctn to be silmt on thiij
.. hcnd: llut on expltmotinn hmfc\·cr oilers it~clf,. from the princittlc of the perpt:lut•l
~~·parulion of c:ustcs, und the manners uf the pt'tJJllc. It WM esseutial to that prin-
. t:iph.·, .I hut the co~l.t'll &houhl omrry c11cll w1thil1 itself. Jn a few permitted cases,
. u1cn of o hi~hrr cu&tc •ui,;llt bke a wife.! fi'Otn an inferior one of the urighul lour
•· . (irdcrs, ntul nll the chihh·t·n "cro deemed of 't.hot to which the father bclon~~:cd;
hill in 110 CUSC was ;t, lliiiJ\\'t'U tu a "'OIIIUn of 11 higher caste to marry with a IIIII !I of
a h.111er•
. l\liclc;d inlcrcourscs ~-ere ·\hcrefore ohnost univel'solly prohiLited onclcr permltics ;'
. l\11d the off"i»'ing "lakh, ootwithatnmliug !lfOhil.litions, oppcarcd from t.hnt soull(!e,
"aa dc~rudcll hl'low tho thurth caste. Hut pnly~nmy hns always been pra.<:tisrd'
a111ong the llimloos, t>~pcchtlly JlJilOil~ .thusc of the higher ordcnlj ond the )Qttcl'
wive& must intullillly, ft1lll1 the ClllltOIII of the country, lie COll~il.lcrubly younger than
·'the lluabund,. nnd f.'<'nt'ntlly atilt ynung "hen be dies. ·A multirudu·uf widows must
thu~ ~oun ari~c in the «;amruunil3, ond f1:0lll the nattrre of the rase, progressively
rtu:rruc. Sl·comlllllll'l'lllges of l\'l.llnen, RJ'pcar.to lie unknown and rt·pugnllut to tho
r llindoo law and UMDgt'!l. ' '
' '
. '
When 11. womnn'' hushand therrforc dks, shr is reckoned nn · ust:lcss bcin~. Md.
\lhnt i" worse, a datlgt'I'0\111 one. 1'ho jealousy of tho Ellstrrn peqplc lu1s vlaced
their bt.inour in thll conduct of their womc11, llll being what touches them most. Nut.
the lm~luuul him;clf only, llut the whole fnmilv ore etainr~l by the mi~uche.,·iour o£
a "it'c 1 uml if a~ he dc~radcs herself uftcr his de;th, thry are stilln!T'cctcd by hr.r di&..
honour. lf ~he hhould brin~ other children by a man of inli:ric.'.r caste, she would
introduce, more ~oignnlly tlutn any miseondnct in a man could, th11t disorder and
ronli1~ion into lhu ~~·dl'ty which 1\'0IIhl tend to llreak llowa tl1o linc:t of scpa.ration
brtwl•c·n rn~tc5. llut scdng the number of \\'idowa mu~t alw11ys he ~rcut., und they
hnvc no l·ll'ct:tuul &UIIcrint.:ndcnt or pt:utector, there mnst be a proportionable dan•!I:X'
. 'Of &Udl ii'I'I'):!Uhtr;ty 1111 wouill t\\ lcn~tb moka U1e Uet'Jllions W.ar down tho r~ •
nml if motht·n~, 1" In Ill lillY instances n1ightthus huprrn, were t.J rear the ehilJrcn ;J
1\ Soodt•r whh tho;o 1.:1~ by hQr formrr 11oulc husll~o~ml, tho hi;.;hcr Cll.!itt:: .:auld not be
prcscl:vt•d, 1hn·iu)t infaa~y, li'Oin ddibm·nts produC'.cd "Y Cl•ling a.nd dritlllin~, an~
tonchm!l( whut uppt'l'huunl to tl1c otht•r; nor could tl10 eon of 11 S001lcr, brount.t 0
up
in thi' wny, llltt'l'\\'111'\ls n·)!nnl his Fruhmin brother oncl companiul\ with tbe vcrlf:•
rution deemed indi,p~:n:;nllly recauisitc to be shown to that ortlcr. .
llow then, mi(!ht it be said. shall the evils to be npprchcntlt·d f.-~m this sourec,
notwkhshmtling rrllhibitiuns lllltl tli~;zy-tll'e, be pre~ent~ll? Let an urllinance, pro-
·ft•AAC\I!y divine, l't'l"'illmcud to widuii'S 1\ rohmtury c.lcp.lrturc with their husbau•b.tc.l
llDI'Ildt~'t, mltk•r on DSillftmcc of rnjoyin" there a urv lon" ~un"<'!'t'ioR of felicity:
honour &hK!l stimulutc thl·m tu emlmu:c tl.is rhoil"<', niu.l k;\ the love of life sho11l:f
still prev;1il, the fl'lll' of inf.uuy ~holl CORI!>' l thctn to die. Nor would this expedient
IIPilelll' as shucking to the II incloos, 11.s rt dues t.o Ui. Admit:i11" the e<:p:U'Il.1iun of
cnstll.<t. t~ be n sacr'Cd in~tilution, ll'ht\h!\'cr tcuJeJ t•l !ub,·crl it, m~t be obYiatcLI, not.
only la.wfully, but as a omttt·r of duty.
.:woweti
 E. A S T -r~ D I A .\ F F A:t n s: Sf
wOtnt'D tbcro "have no concern in the clucation of their ct.itdrea an« Wanty; eu Af',. "'·
tl~y canuQl go ~broad• tile chief, if uot the only ny in whit:b th~y are ~ ('-o(tAt,._(
to l.te u.oeelul, tcm1inatrs •ith the life of the hu..Leml; the t'OIIa impnlt"S to th£tn tho ~...,- _, . •
most depra,-cd, impure, unsafe n~tture; tlM'y are r•ml.e~l in the "liittttNJ• ,. ilh ~1';: f ' . 111
those •.IIQ. arc "~r th~ •·omb ~( sin;" and it ia belie~ that the-y are doomed to.._ ~ J
-'U~CCSSIVC trili!Snli.'T.IIhOOS, until tJ.ry are !'e,..'t!IICI"lllt:d In the body O( a lnha1i0.
· '"\1de tl•erefore m th~•r n.tlt•re, and llccomc U!'ol·~cs•. ami tlangrru,., to tTn~ thc:IU
from tl1e earth, •·ould be to 1tudy the preservatiOn of onlcr Ldow, and to acttknta
the course they bave to pu• thruu~b to a happier atltlo. An1l thua t.l~ete ia 1 "'~Itt
t•rogrcu. from the ti1-st stnge of a f.&lte principle to a Jlractical CONunnnatioo tba& ia
tremendous.
Our snppo!'ition, thnt the ori~nal dcsign of tlais in.,titution wu to ·prem\t the
disl1onour. aml cM.lfusion of castes, •PJ~et~rs to he confirmed by tho termt of tho
ordinanr.c in "'·hich it u delivered ; for after r.arinct that •• it ia proptr for a 111.1mon
" lo bum herself in the lire "ir.h her bus band a corptt'," it adJa, •• il lilt trrHt/DI
u burn, 8/ie u to rmtilltaitl 011 im:iolable challiiJ: If de rnuai111 QN(IJI cAIUit;
r.he
bell •
res (still) to paradi:.c, and il lilt Wei flo/ Jn\·srn:e llrr chlutiiJ, .110 goea to
.
it ia probable thllt though the ontinancc 11peaka in RI'Octal terms or any •oman.
the Drahmina might not mean its operation to elltcnd bc)ood the hil%hc:r or<k-l"'l. and
mi11ht especiully intend to rrti!Cf\'C their O\\n in nllthc d1~tinc:tion of rurity na·~ry
to maint.tin thdr authority. Among the lo11c:r casks it is tchlom tnlilrn-d. With
the others, •h11t was .ori~inatly in tlllrt 11t lc.1ot tJOiiry, is no•r fiiJlcnli\ion, or an
honollralliC f,uniJy di~tinction i DOll in this)d~\ view, the pr.wtice III.Tillll IO have u,
·tended to other Eulleru 1111tiun!1, "ho proh,,l,Jy adoptt•ll it f111111 tl:e llin<I()O!I.
l::xprnccs anJ domes tit: incon,·eni•·nrcs attend it, "l.ich mmy conh iuutc to C:OI>Iiua i~
to thuM: ulonc, CH'Il of the SIIJit'riur ca~ll'~, '1\ ho are h\ I.M.·ttcr circutMt.t:lL'U; hut
a moll;! pcr•ous of tt.at c.lc~c• iption, hnppint·n and nti~cry, honour anJ int.uuy, the
pt·cscntand the future, urc nil un;cd u:1 motin-s to dt~truction, "ith ltft'Ul and hurr:•l
eucces~. 'Hac numl.cr c..f "·omen thus annut11ly de~troycd ill JlinJt~~~tan, prub.tlllj
(.tr cxcccc.ls the general conception of Europcun:~ t.
As connected with this subject, it mny be ad1h:d in illustmtion o( the c:rud ~otl'tliut
"hich pervades the llinduo code, that t.IJC Ve~lt., unJoul.ttrtlly enjoin huuuUl llllcrilkl'l;
that such acre Cl'l"lllinly funncrly c.lf~reJ to Knllcc, the Uulldu.a of l>•·.tnlction. one
of \\hose territic om"nll'nt.s is a ncrkloc:e of lum1an skulls; and that there ia rc.'ll'IOQ
to l.tclicvc, that thi.; infernal pruttice, though now pul.tlicly Jitu!JCd, la1.1 out ye-t
entin:l y cea.;cd :.
On::s
• A t>~~rtr in th• li:unh •nlum• .,r the A•iatic ........ ia, ,;,.,y n•:lliont, •"• nr~hmiaC..n.ilioow., w!&"
'fransucuon11, puLii..btd long a iter Ihit pu-a~e .... • aanall prupo1111UD or .... Kb<lfttn, ud .....
wrilltm, nhibna a variety uf Q\oc"re\111')' ••nt•n••• of t""- ""~">;:on;t ltl tb• Olhl'f 1... I rtf .... IO r.-
from U1a Vrdn and Shutrrw, rab&tive to \Ilia aub- llilu\1 all'fllb ....,, of 1b1 ,...., llfi,, ... Inion, fill
Jec&. con6rming 111 ll•lll'nll u......,. of it lu!nr M.'l u•.ll-, the lw•dt ol r.nuhfl 111 th• ..,...,.,
'inu. .il•i•lic 'fm••«liu••• VoL IV. page 1"9- l>t be OtlC•IIIW, Of Dill 0\.u-, the . .I I.e ..t Llw•
t (':o judcmont un be furwtd of 1hc numlwr, aoDully, one ia thirty, und (..od a pl•••ltly ol
lrom \he lnot~aorticlua o( \htt 1r.:uc1. oc:rasicun:lly •i"'ft brang In hlthY ol th- f•1JUhr11) OM Wun.UI
lftu aboul ll:nJh•b 1<'111-ta; by liot lha rr-~« oniJ 111 .., burat "" -~~. ,.,. •••lwr ..
.,-.Jiy
p:t.tt talr.es pl..n iu tho i.oteriur of I be C'OW!Ity, ~~<~t -rihred in lll.lld.HI.all w1U tlwa w ""-' U>11111
of Ulfl YltW and inlrllig•DCt o( {uKigne"' llng.r, thr" ti-Dtl.
I Writer or ~~-t trtd11 in !I.e Wt HniUrf, nl~ . .,.,.. .... •rit .n L:rro!Mti«"lll .... "-'• !Jut.
tbat tho K4cltrttl compodltd tlwlt wn~~>en to bam, rer1a1n1.r l bel kt the ,,...,..,_ k m~otc..J Ill dill
reclr.ooinl!. it a d••;ra'« 1f I heir "'"'" "'"' DDI Loud
" lbe luoot.alpole with Ul<'lll; aad that dorilljt bit
.................w. tcalor, u.. • - ' ·-'··- el
..,po-ntil..,._ ••U aiiU
. . . . _ nc"llll>l In • ...,.
rai.J.ncoe at l'•ll.tiL"atl.., a own of da•llDCI- of appea~ u ....,rmllJIIIldlr wilwll ...,,.... £' - •
U..t c-aate d)i11&>tUf1 n{ h~t•••n were bomtalut 101111. •
wnb b~t ororpoe.. A lli~~oloo of tdw.&tiaa ttet.td 11t Thf priwic•W u.-. laown11, II • 6rftotlf..&.IW
a {umd of the wrirn, lua cenjecture lha& ""' it ....... - u.. • ..sot _ ........~oew ·~··_,., ••
Yittiu• Lh111 annu.o.!ly burat 111 1M lko~..l p-
YiMft, IUDOOIUI..J to bhHD 11-..J •11w c,d.
I \lo looa )lr, f.IIIOI. '""""" .., ~lr. II••"'''
ia 1777 ... &W ll.ajola ol ...................... -
nJ.tioll ittd~d ....lllol u-... ... ; ,..-t if •• '"""''
llll>dtptt d..ll.o. \he ..-....ltw:u be-=--
Gottu lws ...... ••imat.N ............... b-'zd
a.nlltoDI o( inha!..ii;).Dt.o. ud Ill""'" -lnllh el
lbtw to be !\1.......,td_ Ia
wuli... rl 1.1w u.... ""1''..,
\'CUI..rly the a;. ~.or...._ ....
u..-•
lh•·

upoolrat
t.r...., ,..
,_w-. ...........
..,.p.~
-
t.lw cva:.ty, '-1•.... Lba pnMW'• r•pttal 1M-

......... dw r.,..a • ,. r
~
r-t.aiiJ ~ -
·- ... ,..,...... ..
Inn........ a J - t IDM ,.......... h•-ll, J
..........., .................
tol~ ~.......... " .......... Uw ,...-t- .. ~u~

"""',,., ..,_ _......, ...

'or rio ......... .,.,.

•l'lll("t' ...... .., a&

-
r.W
~.Y lullmnoL f>up,.- ...... dw ~­ &&aw..
&Uwl II"WH Ill_... 11&: t•o-lh.,dtllll dw !101 I .. •
. • &W
p
 fS P. .A 1' E R S R E L A' T .I N 'G ~ T 0 .
Mr,qriUJI) .t.a\6' . . One prf.ic1e more shall close the elucidatioo.s from the Uindo& eoot:: . -·- .- · .
CI(Suc:iety.tllll"-".1! .
the Aoi~tte S~bJrC~ Code, pP!(O 274· '' In cases ~here it is ordered,. a· man skali be: ~t .tO ~
ur G'..re..t Uri.l•"'l· " j 118f&lld there,of he shall pay one hun~red ashru~c~s, £about f., 1,50J:: and. where
''
" it is specilicd thut one of his hands, or one of lus feet, shall ·be -=ut off,. JnUca•
. .,. . ..
' " thereof he ehull pay fifty a••hrutli.:es: and instead of having_t~ro of his fiDgers_c:ut
" off,. he shnllpay twc~ty·fiveashrutfeca; so also, when bamshment .from ~be)•mc,!; ,
" dom it hi~ ,eutence, 1nstcad thereof he shall be fined t11·enty.five ashrufl'ees.
. " Men of rank, or good J»'illciplea,. or kurning, committing such a ~rimi41 t1
" dNt:rte capital puuiBkme111, if tJae~ are nut '!len of property. ~1e !.Iag1strate ahall
" take lc88 thun one hundroo ashrullOOs, accordmg to Ius fortune. ·' · · :.
, ,, ·Jf ~L-lkahnuo wl1o hath al11'ays acwd in conformity to the Dedes, ~its such
! 1. a crime u to dL.'SOJ')'C capital punishment.. the Magistrate, to prevent him in :future
!' frem tht commiH,ion pf such crimes, shall confine him in perpetual im(>risornnent."
(No heavy punishment to a Uindoo, to whom indolent inactivity is a species ot
fnjoymea~) · · ' · · · '·
' From whnt hns been sin ted in the former part of this chapter, it will be understood
that the ordimmces quoted under this lost article, 11.'1 relating to criminal law, are nut
pow a rule of judgment in· our territorial courts, but they are introduced bore for the
eake pf illw.tr111ing the genius of the IJindoo code. At first sight, they soem to diminish
. the cruelty of that rode. They only alford however; a fresh and striking deinonstra·
'ion of it11 i1tiu~Lico and ~·enality. · · ·. ·
The best opoloJ!_y for a severe ~ystem of laws would he, that they were impart1ally
adminbtcred. But here is an oftice of indulgcuce set up to the l'ich, and the pecuniary
rates fixed at which they may commit crimes worthl, of death. On the pom·, wh()
i:unnot perhaps l'lliliC one oshrulfee, the laws muEt l!ltll have their course; and thus it
becomes evident, tlutt their steady ohjcct is not the prevention of offences, and that
their remissions do not proceed from clemency; but that there is in the dispensation
of puniahmen\.:1, a fiCi!ndulous purliulity in favour of rani, and wealth, and a palpaule
re~urd to the emolument of the Mugistrate. Jmlccd pecuniary fines _are one great
ohject of the code; they occur perpctuully, the law u so loosely delivered that in
personal disputc.q ulmost every thing is left tQ the dilicrelion of tLe 1\lngi~tl·ate, and one
IIUI'O issue ot' them ill his priv11.te advantn0c. ·
From this bticf in~pcction of .the Jlindoo code, a tolerable. ndequale i1lcn of it.t
l;''niu~, in points up\.111 "hich tho happiness of sucicty csscnti.~lly depends, may be ob-
tained. The ru·ticlcs which have been sclcct~d, nrc such os do not tukc their char.acter
from the li!;ht whet'tlin they are pluccd, ft·om forced constructions, or extnmcous cir-
cmu~ttmccs i their reul nature, theh· intrinsk: qunlityl thek conformity or repugnance
to the fuir Ulltlltcri!Jle &tumltml of good nntl evil, is evident. ·It cannot certumly have
. c~cupcd utlcnlion, that the immvn1lity, the injnstice, and the cruelty of the code.
· arc by no mcuns eonl.incd to the it111tunces which have been adduced under these
bc~&ds, rcsJlt'Ctivcly, but appetu• in ghving colours in the · numerous regulations
"·hich have been quoted, in reference to that wide and importilllt au!Jject, the dis-
tinctions in lilvout• of the aupcdo1' \rilles. Actions ore imlccll often estimated, not
according to tl•cir iut.rillllic guo'l or e'(il, but accoN.i.ng to the relutiun they ha'\"8
to~~~~~ . '
· Immoraliliar of every dt'tCl·iptiun ore· tolen\ted on easy terms to one pnrt ·of
the socie-ty, ami sumo of the most at('Ocioua kinds am pcrmittC\1. without repre-
hQnsion, thut is to sny, lun;e ull :.!10 cncour~c:ncnt which o. lcgJl sanction ClUl gh"'
them •.
• .An unr..:clin~t, bnrb:u;ity, o.l:lo runs t!1rougb the punishments of the code; it dell-Ddt
&fttl~uinw·y iulliclivtiS; IUI<l the ll:atltilu.tor, who ill usuallv i:a npolo;,~i~t, · acknowledgt'!to_
· thnt ii~ " vuriuus m<~d~·s. of rapil;t.l rctrihution contJ'1141ict the ~nentl opinion atlo1iied.
'.' iu Europ~. lhut ~'" (lentoo ndmini~trution w;\S ''onJerfu:ly mi:d. and av~
' '' to thl.l .tlcpdV11tinn of. liiC:." If such an ol'iuion hilS ever been w.-nc-.'Ul in. f.h•
West,; it \\tu pl.unly a l!ftl•·pJ'Iti~luire. nu1t nmy show the n~ity or P"ling mo~
I attent•:••l thun has lutherto lx:tn ;;tv.:tt tu the chtu-ncll:r of t.Ws peo1>lc, in orJcr tG.
~nvw. lt.. ' . .. ' . . . .
Ol
. ..
• Tbe Implied consbtenty or ~~se ~~ ~~~~·poo!tim11 drwrTee to tot rem~rlr.e<l.
•.
 . tAs·t I~DI.\ .,FF.\Ilt'S:
... \ 9. _ .
;
1
.-(lf ~~· flfl-ct!
procluCfd upon 'll f~b!f', i,orsnt; aof'CrititiOUS ~1e: l!y IOt:'tl •' t"ft :\'11,·'(11.
· a d<'pnl"lurc from the ~uine principles of t(Juity, truth, hot~tv, &nmtv, bt-.nevol~ ('...""~~,.,....
pcaceablcilesi; tmd good order, in • word, "1 such a stnncl"td Clf hl11t11li u th~ ~-·,.j
Jail's, ·profe&Ling the authority of a divine arpomlrnl'nl, Hblllil.h. it dlnnot 'he diillcu)t ~=r
~ juu~. It is a snn.i••uo pbiu u uot to be bten«kNI«< ""ILhuut ll(l«llu'~· cbat a '
eo~pl "!le, t~u,t.pi'Oil~ace a practice ~till more co'!"pl, ai&Ke no bi~11:r 110il1t o( J'('r- -
,
,. . _
fccuqn hfn~g a&m~ at, and a. progre~~>JvC ~'Uit'f'BW.l common to all btablillnn"""
· t,be apiJi~. and monne111 of lhc peot>"" ii eeaaunaule rtiOnnt. we QIA int~ ~ illt.
. tili)C bcCO!J.II g!IIIC&;'olUy \'icioua,
Dut other causes ha'-e essentially co-opct'lltt'd in the formation of the lliudoo
choructer; these arc to be found in that part of their cumplC'l aystrm "'hictl it l"Jft'IJ
Religious, a11d of 'ft'hicb we neltt&>roceed to (;ive ~ou1c account.
: So. gn;.t an undei1alr.ing •• a ~ or eyst.cm11tic CIIJlO"'ilioa of tl1o llindoO
icli~ion, is not .here intended. A)l thut is propcx.cd or thou~ht tK"CCI!,'Iary, it ontr
~ \'Jeiy of 1101DC o_r ita tenctll llnd institutions, "hich hove 'll direct iufLICI_U"G II!"JJ1 tbo
moral a and eentuneuta or the people; and tha;e · .tmii!Jo prncotc!l unJ~t the (hi
following beads :
I .
Firll, . • Ceremonial and pec:u~i11ry atonemc:nta.
&conJ/y, Doctrines n:luting to transmigratiun.
: 7'hird/y, 'JOe charac:tm or tho llinJOG dc:itiCII.
l'uurthly, Modes of wonhip.
l!f_tl!f!l· ~upmtitiOUJ .~pinions, immcdiutoly alf..:ctin: the ton~uct at ·lho
Umdoos 10 common hte. ·
' lri the first plnce then, concerning that gmmlarticlc, tlrt: t.rpiatitm r.ftltt pill ,f
•in; the llindoos arc tnught to have recourse to various ceremmiia.l •orU ••id
pbscrvancrs, and confidently to depend on the.o for a!Jeolution: l't'al contritlun •nd
amemlmcnt, hatred of evil, nnd a respect to tl•e hulinru of the divine D•ture, dtJ nut
~ppett.r to enter into thdr cone;it.leration of thia aultil"Ct. 'J1Je whole ia redurtcl ,.,
~:e.rtain external pcrlom1anees; aml in the \' cdcflt there are long eo111ncratiunt ul
1ins, tbot is to any, of olfcnccs ngain5t morality, and ev«'j •p«iet of olfcnc:a •bich
men can commit, with the particular expiation prcscri!Jed tor each •. J11 a;mcnal,
: tllt'W
• Ayten Akberry, V••l, lll.pa~e tst.-Ro~;er, docltine o( J'C'MIM'f'l 1 fur nn Lint bt any •h<ore
P,'ll:ct e6..a. 167.- !lnMtl"llt, Vol, I. pn,fl no, J"''" Jbl liM upla1i<H111 111d lllltnrit" rn1trrLrd
173. & ae~.-lleli;<iuu1 Cei'I'JIKIIIiu, Vol. VI. Ill I he V•dft lnt <rUIIol.. oaltnl Cl'r 111""1, II..
poJ:N l{lo, '''·- Uuldot"o., in (;burt bill'• Cull<~· rlain and ob•lous ...... of .... I'I'H•pll .. htcb rn•
tio11, Vol. Ill. 1'"11• 71s.-Dtmitr, Tome II. r•1• JOiD them Ia thattlwy ...... n, ~~- 1ur ..... " IIJ
au. -Utrbetl'l 'l"rauls, P•h• 334·-llbaj~nd dtlfl tN•ou~r:n; Wll tl1t 1~-(t•l.otlur, tn qooult u..
Oreta, page 4G tt ..11.-But ..,. n"'" parlic..&..rly C'f'11Clu110n of hi. tlhf"'IIIOllll ~•t Ull, lf"l>ft P(
.the lnal.iwtts o( Mono, publisbtd llince tlut lri'ICl olf,,..., .., 1 lwitr-6<>nt • • (""" of ""' IJor,.
.-u drawn up, Chap. II. IN'I!M. so7, 34:1· 1 be " "'l"'rior r ..Ju) ,,.., )"' tlw t•JI of thfl." 11<1
profriMCI buaiutu uC &hie ~ bu~ltr i1 W t.mlt ul with l?lp<tl lo _,_, ltPII," lho n ... o •I•" do'""
,.,._ ••II rrpi•tiv•. 1111\' •ilicct)' of ta:pmiory " lllr\ptlllf loit ltrrU•"'"• &•r•t oo,J om .. ll,ttllo•t
pelllUitl it Laid dowu aa. a .,...-.& JlliDtij>le all " ftpnl Ctlltl a dltY, '" a) ... r, lit• trill rr• ~t
dottrine. " the tn.l ,.,,,.,j,<f<l.
11luu~h b lt.o•• ,..,,..
· " Sume ol" the 'leamtd, t.-idet- 111 upi1tioe u II m•U•d ""'"' tl'ltr..t ti,., he tball lit pun ~·d l•f
" e.ntoncd to. in"•lont.uy 11n; boot atbtrJ. froiD
~ tha evidooott of the \' e.la, bnld it t'lfoctual e1fll
• r-~tinc w • .-111 ,.. ""' •••,.•tl•., .:,
f' til• th•• , ..... IJI!I-· ••• , M ·~·..... '
6 in the uv ef a •oluoLaiJ orlf:Me: · " fltcml drc-•; "' II be Jluwe ''I"'"" • ,.,..,,,.
" A tin iavnluotarily rommitud, ia ""'''""' !ly " of ·'tJ,e \'rd...., ur 2 h.:~• pothNiul ,,,.,.., •ttll
" l'l'ptel.inl c-rtmio tuta of the l<'f'iphlft 1 but a " all tlw _.,,., and •••·"-"'· d•rl~l"' t. a
" lin toraonilltd inttutiunally, tbn>Ct~h llrt111 0t
" infutuatioa, by banb pe""nc" oi chdC'ftPC
.. torts.• . . .
. ,.._,. (• . . . . alAI•-·· ,.,."..s 1.,
" ,;'"'' •ulo ..,t-1....1 "';;~m, alld tlor..
far l•rl•l' 4·~· .....
" no;.!..._) bot .t.,ll w ..,, ""' ,,,,.. ail ••••· llo•
. • Al\eremplt•yiog JW&r thirty r~~" ill dt~tribinJI .. """"""' ......ur.• rc ........ , ,,. n..........
.....,;.,.. m111<1, m•n'""' ltle IIHP"l d~•. and Jbll •f,dni'J ban .l'•!f'f • .....,. of thl "'' ..r ''"• 11.1111 .,f
pnfunllanr• by • bi•b ..,._...,. '" ..._, if lilt .......... ~ fll4 IMNI poHt:-'1 n !IW¥ bel _ . . ,
tbry .... pul.l~ly ......... llllCI tlotiKI IIIIKh...,...,. . , , lbe .... ,., .... ,..., .... ,..... ................. .....
,,,. 1ltoir e:umploo, may lie m•tlr, we IQfol1. W1111 tonl<..n ol. !he \'•""' ., • ...,.,.u, ,_...""', ,_
... - ..... ltnt'ft wbicll ~·t or . . . t•llikt~~ ...... i11 lbe nfl'fNI """' wLo<ll .,, ,,... ,....,... Jo
u..... io " ... ...,,_... i t t - - ,.,.., ol
ptprnllllltlrC. lt.china N tlw lin. fllfiiiiUI lid. .....
ob.t.i....,... from it. )( the ...,., r...orabl<a ,.... r.......... -·&.• _.,. r-"'' .... ~~o~v . ...., •
llti'IM'tioa beI"" •P" m.r.. .,..,_;.-., w~r ·~
• ,.,. - · ahmnwrioa• o( nwo!.tol ..... , ... 11.1~
ll~t.f Ctlll¥ llhi¥. Jt .. N•t Jetwd u.At lro:d
.... ,.,• .; .... "~ ... __. _ J ,....,, .....
"' flap of ton-ual oiMn'IIDtdo JW•c.l or mh• 10 ,.........a. ,.~ ... illdtJ__.......... •P"'•
..-·ulout P 1bf:y art Clftrwborl.....t 1nd J.oe&m a - ,~ ......,. ...... , •h~ell "'"'' _.......,, ,. ......
..r f.J.. prillllipls .... _..... precl'ic~ 1 "~ .,......, ..... ito." ,.~ ..... - ,... .... ( ....
.,, """'""' "'i""'...w- .........lraditltd ly lbe p;e~• ._. ~ ...._ ...... tlw ,......,. of
&11M'ral . - ol ""' "''1 ,~uo,.cr,.,.. loy U. ta!llnrl'd ......... c. ""'"' ,.... ~ .. .._,_
.lw\Nit
,s,.
 6o. PAl,.EltS RELATI'NG .TO·
Mr. C_raot'• 514~ these etpiations eons~t in pilgrimag~ in liviu~ and _dying i~ places rerut.ed holn in
01 ~>CIO!lf 1111 " 11111 ublu~ions in pcllllliCC!II, in the Ccl('bratlon of festiValS, 10 fasts, 10 larg~s to Drahmms. '
!~~~IIIMIIIJc llltbJer"'. ; 11 ilucrili~e 1111nd oflerings to idols, in anointing the body witlt the eJcrements ot a
....., rlC.Ittll. . • f . 'l
~ cow, und in other expedients o a &IIDI ar nature.
, It wo1lld far exceed the limits of this treatise, to enter into a detail of the methods
adoptP.cl atDonp, the llindoos for obtaining remission of .sin. Desides those which tho
authority of the Vedea, or gl'ncral usage h'" established. there are many other
lnventio;ll, imposed by teache1'1 imlividuully upon their respective follower11 :-a few
examples howcv~:rahull be stated, of those wlucb fall under the fonncr description.
I. lloLY 'nrvr.ns, dedicated to one or other or the deities, Drahma, Viahnow, or
1\Jnhadr.o, may be mentioned in the lir~t place. Ther" are twenty·eight of them
numcd in the Ayeen Akber•·y, be~inning with the Ganges, and traversing the whole
continent to the /udu1; eo tlu1t all the Jlrofcssors of llit~uui~m are within reach of. an
antidote ~~~Hillllt the consequences of guilt. Each of these river!\ bas some peculiar
property uscribed to it, and many places upon the banks are held sacred, and annu11.l:ly
resorted to. · . · .
The .,.irtues of the river Gangc1 are universally allowed to be pre.eminent ;-the
water of it am•redly purifies from all sin. Ablutions in it ore used continually for
thia end, as Europcun~ duily see; and the dyin~, when within a moderate distance of
it. are rurricd to itJ edge, and their feet are placed in the river, that thus they mny
luwe a huppy JlM~nge out of life. lb water is conveyed to distant parts for the same
puq1o~es ; uml if persons eonliding in ibt \'irtue are not within reach of it, thinking of
. it an•l invokin~ it, wh~n they bnthe in any other water, will still ~ive them all the
effiracv of it. lhiij river itt bclic.:vcc.l to buve llowcc.l down fl'om Heaven; hence. its
·t.ranst"cndent excellency. ·
II:Jtotv rLACts•, dedicated to the Slime deities, are also spread through all
poriJ of llimln~tlln. Some of the· mobt dibtin~uishcll 11re the following.-Thc.: city
of K a&lu~r, or l!enarc1, whh the district around it tor ten mile-e. 1t is hc:hl that those
who die hel'e al'c transmined immec.lh1tcly to llt•avcn. The celebrity of this city,
and the continuo! rC~~ort to it of pil~rrim~, tu"U well known. ·
A!}Mt~, or Ou·dc, i~ another ancrcd rcj!ion Clf conshlerable extent, hollowed by the
birth of ll.uma, one or the most populur deities of the llinJoos. .
JMra, "itl;a territory ar~uml, is r11moua fur the birth of Cril>hna, another of tl1eir
cliotingui~hcd dcilics. · .
llc:rdewar, where tllC Gangc.s flllls into liinlloston, a place or great llnnual resort•.
EUnllbtz.tl, formerly Pyng or Pra.vaga, ut the conOucnce of tho rivers J umna and
Gunws. '!'hill plllcc is c~>tccmeJ superlutivt•ly holy; the man who dies there, not
only h111 the pardon of all his sins, but it is suic.J, thttt whutrver he" iohes for, he will
obtuin in his next regcnt'ration ; tmd there also 111icidt, thou;:.b in gcnc:r~~ol thought by
tho llindot>l to incur future punil>hmcnt, is dl'Cmcd meritorious.
11
The llindoos," aays Abu\ Fazel t •• re!t"nJ all Ctt.rlzmcrt: 111 holy land. · Forty~
41
five plo~-es are dedicated to Mu.bu.llco, atxty·four to Dishen ur \'t!hnow, three to
u llnunha. and twcnty·two to the ::odllesa Dur~ab. In lt1'en hu11drr:d places, there
•• arc ca1-ccd )l'gu1v:s of .makt1 a>llic;/i thr!J 'IIJQI'&hip!'
Cashmtrt: is about two hundred and forty miles in length, and thirty~five in
brcndtb. .
1'he fllmous ra!{Odll of Ja;!gtrnaut, in o,.u.a.
is anotller place of great sanctity~
It is n.llrgrd tbnt the body of t:hrisl)na \\'us t11rriro there, by ftll inumhttion of the
sea, from Dowarka, noor Surut, formerly a sllttion of di~tin~ui~hro ftttne and resort.
At Jng_~rnaut, a llrahmin, \\•ho \l'ould every "hrre el~tc he defiled even by the touch
cf a SuoJcr, m1y recrivc,'withuut the' l<'USt sb.lin, \ ictuuls frum hia bunds.
' ~ .
· Thc1-e are mony n\c.re such pluM of ~~;rcut rcsurt in the Decan, and the northern
parts of llimi.Olltun. ' Rules 11re lllill dl:'"." for every pilgriwi~:,oe to them, and varioua
n:wnnls prounie\l ~Q ,th080," bo (ICI"fP!·w thew t· ·
· ·· , Not
' • \ • t • \ • •

• Af"II·AkbtiT)' p~~~~$. · · ,,·_. .....

t Ibid. . . . . t,\•c~~. u. JWI&''•s4..· - ... ,.
1· t·Apt~~Mbtn:r,Yol.llLpa£tt5+-·
~ · · ·•
 E A S T I N D I A .\ F F A I'R S. (ia
. N~t t~nly ~re pilgrh!lnJ!t'S bciJ bcnr~cial, buth to the 100l and to the body, but C 11 ~ P. Ill.
such tst!.e ~•rt~e B!ICllhc..ty). the ~nc~ty_uf the AACn:tl plucts, thut by umui111: 1Ar111 ~"':':!1.1!~..,
1m/y, men rctollve the n·nu!>llaon of thur blat ; an,! on tlJJt account grrat r-rlllm!., wbo ~ • 111._
ure somcwh.at 11olic~:ou!l on thi:~ score, run o~cr r,he awauu of the princ1p..l of them
t:\·cry 1~1ornan:.r. a~ af tllt'y repet\t~... l a rr•l)cn 1'0 that -.l!..·re a pil;;dU\llgo cannot bo •
u.=
"'
f
'
~oawcuacntly undcrtal..cn, yet the lx:ndit muy thus he &ecurc.J •.

III. SAcntncrs, Orrntsc~, and Ftan\'AII, ore tcl..:brntt'<l at J'l"ticular

,period~ ond by the ditfcrcnt (i,tl"s in thtir rt'-'i"'"Ctive forms. 'l'hc:oe are \k-emcd
.CillilleDt nJCilllS of outAi.uint; ubsolutioQ from guilt.
IV. A'uuotVJ)IO is JlH'!ICJ"ibf-tl in \'nrions '1\"'IV'I, for tl1c renJi&...oion o( purticulor
·crimes, or the oiJWnment ot' purliculur lrt\'O•u"S t. 'Tire IJon-roojoh, a rdij.tl<kll cere•
'lnony. in "t.icla by many fllntlllllic nu.du, Cto!~lly pr1.~nts ore bc•to"'.J, . it 4.'\llll"CivGJ
'to be lollo\lcd by prooigious TCita.rtl:> in a tuturc: Mate.

· · V. ENDOWlJENTI TO Tilt: Butuns' TO PAGOilA!I, &r. ore all «::•lttmc•t

-bi~l1ly
mcriturious, and the variety and cxtl'nt of tht~e caunut Le tlt"acrilll:d. A l.nge
vortion of the Ianda of Hindo&tuo UIUI bt'CI\ trnn.t<.·rrcd, by IIICUIII of Ulllll, illtU t11C •
~lands uf Jhe llralnuioical 01-der.

VI. RIGOROIJS PEN .u;cu. procure the pnrclon of SOIUC !JK:clet er olrcucca
particularly enormous.

: VII. Methods are likewise devi,;ed for the bt:m:fil of tlwu o.·kn lurrr 11"! bern '''f·
Jicicntfy cart:ji1l durin{( tltdr tlim ln:c1 111 umm: lht parJu11 fl{ 1/uir lim, l•y "lolrb
'their friends who survi'Ve, arc enabled to be hi.!4hly usdul tu the in. 'l"lic l>01ly or the
Lones of the dcccaoed llcinjl; thro" o into the (;augt'l, temvorary hnpJ•itk"~ 11t len~t it
Jli"'CUI"Cd to the soul. and the advantage of su~h 1 condition in unotlwr tron~tui;:ratio"
us shnll at last brin~ it to llea\·cn. At Gayn, a fumous rr~ort of J·il~· iu .. in l!..lmr,
there is a pnrticulur stone on whkh tl1e ~01.1 Y~-hnow ~et l.is foot; ami a l'<'~n by
putt in~ on this atone, in the form prescribed, o. cert.1in P"-•te prepartd there, ancl l•y
repcatang at the some time the name of a dccC8l>Cd frit•n,J, c:un trunafcr tl1ut frirnd
from bell itself to supreme felicity. And this benefit he nu•y ut.c:nJ, nut to one friP.nd
only, but by repeated applications of (IOJte. to •• many u he can rccollrct. t'vm of
l1i.s di~tant c9noections. . ••

VIII. Wous or ScPrnnooATIOII 1 to procure distinWJi.f~ed enoiucnc:e in lll4l

tJcavenl~ worhl,arc o.lso cxcccclingly numerous, nod nu•ny of them •ltn;;'1ld
ll!>toni~lllll!} An account of them "·ould fill a volume; and a lew h~•tllllC:t~, ho•c:ver
&trikin:!, wouloiJ!ive but an inadequate idea. The !Jiclcous painful di~tortion, 1111J
tonncnting inflictions to "hich the Joguis aul~l'Ct the•utcl\'et, till life it wauttd 111 ·~·
""·ould be perli.·ctly inercdiiJie if thcv "·ere not 10 ullundantly atte;;tcd, and )'t•ltecn, b•
many \\'ho ~illit those countrits. 'll•cy afford ne" proof.a of •hat the huu•an mind
can mvt·nt, and the oody endure, ill Uae !kay of torture, undr.r tlae int1ucncc <11. •urer•
atition. There is reason hoi\'CVC:r to believe. that tl•i• tpt:c:k-s uf a-al rathtT dcch~~t'l
in the pres.:nt d11y. •
I:ot UIOU)Z.h the pain(ultlt-tails •hicb it (umi,tJCt omat loe •r.are•l, it •ooM be
i•Jiustice to tl~e present &ubjcct not to II !Clition thut din·r~ Lindt uf •uicitle ate held by
the JlinJoot to loc: mcrituri.Jus. ThellC, tu alated in tile i11~titutL'I of ALber, are ti~e
in ntuubcr. " 1. Stal'\int:. 2. t:ovcring ltimrelf "ith co•-dunjf, and, ~~Ctlin;.t itnn
•• tin•, consumiug l.iaucli therein. 3· lluryiM l.im!IC!:f in WlOW. 4. At tl•e et.ln:•
" mity of Bcug:~l, 'll'here the Gan:;t"S di,clu•r;:et ihclfiuto t11c ac:a, throu;.:h 1 tl10U.tand
•• clwnncls, I.e J!ON into \Le tuttr, enuul('fllll't hi• ~im, and f'"'Y' till tl.e llli,.tlltorto
" come amtl dt.'\our biiD. ,.,;. Cottin~ bis thrwt at Allalwi.1.1J, at the culllh.'l"-'0 ul
•• the (ian~ and tlae Jumna." To tllis la..t ~pccic• of •uidJt., rc:~f••rmc:d at
or
.epvoiutt"d tin ItS, eucb u eclii'K" ll.te tun 111d moon, ~t -'ult'l of" uiili are pru-
ollli!.cd iu UlC next I lute:.
In &hort, tl.e uiOdca or upiutin~ ~ill., 111<1 or acquirin; llll'fit, ere c:n.llcu IRlOillC
this peo~. To accocnpliiJa this tncl, it tl.e l.u,u~t uf all tl,dr .. ,.. ll'ltin ul
ccrt'lliOIIlCS. Kf\KU aucJ UICfi\O\ penUmiiUKn j it lt t!IC nrytl.in; tlwat 1141 uvhdd
tlac
•
t AI"" .Ubmy, ...... 174- : AJ- Aihrrry', ~ 17t-,.74-
Q

•
 G:! . PAPERS REI.ATlNG -TO
)fr; Cranl'• tllllto the fuhrk of Uindoo supc:rstition, and hall perpetuated the credulity of the multitude,
•f l6uc~t•y 81111111 ~ awl the impoKtures of tht,ir.pricsts: evelt tloc lilwgvad, the pu•·est production of
tb• A•l"'~''' bull it< It
of OPI~t 1.\n:•;,, IJmJoo , 1 · · 1 r 1 · ' •
thculo~y, procccd11 upon t 1e eumtl .l'nu.Clp c~ ·~r t 1e 1Cll1dlsewn oh.sm.
f · 1·1~e
· inj;cnions Tnlll~lutur, upon "hot10 authonty It bn~ ulCll 8tiltc . t 11at t IS. work. 1s
cttrefully conccnlcd from the vulg~tr, ol~o ohocrves that the grcut 1gnoram;·e Ill "Inch
tlu·y ttrc kept, cotllrary to tho udl<:~ lmowlcdf.(e of. nt )east the ll1UI'6 enhgLh•m:d of
the Erdhn.iu~, ~·tpports, to~t:th~:r '' 1th the ccremouws of the Vcdcs, the cousertutm~c,
unrlthe vt~ry t'~i,tcnco 1!1 the llraluui•!icttl order. IM although th~ Bhagvad rt!lh.l~S · ·
upon tho populur ti)lllclll, t~n•l cun:ams ~ome mora1 _pnh;a~t·s! ." 1th olllc~s, wluc!l
thuuj!h mpl•t:ul, have r~~prrt to .the tntclJUon .of the IIIII HI tn l't~J~Jous worslup ; .Y~·t tt
f!a(pa!Jiy u,ltult~ pol,:;thl'I•UIIltld luolutry, Blld lliCulce~tCS loi.IC!J !JitUlblu und perlliCIOUS
ductrinC!I ua the folluwill!! : .
" Tho~e wh() cat nut !Jut wl111t ia kft of the r•ffcrin;rs, shull Lc purified from all
• 1 thl'ir tt·nn~;.:r,·Mbions. So1ue _altc111l tu the wor~hip of .IJevatus ur angds; other~
" &llcrilicc tlwir t·;u·e and other organR in the fire ot constraint. There are 11lso the
u wol'hhipp!!r& with otli!rillll~, the u orshippers u ith mortilic•1lions. Some there . nrc
" who. bncritice their 1Jn:11thing spirit, ami Ioree it downward fn.1u1 its 1111.tural course,
·•• uhil~ot otl1cr~ li•rt·e the apidt th11t i11 Ldow, bt~ck 11i,h the breath. All thi18C
" d!f/~rcut kinds qf worshippt.:r&, arc: bg their parti~·ul:u: modes rj uw~hip,· purvu:4
•• j rum I ~wir '!If rn,·ea •." ,
An intclli!!Cilt frirnd or
the writrl' cs:prt-~~('S J.imsclf thus in a· lntc kt!cr from
Cnlcutld. " One d.1y at 1\ Ilruhmin'e hou~~. I hc.ar•l u wnndorf11l man, a Poun111nec
" (I\ n·nder of couum·ntnril'l on their ~ucrrJ lm11k~,) cxl'L1ining their ~ha-;ters. · Ilo
11 frcqnt•ntly Olftcle the JWoplc burst into tcur~, "nd \\eq> aloud. WlJCn~ve•.' tl1cir
." pus.•ion~ 'were touclwd with any rntht:tic )'ll~l!at:,:::, the IIHlll obtained SC\'Cr,ol l'upn:~,·
" thruwn to him buth hy Brahunns ami Somlers, Mly the h1ttt:r ut1endc•l their
" donntinn~ \\ ith n p~nwum, or 11ct of worship to the Pool'<lnncc. 'lite Svmlc•·~, ..
•• you ~~~0~1' 1 lll'e t~IIJ.(ht to ~OI'Mhi,p the rrdh~11ins, onrl tlwy do it by f~l'lli/11/11, that
•• JH, touchiiiJ,t the jl.l'lllllld With thru· ht·ucls wh1le tlwy pronounce tl:e ·word, tlu:n the
' 1 l'om·nnm·o holllin~ unt his h11nJ in li convex mmmc•·, snys 1~1/11, i. c. come, tuununt•
•• in~ to., thy ~ins be iill)~iven thee," for by " come" they me1111 to ~ullull th~ bills
'' 011 tho neck of the :o-uuu('r to the hollow of their hand, wilcr::~ a mvstic fire
'' cunAumes them. 'l'hl' Brtth111ins nre the true iltols, while they t:arry t~IJ'out ·with
11 thcn1 the pnweJ's of tlhl«llution, allll to brruk utl' their yoke will not be easy. One
11
cn:nin~ 1 Wl•nt to l\ulh·e·Giu111t (a temple of 1\allct!), at the ti111e of the Aruter,
" whirh is pe•1iJI'Incd by tho movin:,t of a hllllll "ith sevcrul wicks ttllunt the li•ce of
" thr gothlt•Sl;, Wlwn the opt·n~tiun ''.as ovt·r, ,a Braluuin hrm!~ht up the hunp,
•• uml wul kc·d thron~h u JmSSIIAe hnccl will\ poor Soodcrs on euch stdc, '' hu Jill X 'uusl y;
" liM ho pu!!.'l'•l, put tht·ir hnml11 fur " moiH<:nt over the ft11me before it went out, ill
" orJt·r tu \ll'ocm·e lltu l'l'llli~~iun ot thci1· ~ina.Jul' th11t tlng." ·
tT pun t.hl'. "'"!ll• tlwn it appears, ~utt t.h~ II il.1dc10s J~UI'!Iue methods of o~t~ining
t••n··lun ul bill w lt~1o11t nwll'li to the dt~pu&~Uon ut the IIUIIcl, or the conduct ot hfe tlD
tllcir 011 n p.-iawipk&. 'l hrv tnny !(O ou couuuillilll! willul otli.·nct•s c:vcry day, 11nci
us l't'~tllnrly "i!flli)l tltt·m oil:. uml die 11t lu~t pm~ 1111d in peul'e, 1111d pu~ t11ruu••ll
tl1ll wutl'l' ot tl11• ti •ln,;t·~ to hnppiu•••s in a nt•w bt•ttc. l"o1· tt.e violutons uf co~.
~cimcc, "hirh tholl),\h s•~tu:lu:rcl.i i~ not cxliurt t; for the disrt'U:MII of truth, of
ju•li••·, .111111 11f lllt't'l'~' 1 tlwir ~~'!<ll'ul l~>t!l «'lh.lhll,l thl'~n, willouut !lllt~illpt uny t:le
~li~lllt'•l Ctiii•PL'Il"'ttiun It) mt•n, to give sufiicil•nt suti~l.tctiun to tllt'ir v.uda; To t·
tlll'lll tlocy puy a l'll'tuin ljllit·l't·nt. ur uc.:L.uu\\ kdumc:nt, ti1r liberty t.' t!o wh.ott·\cr
thd1· iudilhtlkn 111111 ubility m11y pnnupl thl 111 to, as fur 11~ thl'ir tdlow cr«'lllurl's 11re
.com:tl'lll'cl. ( 'nn wl' h, ~it•tlt• to ~t~ty "hut mu.•t be the t·tl\·ct uf such pt hwipk., <in
thcil· chumctct·? Among &~oell a lJClllk1 crimes mu~t prc~c~il. True it b, 1111d
g'Cdtly
• 11h.tj:,\a·l.(~r~tu. P"!:' ~~· f•n•k-<1 juni~• llf (~ood, 1hia ~HDII to be apnlftl
t .. li tltl\ill~ t>rrl••llll~d ""~ C'l''·'''''"• I•• r..l mJ! <>I 1lu10e wbolotera~lly, II) tl•e •fluf •••·•'·"It>
tt ntl\ f\ l"L •. ,LI!ifu·Unn ,,f t''lbf\tUC'f', ~~~t Jum
8 rt"l •ulodu~t ll:t I'"'I''''Y uf t•lh<rw. It ''"Flo I ru:.a nly
thd ll<<IIIC lle\<>111 lltl, 1111111 11'1 fOD•
" 11'f'l'l\t It> llpplv hi ull d .. b.. ne.l a;:~r.ts •lid tr.-.h-n. Lut "'
•• u••·ncu he- pt"\lt'C'lly 'lttdil·d. '-l,..~ul•t.-. of Jlhll!tl .)y IW\ "' unt.eh\UI-d; i.' at l.w, 1111riv bO
lll'11H, "" f.r;•iliiiOII. ··~~ S:l9· rrn'fJH """ t\tr I· .. t>lollel\1'\i. .•••• ~n,~ ... r ....
l '1111• II ·····~Pll or '"~" I'M'Iiral ·~11\tlll. In '-'•"ll•• .ll.ud ••·~rv cllly
the "'"hi"' mt•hit::d•-. of
a ~"·•·•j:~ ut tl•c "'" k ju11 q~~t•h·li 1r"~e s:;o • it i• """•hit·~•• 1•f clll•rnat hu... atl bumlt'», whu""
lU.Id tll>lt .. th~ I'''Mkil\ lllld ......, "'''"" , .. ,0~ ill the b•bolu11t l'ldtUce oi tbti&LI·J!· .... d nnu
•• tho Ill•'<~$ Ihat he •t"l~.~ llut '""''d~i thut •~•­ lhutlr. of ruuluti<'ll.
ther ruuumuu IIIII' ;rcuu.uce c:u tllll~ly the <•f·
l•ll.lcd
 EAST INDIA AFFA1RS. •
.tt;reJI11Y ~o be la~ntr~l, the Jla:"~alrnce .of c:rimrt is no nt"W tLin;::, ·nor ~·liar tl) C II AP. 111. ·
• thttn. 11~~: anc1tnt wurlJ r~lultitt::l • ptclure ulllo~~~~otniC ~111<l: anJ to tl.e \liJK>nuur f'_fl/,,..,.....,
.of the Chrbtian namt; in counb k·s 1\C'IIr<'r h01nc, thRt pure rdi .. iun lw lot'l.'ll :l~o~~n._~ ~."•- •-'
· a ·mJllleJ)' 0 r·l!llp<""tu~e 01111COITUJlt!OII,
'l~to · " t1 IOIIj.!U il
uUI. · 0111>1.
"' be tlliJ. tl:.~tt tliC (11...........
......,, . , .
hght 'll'htch on·r~pre~itl& Europe, hus pr.·n·~ottJ tl111 wmc: tlt' 'I'«' uf ll};,. t NID tho , 1
•.~stem of tlclullive frauJ ~tiil pr.1ctin:.l t!ll'f«', )Ct bJIC not'&;,, COO"C.flii<T\U b!T•I - -.....- - . ,
·infinitely pn:j•11lici.d to th~e CUIIliiTit'lt Whl!'re il holll Jll Cl'lliled j 11111.1 b llut tJ1.t •)''h.IU
likely, in the end, to dis,uh·~ l.hc irawe vi t!OCkty i11 t!1cm l
StcO'MDLT, The DucTanrt M TRAiiUIHliiATHIX,antl~;thcn c:otli"K'Ctc.J t~ith it.
•tmivcreully received amung the llindws, lune {;I'Ct~l inllurnct; IIIILIIl lh("ir nwdcs u{
-thinliin:,t nnd actin)£, anol1'1.-rve Ill weulil'n tlu:ir st·I~C of mon•l ohlij.!atiun, ll.le lliu-
duos arc taught to lx·lic\·e that t!."ir pn>k·nt rorpon·ul lmbitotion, on:l nrtlth·
sutierin~, "·luttcver they may be, reoult li-om thdr IICliUilll in a funrwr utl'; an; I
,that there are ,inherent originnl qunlities in the co•Hitutioa of man, from ullirh 11ll
his J!OOd and all his evil actions JlfUt'Ct'll. 1'1-o·n lhcte ll'rlClll it fu1low ~ thut tllo
·Commia.•ion of rrin•et is the rc.&ult of ~.atin.v, ·amtl )t'l that tl•cy are J>Uuill.cd i eniolt
thnt natul'lll e\·ils, the consequences of per~c,nul n•bcon·.bct, \\ill he re~'IIJit-d 111 thu.
chastisement of olft'nces to which dt•stiuy c:ompt•l:cJ ti.e •inner in a lia mer at..Jtc.
TIIU~ idc111 are introduced of ori~inr..l injustict·, of urLitr.ary dc)tinutiOt' 1.0 silt, anJ t~
punishment, in the con~lit.ution of thia~; ami ulli:nn·s l•cnr the ch~~ru:~·r of tnia-
furtunes rather thnn of ,:tuilL It is v.. ry conuuun \u.J,('IIr 11 criu..intll alllwtr, "'"'"
he is asked how ile cuuld he ~uilty CJi anc!l atmcity, "a:u1t it \llllll•t~ Nt&•.th," hiA
fate. The same pereua~ion extends l'> the sucrt..,t of lllt'll i11 Iii~, JWLit:ulanl)' uC
warriors and conqtJcrur~~; 11n.lhc who hu onr.c J;'•llhc upiuitlll of a b"''PY c.lt•Jt.in;t
in l1iS f.tvour, wilfli'OIIl that \'Cry pn·ju•lit:t; 11d1it:\'U U..iu;.:~ ~IJit.:b a tiiUid.lr)' uJ>iUiutl
might have rendered impracticaule lo him.
The tloctrine of l.rtlnsmi;.:rution knJ~ like11 i~e to wtn~cll tl1e iJra of futurt rt•·
pon~ibility. It unites the wul somt timL"S lu the hu111J1\ 'form, then u;;.t.n to one of
the lower animt~ls, in "hich, t:\'cn ucc•Jrclinb to the llintloo uution•, thHc u an in·
capacity fur the cxerci;;e uf rJtiunal puwri·~. and a ~.lnt of a tn'urul ••·a.e: il hLe·
wi•e suppo~cll the consciuusnus vf furuwr alutl'll of exi-tcn.:c to Le I"''· I lrnca
there is no sense of per&onal idt•ntity, no autT.·ring fro111 lht" n·tll-clion uf ;•o•t lTim•~.
no real perception of the reasons of au!T.:rin.;; but merely Jlll'-'il·c tt·mpor•ry
endurance. It is true the IJraluuillll have an art uy wltkh thc•y IJrUI'....,. to JiKOHf tho
former statt and charactl:r d persons, by their pre.<~C·ul luft'.:ring,\; but ll•c n~tt-nce
.of such an imposture t.lues nut invaliJatc tht:St'! "u..en·otions, •iucc "iJt "hut4;wc:r
·C:redulity. it may be re~11rdcd by a Hintloo, it cw1uut iu•part to l•i•o the c:un•ciuua
.knu"' led)!C of expcricnctd truth. Its chief ohjt'Ct &etllll to Le IIHII'Ify, •ntl 11 it
affi,rtli a curious specimen of the eubjectiun int.o "hicb t.Le human ll<ind m... y llll
broul::ht, 110me notice of it ahuU be tllkcm bCt"CUftcr.
'Il1c llindoos, ind~d. entcrtuin such inadequate and ob~nrt opprdttn\ion• of a
future ~h•le of punishment, and have 110 many "ays of fortil)iu; tlwUlM:hcs •::·•h~·.&
thc111, tlu1t tht:ir 111oral condllct ia little induen~-ed by fl"'.ar derived !rum t11o.lltourcC",
•
One of the notions wl;ich they huve acqotircd frum tho dod:ine of tmn.mi,.;r.atio11
i11, dud IOIUt dt•part~l llt>iriiJ may IJe doomed to "hu) for l.t'O dtl,vt lilt! r dt'lllh, Jil..e
devils. in t.he air, 11ullcrin'! lrum hunucr and tl.u·st; and thcrcf.•rc tlurin.~ th•t •l'a•·e.
after limcra!Ji, \'irtuub are laid out for tbe bird~~, tltut tl•e uuhappy dtn•J~e:l, il &..cy
are flouting in f!ic airy l't'~-iun~. u:uy pwt;,lie of the foi~J. On L.r' ut!.cr !.and thue
is a bdpry at11te, to ,. hich the C:VIJI'Ie of t.-a•Lmi.(r.,t.on• m.. y c"nH::f 1nen, w ""'
Ct•••rt of l~tdl'll, God of the lirmurucnt, "" Lt·rc, ~ ea J:l ~ir W,;,i..lu1 Jonu, " tl.e
" pleuureJ, 11!1 in !\lahomcd's par.adi ..e, ore 111 hully kt:~u.aL.,
Dut cnn be 111ho i:~ aroiveJ 11\ plrO\t!i.e i..• nul .ccnre; (.,. tl.e omi'>lli'"' t.f ctrt.i11
etn-monil'll, or ohlalions to the llliiUt'll CJ( Ct:<:t-:.ee I ll1Kl",t 1Jf''o l•y tl.e d..t..•l:Niil•l• d
tl~U'ie 110 loo)!Cr in a. a. tate <-i pruU...li•)R them,. h u, i• tl,ta.tfu:i y l .. t.. l, ·• I'' f'(;ipi-
u tatin;: tl1e unl111ppy pt"rtont into vark, or hdl, tl.~:11re I'J toe wmc a;:~;n in:u tJ,,
" lmdit'f of unduu be:a:. to~, until bv &UC'Ct~~in: n';.,'!!lll:r3:i"""- all tiu' ere dut~ •"' •) •."
'fh~ "ufft'lin:!'l. •·hicb come und~r tl.e d•·nominulill'l of •! t\"'.1oll.a, IU'C rrwrlc IJy ,.... :.e
dai!Y• b~. otl••n monthiJ und onnua!ly; 1111•l. tl.e r. liG:l"f t)( po::-1·•rm·~ k tl11n tl•
pl•tntd 111 the Ayl-cn .'IU.~t:rry t. " l!t lf·l<' tv 11:: Brcf.•··•'·'• mtJ:11.y, ;;·.1 :!'1, and
.. ft..lll(l, doesiCd and w.J.c:...cJ, in tloe u;ouM: ul ~ a;.~l.t.r, J;liL!tt.ll .. ~.~.er. auJ rt·4l•
• goa: .d:•~.rr,
• Kola lo \l..c nn.:.-•.:rod. • t \'ol. 1~1. p:~;- 2)1.
....
"S·~
 I/
I ' p A P E R S R E 1. A T I N G T 0
l\lr.0111nt'• St.• le " gronlft~~hcr, ond of IJis mother, ~;rund•notiu·!· and. great-grandmother." The
« !.loc:~ti among princij.ll! u11on which they pr?CI.'f.'d, 18 that of .mcrcasm;.t the ~·e) fare, sol nee, and •
,,,\ ........~ 11 ru..u,, 16lon
'hf~ ~·~·ttr bubJo~ll enioynuut of dcnarted pro"cmtors; the real tfi,·cts are to provide." a stated succes- •
. " of IPCnficllll
• • ,.cntcrltunments
" "- D,rt~hmms,
for t•~ . to .ad·'u to tl1e cere1nnma. I burtI•ens
...., aud aup:r-titiuus tcrro~ of tile .rcople, by thrc~t~mngs, of rll'cudful c~.;nscqucncce,
111 well b thobC who (Jilllt these riU's, us to the sp111ts ol t1e dccc~tscd, who are thus
nc"lcclt:!l.
"'What 111itahlc idcn.s vf spiritual happiness tuld of divine justice cnn a people,
ado!lliul( 111ch a pructice, pusses•: and huw must it diMcour;.~~e virtuous el\crtion to
tl.iuk, tint nll may be u11tluue njlcw the ffr.(lt/1 of the pc1jormc:t'1 l>y the carclcssnesa of
another (l'rSUn ! · · :
1'HttUt.\', Tho CuAUCTU of the WHOJ.F. lfl'I.TITtiDE of Ilnmoo DEITIES,
male and kmalc, ieanother source uf immorttlity. 'l he legends und historks of their
actions are innmni"''Rblc, onli in the hio.!,hcst dcgt-ee cxtruv11gJnt, 11hsurd, riuicutous,
IIIli I inert:• ihlt•, . nut tl•e ltllture by which they. ure, above all, clistin~ui~hcd, is the
11h~nll~tncc. wickerlnesa of their divinities, llrahmn, \'ish now, l\Iuhadcu, (who are held
to he n•sptctivrly the crc~ttor, thu prc~~erver, and the de~troyer of the world,) and of
nil tho re~t, in thl'i1· wvcnll subordinate Cllpacitics. The most enormous and stmng::
in•purilica,' the most vilhmous frauds and impU!>turcs. tin: must <.It tt'~tu!Jic cruelties
lln•l iuju~ti~e, the mu&t filthy 1111d ~tbominuble conceits, c,·ery corrupt excess and in-
tlul~cncl', a·c presented to us in their histories, v11rit·rl in a thons11nd forms. Thl·~e
tiCI!ndulousle.~t'IUII nre rnore or less known among ull the millions oflliudust<m; thcv
form am imm.ense series of adventures, which till the i111aginution of a \\cuk and credu-
luua pe11plc; very many of thl.'m are pcrpctulltt:d Ly im::tges, temples, utH.I cere1uonks,
nml those ri anch a nut11re as it w~:re pollution to tlcscrihe. llcprescntatiuns which
ftbtmdoncd iicentiuuRI\CSI dnl'llt hurdly imul(ine within the most secret rc·ces~es of
, im\mrity, ore there held \lp in the fucc of the &un to all munkind, in duruulc mate•
riu a, in phtccs duclicntcd to reli~iun; My, they are the objects ot rdi:;;iuus adoration,
und mini~tturcsa~·o tukcn ti·om thrm and worn bf multitudes llliiJut the neck •. Is
it roncciva•lu th~tt the acnae~ and i11111ginutiun ol the pcuplt•, cspcdally of the yuuth,
~hould not :1e uttl•rly tlepr4vcd by such "'presentutions; or thut nil feeling!~ ami itlras
of natuml ~tudcllty 11huuld nut he ctmlounJed and cxtin~tui•hcd by them? What then
Jlllibt he the. ctli:ct wbcn rcligioua inft•acnce, is &UIIl'l'llddcd ?.
If auch lallt•Crtlt uhilliliun'l 111 Rre now forhiddcn by tho ltuv in this country, 'I'I'Cre
\1'1 be pr«'M:'Ilttld tu puhlic \ iuw with tho higllc"t honour, in lofty ami elegant edifices,
tlflP~'IJltilltc:l hy the lc~Klntu•·e tur thnt pur(IU!K'1 •m•lull runks, &exes, and o~e11, were
tlncum·•~ell tu l'C"&Ort to them; if religious mel'it wc•·e added 1111 a further t:ncoura<Tc.
flll'lll ; umJ it' tho (ll'llt·tico Wt'l'fl to be pl·rmnncnt; whnt "ould be the et'lect upon the
lo(PIIrral lltlltuwrs? A J..'l\:,tt revolution in all itlt>a"' of mot.le~ty, chastity, coutii\C'nce,
tuul tlerurnm; the l"xclw.iunot' &eutiment and virtue. Of all these, nothing would
lw lt•!'t, but the co•t~hkrutiun of whttt cu~tum hall pn·acribe1l1 ami positive institutiOI\
luul furhitl·~·n, 11~ to nt··l'ior dcmcuuur and cuntluct. Such is the :state ol the liCople.
of llimlu11t•n 11~ to these vuillla: thcl'C i:1 a t.lit~cl'rnible ~thc;c;,nce of our t'cdin:..'ll and
upinions of pruprk-t~ tuul dccurmu in whllt l'l')tllrtls the sexes, a grossneSII ,,-, their
hmutmj%C', munucl'll, Will itll'.ls, "ltich ( whatevc1' alluwttm:es llre tu be m.11ic iur the
. ditl~·t't'll«l llf I'O~l'l1\ or uf Ul\l'ICilt hulJil.tl Ol lilt') ill bc:s\ ttJ be IICC0111lletl for by
tflldn:t it tu thi~ 'uurce. Tlwro ilia et·rtain modl·~oty which seem1:1 tu be inherent in
the C1111~titulionc•f the humtlll mind : tllll'l'S of it 111'0 to be sccn in the rudl'st hordes
stillnucurruptctl ; it is po.•itiVl" Ctll'l'tlpliun thut de..uuys it: and the uftllgca of the
UinJuo• IIlii$\ thc<-ctorc lKl an ctli.:l·t, as ''clla!l a c4use of dl'prt~vily.
Nor are thc."C "hirh have ln·en t'numt•rntr.t, tho nnly wuv:s in "hich the Hindoo
mytholo!O' inftuc!lct•s thu m;uuwrs of the people. lie who ~ lllltlllo "lut his r«'vcngc,
knu\\S •llll're to atlth~lll hhu~clf to a pntront"u, l\11li (or 1\ulet'), the Goddess oi
l>l.'struction, hilS still mnny \'Otllrit·a; ami the \'t1les 111Tunl exiUllplt>A of Mcriticcs
ami tremrnllou!l iucnull\tions lor the 1k~tnu:tion of cnt:Oiic'S, lhe robber also, "·hen
11bout to ist~uc lunh ugnin~t the penon aud the pro11Crt.Y of bill neighbour; propititl'tca
•
• h' •
• Ce"mMite Rel•~tieullt'll, Tome \'I. rauim.- JaM~-, ill the fi,t Vnl. or the Ar.io&ti~ 1 ranur-
1\~~•r, l'~lle 157·- \'cwa~t ~e (oonl•l, 1'ou•e I. buua, p<~;;e t~+ -u..IU..aa, in ('hlllfbill'l l'<•llot-
P"!'.' '"3·-"")'~11 Ill' ~··untr.al, \'uL l,l>"l;d 41 IKID, \'ul, Ill, P"WIJI.- ~ wnhnlf, 10 lllllo, \' ol.
& I 7!1·-ll•lmilhm'l .lrll\'\lla, \' ul. l. P•'tl' :1 i9·· 11. P"&' lll.t--l'l}v'• Tn.nla, P"i' 171" lie.
l'ietrll della Volle. pll),t S!b .rxc.-bn \\ 11luw
Jo1111.,
 E A S T J N D I A A F F A t R S. lis ·
• 'bill wtc:llU' deity for a ~~~C:ttUful esp!ditioft. We b&~ tlt(m fro~t~ the C'Odt-, tlultlhe r HAP. 111.
prac.1ice uf olt1:riJll wOf'll,~• 1mtl Hrrificn, in order to C'Ollll'""•lht •lc.ath of a~r, c.,,.,of tAt,_,..,
18 kiW\YD ,to the Ill"'· In short. what is the nefiuiooa prarriec:: iur wl1it·b a ('N•UM ·~>l ,., ... •-.1
m:ay not be blnd in the llindoo paut.beoo? The mOI"'ls of tlX'*' prorle are tllt't-c- ~~=·#-;Il-k
li.)l'c fXIbooed at the fountaiN anti alt.ars of relic;ion. ' ·, __
rovRTIILY. The WonSJIIP nod CIKUIO:NIU pl'lctiotd bv thr llitHI<)()~. nith
n1rious circumwucea eppcrtainin~ to them, ha\·e tho tlrect o( \"iti.;:ln··. 11• ''ella•
ul1tupijj;ing, their IJl:nds. Jn an c::olightrneclland it may ai-Jllt"af ~u,:.-ftuou•, tilr·
~1ally w il&lle, t.l~a& auch are the con~urncea of id..do~tcy ; but ll111l111 hie:• i. atliHitt.tl.
1t may be "·ell al110, w recollect and to view, u c'\CUt!Jiilicd in pml·tkc::. 11tt .t.vi.tn•
nature is in6oitely de,-.ded IJy every materW.l rellrncnLI\tiun; ~and the man alr~·.&dy
~o gross as to racrt to ooe, l.lccomes mom JVUU in usiug it. 1f be doc.-. nuc 111 lt'nl(lh
rlrop ·t.IJe idea of a diltinct invisible po111-er, and lbi!lk ouly of the object l..:lu:' huu,
(lllllhero is reuon 10 1U5pccc ho Ill ill,) be lllll.'&•t br.lic.:lll':l &hat hi~ ~I)· I iah~l,tb thr
1.1tock or tlltl lllOne, which he ha~ lilt up. European apulu~'lt" (Qr ~u Uk•ll•trllu• a
practice, bavc been '1.-illill!l lO dcuy l.lais iJca of idolatry; UUl Ill l·• itll·m·t· ,,f fu
111perigr authority, the au&.bor of th<• Uhn;.<1ad, •-'•aerlll it.t re~&lih·. He illltu.ltln:.•
Cruhoa, wbo i~ tlre1-e rtprtMIIIcd tu l"ulu,u;.-, u·ilh IUprtfllt aulh;witg, M) in~. " tl11'
" ignorent • believe ~~~~. wbo nUl in,;aibl:.-. lo Clist in the tisit.le l"urm u1uln '' loic:h
" they see me f." And the lron~cd traOIIIator of the llhugnll is ul upimon, l.hat at
•nts one of the uims of th11l \\ork, " to induce mea ut lca:.t 1o I.Jt:lint· GO< I, th •I ,,
" the Supreme God, present in every image beturo "'hich tbcy bc:nl." Ik·t IH'I u
.depraved opinions enterhtincd of tl1e Uivinc: llc.:ing. 1111d dcpnt.\"W pruc:tit"t·, lhtre i,.
allCllleaary 1\Pd io&eparable oonncctiou. 11KIOC upiniun.s originutc lrum C'HffliJtliun,
andJifl who IPI.kes a god for bi01St!lf, "·itl.eertainly contrio·c to rtl't'ih: lrom him 1111
indulgence fur his CIOITUpt propenaities. Jlcucc all the KUildalou.. au1J a!.udiu~
proc:eediD(p, or "h.ich 110100 intimation he& bcon given in the prcn-din;; 1111~ It'
we &uppcliiC the origin of tho erroneou.s »Otions in qut"'tion tn llltYl' bc.-cn the alk-
gorization of pbyaical ttutba, er of the pol'l'l'r~ of nature, !till if the iu•-cntun h..d
not cease!,\ to be lillOC.ftd bv luat, fraud, and roiJIJery, trould they hnc tlumroc:-..1 !Ito"'
.qualities on their god.. o11d cboleu estravagaot rc::prnentatiOt\11 u( them at l.&ld.tr' oi
.reliwon/ ln all tbe popular W01111Up of lhc Hiadoo:l, God i! ll'~V('f llt't forti• under
t.lle tdea of 1/olinru, " ull of purer eyCI than to beholtl iniquit1 ;" llOI' ill any Kl'l'ic:D
.otfcrcd .to him .\\01U1y of n rutiouul mind. 7ic ~'upremc (.cd h,u imkcJ nri!l.. r
trmple ttor .Mmour ll1ntlllg tlu: fJtf'}/e; the few Drahnain& who ~nize hial bein~eo •!''
not auppoae him to concm1 I.hn!iclf with the aft:.tn of the world : and the beUrr
concepuora which they have of Iris nature, (though the pys of Ol'i~..l trutb tnt•
tc.red t.llroucb their ays~, arc orerwbelmed in tbe IIIISJ of pol_yt11ciam and idolatry,)
they holtt u speculation!, "hirb tbty c:oocal from lbe multnude, and in fi'ICU~o'O
OPJ)OIC. So that the indulgeoce in 1m.,.,.t;ty, which 11111 ha•u acm to IJC carrild
Jo such • leogt.IJ, ill oot tbe pcrvenion and MgMenC')' ol their •y•tem. but it.• nt'!
•rnce
Unreetrained boweter u the Uindoo~ arr, "ilh rr~p'.!rt to immoralliemff', tl~
Allin linlo ••isfN:tiiJD froiD their religion, "ith re!!afll to llwlllll thi••g~ "'l.idt nftt·c·t
them mOll. oamely, DflblrJl evib, aod tbo iot.eratll of thu ptn<.'ltt lite. ·n ...-, clu 11t1t
tonsidc:r ooe M.iod, one Pour, u reruin~ the uniYCJt~e i they are di.CI"Icttd IJy •
multiplicity of dcil.iel, who are DOt repl"'.''eellel.l as ad.ialf in uuiiunn Cllnc:c:rt. hut
oflen u Ill 'tllriuce. It DII.IA perallv l.herefOrc be an uncN1ilintv 1\llkllt;; then•,
•bedlu the llltelar deity wbom they ),8..e cl10ttn, i1 able to pf'(JI«'l tbnn; wtM.'\ht·r
tbe pra,·rn of their eJICIPia may nul prtYail; "1lcllKT other ~k-it~, "hom tl111 du
not ualduousl1 &en<e, llli&Y oot injure them; though l.bey multit•ly in\cntiotn to
Jll!'f"ll..lde the.dllelY~ and oLI~ ot' the ~mint-nee of thW n... pectivo pxufw
ddties; ..xi the f'ollo"llef'S of Visbnow- .ad F....-.n arr, on tlti..t llCC:'Ollm, in mortal
vp1105itioo to l'Gch otMr.
Jlry iovol.~ illdoe..l twuticulsr deitits "' psrticular thin~~ (• it'• c• r('f!l<lllK"t ··~ t:.C
lllOIIC ahomb... ble kind&, in "l1ida .&be ~ an: p. e-c:mmL111.) '"''' t:.'l' · ol t.hc
wboniiuatc dl!!!el are periJrtps not to be HI'JIJII:'fl!!'·,f. r,ut ::I•• r .•II, Ult'y tbiuk ;,
!.d. C''wci;all'J tbllll lo1ttr cas:t'lll to t'l'ld..-.:nnar lu cu.Kili•IO 1 \il •pu.IJt li.l.c:•i...,,... ,
' their Ql!llice, awd iwpkft
t.leprec•te . t!u:ir I! it:¥J1hil'· ·ru IJ!l!:' .,r l':::m: thf!J •~~Cn&Jco.·,
.
Oil

• D:..l,, ..l r. ....... i""' ~ '·

J (;..Jt,.~ t:,....,, I''"' '"41· 1···"'f'-,'liii!'Q.
It
 66 PAPERS RE·LATING TO
Mr. Gmut'e State on the festival dedicated to hill honour, goats and butfa.loes, instead of a man, the
of Societ>' arnu?g sac·rilice which it is said wa.s formerly offered ; at which time al~o, some of his deluded'
tbe Aoll&llc Suh)Ccta
of Oruat llritam. votanes•
were ~ont to .. th row t11~mse1ves bC&ore
t'. h'ts processtontu.
· .. t car, _t bat by bemg
·
crushed under at, they nnght recetve a happy death. · The pr.tctlce still common, of
awinging by hooks fh::ed in the muscles of the back, and attached to ropes, which
with a lever raC.c the body to a consideruble hci~ht, is performed in honour of this ,. .~
mulevolcnt spirit. This is the same deity described by Sonerat• as a ~ocldess, under
the numc of 1\furiatalc, who, he t~ays, was a most infamous woman, gutlty of allRorts
of cruelties; but her body after the bead had been deservedly sevl"red from it, being
re-animated by an evil spiri~ she ill pow, under this decapitated form, greatly feared
1md Rerved by the lower ln,haus on the Coast of Coromandel, and by the Pariaus in
purticular, who put her, he adds, above God.
Another mode of honouring their deities, is common in those provinces where the
Muholllcdun invaders never fully settled themsdves, Troops of prostitutes arc
altuchcd to thcJ>agodae, they are brought up as the servants of the idol, dance in its
procc~~ionll, an make part of the establishment of the place; . The acce5sion of such
uux.iliurics to o. religious institution, and the belief of thcil· being even iu an enviable
elute us to another world, ar.o justified by the lc;!;cnuary merit of one of their order, ·
who i11 rcluted to have been vi~itcd by Dewcnder, keeper of the celestial regions, in
the furan of a man, and to have shown great fiuelity to him. Let this notorious fact
clcc(uro, whether tho impurity of their deities and temples, bus any connection "ith ·
iuuuorulity in pructice.
The Ifimloo myt!l()lf}gy has not only tho tendency of directly vitiating the heart,
but giv1~s snch ful~e notions of nuturc, M must envelop the mind in gro;li ignorance
unci error, nnc.l thus strcn~thcn the dominion of superstition, ami its attendant vices.
Their ll'J:(Cild~Lry allcg;oricul histories of the creation of good and evil spirits, and saintl4,
with their wnrs and actions; of the clement.~, the s~usons, and the planets, all of
whid1 arc pcr~onitictl by them, have come at length litcr~.~olly to be received by tho
vul~-tur; who thus scriou~ly believe thut the sun and muon are animated beings, or
Dcwtnh~~o and thnt when they 11re eclipsed, two evil spirits, or dra~ons, have seized
them. On such occ11.~ion~ therefore va.~t multitudes htwe bet'n u~ed to resort to the
rivera for the purpose of ablution und prayer, to beat tlle water, and make hiJeous
noist'll, in order to induce the dra~ons to relinquish thrir hold. Del1lier witnessed a
1ccnc of U1is ~ort at Delhi, ill the la~t Cc11tury, of which he bas given a striking
d~'IICription t. The people in our sctth•ments do not seem now to be so loud on these
OCCil:~ions. Tho leurncd nmong tho lln1hmin~ know better: but if they hnve for
moro thun two lhou~a1nll jea1-s, pen.iswd in kccpin~ the vulgar under such absurd
dccrpliou, thl'Y arc \'rry unworthy Jcpositoril·s of Science. ln the knowledge of the
gluhc they lll't'lll to ht, theml!l:lvc:; p;ro~~ly llcti:"t·tive, maintaining a. scheme of ~­
grnphy, imR~inary ""''ridiculous, tho ollsprio~ of the same genius as the mytholog1cal
lt•gt'ntl~. The Clltru\'ngant error>~ of Ute llindoos respecting visiule nature, tcud to
rcmlcr t.hrir n~ind~ lc:»~ 11pt fur U11l pcrccvtion of mor-al truth.
lksitles the conSl'f!Uencri of idlll~try, which arc univcnnl, the very nppearance
of U1u llil\lirlO hlola in p;encml, h•u a tcn•lenry to degrade the worshipper~: they are
hidt•ou~ly 1111.ly, "ith nmny ill'allll, arms, and wen pons; with great teeth and eyes, and
tcrrilic COlllllcmuwe~, of a. bluck colour; OltlOV of them smeared "'ith oi~ and smelling
strongly ofit. Tht·y Rre shut "I) iu ntll'row dark rooms, nml the npprou.ch to them is
tlu'Ou,!!,h llh~curity ami silence. The scnndalous obscenity of others ha.s been before
hinted. ril-(urcs of the monkey, tho lmll, a11d of various other aninmls, are often
pluct,J around, and "ul'l'hippcJ as the at1cmhu1ts of tho superior deity of the
pluce.
Of the iamumt'ruble, strtmj!.t', 110J nntie rcremonics, gestures, o.nd postures,
prnctist•d by the llind•Kls in thl!ir worshijl, no full dc.>cription l."aR be ~iven. Thl'y
arc vuricd llCCur,lin:,t to the rul~ of llifi'.!rcnt SI.'Cl:l, anJ the fancies ot individuuls.
l'he nccount cuntl\ill•'•l in the Ayeen Akbc-rry:t, of the PO!jalr, o. form in duily.o.nd
ordinal)' usc, will ~ivo sum!l id~·a of theru, and h..rdly f.Ul to excite commiseration
fur the llcplor11Mc LlinJnc.>S of tho people.
" Porjah is divid~.'l.l into liis.b..-cn ceremouie!. Af\cr the" or~ hipper has pcrfonned
" hi$ usual ablutions, \\ ith tho S.:u.lcl•.va ami lltta:m, he sits down, looking tow a~
" the e~t or the north, \\·ith bis lt».;s dra"·n up in front; then taking in his bnnd a
. ~fu~
t TI\IDt II, p:~gt 97• ' \'ol. m. Pftiit, u6.
 EAST INDIA A!o'fAIRS.
•• Iitt!~ nlcr ~nd r.ice. "l'r~nllrs the. idol, thinkil'jl tl·~ be th.:n.·by l~.:in.!l tile wor~hill CHAP. lit.
"of God. Next IS the I\11L.h Po-!Jall, er tht. •ul'!lhap oftlae conrh-s.lwll. U!lt is~"""""'*,_,..
" tl~e Gw1111-P«j11h, which is rlui>ll'rin~ tl•c btl I "ith Mnt!.~t "oocl. \\'l~«'n he ba~ t:;:.";- -.4"
.. perfOrmed thC!e' Poojolhs, he throll'l uo"·n a little rice, llllJ "uiK"J t.lwt liod may ,....: ., I
" be manifC'&tcd; \bus fu.r inc.ludcs the 6r.-t of U1e &ixtt-..:n n:rcmonic."" 2. llc pl..cu • ..., ,
" a taLie of mctul, or anv t.lun.~ cl:.e, os a l!('ftl for the deity. l· lie thro•u "alt'f
" into a ve<I.!ICI, to Yt'83h his fooMt'fllo ln llindv~tan it i~ thc cu~tom, thnt "hen a
" superior enll'ra tl1e house uf on inl'l·rior, be ".~,;hC3 hi' ft·cL -4. lie •prinlt.lrt
" wa~cr_ tl~rice, to. represent t~ idol rin.•in~ his !nouth. It _is also the c~om for
" an mlcnor to bnn~t to a supcuor \ntcr to nnse ht1 mouth ldorc lll01ls. .s. ~~~mi.J
" flowers, bettie, and rice, are offered to tl10 idul. 6. 'l'hc illol nml hia llt"'ll ant
" carried to another spot. When he tal.e8 in his ri;.:ht b.md a "hitc runrh·shc:ll fuU
u of wuter, •hkh he throws over tho idul, ami with hi.~ lcli. rin~, the bdl. 'l'· lle
" dries the idol "'ilh a cloth, replacrs it upon it' ~~~.~t, nnd tlre-~r' it, S. lie puU
.. the zemu (a sacretl u.rcad) npon \he idol. 9· u.~ maL.t•J UIC Jm.ht'k (lint't "ith •
" composition of cow.dun:;:, &c.) upon lhe iJol, in t•,elve pl.u'\"S. to. llo thruw~
" over the idol, flowc111 or grccu leaves. 11. llo li.nni~lllt•t it "ith l)(·rfuu•o.
" 12. He light:~ a la~llp with ghce (cl.uificd butter). 13. lie pl.u·,-, I.Jctore the illul.
" trnys of tood, acconling to b~ 11ltility, whkh 11re di~tributl>tl au1on;t-t the l•y•
'' standers, 81! the idol'a leavings. Tbo 14th is culled trumsi.ar, "hi,·h ia wunhirJting
" God \\'ith heart and ton~ue; ~tnd strctdJin~ hi111self at full lt·n~-th, with his lace
" towords the ground! (thiA pro::.trotion is called dunduwt); then t:e lu~t l1inu.df iu
" such manner th11.t hl!l eight membt-rs touch the ~rourul, n11mely, the t1110 ~nc.""-
" two bantls, forchcad, n05C, and checks; o.ntl Uais tiaey calllllllJt,wg. Th(u Aitlfll
u of pro~lr11timu are ol.w fX11imllcd lo gt't'llt llltll. 15. Jle CUIIl(\G,Kt the iJol
" several ti111t·s. 16. lie iil.dnds like a sluve "ith hill bund• upliitnl. ami a•lt Jltt•
" mi~ion to depart. 'll1cre are partirulur prayl'rs, and 1uany dill·~ rent \11)1 c•f I'"'"
" furmin~ thc;e aixtecn c:t:rtmonic.s; aoJ othcn bdicve that only f&om tlte ninth to
" the thirteenth ore imlitipcn~ai.Jlc c.lut.il·s.. J.::x.cc1,tin~ a .'lmmy-~•gand a Swtkr, all
.. other llindoos perform thi~ l'oojub thrico e~cry uay.''
FlrTII Lt, The spirit of &llpt•r.tition extcmls among t.he Jlinduo11 to e•ery hour,
and every busincs~ of litO. The purticulun rcecntly atated, thuu~h 11tril.in;t. J:lwe flO
adequate idea uf the tLili"ersality of its operation; 11nd to follow it tlii'UU;.:h all iu
inftucocc.s, wouhl Lc an enJicsi task. Some furtbt-r illusltatiuna 111111 bowenr auffice
to confirm the cxilltence uf such a ~pirit.. lll1ll t.o provo iu po•trtul and in«'NlU''&
influence over the minds of thia people. Atl~ctin~t. in a variety ol "ays, t.l1dr uodcr-
&ta.nding Pnd tla:ir conduct. it must also enter, in DO incolllliocrublo uc_;;n-e, into t.l.ae
con~titution of their morul ami nntionul character. ' ·
The llindno~, it hu:; bc:en ulrt-ally obscn·cd, are afrai•l o( t'\ il11piritt, tuch •• are
dcnon1inuteJ amun;t u~, tla·uJOns and gl'nii. They lodin·e the •uriJ to auounJ "it.h
them; e\·cry little di~trict has its h11uukJ I• lace•; and 1oe:nons "'"" 1*!111 tl11·m d\cn,
make so1uc otl\:rin~. Clf rrnolcr hmnnce to ap(X'D-e anJ conciliate t!Je r~:"~i,Jiu;.t g•:uiut.
M<~ny are the dnicu in u~e nmon~t them to furtify thuu.c;lvca IIJ.:ain.t tl.e a-.. ull.l
of these mali!l,nuntl.oduh"• "hich they apprclll'nd on amaU occa..iuna u "'diu on ~t;
fur \\ ht:n a JJindoo y-a11 11:1, he performs a 'hOrt exorciorn, \() pl'e\'Cflt tJ.e du-11100 from
sci.t.illj:t thnt opportunity of entering into hit bully. }>~se...iont ate Ill~ tiru1Jy
believed by them, anJ tl;e 11p~taO<:e of tllt'm i' Dol ot all UIICOIIIIIIOO. 'J111 pcnottt
are C\ i,lently Ctlll\'UlM'd an.t auitutc.:d in an utraordinar,r mannct; they dcd.1re Ll..t
a spi1i\ l1a~ R·izl"d them; and t!~ere ill 5eldum muon to tluuk U~C~n in~ia.cf'l't' i11 makin~t
!'ou~:b ns!lt·rtions, lx.'CIIu~ the circunt.tdiiCC happc:ru 1.0 1W:I'\'antJ, aud CJthrn, -who from
c.:uste, an• I U1e u~ug<>s of U1e country, hurdly t"''Cr mcJa.llt' "itl1 tl~e curioua aru. 1l1C
notiuu u( apparitions, is ail>o ~cry lan1ili.•r llfllOII~ the P--'<lple. 'll~~:ir k'j;uiJII countr
nance it, and ll•dr ilmduation.s, 111cak anJ inurdinntc, Plultii'IY nla1iot11 o( tl1it kirk~.
It is aupp<m-d ol..o, tl..iL the ~pirits of tl.c d~:oAJ J.a,e acCt'<l• to the h'in~t. in ur~
way!lo und may uo them ~:-'IJOJ ur ewil Witclll-rafi ia uuiYena!ly bclinell.llflil f'~~-d
.among Uu.:rn. [,·cry willa:.:e I111~0IIC or UllJre ft:n1ale ptof1.3.Wr1 uf tlut art, IJ~• •,u.u,Js
ai:!O a!Jound: tt.Cid arc drc"'i1o1t·d, accu'lt'd, and rNJrt&.-d to, u "u the ~ 111 I .urvroe
in tilt' dark 11.~ 1M in I lit:J~tan, &},it it nill Lll tw:tive and ftnuriahlng proln.iun.
.The &e\'l'flt.l ~art~ o( di,ination, IIOOth~ayinll:. a.occcry, nccrOtu&JIC)', and .Lu;'ea:~
rrom_
IL•trolu::y, arc \tt!l l.JI\)1\n and bL:Uy fl:;!l!Jdt.'tl. tloe wurk o{ Al.oul ·~~~~I&
"ouiJ appt'llr, thut tllt'J are all r\pt.W.cd anJ taUCt~ us tloe SI~.Utr:n. 1~ .\ edct,
1\"C !..no\\. enjuio the OOf'()S(Ope to be uraw 0 at the Lil\h o{ • dwd, and tL.i.t .. COO•
2 s !. tlalJtly

•
 •
68 .
l>APERS RELATING
. . '
TO .
,.Mr: Granl'e Stute 1 btuntly prilcti:,cd. The Magi:ltratc, among the 'llindoos, was bound always to have
f SAucloty ~w ".11 il · &kilful nstrolo,•crs and soothhayers about hi111. The code imposes puni~hmcnt upoll
1
0
1 OluUc "" •Jcctl
lle
Ill' Oroat l.lritaiD. UII!J one tgmmmt• "'
~/' (111/ro/ogg, who slHl II presume to pre d'tct mts,ortune
•r tot11e l\1 a-
.L .., 1 giMtratc. No affair of importance i~ at this day l!ndermkcn without consulting a
sooth saycr.
Ineantiltions also, which form another '!/cry large branch in the occult arts of the
llintloos, are amp! y treated of in the Vcdes, ami in practice are unh·ersal. Th:.:it·
(lhjcct iij unlimit.cd; to procure all good, and avert all evil. ·
With incanti\ti()llS, may !Jc clusscd the endless variety of charms, spells, talismans,
amulet.~, and other inYclltions of this nuture, 1Jf which no individual, small or great,
'Of all the million~ of the llindoo race, is dc~titute. The contidence reposed in these
things iK woudt:rful. It is a p:ut of the duty enjoined i11 the llindoo code to the
t~overcign, " tl111t he J..<·cp ma~iciuus, men who can curo IJy spells,~'· upon which far
more reliance i~ phtct•d than on medicine. While the writer of this sketch wns in
ll.iudo~tan, !'e 8.1W in one mun~in:.;, .two fh1e y~tlll(.; tnCI.I, the pupil~ of a snake-ch~ru1l'l',
lym,t; d<.:ud, 111 consr'lucm·e ol thc1r un<luuiJtmg conhd<~nce, that the spell wh1ch 'he
bt1d tuu;,:ht them wou d render tbu pobo11 of tlu.: serpent hmL>xiaus. Pt·esuaning upo11
a
·this Rjicll, fir»t OliO llllU then the OtllCI' prOV(}kCti IJJ()~t VCnolliOUS snake to bite him,
1111d in two hours th<'Y 11crc !Joth corp~es, \caving dc~litute families. Un~ucccssful
in.~tunct,s <•f this ~ort du not open the eyes of th<~ people. They arc rclcrrcd to ir-
·r<'gulnrity in the application of the ~pcll, and do not it~~pcuch the efficacy ~f the at·t.
As
u further illustrution of tbis vast ~ystcm of impo~ition, the following transcripts
.nro mu«ic from the Ayl·cn Akhcrry •, the work it is to t.e remembered, of a man of the
.lir~t Clllimmcc fur talents, ru11k, Ullll iufoi'IIHition, \\ ho was l.Jorn und passed his lifu
Jn llimlo~tun. · ·
SuR,
11
h the Rl't of pr('tlictin~ event.~, hy oLscrving i11 wlmt manner the breath issues
11 · throu!(h the noMral~. The brcuth conu:s out of the nostrils alter three way~. I-lrst,
•• when it 1;oull's mo~tly out of the ll:ft no~tril. This they attribute to the Influence
,,. of the lllliUII, nnd c"ll ndt/11 and dumdenwrt'c. The second, whcu it imacs mo~t
" fl'lllll the ri:.:,ht no~tril, which they nltl'iuutc to the influence of the sun, and there lore
" cnll soonjlltlrt-r uml piu~dn. The third i;;, when both nostrils brcuthe eqllally. The
•• fullowin~ is the onh·r in which the I.Jrenth ought to pass throu~h the nose :-from
'' pl'rvo to tho third lith, chnndcmarcr, and the same numbc1· ot days soorcjuarcc,
" nltl•ruutdy thruu~hout the mouth: otlacrs, lllllkc it weekly, thus, Sumluy, 'fucsda\',
11
Tlntr..lluy, nml S1tturdt1y, soonjnarcr.; and :\londny, \\' ednesday, and 1-'riduy,
" chundenwrcc. Others 11111intnin that it is rrgulnted by the sun's course through the
'' :wuinc, Arit·~ !Jrginnin~ "ith the soon:jn11rcl'1 Tnurus with chandcrnnrec, and thu::~
" nltcmatl'ly throu)!h ull tho si~ns. All the lcllrncd of tl1e llindoos believe, thut if
'' U IUIUl bn•11thl'S \lilJ't•l'entJy from OtiC of the:;e three WRy~, SOlllC mi:sfortune wil\ !Jcfa\
" him; if the irrl':,!lllurity la.~t~ two unyg, 1\ qunrrd \\ill ensue; if it continues ten
" <hly~, some mhfortunu \\ill.bclitl him; if filh.'t.·n llay~ he will have a lil'Vcrc ftt of
' 1 ~icktli'~S 1 it' for n mouth, hi$l.Jrothcr ,,.ill !lie. Other~ spcnk thus of the irregularity
" of IJrc.athin!.(; if tur 11 duy uml night, soonjn:~rl'e is in ucc~ the person will diu
" nt the cxph·~tion of 11 y<·nr; if it lusu two th•ys nnd ni~lots, he willltve two yctu·s;
" nn'l so 1\ ycnr fL,r cv~·ry tluy; if the rxcc~s continut'S for a month, he will die ut the
" end of the cnsuin~ llllllltl.. l'ur the CXt'C>d of chtlllllcrntlrce, they suy, if it Ja,;t~
" 11 lJ,,y nml11ight, tlmt person \\ill h11\'0 a lit uf siclo.nc>s at the cxpinllion of a yc:1r;
" 111111 nccur,ling to the llllllll.ll•r ul d.I)'S ho "ill be bo llhlllj ycurs sick."

'l'hc tunnncr of \'l'Ctlkting C\'l'nb by the J..n<>wbl:;c of thi.:~ aut t. ·

" If uny ono C'IHI1l'll to l'nqn:rc \\ ht·lhcr 11. womun who ii prq!ll<lnt ~hall be lldi-
,, yci'C<I of n boy or gitl. tho pn>llll ''Ito is to an~wl'r, mu~t e\amine the no:.tril\ of
•• tho IJII~·~titmt•r; if hi! bt'l".ttlil'~ null';.: tl.r,H•~h one ntl~tril tl1un the ot!~er, and ~Iantis
" 011 th11t ~itk, it ~hull l;·r~ kl n Hill; bot if he huppm to pl.1cc hilll,f'lf on t!10'
" ol'positc :;idt', it shnll hlllknh.: that it \1 ill L<J n tlau,:.hll'r; it' hll Lrt'll!ht:l:l cq•lally
" throu~h both no>tril~. tht·r~· wia be t•l in~. ~oua.:l IJdic,·c thut if the qut:.tiuncr ~
·" ~t.nds oathe ~uon·imu'\•e ~i.!~·. it '' i:l be a l>o;· ; nml ii on t!1t' chuadcrn ...·cr, u.
" t!unghtt'r; 1\11<1 tlat~t ii' the brcd.thin:; IJJ Cl}'''''• it ·,,knot.;os 1111 l~ermt~pluoditc.''
Ji
• :\'vi. Ill. r:~,;;e lj.) •
.
 '.£ A S T I N D I .\ .\ F F .\ l 1~ S. ·
"' If nn inquiry is mnde rcmcrming a penon "ho is r.it·L ; ii lhC' q·~tionl'f •IMl<lt t: It A1'. Ill.
•• on the soorrjni\I'Ce ei,le, l.lte aick pc:r.sun "iU we; but i1 outbc .:hotn,J.:ru.ut-o w•l!!, r..•••ttw,......,..
,. lte "ill reco,·er. • ,.,,...,_ •
" lf It• L- • • d ~L • 'II ·r 1 •
1oc: mquarr \\'lln.urr or not an CIIC111Y 1 1nny \\1 come; ' llC! quc-<lloaf.'1'
'u·~·r
-·
1 ,_..
•• j, clmndt•ru.trt-c, anti &tum1~ on llldt ~i.lc, the anuv "ill come; but if bo as WCln:J· ' ..,._ _..,.~,
•• nan-c., and stnnds 011 lhut ait.lc. it "i,l not come."' ·
" If he enquires rOAceming (IC&CC and w11r; cbamlcr:llU'('C hnl'lic:l tho fnt. an4
"' IIOOI'l'jnllfl-c the llll>L" •
AI'.USI ••
· " Tt11che11 what incantations are 11dvanb~s, loti •hat aro burtful i "hat
" "ill impru"e the lllllil."!'>ltandin:z, in(l'f!ltlst rrJult o"'l }wlune, curo dL~~ ,AJ,..,
" t~~tmi,l, cement f•irH1lships, fll:;ure the conquL-st uf cuuuuiel, 1Dd a1h·auc:o thu
-' 1iUCI.'CIIS or guvel11WC11L"
Suooou:!f t.
·" Is the art of dis('(W('rin~ "hl\t i<~ now happrnin;:. aNI pn:Jictin:: futurc C'Ttllb
'' by obRt:n:iHg tl.e moliu111 of bird• Tl~ ill an art in whicll ""'")' llinJuot
" are al.illed."
" 11•e learned UindOO!I discover hiJllen thin:.."' by mt'llnt of fh·e thinJr'; 1, A.•lro-
.. wg,IJ,-'l, :S11r,-3, ·sh(l(lgtlll,-4, i\'!ffrtd, "hi\:h are omcn&ltlllmt hy '"'""in;: clk"C",
.. -.'it Samdirg, predicting from obll<'rving the furm or the lim lis, ..... l.lu;ir lliOtNII,
11
und the liucs and moles -oo the budy,"

C.ARUil~
" Is the ar.t of rcprll'ling certain illcolltalio'" fill'recoverint: 1 fWT"''l "ho l.a• llr\:a
" stung by a acorvion, or anukr, -or any other venrmo1111 rrtltilu. Ttn• i.ot b1 '''lllf'
•• repe~~otin~ his b~nelllo~v and Fj;,in~ l•is 1nce..turs, "IMc:b ubli~ the aniuu&.l '"
•• prl'scnt it.•rlf. The fullo" illg .as a "·ontlrrtul f•~o~.'l. Wbeu lhfoy have t'angl.t 111 niJ
" &nuke of a Jnuticuhll' 8Jlt'.:ics, they rt'Jil'lll ccrtHin incantatinn11, an•l th,.n make it
'-• bite a Brahmin; \\'hen the pt1i6un tllket etfn.-t, the Uruhmin tontiUtK11 lilf 10100
•• time in a atutc of &lupl·facuon, when, UJIOn any '1"t'1lion bc-insc put to hitn, Wl
Ac W\'tli "n"'t'I"S '1\hicb are ilwariol.ly kltmd to I.e true. The Jlimi.JO ('l•ilUNIJalli'fll
" bdit·\·e th<at during the revolution of the C11l·jo",:.. nuthinl( ia truer d11n luella
:'' aas\\et'llo And tli~e ,ll.tiS\\crS hu.-c \lccll.collllCI.I:d l~rcthct iut.o teicr.U wlun.ea. •

• hllERJAL~
"' lnclut!N the art of necromancy, tulism~UU, ond 11li;;ht of b:tnJ, in .-lakb th"1
cc are \\'OUJcrliJI beyond (!e~eription.,. '
.Dut the e:<ces.~h·e !Oiici'tu.le of tlar Jliu,Juos uhuut t!ae future, is in nolhin; m"re
conspiruous tlum in their reg:ml lu mucus, ai:..,'1~J~, hdy, and unludy ''"·\'- 1'111"}'
ct~rry l11iS atiA:ntion to a JenJllh alnao,;l im:rcdilllr. h iutt'rfcret f'C"'J~I•IIlll}' in all l~.e
.afl'.ura in • llicb &l~y arc conccralol.'ll, u 1-:uru'll.'dlll "hu ha\'e to 11~1 "ith IJ•'"Ul &...s ,•..,
the 111011ificution to lind. ltu•~t·r, a Dutch d•,r;;:;mun c•f gtcat credit, fn.:•l"natly
citt'd in thia trrati.se, hall ~iven io hill • ork, "'ntt...n in the e11rlkT r~rt u( ILc J,,,t
t.:enlurv, on tl10 l:UIL'>t oi- CuromunJd, and ainre tra•~l•trd i11tu l'n:"nch, an arcQIHit
httheirt•I'IK't'ellin:,.~ in this rt-:;pt-t:l, alaidal>U \ll II suiu tloe Jlrt"!'C'III Ulalllll'U or 11.-n.:YI.,
.a.hat "hile it lullv i!lu!tlr.atc,j tLe ~ul¥ct ••n•lcr CUta..i•l•·r.. tiola, it euncca tl•u w•lot:D'""''I
1.1f chunu:tcr, p...;'valtnl amon,; tlaelll in di.~t.mt Jlt'l ~111~ aa...t J•l.••·u. .,
" D'autant! qtfil a btc dit dan' l'urrlictne c!IIIJ'i~. 'J'IC 1-·• r.,aho,;n., rt nrl'"'"'
" 11otion1 pR)'tllllt'll, JIITIUJellt ~rtle IIIII jwl', I!WIOO il• Ulll ll"''l('jll rfulk'f f:,i.e
•• Ill llt·uliiU•Ic d\IR IJIIII'Tio~~e, ou ('Ol•r lu ('uutinnc1', il 1M' ttra ('WI J~UUr te t•tj•1.,
•• hurs ole propos, de p.ar:c:r .Uil rc:u l"'OIlUle Utl l''t'nt' J':lllf•lc: ... .-~~.. t1 ..... d:.wt
•• dn jou11o.. .
• •• lis u't'llt"'rrn"'""'' ...,;nt trrn: •u.. irc r.u·,., un jcnr, 't"t ,...,,., "'""
4'
tr,tr.mi
bllton; C'l •'il U' rtt'il'llte q•.ll.':rpe ~i;nt ce ,. .., ;,..,..L'.. 't··i 'WoWn ,, •.,, '1 inll.ll,
11 c:!.lu14u\aii. i!i nc La J~Vur,uhrut•l J>'')o, et•i;,.,llnt 'I'll' wlr.t n·~· turl ,,.~ Lo"""'·
• . . . .. tJ• ••d
4 A• .. , AU.. r~. \'.~ Ill........ •:~
• A;r- \LI~, \'oll'l. ;•:"" •';":"·
+ ''""· • • • Ill. • J7··
J l~tll. • • • 111. • a;t
1 J J~ .• '"• t•urk v ........... ,_... :•·
:!::.. s
 70 1' A 1' £ It S n E L AT I N G T0
1\fr, Cranl'• Fi.nto " Qunm\ ils ont lc dcs~cin d'cntrcprendrc un voyage par terre, ils avanccront sou-
(lf l)ociQty ~~~~~~·g " vent leur voyo"C nour prendre l'occW~ion d'un jour 1.:t d'une bonne heu•·c, quoique •
thu /UJiltiC Sub;u:t.l 11
cH.Jr~1.1L llnt1.11n. cc scro1t, vcr1:1 lc"' 1:101r,
' •: "I nc pomTo1cnt
ct quia • pus a 11er p1us d'un quart d'l1eure }0111'
~~ ..... ' " uo la ville, ccla n'c~>tant pas cnpnllle de lcs en empeschcr, estant nssem·ez que
" quund ils Jlllrtcnt en unc bonne hcurc tout leur voyage sera. bcurcux. lis differont
" sou vent leur voyii"C qucliJUCll jours, ~ur avoir un bon jour et une bonne heure:
•r ct il arrive aouv~•t, (comme j'ny d1t,) qu'ils ont perdu, en attendant. lea uons · •
11 juur~, lo. bonne occasion, et le temps propre, pour avancer leur voyage, et pour

·" nvoir nn heurcux 11Ucccz de leurs atfnircs. lJc fa~on qu'on peut dil·e, avec juste
" raison, do ccs payens·l~, ce q•1e &ncr,ue disoit des sabat'j des J uifs; " que
" pluBicurs chases, qu'on dcvoit fuirc h I instant, estoient souvent perdues, ou ne
u sc fttisoicnt jumuis, t\ cuuse qu'on dilferoit, et qu'on ne les faisoit pas en temps."
" ll e'en v" de ccttc fn('Oll uvec ces pn~cns-cy; car pendant qu'ils ut\cndent assez
11 lea hons jou1-s, ct lcs bonnet hclll'tl! 1l~ (e$ pe•·dent sou vent, ct soutli·cnt beaucOll[l
1
" de duuunuge: ct cc qnc jc n'uy pas vn ~culemcnt une toi~, pendant que j'ay
" tit it 1.\ 11111 rcijidcnce, mais d'un en.un, <pte par lc retdnlcment, ils ont lnisse passe1·
11 le temps uo llltlll.lfJ/1 ot ont Chtc contruint~ de rcvcnir, sans ricn fairl', ttprcs cstrc
1
'' parvenus I\ \11 moitic du chemin de Pt'f:!,ll, Junnas~eri, et Achim•. (;'est unc
11
cho~o eHtonnnntu, qu'ils nc dcvicnncnt pas plus pl'ltdents pour l'avcnir, par Ia
" dmmnngc, ct hL perle qu'ils &ouffrcnt .c:ontiuucllcmcnt.: qu'ils per~i~tcnt ct con•
II tinucnt tou11joul'8 duns leur ancicnnc crroncc, et iautilr. practique. Comme
" ccttc o~iuion c~t prolunucmcnt enracincc en cux, illi n'cn [icuwent pas e&tre
" divcrtia. '
" 1\fois t l'our entendre lc.lit pmymzrrom (tllmannch) il faut scav:oir, commc nous
'' O\'Oil~ dit nu chnpitl·e precedent, CJtlc lcs.pnj·ens twoicnt trente heures au jour, et
" trcnto heurcs ulu nuict. II c~t ~~~clare d1u1~ ce Juuyangom, toueho.nt chnquc jom·
u de Ia scmaino. ct tuuchont chuquo hcurc qui 11e rcncontre dans Je jour, cc qu'on
.. , t>t•ut luirc en iccllca avec l.lt.ma succez, et ce qu'on doit lai~scr." · ·1
,· •• 1. Que lc dhnnnche cxnnmcn~ant au lever du solei!, Ia premiers hcurc est
,., l.mnne po~r .toutcs aortcs d'alli.tircs de discours, ou de conecil."
·
11
2. Si I'on Cllb'cprcnd quelrJ118 affaire, qui apportc ordinaircment du profit; cUe

.•• au~·chlora
11
·'
biun, ct npportcra du prufit," ,
'
·
3· Si l'on tlltr<'(ll'cnd quclquo affaire }'our eo l't'Cevoir du profit, elle ne
,•• ancc~Jcr11 rus bien." , - , ·
" 4. Si l'on ~~l'cro rccevoir quclque chose de bon, l'enemy jouira de .ce
·•• bicn-lu." · ·
" 5· II y aura rlu profit ufuii"' merchandise.'! ·
11
G. ll t11it I.Jon c\-lcbrer une f~to, ou c:nt.l'cprcn<lre quel11ue cbose.conccrnant
,., jove ou tloctriue." ·
... 1· Tmitc touchnnt femmes succMcrn scion lo dcsir."
· •• 8. I..a morchnnuisc ue domwm point do profit.''
'' !), Commc cn.\1l six.iemc hcurc.'
II to. <:c qu'on entrcpn:nd nc succetlcra JlO!I bien.•
.•. " 11. 11 C~t llli\UVIliS de JlfCIIUI'O tncdidne, OU do faire quclque chose pour J.e
u cont<'ntcml'nt llu corps. • · ·
" 1 ::1. Qui chcrcho victoire, illuy succMcm hicn.''
11
13. II fnit bon d'uchctcr des .vuchcs, des t•C!Itcl!, &r..•
11
14. llli1it hon de ['rcmh-e quclqu'un Ason service.''
" 15. 11 est IIIIIU\'II.i~.d'cnt.re dnns une nl&iliOil neuve, ou de visiter quclqu'un do.u
·
11
Sl\ nmison." ·
" lli, II est boa do commencer quelques tnaibOns, viUn~, ou ulle."
" 17. Iln'cst pns bon d'entrtprendre un voya'lf!."
" 18. ll est I.Jon llo visiter lea grands.·• '
•• I ~l. . 11 cat bon de fuirc des images al'honncur des Plloi>Odcn."
" ::1~. .II est numvnis d'cutreprendre quclque chose."
" :u. Ccl11y qui pen~ gttigncr gt~rlque chose, sera trompe." •
11
:12. Ccluy qui c:ull't'prend .utlC llatuille, la perdra.''
41
: 23- D
. • Tht nvwilltn ronrtmtd in tl1ut '"'~"'!ltl wtre
prolJ~ol,ly :\lt•humedans, lbe O\tl'ltn of the ~wl.t
J
111."1 ""'" botn llind~~tl!!, but bulb lmn this aupfr·
<llltllon,
 't A S T J ~ D J A .\ F r .\ J n S.
"'' .113. ll e~ bon .Je ~lterel~Cr l'u•uiu~: l'II.H. Iii.
~· 11.4- Jl fait bun se battre."

___
• c........ ,.,"""'"
·" ~:i· II fuit lx>n pn;ndn; con!!Cil de q•telqu'un quci'}IIC (>art• .\J ....... ~·4
l') . . . . . . , '~'""
1
' 26. La tnnrcham.h~ nupportcra pn.a de 1-ruin." .__
II ••J:·~•· _,
" 'J.i. Qui aura Ia conno~nce d\mc j;,·tMnK', 11U1·a un cn(,ulL•
" 28. 'rout ce ~u 'on cntreprcnJra., ~u!,im.•
" 29. (;cluy qua entrcprenJ,, quelque ci.K>Je de plttnla!!C, aura hon <l4tei."CC.•
.,, 30: Tout cc qu'on ~uhnitcra llll(lllntvnnt,, ne s~ccctk':' fll'' bit-n...
" 11 am de mcsme Ia nu1ct, d'hcure A l~eure, JU.-quau wldl lcunt."
11te other days of the week, antl the 11i:-.ty flllrta into "hich each i• tlh idNl, are
•dttailed iR tile same &train; and thua every lllllf bour is mnrked ltv ••mwthin~
·specific 'tn be undertaken or to be avoided •. How 11mc:h the atl~irs ol' lilt·, and •II
ll'tllionul COII8idcl'lltions aoout thetn, mu~t be intlliTIIptcd ; how much t!to JlOO' Jl'.'tJVl,.,
~·.ho are cnslu~cd ~this supcn_tition, must be lmr.l!!."'-;d lly it; "'•Y t'l'l'il)' be nmnhrtl,
1 hey seek rchef from evcry thmg, and f~.:ar every tlan:; Cll.l'<'jlt tl.c Supreme l.uul.
Hut this is not the only yoke imp0$Cd upon them. Their l."ttenvmi..t drGil'RII'hl-4,
pollutions. and unclcnnnc!iloe!l1 the \\11}"11 i.n "tticiJ custe tuay he 'LlitK·rl or IO'\t• 11~
.mctlloll!l of pm·itica.tion, the rcguhttiuns contt:min;; food, the lllotllllt'r of llro.:o<:<i112 ami
.cuting it, the ceremonies nt births, Ill !.lilfllrcnl D).,'t':!, at lllltl'fia•••·a nnd dt'Utl.s, all tlll"oe'
multivlicd beyond enumcrution, "ith a pr<XIigiuus cult•Jlllar ;.· burtlttliWIIIC fc,tivul•
ond hl~ts, con~titute a most "'iuvous oondoge.
A. scrupulous llindoo connot go forth li'Om hi!l )tOU'C "·itlaout kin~ o<.:t:~illlr, on
:l\1ls1dcs, to dangers from omens oml dclilcmcnt>~. lie must Jli'O('(·etl nl·ry ~ll'JI \\il.b
fcnr and circumspection, le:>t some cul11mity sho~o~ld come upon him. " l>llllt t ahu~cl\
11
Ji·om flesh, from a llroom, a gnrmCflt, or frotU divrrs aniumla; the tum:b o( a bumt
" net, a crow, u. cock, a hrn, a rot or mouN!, an eunuch, a wattlwmmm, a buntrr, a
·" fisherman, a gnn~e&tcr,n c.lil;tillcr, an executioner, a laiUlt:r, a dt'llh:r in k'lltbcr, n11
" oilman, and Of any !linner ;" these are aome of the uumifold ••yt
in •·hidt by
..contact, by accidents, or by tlle arta.of othen, pt'l"'llPal pollutions may ba cuotructcd.
'J'he ceremonies which respect the article of fnod alone, mi~ht tur111 a \·oluuiC'.
l\Iany ldud11 of JII'Ovibions are tobllly forLiJdenJ others bt.~-oute, 111 l*rticul.ar cin:uln-
stauces, unlu\\tult. and tho~c which are allo"t:d, moy be dcftk.-d by a tho\t!land coo·
• tingencics. .The vessels Ulll!ll in prepnriug foud, if toucbt.-d by one of the Jo.-t'l' cute,
. are defiled. TLe shadow of a chandlll, (a person of the llaoe cute btfore Dlcntioncd,,
passing even over Wllter, defiles it. . All thin).."l U'14blc, liquids, grain, mctull, ..ilk-.
· cottons, veget11hlcs, domtstic utell.!iil~ the eartli itself, are li~&IJia to pollution, anJ the
rcu,cdics to Lc apvlicd for their purification are pl"e!!erilltd t• " SuuJobilte, muoo·
· " shine, the li~t.t of a 6re, air, water, earth, ai!l~e~, wutotllrd-aeed, wild wain. the
-" shncle of a tree, tile hiluJ part of' a w..c~ lcf., a plough, milk, milk cuflk, ~ht-e ot
. u darilicd butter, the dung and urine of a ~ow,' are a very k:w uf the tltin~, "h~eh are
.('1>\l:eulcd to have a ·purilyiug ~irtue, am.l a1oe.tly ill cldUI u{ &!Craun"" dclii~:utt.'Dt.
Dcsitlet tl1o lime employed in their daily 11blution1 and ceremonies, tl..t •hi..:b i..
-lost frotn attending to the lucky and unlud.y houn, and that which ntu.tl be ~ivtn to
the removal of contracted dclilcmen~. there arc ma.ny rigorous fuu § pl't'!Crihcd, and
.• still ~rcatt'r number of ft.'!!tivals m. Of thi--.e "'"'' only, the "'h<JIC nuulber BJ'(IOiuted
..aur the dilfi:rcnt rtuiCI appc~~rs, frotn tho Ayecn ,\LIJ.:rry, to lJc alwul a hanJrcd U.
·the year, ami they are in general amJully o~rvtd.
It ia not howe,·er cnou~b. tJI&l tbe llintlooe bear the accumulatc:J C\'~ flalun.l and
. tictitious, of their pment atllte of elbtf'nce. ·nte DraLnlillt rrofe»~ • •ciC.'IICO rulltd
.Ku1-rrmbr!Jpak, •• by 11bich,• uys Ahul }'cui~ "c:au be d~ov~d whatnc~ wa~
•• done by men .in their fom1cr 1ta.te of n.ia1ence ;"' OMJ il pmrribt1 tJ f"~rlio·u~ar
• upituiMjOI' ctJd. crime c;. It it prull.able &llUllhere bas alaay• hc:(;o IIIOR di.c:n:uon
. tiiAII
• ~ kw ul.icla io 11M lka..ilat11 ""'- •-.;b •• II la.t ..... ..._ k r .1.-t aa.ol...Joto, .. "" ,....,....•
10

.•
l.o ........
,rw.....
00 lrlu• qui talrtpftlldra qoolq.. claoM f t

fllrw-o•~lqr ~ ..,. ccla lua m..w,._

.... ,.,.,..."" ,,. ,.......
• c. ~toy 'I'" cl.rtcltl c ...... ,.,.., " ......... "' ..
• (J..i 'ftvl rr.U"J'ft1101nt ..........., ,:.,...., N"
" 111.\.t buD, 'autprrtldre ••• •ur- Y"'"·
• II t>l bua, tl'"'lll...,..rtodre q... lqw ,..._ pooot
• trwru.,.. UIOttrCNit.
t A:.,..,UI.<tt), l'~lo"' 141.
•
"
"
..
dolllltl dol' l.othiJatt a q.. lq~&'ao; ccloy 'llll-g<t
clu I''""" ·, al ta r..rrvr a In - - •• """"6.. 'I""
de ( J..,,,.._• (wrp"'<cl "' lie U.. -.m&' &a
,~, .. she I'IC cw oi llae ~J

•
.. u
Z

.
•
I
hwl. •
J1J1L • •
J•...t. • • • •
, .... ~

'"'"" . . . . ·"~·
• ' u-:-.
,..a ..
 'fl . 1; A i, E R S R E t A 'T I N G 1' 0
thnn ri •our in t~1c exercise of the authority derived from this source; but the in,•cotion
l\fr. ClrRnt'i swe
I'J I ' 1••• ,, '
'11f lN•cirLY dtnnn~ it.M.:It' j~
eo eingulu.r, 11.!1 to merit dOIIIC lurtller ou.svrvat10n. · ·· . .
tht A•intiC ~uiucrw
vfGr~~t But•"'· The art is Huhdivitlcd into {o~tr kiml.f; and di~tinct examples of each ani given in
' - -.......---'the Ayccn Akbcrry, (Vol. Ill. vage 16;) •. · '.
from ihrsc. example~, the following only ahaI\ be scl~ctcd, as· ~c~ng sho~t, and
afl'o•·ding a euiliciL'!It cKplun11.lion of tlle nature, and pussthle extcus1011 of tln~ llew ·
species of taxation. ·
. .
DutAaU wl1ich arc Punishments for Cnnxu iu a FolniE.lt STATE.
" Lamencas is a l"!nishmcnt for h11ving kickccl " Dra!n~in.-~ure, Let l~im tllke
1t one tohth of JXold, Ill the form of a hor!!e, and bestow It tu chanty i at,d g1ve food

" to one hundred and eighty llrahmi1t1." .

11
• A ftwrr is a punishment for kil\in" an innoef'nt Kheteree. -Cure, Repeating one
" hundr1·d times the incan!lstion of !\l~hodco, fccdin,u; thirteen l~rulmaina, ami sprink·
.. ling with wutcr the image or 1\laha~loo one hunured times."
•• A conph i& a punishment for killing a Drahmin.-CUJ't', .1\fnking a lotus of f11ur
·.. tolulaa ol J.!old, an•l alh•r rcpc11tin~ certuin incantutiotn, pet'lunuing with it the
'" OI:~PIIIOIIY ol' the lltJU'"'• uml giving it to a righteous Bt·nhmin."
~· . . '
" A woman who~e hn,hand dir~ hcforc her, in her Conner state was of a great
, 11 fnmily, which ehe kft to lh·c with utran~cr, and when he dice! burned herself with
11
him.-Cure, ~he nw~t pu~~ all her tile in· austl.·rities, or put un end to hct· e:x.istence
•• by burying bt·rbcll' in. snow." .
•• A "'oman woo ba!l onl_y daughters, ill ptmished for h11ving posse~scd a JifCIIt deal
•
11
of llride in lwr former extstcucc, tmd not showin~:t pt·opcr respect to her husbund.-
.•• Cure, r.eKidcs orn.unrnlin~ a whito ox with gohl, &c. she is to satisfy ''ith foo'd
•,
11
one hnntlt'l•d Jlrahmins: or she mu~t make ten mashes of ~oiJ, in the form ·of
.. " dl'ity, and alter performing crrtain incantations, give it in charity, and feed fiti.y
11 llrlllnnina." .· . . · ·
·ne ·,.evic•w of tho Jlinl!oo rcli~ion shnll be clo<.e{l he•·e. Whntcver antiquity
muy llc jnstly UI!Ct'ihcll to tlmt rcll~iun, whutcver tlclinowlcd~ements its mysteriuus
i wrhing1; m11y contuin of one Supre~uc Udug f, and of JWuse of t.is perti!ctions, wh~tevcr
n.txture
• The tnatitu'i..e nf Menu ..tabli•hl!d the d.te· .. It ia duut.tl•i• very r'kuing to diaccwer the
'trine nt auflfdnsa lOr aina cummilted in a fnt mor mnsnili~oo uf Ill it grand llfKICiJ1le 1 tlJe (, ·UIIIhllit;n
at•tlf, und d...rrrw b.•th th~ "II"' by whtrh thnH a( ull ~"" ,.liginn, ewn 1»11d~r an 1111mruM Rlllll$1lf
• ain• nmr bt '~~•~rn•rred, •nd the •~pi¥111111J \\ lnrb .flllathoolll-t auperll.iliou; but oumr p~r11011• ~tl'ln
. mu•t be uuule h•r Ihem. Smne po111us•• l·rom tba\ In huve thought, th~~ol in aarertlltonagtho uiatenco
Wllrit. wtll futtb~r ilh~ttn•ta lhe doctnn•. 11hhie1•rincrplc in the wruinge of the llindune, pr
' · •• If atwrn·bnrn 1111111, by tbe ,..ill c>t C.nd in in 1hr "l'inione oi their lr~tnttd m•n, thry had au!.·
11 lhia wnt t.l, nr ft'fttn hit ll&lun&l bin.h, ha•·• any ltnnt~tll~· vindlclltcd and Mt&bliahed the rehl!llllll
" cnrpn11•nl nturk of 1m ••pit~blt tin co-ill•rl ill churlltl.t'r of thut J'Hl"l'l• ; llldktng little vrcount
' " f4i• ur u "''""" •I lilt, he 111111t buld no intfl'l'fllliU uf their iot.ol•try, wlnd1 " pi'IIA'IIMCI by the Uruh·
' 11 .,.ith 111. ~IIWalll wlule l111pt'llllftt:4110111IMIII Ull• min•, thry "'t•re.ent 1111 be nom~ thllD ••ymOO.
· " prrf••rnwd.- hew ,,,..,.bill uf I he di\iPe •Unbut,. 0 and wbic.b
" !\nm~ ., il mindo•d r•.....n.. t..r tina cnmmllt~ a1 arlmilling ""'""~tho •·ult;nr,tbe id•• of subaltern
11 in tlualofe,amd ••"''·'"' ba.lntliuHI i• aprNtdi~g intrllrg•n•ea, they rel'r.·scnllll uril'O from th• 't'e•
· ' •lfltr, tulh-r • mntloul.-h~•·~e io ~ur bed\ .....
1
ner.ttiun paul In the tlemouta, wbirh ""' thungbt
"A atenlor n£ ~old fu•1u" 1\mhmita. h11 whit· tu rontllltt " purtino a( '-'od, :who ~tcllrdiog to all
"lnwa un hi• 111ula; a driu~•r u( •t•irill, bh••k •ll•tl.;••l trnrt of the llinduo fuith, it belli to bot the
"ot•Hll\ ·tl" al.owr uf a llnihmtu, a n'""'""ue; -lui the world •. .1\otlo• dwrllt•pon the fuloily
. " lb. Vi1,J11lllf u( bit .jiUtU'I hood, ll dokorml\y ill ol UUa \'.I•W n( llmdoo idulllll,, !'l•irb b1111 liMn
" lh11 11• n.r.,l,i\'e "'&•IIIII a m.W~nant inlurmn, ulN~o~dy cuncr¥dtr!M!d by .quu\IIIIUita (ram the
"f•1iol ••lr•~t ·ill h•• llll•lrilo; 11 l'ultt drtl'llrlnr, 1\h"IJ.'d't.<:•• ..,, it umy lot' .utlirtentlo 11b:.enre to
•• "lu~i"ll· hl'\'uth; • llfloler of ~r.un, lite d•lerl llll)l ., ho koun to 10 J•• uturlnlllrid en ~r•ninn, an
" ••f '"'"" hruh; a milll't of !....& Wl&R'I wilh J0011. t>pinion. winch llllla boo low nen t.l111 tl'ftd o.. dri~tn,
1 " IOUUI Jf'\hlndttnl hltlnhfr; \luatlhe •r«ulati'l llolmi ..ll•n <>f one ur mn..., iDI•
" A 11ro.ler uf dreoa•d II"''"• tlyartp•il•; • altaltr I'"' lltnl l111th• ••II n1o1, tn the lr.oat, pro•·e the re•
• of lwly wunlt, •r •• ••11•14ur,.tfl ,.,..J,r uiiAt l•~:lout ·~•trm, or the tth~t""ta P""'til't:, ar any
· ".rr•}ttiuw, dmuhnnol a 1\•nl•r uf clutbe;, Ia· jtrnntl nr community to lw r•t;bt. 'I bt ptrturt o!
" P'"':V; ll b•u••.. t•lll•r, lutnrll'tos.• the •n~i ... l ue~th•na, !linn to Ill by auttrinjC
"i1auuut't th".."'""• n1111t 1n"u:aLiy be· prl· t~~~tlmtlly, ia a oUt~"'~· cwd aftotling l't'p• "'~""" ihll
11 llot'llll'tlll•r tilt oukt nf ~:tlllulllllll litwe lhty •hu
of the l""•'f'le of almm we uo•• ''""""'' "'I hey
" hun nut nl''"'.,l tl••" •m•, ••It "IO·•in arungtu .. l••loiiiiC' ""'" Ill Ullll~ht......,_ •••••• Frutn
"biatb W!lb lll>~1'11o.,.I011111Dikf,• • • " \ba '"""'' wurka ol· the l'klltor, \br)' uDder·
l•tllt•t., '·" Mr••· p:•;e S'S· . llloOCl

,. • • ' • , • ., .. I

• Dolt'alliot"'7 ot .llitul•t•llo Vol. I. l'...,_lioa • tltot 1\<liciott, &c. ot tbtll .........

 ·EAST INDt.\ ArFAIRS.
1niatnrc of R1ora1 priQripll'l m11y b.! fuu,td ink'l"'l'<'l\N in i:s onlinn~rn (f11r f"ll.\ 'I' lil.
, 111ilhout soutc ra:lllt't•l of t.i•i!l l.ind it \\unll be illll)l"·t!•l<" lu ron•!itul~ • fl:li·'"''\ I<~( r ........ 114-y,..,.,
crenturt-s, endu~td "ith any sburc o.f l't'.L>ntl atl<l ('ton"(inh·c) it l•l .• in!\· ..... ,1c:.at1a ~4ft''·• ....J
. I •. I I J .I . • • . , •. , .... , , , . , •
• tl ta t II~ gctwro~ &y,tctn 1~ m t t~"'>ry lll<>·l 1 t'pf.l\"1.'" j un .. t::at It IS a ·~,l·tn •lud1, ~;..........
\\ ht:' re.!~ceJ .to J'niCUCC, nnc.Jton llh(lf\1\C titC f<.:lll I~IUI'lll f'•illo.'iJ>kS OO~in4ll\y I ._,..--J
ednutkd lllto It; und not only tolt-rl\1,..., lull Ut'l't'~'3nly l'Ountt·llallf."'"!', anti ~:n•
coura!!l'!, lhe IIIO!It elo.treva;.:-o.~t>tanJ sb.lmlutsa:J "irl.e~lt"-,."- 'llsc llhlllllf'U uf ~"""'
(Jj' tho' Umlunilu "'ho Jlll"' titcir timr. in l!,llill.~ throu~ll we Cl'ICtr.onit'S of th~·ir r.::i.:i•lll,
«an indulcnt epplkutiu11 to tl,cir Lool..s, um111t lrom the <:utlCt'l'tiS uf IlK" 'llori,J,
. und therefore uol..la,~etK"fl "itls tbe CJim~ 10 com1uun 111111>11~ tl•o•c:: of DIIII'C! acli•a
J1UI'lWit.'l, li•rm no e'reption to Uais rc111ark; Dl.lf tbc ri,..,•rous au3lL'riti~11 ltu":ti.·.,·d t>y
.the devotrct u{ anuthl'r cl.t~~ "hu .;in: thcm\lt l~n ustin:ly U)) to a .Jail! <1l "••lllt·rias.t
mortilicatiuu. lloth lht:.:!C dCN.:ril,tiuu& uf Dll'll deny thcut~dvtt in 10mc t!,in~ but
it is in ordw- to be more abuml.mtly ~ratifiL-d ill othcr!l. Tt.e 1ui.le ~>ft!.dr aupt.·ri..tf
nmk and qualilicution!l, 11nd above 111l, of Uwir aappo!!Cd !!.tlnctity, DIHI the: i•lul.atroul
revcrl.'oce which tltey receive from the cunamon ,,.,'Oplt•, n·ntlcr lht•m in•ullcr~&hl.v arro-
gant; nml there i!i the gro..~st tlevintiom fro•• ratiunul an. I meritorious ptiul.i1l' a in
-the conduct of botls :-ia tl111t of the Ilrahu1in, "ho im(lOc"CS upon tloe 11\'i'\>le a
•• worship and ceremonies, 11·hicb he Jmo"a tube p,roundll''l and jl('ntkiout i 111 Uual 1.(
the Jogt-c, who ebandolll his '1\ ile, chilllrt'll, ani! conacction,, lo ~11110 ~-- •nd
.Lurtl.~nsome to others, a ltd to biuud~ fur the n:st ol hi~ till) a.
1'hc nhsolute dominioo 'll·hicb this religion gives \o the J:rahmina, and a ft•w of the
-second tribe, over the rest of the pc.:oplc, IIHJ:IIl abo La\'C forced it.-df UJIOn the allen·
.tion. 1\'o similar invention among men, sct·ms to luwe Lt,.n so lun~& and au rotU:
plctcly succc!ll>ful. 1l•is ·aucces.s may be eccuuntcd fur, p.artly, (rum a f.avour11hle
concurrence of various circumstances; but chidlv, from tloe clllltiiL'kr of the rt'li~i""
it.»clf. Erected upon the dlll'kcst i~nonuu:e, amt'the llohlt'lt f.tl>ltood, it hu bct·ti the
wurk of a~ce to strengthen these foundutiu.u, ami In renth:r lhe fuhric luaprt•-,:n.•Lit·.
• The understandinr, is chained and kept in ~rpc:tuul iu1~1 isunmcnt, li~c dreaded ri,·alt
for power in the t:ast, 11·bo deJirived of their eyes, and smmuml in dun~rtm'l, reed we
poisoned provisious from the ,::aoler'a hands. .Every avenue • t.ich mi~hl lr.aJ t11
emaucipulion, is all'ongly gunrdcd. •fCllr it imn~raLly ncitcJ, and in~antly
• .. wrout~hl
""' t.'ood bit elemal pmnr and godt...cl • , , , • , ;tra..,..rerl &n rr&ne •••Y '"- c..-ne• "' tLr:r
" Uut wb<n the) .lt.now (;uti th•r ~luu6ed him 110\ tn~o-·~nlup: "\'o,la ltayt~ b<)"'na a,6.a&or, at
" Bl Gud, nei1her •••• tb.onklu ; but ~t .. n•• , ... ,. .. duuuu•tr, la a.Jiuhoa qu".U a•• .,,,.,..,, ......
11\&J' a
... ih their io•a;;ana..,onl, IIOd lh•ir foohth burt ••• "•u111 d•r• It ynJ, tria n>1 •••ul>l•nt u• I"' 116,•
" clt.rkenrd, •••• , • l'rof0111Utg tliftl>a<lnt \II be • lucn c-.Jik'ent-. • I• 'j"''"•'*'• a&al pt•• .N re
... ••••• daty ~n111e foole ••• , , , Aud <hdng...t "que j'tn •Y•11I •I'P''' dot l'l"''""n aulro par•l•la."
• dae G,lnry ol the uncorruphule God iat.o an ino.. gt -It mo~y t.c- .llo,.•hl•t•• adJ I•"•• lho~ltl 11 ul Ill>•
'"' n•.U• Ia~• 10 eornaphble OOIIft, ami t.o buU., IIOd pnrltOC'I in (flh•n•t.~Uit•!lt.;:, lhwu.,h lhc bM.!w4l
... l"ur·fuoleol .,_.,., IIOd trttvmg \htng• •••••• uf ,t:o"'f'I'U I•!C>•u... , ct.. 11rtiiOII ol ....... , . . . .
• .. \l'horefu,e al1<1 God g•••
Urrru up to untltii.D• '"'"1, 1>0t only w rerklfr 11,,,, ., ... •••b •·~..&
#I D..l, lhrougb tilt luo\ co( their IIWt. l1t4rh, lo ttr ""'""' aiMI arcur.~y. l.ut u "'"'h .. .,... •. IM,
• ... diohunourtla<tlr o,.o budt,.. b.:t•••n thrmorlfft; W>lli thr drn,,u.., •·•• the mu,rwro ..1 11.. ,.,,,.,..,
... , , •••• Wbn cb•n~•d u,. tr•lh of (,...t inll> • r,,, at 10 trtnuruult, thai ... &""''
nl l..o• 0·w;:••
• •• lie, au• trunhipp.-d and •~"~•d the tr..tu'"""'" h....,.....y ol por••la, ~racMt ul ''"''1""'""'., .,...,lw
.. "'"" tbi cr ... t.or, wbo II LIHMd r.. , ............. ll~um.alta.-"'' ••I t:ur• ..,.,.A l•.uun,t.. ...,. an • ••f•
" ...... }'or tl..11 <""""•
God IIA"" sl.em uv \0 >~ie ,....._ aumt;nt>ut\41.11~ '"'P"t w oJo,..ll,..,a, .. ..u.
·• artccllbne ••• , , , And en11 .. 11 ...,. ditii\Ot 1•111 a.rol1• ur b.aHalJOh"- •" r:natWn, a ')IJuGclr,.,
.. to ftt.oio tincl iu th•u t. ..... tr<J;;•. (,.,.j ~·••lh"'u c.r • pul1•h• whu·h. lit thru "''"'"'"'' ._.1., bl l!~"' t.l-1
.. over t.o a ,...probat• ••nd, t.1 do tl,,..., thw;,• DC•t ,.....,..... l11 llali'Ur•, bll au4:h·"'• ki • ..,..._
• .. wluth are ntA c..a,•n.rHt; ....... l~c-an,: tiJuJ tl•• ""'•rid aro und•r ,,,,....~cr.J&t• oi.l•••l...,.., .,..,.
. ' ..,with all aongbtt<MUII..._'" llu•IIJI6 a. 18 '~+· t.c- q,_.,.J "''b •1 pl••tM. , '
• • 'l(l.d 1!). •· In._.,.,..~ tl.:.t ..,.,t.; r...,, ~lr \\',!~ .....
\l'trb r••P""'l to the ...,a.J ''"''' af tl• Jl,.....,.,. .. .,r '"• ,,. ..,~. ..... .,, at.• u...... r~l 1 ......
.. K :l1(H.t1 L-..;y a•Jt.ued an ll..• l•U; ..,... I t-•,.. •
oa a•Ljf'Cta of doNiv~,lhry ••• 1.1• t.. ~ .. '"'"'
th.ir onntnl boo~o, 1'111hrr th •n f, uon U.e nr..l M f1tlrth:d d ae,n' I r•« t~.ttf', ltf •h.cil tl IH6J k
CKI••••~·Da olth ..,...., ...,., •• d llr,.;.nooM ol n- • •• •. I r•• ••r ;...- rl • "'•"I /.a,... ••• •'' ._~•''
••• tm.H, • h-• h.a•e daero'-~"-t lf14t tLe t•r•n.uftl "• .,,_
I••po11tr.ul
-f'"'"'u'- ..,, 14• ""'IC"'•/, "' • •ll•r-
wl.••• • t..,.., tcr ... hc .,.,.,.,....._ .,_.
11f l"Lnat..._n ... ront"f'rnUJ! tte •••tu,.. ol '-••4. .,.
f•r IDOf• r&ttoOaJ ttlo6n thnM tGrrt;t(h .-ntr.t...an••t • , ••....,. rw•t •h· ,;rtl..ttr ,,.....,.,..,,, "' J .,,, ....,. ..
...,,..,, 1t..m, aiMI 'b"' tt... ,,...,, .~ .t.lrrol tla .. l.a11t ~b.., ...... ~t.t..tc:llll) tt ... h..t;f)M''~
u;........
tl\l"' nf
C'nOirWI.....
the
by II......... ln4t!L. •nt ....
•atlJ. f',..ra,.-r • l'"fft .. In
WttHtf'll
• •I ,,.;.,roo.u... I I.A,. "'" '"'"""'
,.. , .. ,.. Ot th1 ..,..,...), ......_.,. t'UW''•d •h.ft
a•
u.O
h. \t r;,.,nd ott .t.~I•~A '·• lLe t..t.a..- h•h.t.r• '" I :t • • .,. "'' ,..,.r:, .,, ,.,..,. a.,
d ~ ..-t.. .,,..~.r-c

\UnC', lur a:k'r rel.a\tDC a rntd«>t'tnt• bor~•''.l l1out .. '""") 1.;. L...i ·-)h.
ItA t.n·l •·I t' ..t1.. .d .• ,J•'II
aad t..ruf lt.u....t ~·l>. aa 11h1<lltbr I•U<r ••· u.,........,....... ln t.lAll•r'n,-•.r-.•1 ..
· Ora•-.!

• •
•
 •• •
PAPERS RELATING T .0 •
74
Mr. Crant'& ~tate wrou(!ht upon : 011t a ;ntional fear of falling into morn! evil, and ofr~~diog the rigl1teous
.,,( Sonct.v pmnn~ untll.•oly Sovereign of.tbe univer~e. lmt a .fear .of nu~\bcl'less ti~:ntt~us dangc.n from
" rteut 1 nl3m.
thfrCl.~' 1 "u r ~uhJ~ct• eVl'ry· 1mrt of tutturc ti·om thing~ rcul and unagmary, In evcl'y Situation, and Ill every •
1
.__ _,_--trun6:~c1ilm. · ,
lear ! · .
I& the gr~ml. 1 t· h 1 •. J h ld
·lu~trumcnt . 'Y -'V uc t lese poo1 pe~p ~ arc. ~ •
down, never oaring to exummc .Jnlo the rce.hty of what they arc told IS tmpendmg
over them. l'11lse hope is l!kcw~~ held o~t to them; an~ the~ are ~augl:t to s~~k •
dclivcmnce, eutety, nnd buppmcu, Ill a lfultltUd? of ulli~Jca~lll;.(, tantasttc cet:cmome:', •
which con:.titutc n. hrrievons drudr;cry, cngrossm)! thCJr t~t~c, and confimng thcsr ~
tho111•ht~. · ln all thc~c rile~, and in whatever regards the CIVIl and personal, us well
na tl;;, rc!Hous ,concerns of the llindoos, the Urt~lunins have made Lhcm!'lch·cs indis:
'pcn~n61y ~~·ces~ury. They formed the rcli~ion, they arc the sole exclusive deposi.turics
,of ita .ot·dinunc't!8! they are. th~ cxpoundl'l's· of them, th~y a~·~, under .a ll.mdoo
~ov<:rt,c'.(ll, nuthunt.t•d lo us~tst 1n the "overnmcnt of pullhc uflau·s, an<l 111 eftect,to
,CA,ntrol it; they ut·c LIH: fmnll'~ ancl adllli!itrutors o~ the law, they huvo-cxorllitdnt
·I'~'' wnul priv.ilcge~ in 1t II the oroitlllry affairs ancl transactions of life, they are the sole
.minihtcrs, t·ithl·l' uffidutin~ or dirrctin,!!', in,all tho VliSt train of ceremonies, o!Jser-
~ l'Utwc·~, uhlution~, ddilctiiCIII~, pmificut.iuul!, penances, and works of supererogt1tion,
c,f whil'h thdr religion cun,i:~tll; thll cmllc~s qu(~tious arisin~ about caste, are deter-·
·mitwd by thw1. In ~hurt, u llimloo, fro1n the hour of his Lirth, through the difli:rent • •
·lta!!'s ufhi~ cxislcn1:e, in int'um·y, in youth, in ntanhootl, in old uge, and in death, in
nil 'tho rt'lulil)n~, uml in ull the ra~ualtics of tile, ~s sulcjed to an nccumulatiun of
·hnrthcn~ucnc rill·~. v.ith "·hidl the prt~ervution .of his caste, his credit, ant! place ill
socirtv, ore ~lrictlv conlt{'dt·d: nay, lor hi~ conduct intonnc1· sl&~tcs.of llcin,!!, pl't.'ceding
hi~ llii·th, these uLnulute lords of his ti,ilh, con~cioncc, and conduct,' llring him to
oc·cnuttt, n<~r ill.l. tbl'Y n·~i:,!n thrir dotuinion ovrr him wbe::rr he is dead. The retum ,
, ltc hus ti1r unbotm:Ic.l. Rulijl'l'linn, is Hll indulgence in perpe!Hiil deviation•, even ti·om
:thn~c lew principle~ of.u11ll'11lity whidt his.rdigion ucknowled~l'S, It is lhus thut
.nltit!'t ~luvcrv, uud Ullparulh;lcd d•·pravity, have uccuo1c dl:.tinguishiog churactcri~tics
bf the 11 illiii;US, • • • .
1
I• t • •

.'lll'furl• 11c dion;iM this hr•u~ch of our sulojec~ it mn; be proper to mrct nn cnqtliry
which muy liol'e hccnri~in~~:.in the min~ ol the r. 11dl'r while lhis 11ct:•1unt h;~S pro-
ccnh:cl. It muy he snid, If the l'l'(!l'l'...Clltu·ion hue ~ivrn be ju~t, 1f liuch lw the
rollfl''llll nrt·s,of the cumpk:< sysll'lll of llindooi;ovehuncnt, reli;.tiun, nntl lnws, how
h•1~ I lt}lllO,lllll llomish!'J unckr that sys~m, u~ il i!\ snicllo hn11e done in ondt'llt
:ti•nrr.. ~ ljnw hus CVl'll the fmmc uf society amung the lliudoos been preSI.!fl'cd frotll
• .di~SlJlutiuu? • ' • · . · •
• 1'hnt rount1\·, cnt .• inly po>>c~~<'ll of v~rious IH!v:inta~es, d~·rivccl them however
from natme, llHt f,·UIII iii govcrurm·ut. It cnjoye.l n tnost gcni"l clinute, 11 mo~t
I kr!dc snil, 1\ ~i4•atiun thl' mo:,t lwpJ•Y fi1r llC.'l'urily und for conuncrre. llut its poJi:•
ti•·ul in,titution~ cr.tn,JWII it~ Jmlttml pu11CI'S; in proce;s of time they produced'
j!•'llcrul (:lll'l'IUltion; tho inll·rc~L of the country, or of the slate, cumc to be no '
t'rtn~:t'l'll "ith pl'Oph·, "ho, q,cluthl C\'c·n frum tl,in~in.~ of public 11fi:..ir~, .and una!-
. ·t•nd•ly lix(•tl tu onu l'ank 11111\ m·t·upotiun, hn•~ lit«le to hope, or to ~ar, f•om a'
·dulllgt•: "lw1•ce it ·"'"!lo na the uncicuts inform u~, tlmt the hu~bantlman idi;.:ht Le '
St'''" cnl•nl_v tillin~t lliri lid,l, "bitt· t11 o ucmics w·crc con lend in~ in. !lis ~i!.!ht for dumi~
nil11i. 'fl•oM' in~titutiuns htill•tl inl'l1i.·l'lllnl prmi•ion D••ain;t ton•i·•n invit~ion,•iu thC
1'•11111' •lt'l!i'I'C lllllt thl'y rrmln!.'l'll illtt·nutl dr;.:radntim~; nnd thc"'pcoplu huvh;g 1\t
h•nAth tillt••l up u hi~h lllt'as•m· ut' iuunoralit~·, the naturul c"on~cf'JIICIICC oftllf'ir pdn•
cipll'i<; tlu:il· nur.tllec u u~:h:hhoi.II'S, tiUl'f muny tksulating inruat¥, auJ u•..t~u;re!l,
brought lht'lll undtlr a fu1t·i~11 yukr. · · -. • .
llut lh~•uc.h the llintlutl!l J,,st the dominion of tht•ir own ·c:ountr~~t the inOucnl't' of
• ' thc!r r(·li;.r,ion, ami tlu:i!· prksL~, r~muincd. The i;.:nomncc. on~ ti.·ar of the people,
thcll' tcrrt~lc uppl'('lll'll~ll•n, c~pcc1ully of the loss 1\f cont•uumutcon of co.stc; the nc-
~l'~itl tht·m·u 1\'suhin~ uf udht'l·i.-~ to thll pw(ts.•ion 1 uml rcnmh1in~-t in the counlry
1n wluch thcv ''ere horn; thc•c cuu~c!l, with the '!t'l'llt Cl!.tl'ut of L'Ontinent O\'Cr which
Ilimlui~m lnid ancit•:ttly ~prt•.td, nnd the prudi~io~ts numbrr of the people prol~in••
it, uphchl its, iu~tittttiun~ .(in•titutiun~ ''hieh C\'Ctltuully sul'riliL'Cd every thin•• rise t~
JIC'rpC'tuulc thtmscln·sJ loll" uftrr the lran>ti·r of C.O\'t"l\·i·•ntv t•) ful'('i••uel':l ofanother
J,,it!'· ,. Thus tbe .Pt'oplu 1\'t't~ hl'ld lo~~·tl.ll'r h! the furms oftltc socit~l sb1te, by a ch,,in,
winch th1• rudl' h.•s:o~ry nml l\!llOt~lllCt.' ot tht·n: conf'Jilt'ron onlr !(·n·cJ to td.sum more
strun,glyi .and tln:<, Ill 11 word, wtth the C:ol!rclvc !lO~ACr ClCI'CI~I.'d b.Y the conqueror:~,,
• · · • • exlll.iius

"'
•
 •

EAST INDIA .-\FF.\tns. :s

~fpl.tins why they &till continue unite~!, h:-yont.l the rcri,J "hen
mi 0hl h11''C c.lwuh1:d the fr"me of &oci..:ty •, '.
• • •
•

•
c lJ .\ xt. 1\'',
.
I"']Uiry in!o t.+t Jka.ttm~ .n·hir~ mi,~l .k tl(~1•f(J ~'I Great 1~1 it lib, .foJr 11:f
Imprfn·w~~:lll ?f tf,e Cv1u!llw11 oJ hrr A~ Iulie Su':J(fls; anJ ..J,os;,c~·s ft1 (J!J•' tivlll. •

E now proe('Cd to the main object of thi!l work, f,,r the ~I.e of "bit·h nil thto Cll A r. I\',
'V preccdin~ lollics Bntl discu&~ions have b«.>t·n bronl(ht fur .. unl,-nn illlauirv itllll r.,.;,, .,.,. ,\1 •••
the fti£Bns of n·medvin~ disonlcrs, '1\ hkh have bcrome th••s iol\dcmtc in the ~~~le of .,,.. ,-., •""" •o,r
societ.y f . our Asin.tic suhjecli, "bich dc.'ttroy their hurl• in~_ a..\ amJ Olllllr\Jc:t tvcr .I~ "'!'_:.~·':-•
. among "", ••• .•
...... ..,.-} .. • ,
1pCclr!l u IIIIIII'O~emcn& among them. . n4 ..,._;... ,.
f • • • " • • • ()f 1 lf't~. <I
Ill

That It IS m the l11p:hr~t drgrce i.lt'!-lral.lc, that a hcuhn,r:Jmnc•plc ~houl.l l>e 1•11.-o. \ •
A •

, , e 1

·dotc('d, no llltlll 811rt-ly will dt•ny. Supposin" it to be in our i'O"tr to ~io.>n,hi•-e tht·tn · '"'
of tha tTitvinalitv t'f the onnutll sac•ific:e o? 'IP nu111y humun ,iftims ou the funnal
}lilo!: of "'tloc rrof{'l>.,ion of robhny, co:npr.·hcll\lin,~~; mur.ln; of tlte iu.!.tl;.:enre uf
one cl bs of Jll'nplc in the whole cut~o~1e • uf f!Jgitinn\ crimr!l, "ithoul ony
ndl'rpl~tto punishment: of the fiJrfdt.lrc of the livra ot' othcn~. o~~·~~ •li11g to thc:tr
· in~titut ·11, lor the IIIH'C>t triRd; of the arbitrary impo•ition (l( burtht'll...Jtnr. rite\
de1oiJ ut' all moral •·artb; of the punuit of revcn:;c, by otr~nngs ,.., wim.Jkuve ddti•.,; .
;.. · • • · • •
·,
* ut
• • Tl•e ancirnt •)•l•ncl.. r or 'ndia, itt nrrtr in vian rae•. (~te,. iD tlot Atiatic U"'"'urltn, th1
r•Ancmtnl, anti tl•• b•rt•in.._ '"'"ltm~ fro111 it..- P"l'"' ol !l~r ll lllo~om Jonto, u>n<<rlllll~ tho 11,.,.
J)Qio(y, b11\'e ht~n ~i•"•d h7 tbt rrlcb111icd aulloor dnoo.) )lui "h•lnct ILl ort,•n, or ••ttol Cll
<>I the lli•loril:al J)i•J•iution, llli"U"b 11 nt..!oum ~nowlo·d,:r ftnll•r•g 11.. lluHIOI>OIIIl~ot.t a..., II .....
' wl,,,.b hath lll&;!n•lio·d tbrm 10 b•a "VPrtlter-.i,.o • •• ""'' ..... moll<>f"'lllrd tnd ronra.al<d I•J
pre;11ly Lc.ronol thor j11n dnntn•'""" and ~u1Uod lhe Br•hmino. · h 'l"'.,J lrt.tlo t.~t.l autonJ: d·•
It it hlMitrly Lund in 1loe tltluwauon ul a '"'"'•• ~rut Lc>dv of u.. !""·VI•, •ncl h. ,.. le 11,...,,,..,. ,
f If m••re w lllltful lhdq the origtool. In trt•lllll~ rtfrr '" lht •h•l• Mt •• •n, •h.>l ,.,.1, 114 1•11••••
o( tf,t pn,._r.r~• ,,( llH"lcL.."·, nne l""~ltlun tttmt oi P"'"''"'" or..& guordrd n.t a lli)•'''J· 1.., ••Ill
Ia'.< to b• g<ner.• lly auumrd, lhlll n•tn al 6ott td u·•l•fct 10 thf acct~mul.~timu cJI ""•ht•, •l•ttb tLe
oololro!ll tne oa~.•ge •'•II; a poo11•oo ..-hirb D"•Y' hO.ti""' f'flj••ymg ~,un•hn& ptul!ttt·~, aRd ha\' tnl (., fl f
lOili• Iiiii,.. nllr.oU ~ qur•h"not~le. and vh.rh in Wt<~hll, Q.l~rtoht •' &.v~'h c~•nl ~n, 11 would r'f'IUr•
f<I>{Wd ID lile "' ibintLI tnlo .. b•l.&llll of I itndo.. ~n, with •be l'nnrn, 1\rahm,, ... ar1d .. '~~•• ttf lbe
"'~"''" ~.,.puled. rmm tlllt ,.,;,, bo .. .-er, l>r. thir( ptr..,.,. nf tl:o otlotr lr 1lr1. 1 hrro b•'• ht 1.4
•Rol.ort•~n coi!t"ehn 1hrm lo M<l,· ..nre, tltrvu·0h a eun1<ruua at"IIU"" t;>l•n~.ol •••~_. ullllu:•l.!i•h•
J••n• Hriu of il>lrrnal impt'O~<m•ota, ID th• lllfUIO, "J'f"'II41DI•~ IO lht ~·ut, W,lh I f"''•••·ll
l11~h••l &I.~Jo;•tn( rc6urmtnl., un.uJ,d •••D by !be ui j"el' • .,d tilf'ht•n'll\f' ''""r', l8 •lut h &l.ue
• Q('fnt.it,n nt rx\fancrut hhhta; wht.,.._. it •PI•••• l"''l'lt tkl.~htl th••• ...,.,, .. 14 ..... y ...... -.
• tm.re pu>I>3Lir, th••l ul"'" the fuet C!"llfr>I••P cf nrhl~ o11•~·•cd l·•~·ld.o... nl•nuh•n- ~., ll•~t
Jllllll~Lnd from, the pl-.~os of :olhoru.r, "''"e me ••or\.on.ndap anol <••l.lbue ,..,ultl bt 0 rr•l.,..,.....,
• .,,.t.ils of.''' tlir•d lofr nunt lta,·e P'-"••lcd; 1hr ,,f ,,.l.. lrnl a.•ll •l'l'""'lkd 1"'.. '" ''""~"" of ~..,.
m"'' nllracti\e rl'n"'l"" •nuld duecl liM! ton.. of £A.,., ~1.,.,....,.., "'"'
d•who, tiM' l.nt ........ ~ '''' 1•
"''~ration, and th•t tatly orol...,ll·l p,....l"f'rl,ntl•• lht tr~~•pl.1at ••II u IN ''"''': al\d ell y ....
li>e • 11\.10111<1,' lhrnu~L lilo<'lll of I\: rille rohnlly, ap,....,,.,..,.,, •llh t"- , ... ,.1 lu• "' • '""hUJ
..
wwt.l, "'''''~.Ill ,.k,ng tnlo l...,t.... iom,-n •rr•;J r-v~r wrdlln& a.od lua·~u.~nt.. .,..,f.J '"r't U..• .., ...
inttJ tilt- lvAuu.,ht lt"Wit'U• ofludta. w.ltrre thr r•ch
• nl.ut.tl.n.·r vlll.tf ll•.l ....ulJ •l'"'•llly l....t ll•<lll IU
'"""*'""' ·• • ·~''•'vr, ..,r..~'••·i~ tl .,_. t.•.rwu
Wt'rf •Hb th ... m•lln:•·"·· ,,.., lL.al ... ~lrll' ......
• ti~t Afr•l ~~IUthll Of [ftttll.U .. I(Ltly. J,,., C'OUUt ..... rl ltrt:t-W, fPm •t-..c •u.,..r"~.l.! llf.~,•nl u' ac~.'·''''Y
.lfi.(n'11tf'!j' prndnd~\·1 ot llae l.ouuhH oC Dlllft"•
. • "' IM'•rft ltt ,. p.. n Uw i•k.u, nf raen. iD tnnM' ,...,.,..C"U,
,.,tl.t • qu.<ilt.t,. ,..... t..·- 1D lite nvlllrty rot lbor.r
tl!.., ( ttle ~ .... ,., II• ~?·~ ..... ~~ 1~.• ar><:ln tl
•f'm". IH h...lfl ~ «.tunc-d. l •t tf•r• It
,......,., ~ t..-h···· tb.t ... ,h ....... d, .......J ,, ... :,
.il
•·~·=•'"'"; u.d •""•• tnr~-•ta •·• ....,l_ly tb,_~ll a!l o.., .,...,, ""'''"';
I' • ,..,., • 4 , • .,.
o''t'.r•~. & ctr~ •u. dr ... •tf ul •~ti .. ftltn& w1U f'u~l• llllflhl t.. r...W~•.t. IM1114 nl!.er '"~' "'·'!
ta.At l•'·'r"". -.n.d n.,htt ,.( ~ornptrl¥ lJC nrw1oth,.o4. r~ti1Un ...-.r\Y d~«lf ••fl ·1r..J tl.ll' ·a • ,,... 11 M
• '~"" b tie •··•·"" , ( .. q.. ••n,... e,u· .... t... ,,._, ..., ,. tlvwt. tn t..t ...... tt-l I ,,., CU'lt 1'1 -a
l........r.l lr '" tht '~''·"'II( aruprV'rob('tll, uadllw"' ,...,.., """ ),....,. , _ • ., 1b nt
l.,.t r.••·"' '"b•r
IJ'~V t..- ...... •n II•• l••lu..-.1 roool.tiDII•D eb..:ll ...... , AJI' ,,..,. ; .............. , ,.,...,., b-4 • f ; .........

w .. ~ "' ... '""'l I .mt "' P'IJ"(fn.t. • •

\1 olb ... ,...,'It be ............ ..~ r.ftHII .. r .. ~..
.,., ., ......... ··1-hl ""··· tn\ltf~ft • • ~. . . ,,, ••• , , .•~,, .•
rldh: er •t•f' ..,.._,.'"•~ •hY t<llf"(t•r 0 .,:· ·' ;..t
..it.n,l.w. 111d .,.;t<~re, (r-"""" wh•ll ,..., IU,..•ii.~ ah,.a ln. ......... ,...., b••a.. ._,l"'t II• ot r J f,f .... _4
• •rp.nu.ott.Lll·•f a ''""'., ._" .. ,._...,..... ~v ••( nbN- •alta....., ttr•• ,,..,,... •wt.... • ~·,. ..., • '~",
• IU'"'O! a r
.d .IJC•d, •r•"""
J," of 1-t• btl'~ ,.\t!l at.d .........n ••"""-•~-•·~.· •l .... , ......... ""'"
V' to Ld rH, t· •l ILl' r'tn.tf'h oC tbfta d d aOl ""'-&too ..... , ... t••lefl&ll u..· ...., ... _ .._,
.,.•. r.; ~i' Ill ll.•..:. -,lolJI, ltwt •H• drn't'f. fn•Ch a b..d~>ec.b<M&.
"ll.h c .... ,. "'"""" 0. :•. ::......: ""' J ll.e ~-""' c .!tl·
..... •
• •
•
 iG P A P E R S R E LA T IN G .T 0
lfr. Gran~·· su.fAI of the czl.ahli&htuent of l,7in~ fall>!! evidr:ncc, gaming. and other immoralitit:S, by law;
.of liociety ~·"~II of tt,e pardon of capital c.fkuccs f,Jr money; of tryillg to· purchase the expintion of
11
(·~ ~b'"''ue :>uhJecta wilful aut! httLilual ininuity, by cercmoni.U oli6CI'Vanccs; and of the wc.r.ship of stocks,
" vl(llt tiiUIO,
•
, ., tl , • }' • 1
J atone&, &ill pure nnd trHLicvolcnt cttres; no JnllD 1vm~. sure y, wou
ld tlurm
I'· tlJat \rc
.,.. .ought, that we 111e at liu!.'rty, to 'l'lithbold from them this conviction. · •
Arc we hound for ever to prcserte all the enormities iu the lliodoo system r Have
\'I'C become the guardians of every monstrous principle and prnctice which. it contains? •
Are:~ wo plcd~t~o· to eupport, for al.l ~ncrati~ns. •by the authority of our govcrnnotnt
tmd the power of our nrms, the nnscnes "luch Ignorance and knavery huve so long
(!Otllilml upon a lar~f! portion of the human race? ls this the part which a ti·ce, a humane,
uml an cniHatencd nutiun, a nutiun itf!clf profcs~ing principles dillmetaicully opposite
to tlauHC in qu~;~tion, b11.1.1 eu~1:;cd to act towards ibl ot~·n sul.ljccts? ·II would be too
nhllunlMnd cxtr11vu~uut to muiutnin, thnt any engagement of this ~ind exists' tbat
G rc:ut llrit11in is under w1y ouliJ.talion, direct ''r iUll'licd, to upholJ errors and usages,
. . and fundamental, subvcr11ive of the first principles of reason, morality, •and
f.(rnss
I
· rc lj;IOII. , , , • , . • .
lf we hfttl cuuqucr.·d euch a kingdom as Mexico, whcro a number of l1uman
\'ictims wca·o regularly of!crtd every yt:flr upon the ultar of the Sun, should t\e have •
· ~uhilly tu:qui•·~ccd in tllit~ honid mud..,. of butchery~ Yet for near thirty years we
lum·, with perfect IJIICOncrrn, .l(;t•n rites, in reality D10l'O cruel and otrocious, practised
in our Jndian territories. lt' human lila mu.stllo sacrificed to superstitiun, at least
, the morn ulit'h.:.ll~, worthies!', or uncotmcded meu1bcra of the sodety might be devoted.
JM iu llimlu~tun, mothers of fitmilics are tukcn fr:om the midst of their cbildt·en,
who have ju~t 1ust their luther al:;o, and by a most diallolicut complication of force and
, fraud, nre tll'iven into tl•4.1lamca.
. . . , ·
Shull we bll in all time to come, in we hitherto llave been, pnssive spectators of
thi11 unuutut·ul wirkeunc~s? It muy indeed well nppenr surrrising that in the long
1
)u:riotl dm·in~ which we I11WC lacld those tcrritflrics, we l1ave made no serious attempt
' to rccul ,the 11 in duos to tho dictnks of truth and moralitv. This is a mot•tifyitl"
. pruof how litLic it hils been conbiclerc", \hilt the ends of govcrnmt>nt, and the good of
wdct1·, lmve un iusPparuhle connection with a·ight principlc9. . We have been sutis·
4icd with the app1U't.:llt euumis~i~<'UCMI of the~e Jlt'Oplc, and hove nttcndccl rhiclly to
tho muintt.:nun.cc of our authority over the country, und tbe augmentation of our
.comm«~rcc nnd rcvcnu1•s; but lmve never, with a, view to the promol.ion of their
., Jmppincsll, looked thoroughly iuto their intcronlstate. ' ·• •
· tf thc·n we on~ at to wish f11r the correction of those criminal habits and prnctices
11·hirh Jlrc,·uil o.monp: tht•m, il rnnnot rt'lllionahly be qucstiunl·d.-thnt we ought also to
ruuko nllo"uLlt! ultt'lll(llll tiar ll•is end; and it n·un1ins therefore only to i:on11ider in •
•~hut malltnU this d.:sign muy oo best pu111ued. . · · ·
• to Shull ~·c J'lt!lo•'t to the power we po:;ses!l, tn destroy their distinctions of castes, a1\d ·
dt•uaolish thda· i•lol~ol As$Urt:dly not. force, in~t011d of convincing tht>m of their
('fl'ur, w11uld .f11rti1y tht•m in the JICI'Silll~ic.m of llrinJX ri;.tht; ami the u.se of it, evt:n if
it promi:;t.~cl huppit'f eonlil'qucnC<"s, would still be altogether unjust. '
•ro tho U:!C of l"elh!On and Dl'J!URit'nt, however, in· expos.ing th~ir errors, there cnn bo
no ol\jcdion. There is iutl.:cd the !:il:rotl!!t.'st ohligntiun to make those errors maniW.St,
11itwe thc~y L!,t'nCfltle nnd t.nd t() ~crpc-tuute all the misc.·ries which lutve !..oren set lorth,
~111u which uurlluty, 11s rulc111. in~tt.'ald of permitting us to view 'l'l'ith &ilent im.lilierente,
cnllt!l upon us by cvc:ry prop~·r method to l'revcmt. . · ·
'l11e b'lll' Clii'C of dar~nc.s.q, is the introduction of Ji~ht. n1e Jiindoos err, becau~
they aa'O Jl(n0r11nt; and thci&· CITOI'!I hu1·c llC\'cr f11irly llcton l11id before them. The
c:omlntlllkllUon of .our light ami J..nowlcdgc to tht·m 1 wo11IJ prm·e the l~t remedy for
tbcir di!ion.h:rs; and l.his remedy i.'l proJlUiil--d, from a full C\mviction, that if judi-
.ciously and p11ticntly PJIJllkd, it would lum: grc~tt and huPl'Y cfiocla upou llu:ru, ell~-cts •
.bonour11lllu amladnmt~;,..'«:ous for us.
Thllre are two WIIY!I of Olllking tbis comomn~ation: the one is, lly the medi~m
.of the lun~ut~.;..tt·s uf tho~e roui1trit'll i the othe.r it~, by the tuct.lium of our own. In
gcm:ru.l, 11 hen foreign ll'achcrs hue proposrd to instruct the inhallitanh of any
· -c..10untry, tlll'y luwe U$cd the vcrmu:ullll' tongue of thnt pcopll.', tor a nutnrnl and
11C~:Wary I'CWIOU, 1.4a~ Liley (QWd uot hopq lQ aunko any olhct wcau of cvuununi-
. calion
•
 EAST INDI.\ Al'f.\lns. :7
-c:atio~ intcl~i~iblc to theaa. 11lis b not <Out' case in mjlC't't or our F.o~tcm c.l<"l'<"'* c n·' "· '''·
dcnc•cs. 1 hry are our o•n, •e ba-e ~ U~ena lont, n111nv tn~li,.J~:n•'l'l I "''•"• ""'" ll·•·
reside among the nat.ivr(\ our lan.,f'1Ja,. b nul Ullkoun tllt'I"C',· end it is rr.acti.."AIAf "!''"' '''..,.,.,.......,
to d11 .liuse •t
. more "''dcIy. The cI1UI~'8 ' •.,......_ · · ·
...,..tore of t•lhu nM!df, '"" opo.·n •~ u:
,... ' ... •·•-"'-
A .. ..w 1'.~1 .,,.
and "e arc at liberty to coo~hll.'1' "hicb it ·tulidtd \o a prtfcren«". l'['UII &J,a. •..., ........ -.. •
&ubjccr, it is not intended to paas an e:~~clullh·o dL'Cbiun here; lllC puint. ab..<oJiuh I,Y ,.,.''' 1' ·••· 1
to be contended for are, that "·e ought to imJ'IIIr\ our auperiot li~hts. 1nJ that th•s ' '"'
is practical>le; that it is practic:<tble by t.-o "'>-., Clln Jlf'\'t'r bo au ar;:uu•«'••l • hv
neither should be attrmptcd. ludct"d no goud rea~Un appturs •by ciUM-rtiiU\Jid l•a
eystcauutirlllly interdicted, since particular c:a.sct Rtoy n:co•nucnd, tv.:-o U.a& '' 1.id1 j,
in gca~trllllcast cligi!Jie.
'fl.c acquisition of a forri~ 1an~nftge is, to nten of .cultivated 1uinrl' • n1111t•·r
·of no ~rc:at dillicultv. Englil>h tenchers couiiJ thrrefore Le sooner qunlifir-d Ill .,,r;.,
tnstruction in the nati\'C lan 0'1lCI::!CS, th11n the Jndiun~ •oulJ be prrplrt<l to I"N.'\·ift'
.it in ours. 1'llis hltthod woul1l hence t"Ome into Oll('f'Dtioo nture aptc1lil\' than the
other; nnd it "ould ubo be attrndcd with the edvantuge of a tuore curd~l sckctivaa
t~f. tl1e matter of instruction.· But it would be fill' more conlintd end k-.. tlf,1"1ulll ,
it may be tcnued o. species of deciphering. The dcciphm:r is fn111il1'd lo unlula~
in intclligil>lc \\'Ords, •hat \\'DS before hidden. Upon enry new OttU~iull, lae Ita' a
similar l.. huur to .perform. and the infonnut.ioo o!Aail~e'l from bian ie limitcJ 111 tl~
single coJmuuniCIIlaon thtn mode. .AU other "ritin~ in the 11101e characb•r, atill n....
auuiu, to thoae "bo arc ignOI'IInt of it, unknowo; but if tht'7 are laut.:hllloe charal&•'f
-itself, they can at once rend evcr'J •·riting in whick it ia ud. lhus IIIJ~liur, ill
point of ultiullllo advantllgc, does the empluymcnt of the J:n::ti..h l~tn;:un:,:o IIJ'JlC"V;
and upon this brrouna.J, "'C give &Jlrcference lo that mode. prvpoain;s here, tl141 tilt
•communication of our .&.:no• led~c 1hall be m1de by &he Dlt'di.uo ul' our o"·o Jan•
guagc. 111is proposition "ill bring at once to tri11l, both the ('II iud11le uf IM.Ich C'Uln•
munication, and that modo of c:onvc:yonc:e 11 hic:b no alone be quntioucd ; fill' the
admission of the pra1ciplc mU!it a& lea11t include iD it the admaollliuD of Lho !Iarrow""
aneans suited to the end, wbic:b we conceive to be the t~ative lun1-ru•J.~ 'Jbe priqci•
pic, huw<.:ver, and thc·modc, arc still di.itind quesliona, aod any opinion • hic:b DIIJ
~ entert.aim.:d of the Iutter, ·c11m10t alll-ct tbe forlller; but at it hoped, &Jill&
wbot aball be oft"l.lrcd here concerning them, •iU be fuuud .ull'idcut tu ju.~tify
bot b.
We pi'CX'eed Uu:n to obN"rve, that lt is per(ettly1n the power of t.iis ~ntry, by
de!!l'ff!, to impuat to U1e Uindoos our lcn~uagc; alter..nb thruu:;h that mc:dium.
to ';,ake them acquainted with our ea,.y literary c:oanpmitions, upon a .-nrk.-t1 10f aubo
jcc:tll ; and, let not the illea hao~tily excite dcri~ion, f.r&Jgrts.tit.·tlv Ill ith tlae aunrle ele-
'lllents of our arts, our J•hiiO!IOt•hy and rtli~ioo. ll1C11C acqul..itiona 'll'oula.J tih-nt!J
11ndc:rmine, and at length subvert, the f11bric of trrut; and all the ol~t·ctiuna ll...a.
:Ulay be apprehended against &Ucb a c:bano,'C, a.re, it ia conliJcntly btlic:'ed, Clf'llble
of a aolid answer.
The first communication, nnd tliC instnnnc:nt of intmduriiiiC 11.. n:et, muot
h the l!:n;:li•h lan0rua;,re; thi» is a Ley "!.ida "iU ope1a to tl.e•d a world ol ftC1IJ
ideas, and policy alone ali,;ht have iu1pdlcd U!l, lung Iince, tu pul ic into lbc:ir
.Land" .
. To inb'Ollnce the langua;c of the conqucron, ll«l''lt to lie an oo•iuus .,..n ol
as~iluilatilll! the COIII}IICrl!tJ tlt.'O[tle tu lJ.em. 'J1~e J.fo~bumtoWull, fiCl•U &he bc--.;iunin;c
of ilia:ir po•·cr, eu•ployc:d tlM' J'rrt;an lll.n.~aa;e iu the aO;.ira CIC 1!'»-c:ruu~tnt,. and in
the publiC da:pertnwnt.L This proctice aWed tllftG In at:.i11l.!tiniug ll~it tutii'TJfll'ily,
and c:.nnMc:d them, iMwd of tlefl(.nding t.lin. tly oo aati•e eJ(C!t.t.... to look illto li..
-<OOduct and dc.1.11i.lt of public bullincu, u "!U ..... to hrr inb:llit.,ooit.rle rt.:i.li:B fll
the incume and t~rtndiiA•re olr.be &tate. !\a1.1vra rn...hly k:aml &110 lati'..,'UI" Cit
Jl>''ermucmt, findin.r t!ll.t il was llt"'.~·ary U. evrry c:onc:cna vi RYt'flLMI .,,J ol jut-
lice; r.bey &lt.'lt ""~010 k'8Cben of it; and an all tJ.e prortintft m·tr •J.icb tl.r
.Mogul £u1a•ire tll.tcn:!cJ, il il •t4ll undc:n&ood, and t:w;iat by nwubrn J
llindoos.
Jt "ouiJ 118.,.e Lttn 011r intrrtst to bate ~lowed t!.cir cumple ; &mJ Lad we di'JM
10 OD the a....-uulj>l~rn o( tl1e J.kwanner, Of' IOI'dlt )f:OA afttorwatdl, lbo
lan~oge •uuiJ now l~an: Lecn •P?:.CO anJ .wJiCd bJ muiWick'S lfJI 11: .
thrw;;hout our pnn incn.. n~r dt'l;ult o( the m·ftAM! would, froal the l.eo,!)flhiO~
f=
28.&. U lllltC
 s
7 n
P A P E RS E L A T 1 N G T 0
Mr. Or~nt'• St..te hove been Of•CO to oar in~pection; and by ft~cility of cxnminntion on our part, ant! •
"f lluCJCty amo~gditliculty of fallrication on that ot the natives, manifold impositions of a gross na.
tho Att.our 1-ullJcttl
cof<ircut llmaon.ture, wl11ch• • .1
bave be.cn .practl~e~.~ upon us, wou 1·'u 1lave 1.ueen prec1udeJ . A11 easy
"- channel of commumcallon also, would alwnys have been ope11 bct"·cen the rulers
''"' ' ,J and the &ulljccts; and numbcrlc:;s grievance~ would have been represented, redrc;<Sed,
01· prevented, which tt.e ir<norancc of tho former in the country languages, and tho
hindrances e~pericnced bytho latter in making their approaches, have sometimes
auflcrcd to pns11 with imt•unitv, to the encouragement of new abuses. We were
lou" held in the dt~rk, both in' India und in Europe, by the use of s. teclmical rc-
vcn~o \all"lla~e ; and a nnm of considct·allle judgment, who was a member of the
Dcn~u\ ac.l7uitli~tratioo ncar twenty ycurs since, pulllicly animudverted on the nb·
aurdity of onr submitting to employ the unknown jas·gon of a conquered people. It
is certniu, that the lliodoos would easily hove couformed to the use of English;
uml they would still be j:tbd to possess the lungu11~e of their masters, the language
which alwa1s gives wci~ht and con~ci}IICnce to the natives who have any. acquaint·
ttnce with Jt, uud which 1\'ouhl enable every native to make his own representations
tlit·cctly to the Governm·-Gcnernl himself, who, it may be presumed, will not eom-
Jnonly, henceforth, be choll(:n from the line of the Company's servants, and thcre-
f,)re may not &)lllllk the dialects of the country. Of what i1nporlancc it might
be to the pulllic interest, that a man in th11t station should not be obliged to depend
on a medium with whkh he i~ unacquainted, mny readily be conceived, •
It wuuld be e~ttremely easy for government to establish, at a moderate expense,
in val'iou11 pRrts of the pro,·ince!, pluces of gratuitous instruction in reading and
1\'riting English : multitudes, especially of the young, would flock to them i nnd the
cosy books used in teaching, might at the same time eonvey obvious b·uths on
tlilfcrcnt aubjct..1s. 'l'he teachers should be persons of knowlecl~c, morals and
iliscrction i and men of this character could 1mpart to theh· pup1is much useful
infornmtion in discourse : anti to fo1cilitate the attainment of that object, they might
.ftt fsr8t muke some usc of the l.lcngslcze tongue. The llindoos would, 111 time,
Leconte teachers of En~~,lish themselves ; and tho employment of our lnn"uage in
Jmblic llu~itwss, for which every politic,,\ reason rem11ins in full force, would, in the
.oom'!ic of nnutllcr g~nerution, muko it very !!,eneral throughout the country. The1-e is
nothing \l'ftlltin~ to the auccess of this phm, but the hearty patronage of government.
If they wi.~h it to succeed, it cnn and mu>t succeed. The intfoduction of Engli~h in
the ndminbtmtiun of the revenue, in judicial proceedings, and in other business of
~overnment, wherein Pl.'rsinn i:i now used, autl the cstilblishment of frc('-schoo\s for
msli'Ul'tion in thi~ lungua;.,rc, would insure ili dill'usion over the count1·y, for the reasol)
. ~tlrrndy su~w·~tetl, tht1t the intel'('st of the nnth·es wouhl induce them to acquire it.
Neither would much cuufu•ion nri~c, CYl'll ut lirst, up11n such a change: fos· there are
now a grcnt nmuller of l,ortu~urzo and llen~,.•nleze clerks in the provinces, who under~
l'tund IJoth the llintlostnnny n11.d En~lish lnn;.:m•t.\'l'S. 'fu l.'mplo.v tl1e111 in dr.twin•• up
petitions"lo goverument, or its oniccrs, would be no atlt.litional h.ml~hip upon" the
)100I'Cr pt~ople, v. ho. nr" now assi~tcd in that wny l,ly Pc:rsit~n clerks; nnd the opp.ur~
tunity lllfu\'\led tu otlll.'rs who hnve sullicicnt ltiourc, of lc,u·ning the lan.,na<'e ol the
~ovt:rnment gmtuituuoly, wuuld lle au adv11.ntngc ncvca· enjoyed undca· Aluhomcduo
rulers. · · · · . . ·
With our lllllJ;IIII~c, much of our useful litP.rnture minht, oml would, in time', be
rommunicnted. 'l'hr. a1t of Printing, "·ould en11hle us ~ disseminate our writin!!S in
a 'C\'IIY tho Persians nl'ver could h11V11 done, thow•h thf'ir cumpositions hod bee~ as
nunwrous o.s OUI'$. llenre the: Hindoo.s \\'Ould se~ thfl great use we make of 1'cas01\
mtnll eu~jl'Cts, and in all atT1.1irs; they al~o would learn to reuson, they would
hccome acquninted with the history of their own l!lpecies, the pa~t and present state of
the world ; their lllli:ctioni would, gradually bcromc intcn·stcd by various engaging
"·o~ks, ~o~nposcd tl.l rccomm.c,nd vn1uc, and to dl'ler from vi ...-e : the ~encrnl mass of
th;1r .npnuons would be rectthe<! ; and above aII, t~ey woulJ see a better 'system of
p1·mc1plcs nnd morn Is. New v1cws of duty as rational creatures would open upo:\
tl!em; and tlmt meuM bondage in 1\·uich they have long been holden would gradually
d1ssolvc.
To thi$ chan~. the true kno"·lcdc,oe o£ nature would contribute •1 and some of our ·
~~~~y (!~ll'":~n!i~ns of nntuNl phil~pl!Y might ~ndoubtedly, Ly propcr means, b'e
mndc mtcl.t:;tb,c to thc•n. E~>{'('}l\ a tcw Dr.1bnnns, wbo con!>ider the concealment
of
 t A S T I ~ D l.\ J\ F F.\ I n s: ;!)
• of their !coming 118 part of .their rcli;,!iOln •, the poop!~ are tntAIIV n•i:.k,J U to tha C II;\ I', IV'.
ays~cm ~nd P!•a:nomcna ot not~ro; and thdr crrun in tl•i" bran(b of lt'M.'IIC.", ,.pun ,,...," ;,.,, ,,,,...
"luch 1hn:rs lllli_'Ortant c.oncJU~IOII9 l"l"!l,, lll8J be more tu:>ify d\.'lllllll.~IUieJ to tJo~lll, ••"•,'"' ""fM ''l
than the allsurd•ty and It~ lSI;' hood of the~r 111\tholo~h.·"l k~w!ll. l'ru111 tl.e drnllllto t.k 1·• ··:- "'""
· of t 1ae true cause of (.'('1'•pS<:.s, t11e -tory• of J(,rgoo.
strallon · · K.tc1(1, the dra~ms, "ho ~f,~,w
ami .... 11• .',s.•
..1,'"'"
., •'
1
wh~n I he so~ and the moon are .IJbscurcd nre aupp~d to be O).!<lltJ!tin;z thrm, a alory Vo'J""'_,
\\bach hos lu~herto been un arude of rdi:.;io11s l~•ilh, pri)o,hu.:ti•e of n:lic,;im.a ~·ni~:~ ~,..._ _ _ ___,
nmong the l hnJoos t, "ouiJ f,,u to the ,::roun•l ; the removal of one 1•ill.ar, "oul•l
w~aken the fllbric uf f~l~~h1l0d; the di~covery ~f one.l'alJmblc t'rror, wout.l ol'cn the
nund to farther. c~n•·actlon; and the ~r~·~res.s•~·e dt>eO•t'l')' of truths, llithc:rtu un.
lmown, would d1ss1pate os mnny supcr~tlho••s c:himcru' the pnrents of fula.e li.·a~....., Ill< I
f~l;.e hopes. J::,·ery b~anch of ~ntuntl philoaophy mi).:ht in time be introourcd an.l
d1ITIL~cd among the llmJoos. fh1.·ir unller:>!JIIllhup would thence be etrcw·thc.:nt-d•
as well as their mind:~ informed, and error be dispelled in ('roportion.
0

Dut perhaps no acquiaition in nntural philosophy would eo ttl',>ctuolly enli;!httn

the mau of U1e people, as the introduction of the J'rinciplca of mcchani<:s, an• I their
application to 11,1.,rriculture and the useful arts. Not th11t the Jlinc..loos arc •hollv
destitute of simple medlllllical conb·ivances. Some numufa.cturt'l, 1111J.iCh dq~nd
upon patient attention and delicacy of hand, are carried to a c:on.sitlt'fllble clr~ of
perfection among 'them; but for a series of &J.~ (1<-Thaps for two thonsond )'tArt.
they do oot appear to have made any considerable addition to the artt of lif~.·.
Invention ac..oems "holly torpid among tbem; in a few thing~. they have impro,·cd by
their intercouNe with European$, of "·hose immense aupcriority tJ1cy arc at lrn,nh
convinced; but this effect is p11rtinl, and not discernible in the bulk of tl•o Jlc:oplc.
The scope f~>r improvement, in thi& rC'!pcct, is prodigiou!.
What great accessions of wraith \\Ould Dtngal derive from " people in!clli~nt
in the princitllca of aj,triculturc, skilled to make the m01ot of 11oila end •l·nwn"- ~ (/ J
m
impt'Ove the exi~tintr modes uf culture, of pu~turuAc, r•f rcarin~~; cuttlr, of d••li·111.:\: !
ago.~inst excesses of d.'Onght, nnd of rllin; and thus to mcliontte the qunliLy of 11.11 tl.e i
ngal just tums up the &oil with a diminuti~e p'ou)!h, dtu\\D by a Cllnplc of tuL.e·
raule r.attle; and if drou,;ht JllloChC!I, or the rain inund11to tho crup, be lutl no 1
resource; he thinh he is dr~tincd to thia ~outrcriug, and iA far more li~c:ly to die
from want, tlnm to relieve himself by any new or elltraorJinary t'lfort. JJortiruhure 11
is also iu its first stu~c: the various fruits and C!Culent ht'rbs, "irb "hkb JJindo-t11n ;
nbouuds, are nearly in a state of nature; though they arc pluntcd in im:losrd J:llrucn.s, i
little &kill is employed to reclaim tl:cm. In this ~peel likt" be• ..-e mi:;:ht com•
lllUIIieatc informution of matoriill U&e to the Comfort of lilc, and to the rl"t'Vt'fiUOil of
f111nine. In ailk, indigo, 1ug:~r, and in mony other ortidrt, •hat \'lUll improtCmt'nlt
might be etrcctcd by the introt.lurtion of maclailtery. The aL.ilfulapplicat.i.un of fire,
of lUter, and of lltC~&m, ituprovcmmts \\'hich •ould thua umuetJiatl:l)' CUIIttfll tl:t
interest of the common people, "·ould awaken tll('tn frmn their lorpor, and J:ive
acth·itv to their mind&. . At presrnt it ia wonderful to tee huw entitclf they m-i!l"'
thetnselvcato prece<lcnt ~ cu8/om is the atrongcatlaw to them. I~ti~Ju•Htg iJr.plicity,
$ttliiS to be instinctive •itb them, in r.mllll thin~ u v.ellu great 'llw pub •bit!l
the first ()dSS('fl~cr has nmrk1..J ov«.'r the 110ft 111.1il, is troJ•Ien 10 uodttwtin;!lyln aU itt
('nrvr.-, by t\cry ancceeding traveller, that .. hen it ia perkctlt bcnras_ i: lw ati!1 on!J
the "idtb of a ainc;le truk. ·
l!ut unrloubtcdlv the most imJll"'rtant eomrnunica;i.Jn v. Licb the lfinJoo, CtJ'J~!
or
rert ive thruu .. h t.l•e Dll.oUiiiiU of our lunt;~mJZC, 1\0UIJ l..ethe Lootrktl,:e wr rt'l;;;..n,
the Jlrinciples"of "hicl1 are t'llplc~inoo in a cltar, t:NJ ""l, in \·:ulou& lrDrt1 c:in-ulntiroJC
• amouot 115, and arc complttcl,1 coota :.cd in the UlC"'tnnat..le vulume ol Set ipturc:o.
'n•··~~ they 111 ouiJ be in~ Iruo..'tf~ i11. tlte Dlll~re and pcrf,:ctiol'll c.,( tlJe OClQ true G ~·
and 111 tbe ft'lll hbtory o.f u•un; hts ctnlllon, l:tp5(-d Ptale, AJM.I. !bo m~o..l\l of J,.,
J'E'('()Verv, c:..n all 11hicb l'o•nts tloey JK,IJ false utld ulr.lupnt opmwnt; U.cy would
or
~·· p~n:. complete, and p<"rii:ct •;;litem ol ~n~.~mlJ and. d·..1t~, en!~ t, tl.tf
most •" ful unctions, am.l n'C'Omuu:n•lt:d lly ahr uiO>t anCI.."n::rohng ruotiYtt; lht1
would la.ro the arc:ountahlcnua of outn, the tinol jurl~·nc:nt be it 10 ~~~ an J
the e&ernal alate •hkh i.s to follow. \\ l:f.'n:Ycr tbit kno-led~ •hould bel rea.1ftd.
~. ,.itb aU the r.t~t. ic of iu imrurc ..k:.&ic9, iu JIXJnoioU:II c( wood and ·~·
' t
'

r. .:r "; nd Bffain, Tt!Ce u. "" Ill"/.

~
 So . P A P E R S R E L AT I N a T 0
·W:Gr11nt'1 State its ful&o principles and corrupt practices, its delusive hope& an4 :vain !ears. its ridi·,
··of SQI:iet.y tuiiO~·s
culous ceremonies and d«~grading tn:~rstitil?n.s, its lying legends a~d f~auduleot '
the ~stuur ~uhJnct•impositions1 would fall. The reasonable scmoe of the only, and the mfimtely per..
·Of Great Hntuop,
..__ _ _ _,./feet God, "'onld he establwhed: •
love to tum,
•
peace an d. goowwl
.1 · '11
towar d~ men,
would be felt ns o!Jiigatory principles.
Jt is not nssertcd, tbat such effects would he immediate or univers~l; but admitting
them to be proJ.tl'cs~ive, and pnrti11l only, yet how great would the chanqe be, ant.!
l•ow hnppy at lcnp;th for-the outward prosperity, and internal peace of soc1cty among
·· . the llindoos I l\len would be restored to the use of their reason; all the advantages
ofbnppy soil, c:limtttl', and situation, would Lie ol!served nnd improved; the.comfort~
..and convcnicncics of life would be increnscd.; the cultivation of the mind, and
·utionul intcrcourbc, vnlucd ; the proplc would ri~e in the &calc of.humnn beings.;
bnd ns they found their character, their state, and their comforts, impro,·cd, they
would pri;~:o more hi~-thlv, the security and the happiness of a well ordered society.
·f)~tch a Chllll"C would correct tlJO!jC -tad di~on\ers which have been described, lllld
for "·hich m:'other remedy h11s been proposed, nor is in the nature ,of thiugs to lle
.found.
Dcsirnb\c a~ It mu~;t be th11t such animating prospects were realized, and reason·
eblc 09 the grounds 011 wl.ich they are held out ure fll'csumcd to be, it is nererthcless
J>rohai.Jlc, tim~ various objections, more orlcss plausible, may be started against all
thut has been advnncc,l. 'J'hrse ·oLjectiwns, as tnr as they lire foreseen, shnll now
.be di6tinctly met i and it. is hoped, tbnt upon examination, none of them will be found
to puhst·ss th11t su!J~tunce nml validity, "hich we are eutitled to require in argumentS
opposed to a scheme resting on principles the most incontrovertible, and ha,·ing for
its eod.the most diffusive good, .
. ·F11\ST, The pl1in hrre prol'os~d, p;e:~enting so new an association of ideas, so .
&trunge a revulutwn, as the ILbject Dengnlcze using the language nud the light of
l~urorc, may upo11 the very suggcstioll of it,. be treated as in its nature idle, 'l!iai!mary,
und ab6urd.
Dut this would be the decision of prejudice, rather than the conclusion of mature
rcft•!cliuu oud 1·tuen. :U'·thc character of the llindoos proceeded only trom a phy-
sical origin, thct•o mi~ht be some foumlntion tor thinking it unalterable; but notl•ing
is more pluin, than thll.t it ia formed chiefly by 111oral causes, adequate to the eftcct
-rro"ucrd : if those cau~t·s therefore can bo removed, their effect will cea~e, and new
principles and motives "ill produr.o new conduct and a ditfe•·ent character. It i& un--
"ltnunt.ablc lo inti:r, t1uLt been use tho lliudoos, or to narrow the tel·tu, the llcnguleze.
J.ll'o at. prt>11cnt low in their sentiments, conduct, 11nd aims,. they must always l'emnin
-60, We cannot presume ti·om the pnst stt1te ot any people, with rcspe~t to imp~ove•
.Jucnt in art11, thnt thry woulll, umler ditl'crent circumstunces. ft~r ever euutinue .the
&nm~·. The hi~tory of many nntions who have advanced fro1n rudeness to refine·
aucn~ contrndkts &•lch an hypothesis; accord in~ to which, tho E1itons ought ~;till to.
he !,"'in;; nuke", to uc: feeding iln ncorns, ll.llll !lilcrificing humun victims in the l>ruillicul
.gl'ovcs.. In ti1ct, whnt is nuw off'urccl, is nothin~ 1um-e thnn a proposul for the further
.civilir.ation of a proplr, "ho bad very early lmtd·e a c:on~idcral>le pro9rc3s in impr~­
UICllt: bul \\ bo, by deliberate and sut'te.>~ful plan11 of fraud and tmposition, w re
rendered iil'lll ,tutionary1 Wl'n r<:IJ:ogmdo. 'fbesc consitleratilJDS alone, forbid US l~
I!ISUmfil tlmt if they ~·rre rdell5ed hom t.hc darknc!!S n11d stupcfuctiop of i~nor.1nce
and aupc·r11tilion, tho human tniud could not among them, rcguin some onhnary
'tlrgl'\.>e of eltL,ticity; or thut if lir;ht shone upon them, tl1cJ would still be incapable
of seeing or jnd~ing for tbcm~t·h~. Let it howc\·cr be ag:un observed, .that the ar~l.
. tnrnt maiut.1incd here supptl~L'!I only a g,·otitml chm~re. If we .b1ina into iuw..ci1ate
·C:ontrust, the J»'t.'.mlt .slate of the lllmloos, and thejull, gtm:r11/, · a~ror.~pl!~l!me11t Qf
!IUdl a ch•mge, tucit\y si1~king in our comparison. a long licrics of yt.11s, one\ of
~low pl'ogressivc tr.msiliun!\ we eh11ll imluld fya·m to ool'l'ClYes a ·picture· o'f
t~rc~iou~ cont~-arietica, but it will not be a just ~'f'nCntulion. Nothing is ~oni.
t~lllh.'d lUI', Wllll:h CilUIIOt IJe 6upported f1'00l the Uature U( Uli.lll, ani! tl1c CltptricnCC
&f pn.st ogcs. · · · · · '
.:. Stcot~ D. Nrnrly a\lit.>d to the ohjection now coosioored, is. another \\'hicb som~
Jl<'rsuns noqu~t:d''~tb the lliurloo eili!J'!lt'tcr ond b11bits, 1111d polillihly al'oloo,.:~ts f~
~lcm~, llltlY t}crtve f~ID the O~lllc/1/H(III !/ I IIIli fJf'ltp/: to I hcir Olftl nwJC.S tiiiJ CUIIO~$.
If, wny It bo s~~o~J, ·" wo llcnlfll~e arc 11ot tu w l-ec:.J..oucd. below the reach of m-
. , · ~ "'itruction,
 E A 5 T I ~ D I .\ A F FA I n s. a.
" strurtion, aml ir.rnpoblc ()f new Jl<'m"ll!ions nni 'ic"' s!ill tl ...·;r att••.::l'nrnt I·» C II.\ I'. 1\".
•" lt..n~ cstuL!:;hul Clpit.iur.~ lln,lu!oo.l:J:.'II, is 50 rootc.i, nato (orman iluuiJ<r.:.~:'c oi.J.:d..• l "f""' ..,• .\:....
" to l!iUCb an iunovntion 11.'1 is (lrqluetJ; anJ tl!f'n:lute tl1e kb•:mo UIUJ at Ju•l 00 ..,,.,l:.,. •• ~., '"(
" rt."•ardcd U$ iulfll'll''lirut.:c." I"' c .... :.: .. • •• .. ,
o • .,f.u~·,r ..... ~'"'t;.
Is this arr,mncnl howcn-r, quite philo.cophicul? ~!u ..t it b!! ~n!L'II, "it!lont (o~ir •:J ·1·•· " 1"
• I tL··•tl
t flU' "':' ICfC '. ' llli,Y .JIUI'.IOO
t' 0 ftl IC IIUUllllll'liC'f', UJJOil .. 1·
II( II n:J,Oll II IN !IC:II."fll't"
· Cllll l''''"'-'·
• I
lta~c uo mllucucc, "l_uch Ill doomcJ by nature to f'OI'pt~hml i~1ora1K'C •u.lpr~j 11 .!kr? .._.,.--"
lt •~ true that the 11 ltulooa have a stron~ preJilt>tliol\ fur tl:cir ~,·,tc"tu ; l.lul tti.l it
11111~t be rcmcmiJCrcd, that in tlto bulk ol' the pt'OJllr, this is o (liTttlcction nn'«"<j:l('lll
of a pri"Ution of light, and rivetcxl by the error~ whicb durkoe.s ;;'."llt'fl\t~, nut o~a ut•
.tacha~aent .w.hicb has re!listoo the ligl~t, or atl!II\'C ever ~n triul. hy it. ~l~uy I:•. r.. pu 111
hnve amplu·nly atloptcc.l an 0\'CNln.tmt.-d notaon oflhc umnut:1h1l1ty of llm.lou c•pi:.iu:t•
i~t matters C?f r~li;tio.•~· and of ~IJC ou!\tinau:y of the people in .n:t.ainin~; tll\.>i~ o•' n l"11 ··•
tlce!i, cvcnlo Cl\'ll hie. llut af we lwk to faclo;, we shall tmJ tl.ata \'illll'lv uf m·t•
J.uwe prevailed, and zotill prevail, lllllong lhcm. The r~. C':!pc:d;tlly ul lh~ S. , ~8, :~.
new religions order, numerous und powt•rful, "·ho ha~e olvurd the llro~luui••i·1AI
faith, i11 sufficient to evince tlmt the llindoos ure ti'IJiau!u ol' cun)itlerll'•lt· th•c·
tuations of opinion. Uitlu.·a·to in.!t-cd lhcy have nwrc commonlv lluc·h:.~:tcl t.ah lr'""
one delusion to another; though it lllUol Lie allo•u:J, tlu1t the· •y~tem uf 11::: ·Sr.-J..,
if the occounu \\hich have bc:en n:cci~cd uf it ore nccurutC', i.s cuiiiJl•ll.,,li\·dv ~imp:c
.l\lld rational; and we cannot wi\hout womlcr bct.oi,J a set of llimluos ru~tili .. utl' l&t
once, in the hcoa1 "f thck countrv, the whole load ot' llr.. ~minkul.incumhr..~m~"'- 1111J
es it shouht eeem, renouncing polytheism and the \lul':lhijJ uf ina:•;.:c,•. A bi,;l.t f11r
more pl~nsing ba.i abo been exhibited to us. in tho C1111vrr..ion ol Jliu.lt>t~ &u c: ...
divine rcli~ion of the Go~pd. Thc.:~c were not encom':\;;ctl hy un nnnd p:utntiu:1,
or nctlmtcd by the prospect of conqnCllt, "hich u.ny h,t\C blimul.llt·d ILo li,lfown~ ,,t'
the Sub; but in opposition to tl.c ullurcmcnts oud lt•rrurs ,,f lhu \\ o.l.l; t 1,,"
-yielded to conviction, and rcndcn:ll holllll(!e to tho truth. 'rhi" itnpurlo~hl t:..,·l
"·hich is perfectly e.st..bli~hcd, it may suOice bo~rcly to &tJtc hl·rc, &iucc tluc "i!l !J.,
occo~ion, in spe11kin~ to a fulluwin~ ol~ccl.hm, to which it uaore pointedly Ul'l'lic~. '"
enlarge upon iL \\'hen we reatl of tl11:;.e thin!.:& on tltc (Jile h.uaJ> ami on the olha
of the extremities which llindou1 lmvc tomctimt-s cn;luretl tt:ruu:!h '.
t!,e bi·•·•!l1
,... '
uf
their !\luhomcu<.~n masters, or troll'l the pr{'S,urc of mi.rurt~mt, rnll" r thu11 •"'''"'' t••
app1·chcmlcd contaminution, whut is the inli:rcnc:c lairly tlc.:duciblc from tlw,e tli..1i•
111ilu.r vicw1 but thi~. tl.at \\hcthcr the dread either ot di..h•mour in tl.ia :itc, or of
cJcurud,,tion in tl,c next t.r.m~migration; whcthrr rescn:mcnt, or l.he itlco of nccp1ida,:
di;iin~uishcd mrrit, were th~! principle from which thtt!! ptople ~nllcrecl, ~till wl.at
terror COltiJ nut itluut·e them, mi~~;uillcc.J as thl"y were by fo~bc noliuns, to rcllol'l'•ilt~t
t:tcy yicl~!cd volunt.u !ly to reason onJ persulbiun. ·
If we now tum to in:;tanccs of a more familiar naturr, in the nff.til"l of romlll<lll
Jil;:, here too actual Cllp<'Ci•"nce 11iJI iniofln II"• that it i<l 11111 in~uptru!.fy tJ:tr.~u:! t J
tlltluce t!IC Jncfi1111S to tftpnlt from old C'~tdb)i,hcd pradicc.'r 0011 lol ll\I"J't llt ,y Ull' ;.
One or hlo ca!!l.'$ of prt...ctninent mn~nitudc uud nutorit1y "ill eu!lic.:e lo conlir•ut!,·a
flO~tion. Haw·a.ilk, II.' i~ •·rU known, hus bcca &or llldny year.& a grt·ut ••t:c:l., ui
comn•e•·ce in J;cn••<ll. 'J1111 outivn luul their own u~etlall\1'1 uf \\intling it, anJ muc:~1
at>..ucluuenl to tho~ methods, defective ar. they were. 'fhe J n•Ha Con•Jmll.)' Pltt'1Hf'lr ,1
to introduce the lt11lian mode of "inding tlus llttick·, a UIIJJc more cuml'k'll, ll•1t f,,r
· JJJOre perfect; they have completely IUccccdt:d, antl tla:1t mode is now Jlro~ct~"td in all
rai1S of tiJC count~. So again with I'I:SJK.'tt to the culture owl lllilll\lf.u:tur.: ,,.·
llllli·!O. "·hich tl1e aL1ll and indut>try of £uropcaut~ ha\'c, • ithin LIK-..e lu,t '" t·h c yc.11,,
intrc';.Juccd into Dcn..,ul, and have now rcnJcrc•l an i.nmcn;c artidc ur COIIIUII:fc:.:
ll('twccn that country and l':urope: the nativ(".., thou~h ptn!c~~J ol the i:l:.li;_;rJ J•IJut,
from •hich tltcir dyen C!.trnctrtl a very iulc.ior •ub·lo~.lce li,r dVill('•t:c 1•11•1..,... •,
· hdJ the culture of it rothcr in dilit'~tctw, and l~~t•l uo iJca o( tl:o,c ruoJt 1, 11111J L!..-l
:-calc of IUQIIU(acturc, of 11 hicb t1Je 1:uropca111 golVC lhCIU etlllll!lfto! i !1111 tll"~ fllllll•
t•ks tht•y now lx'·•in to follow oo their own accounl, an•l there i1 rc.twn IOJ J,c:;.;.c
tiK' 1Jiuuoo11 "ill "coniC in for a llhllre of t!tCl pruoluce of tJ,~. llll~l.: i11 the I .on (,,..
umrLct;. De it acl.now ktl·•ed ti,cn, tllilt tlat-y are JIOW iacuciou<t, unJ "i::wut lv~.:
' of lcuming; yet maLe it th~ir intt:rc~ •?J tllf')' "i:t ftll"1t·l to rx:w:luCVl·.-r~;-; u; ... l•
it f:tl•Y l'Ur tl~t."lll aJ,o to know U!C Lu·•h•b Lm:~ua:;:·, onJ thry 1111ll ar•1•at1:' al; .,....,,.
thc:.o prolito~blc impro\·enlt:uts iu agricult·Jre an.J the an.;, an·J r.lwy "i!l isui:...t..c t!~t-n•;
. Ulll.-
• Sc,e llr. wuu.·. ll«out o( ec 5.-rlt, ill \U ""'' 'nl 'ei:Joi'Cif lbt A.t..o1.c T r-••l··""'·
0

.~q.,.
•"- ... X
 8:1 P AP E R S n E L AT t N G T0
J,!r. (lrllnt'• ~\tate
mnke it in ahort tllc:ir interest, and why may they not become i11 time students, nucl
nf Snci•ty amuug even teachers uf natural philosophy? : o
the A1iatic l'\ubjeclt
of (lreut llrituan.
cl }' • } 'f
J..ct nut the idea IJc hastily trcatc 1111 c mncnca , . 1 we a cld th t tJ I d' C
a • !c n .•a om-
· •
~o.---...--..J pnny pohscssin" the revenues of a great country, tmght very benchcmlly tor them-
selves 11nd that country set the examplo in introducing such improvcrnimt.o. It
would be worthy of thet:J ~ tu~n their. at.te.ntion to t!sis fruitful subject, to c.mrloy
eldlful arti~t8 ol various ktuds tn asce1·tauung what unprovcments are pmctJcaule,
ami in curryinrr plans for them into execution. Were such a Uc5i;;n to be tak'cn up,
with due ~tn(by the Co111pany, ~nd their governments ab1·o~c~, the expchsc aml
lubour would assuredly be rcpuid m the end, prouably by ~pec1hc returns, but ccr·
tuinly hy the nu~mcntu~ion of the .a~riculture ~nd commerce of. the country, and the
gl·ncml cfii:cts upon society. ln ~1kc mnnner, 1f qftcr the 1!-ng_hlih lang_uagc l'eg1!11 to
l1c tli/}iiJied, ecminuric~. with su1tnble apparatus, were mstltuted, ior grututtous
instn'1ction in naturnl philosophy, and prc:uiums ussi~ncd to those who should excel,
youn.:.t person~, both llimloos und MahomCfl.IIIS, would becomcf-students nnd 'cun-
cli•lutcs ; on•l if those who were found competent, were at length to !Je taken liS
us~bhtnt tc11Chcrs, with ~uitnhlc sularic~. such n mcnsm·e would prove n. new an•l
powcrfullnc,nns of Cntn!Jiishin:.t this spccic6 of knowledge. If a kind, patient, and
\'!JCoUI'll!iiu~ cumlnrt, were oh~crvcd tnwa.rds the Hindo~1s;. tim~ con~cmpt with wl!ich
b11'0pcnna II\ .J!:CIIcrul ff').(nnl them, rt•strlllllf!ll; and their first maptltude borne w1th;
it cunnot be irrntiunnl t•1 expect, that in thinJ!l! which come ho111c to their business
und interc~t, ll'hidL rc.~pC'ct the truth~! of nnture. ulul the improvements of urt, such 11.
comluct should be productive of euccc.~s. Many 11t' tt1c llimlous umt 1\fahotncdans
tli'C IJronght up to tlte rrndy prncti<:c of writing und uccount:J:; and persons of this
d11SS might llc more cusi.ly curried on further.

'1"111 no. It m;ty I1C ubjcctcc.l, \\ith more pluusiuility, that the Brahmin,r, bJJilleir
tll'lcrwim·d OJI/Ir18iliou to imwt'tllium, rchid1 tnmltl so C33CIItiu!IJJ njji:ct their intr:rc~ts,
tctmld prcvt'lil the: iutroc/uctio11 or suct·csa rJ lh..:w.
It is CCI'tttinly lltlhll'nl tiJ auppoM:, that they could not look with indifference upon
tmy nttcmpt.Ji·om tc•hit·h tllt'!J mi;:l1t c:pprcl~end tluugrr, tu thut systern "'hence they
" have their wcnlth," their honuu1·, and their intluenec. Jt shall be readily admitted
thcrcfut'l', thut llj'llll OIIJI 1cl'iou1 alcll'ltl fur the stability of these distinctions, such
oppo~ition ns should lle within thcJ po"er of tlmt order of IIICll might ue expected.
Uut though it "ill llo proper to consider the dl~ct of thut opposition, and the iorce of
tho objrcliun g•·oundcd upon it, we ,mu~t p•·eviouoly muintt1in that it can constitute no
rcnson ut ull aguin~t cmkuvourin~, by prudtnt nncl pacilic means, to muke thtJ truth
J..nOWil j fut' tO admit this, Wt~lll~ IJC tO lllllkC the resi~WilCC of those who p1:ofit by
nhu~cs, nn argnmc:nt lor conlluum:;t to toler"to them, ami upon the same prmciplc,
Christiunity hi1d never bern p1·opn:.;utl•d.
To obje~tions of a prudcntiul or pulitkul kilul, it is one maio design of this piece to
oppo~e 111\SIIl'I'S founded on colhitlt~•·tttions of a like n11ture; and we venture to
believe, thut if the cuu~e hc1-e pleat led lor, rr~tcd on thi~ ground alone, it could have ·
uuthing t\l t~·n•·· Uut the emplu)'lntmt of political arguments does .not ohli~-,oe us ta
decline the use of otht.•rs justly applicablo to the su!Jjc:ct; and upon the present occta•
Ilion, it would be strun~o to omit one uf d\.>ci:oive weight, which flows frotn the very
111\turc and principlc11 ol l:hri~tiunity. , ·
The divine outho1·ity of that religion, its um'ivalled excellence, nne! incomparable
fitness to promote the hnppinrss of mnn, it~ whole tenor, und many particular injunc·
tious and t~.uconnl.f,'CIIlCnts whicli it holds lorth, impose upon tho~c 11 ho profess sub·
jt•ction to it, the duty of cuntrilmtin~ t•1 dilrusc, by ull pr->pcr mett10d~, the knowkd·•o
"!'tl intluence of it in the world. No nmn who t11kc~ the Gos)1cl us tltc ~tandartl ~£
h1~ J'Cusollin~ cnn ~or a m.on.tl•nt di~pute tl~is Jl!l>iti~n; to deny it, would be vi.tually
to deny the ttuthunty of (hnst, nntl tht·n·lorc 1t w11lnot be expected, thut we ~houhl
tll\l'l' hcl'tl into the llt'OUf of a po:;ition which n·~ts upon the truth of Chri.tianitv· ibclt:
llut ntlir111i~~ 011 '1\C nmy ".ith.r~crkl·t right, Ute ':a'!dity of this urgum~nt, it 11 iii upply
~o couumuut1c11 us ~\elias 11101\'llh~ll.ls; the duty •.s mcumbcnt upon thts 1111\ion, und"it
IS nu~uwntrd two·l\lld by the uddtUon of thut wh1ch we owe to the mi::~uidcd Pu·•ans
\1 hu ai'C uccomc our subjrcts. "'
llu vin".:!1 us.•crtcd the
•
ttbml
,~ •
tluc to this imnortnnt
•.
ar"umcnt
<!' '
let us proceed ' in Ute
next pItiCl', to CXtmunc 11.1W lut' tiR' p1'1.'l'Cnt olucction is wnrntnte..t in u>«:rillin,. so
£,1'CI\t uu cllkucy to the opp01>ition of the lkuluuins ; or in other worJs, to inquirei:~to
. . . lht!
 . 'EAST INDIA .,FFAtn.S. h
the extent and pr~bnblc amount C?fth~ir counter-actioo, ui:ltllft•IJi.,_!f t.~. ir rt'•i...-1."1~ c 1:.\ r. IV.
toh be lti'OIIgi!J t.t-cllcd;
t.:. _,. . f here It. 11111 be pro"""
for r-· 1o rem:.rL ' ti••t in ,... • ,. ·,·~~
"''lll'fdl ..... 1•r•.,, .., .......
.,
1 cy eoo no lnulcall_on o ,{KNeculu,ll, they arc not liL.cly to li:d 11ny u!.mn. :\ 1 the •••,.., .. ,,.,,...., .. ,
more learned and lll::"'mous of them lc."'d a n:til't'd life inatt~'flli\'~ to no,"t"ltit~. !10 rlwc ..,, - . , -
the rest, chiefly men busied in •orlllly rot1ctm!l, ........~the confi,k-nce "l.ic!l u'\~n ·'-'"·'·~'""'
·bel· ?"~ to dc•I uue·' d ' 'fh k tJ •·-: ' ' ••"' ..4.,,..,,,.
.tgnor:tnce. . ey now 1at thrar 11y~tcm " l1dJ bv ll!l:&;!·too•~ '"''"'-•·
nations. .They believe from their ,ll:gends, that it nlnys bu bct-n, and' 1 !,. 11 ~, "ill\..:.,.._
be&~. 1hey ~c;s the same ~pant a!l that P~::tlll wotary of ohl, \l'ho ti.·!L loi·n«lt'
---I
quotmg a fact ot un.l\'el'SIII notoncty and authonty, eullicicnt to IIJ'Jll'''""' a rotoul,tr
tom?lt. Whf!l be allirmed th&t Ule una:;e of the wcat got.IJI.'!<'I l>i.ml\ 1\-11 d''" 11 11"1'11
.J upatcr. "'hen therefore thry ece a ft:w ~implc lorei"nm t11li:rin 0.. •• cc:rt• in .tr11 1,..f'l
~· t Iung5
. " to tl1e ears. of tl1t1r ' ~pIl'1 they nmy ~ n'luly
"' !ltt1't'tly, ii not to u•c thn •

language of the concetted Athcmuns, yet to my '' atla a naore andent !ll'"'fT'u " "Jn,l
" do these feeble Jews?" Still less will the ·reoplc he 11ppn:hen'i\·c ul~<•t;l c~.m~c.
qucnces. And whilst thin~ continue in this state, it will be the lm•iu~:» uf l'hri~·i·'''
t~n~hcrs to co~line. tltcm~lvcs c~1ietly ~o ~e po!'ilive drr.lurstion~ ol' the (iu•jw~
l!tvlng no OCCilSion lor an 1mpotut1on \\·luc:h mllecll tht•y ~hould never "i>h j•t•l!'l to
incur,. that of being " bla~phcmcl!l," or. !l'sorli••~ to nhu~he lon:.:un~ in &J'K.<o~itio( of
the llmdoo gods, oa· the llmdoo ab~unhtlt's. Tht'Y hnve ,.-r11tt·r lheln• i; " 1\'tiiiiC•
" mncc, righteousness, and jud~ncnl to come ;"-the noLle topirs loro••·•!.t fort~ 111 d
by St. l'uu\ to the !lupcrstitious Athcniuns. 11 God tbut mode the 'wrt~.t"'.,.,,, t!:a
~· Lord of llea\·cn ami Earth, \lho i~ nut 111·or.;hippcd "ilb mm', h;m,!a,.,.,, "Ito
" giveth to all, liti.•, nml!Jrc11th, and all thin~:1 •• , • , • in "hom \I'CI li\'C, IIIOH', arm
" have our being ••• , • , And tlmt fomsmuch 11~ '\\'C nrc the olf·l'rin~ of fi01l, "O
" ought not to think tlmt the godhead is like unto ~""'· or sih·cr, or t!unc ):l :1nn l1v
41
a1t null mun's de,· ire .••• , • ,\nd tlle times of thi~ i~noronc~ God wioJ..nl at; l•ut
"' now commandcth nil men, e,·cry 'll'here to "'JW!ll; I.H.·nm~e he J.uth nl'pul:llrtl a
11
day in which he 'II ill judge the worlll in rightt•ou•n~, by thut mnn "horn I.e hftt:a
41
ordained; whe1'Cof he halb given assumnce unto oilmen, in thnt he lmth tJi•cl!
41
l1im from the dt'llll." ' · '
If !Jy such doctrines as these, or tho fruits nf them, l"c:'5ehhncnt nnd or•PO•ition
should be provoked, Jet Ui flOW COil&itler \\hut tft~ U(IIIO~t 11cth ity of (I('JMI'Iitiun Jl)
stimulutcd could ctTcct. Usually true rcli~ion lnl5 bloen comlmtcd, ancl IJI~c: r•·li-
p.ions have been uphelll, either by fmud or lorct', or by both. What artilke, imp•""
ture, mbrcpresentation, and vicious imlul,;ence ha111 not !Jc.oorn • ablo to e:n~'<'t,
rcrsecution and the coercion o( the aecular power hnve been c.dlecl in to prc•llupli '"·
l~nlse rcliAion shuns fair unminution : before this te<-t it connut roland. ~11d1 It tl.e
force of truth, that on tltc first promul;,r,~tiun uf l'hristi&niry, it rreni~l l'!uln•t ull
the deceits, impositions, i~norunce, prejudice, and pl'l-,..riptive authoritJ ol tht' llttt·ic·llt
1111pcrstition, uilled by tho utntO!.t cruchks tJ;&t tynumic J!IIVcmmrntt wulrl in!li•·t.
No" in the prl.lrlt'llt Cl\Se, the llruhmins "ill not poe•c•s the in~trumt•nt 11111-l ttl~·~''""'
·fur the support of rcli,ious error nnd impo.;ture, thut l4, the Jlll'll't•r c..f t:,.., •"urcl.
1'hey may (,e able to"'etren~ht·n indi•:wl!\ition to llt'lf opiuio1111 Ly tht ir (lt'IJunt•l
inftucncc, by avuilin.~ thcm!Civts oftnulition~o~l rc~pt"ct on.l t'lli>tinJ huloil~. hy \r,•t•"~
.calumnies, by denouncing t~piritunl jud:~mt'nl:l, t"'pt•ciull y tlmt m«l'lt furnoi 1.1l•h: uf 1111 ir
punishmente, loss of CU5te; amJ it tlutll be ~ntlltc,J, th.at ll~t·t~e ClJll:•lirul4 III·•V be
1uflicient to nu.rrow the avenue,, and retard the pro;.:rc~s oftnllh. ~urh '•'••trurti.nt'l
arc to oo cot~lcnded 11 ith only by pntir.•nt J>trlK'nr.aoce, nouillt••in,.. t nn Chri ·lin"
. paincipk'S. llut with t.he5e t'llllCJiente, the meuns of Oj•pc,.itiun t-nd ; an•l if nit ••wh
~1\eftnl hUVC not pteYetllcd Ulltllf IJinclt.lOll, even or
the!' llllll'fiur or.Jo.:l"', 1111 lilll t:o ... ..t,
o(Jr Coromandcl, from embracing the doctrine pn'lll'ht-d by a kw lout~~ hill EuNI""'M•
11 ithout nationtt.l or local consitlt:natiun, why ~IJ£ould it l.oe li••IIJ~!ot tl•.-l t•i.,u•, •lo..·r..., t.
1ntelli!}·nt tellchcrs, 1hou1J have no auo.:CC'Is in l!en!a!, "lotro.: U..s f.,Jl ~ubli·l.u .. ·nt
flf our authorit'l must at lc.'\\St !!CCure the natit.ual rrll!!•nn from O['en COI•te•ul•t or di..
l't'!lpt'Cl Jo that country, the Wth! oL•urtlitict o( llL~otl11 ni.!m h 1\1' llt'Yt'f yc·t I•'NI
.ch.'llrly cxpo;ed, and their 11Lettore 111oulJ fi~l thc.~~lvc.s t:l~ma.- l,:t at • J,,•• t·,
tlc'-'ml by ar~umcnt, &llliUIIIJltion• wlwlly dt~lll.llte "' tu~.lc.n~e, uottm.olanJ t·\lt·r,.L
Indcro how i.t it po:!.Sible to ju~tif1 to too comnltJI'I tc.·•ue aruii•IIJl'"k:rt nat ..ro~ll•"''" d
lll('ll, the IUOllSLroU.S actions a5eribt:d to tloe ckiti..'t of t!oe lliuJo,.., the iuuuvnol t.utl.l
nt4lali.W.IIod by tl1e lliudOOI)'slctn, au.d the iuuuural practic:t'J •l,i.:l. t:.ey••c u...d W
smction? 'lk.e tltinj:.!l tot1IJ DOt A.lnd lxloic the Jnmnnd l~t .. rt·tun:!.an~ •wdt,{
GuJ "bida rt'comrueudcJ by tlae liwct uf tl.o'IC ""'' •ll-.."'o~rnl 11, em.lcJ •~·• &.ail l'J
IUU~ & polll'crfd Wlr~iOO 0 t""{K'el.&:J)' II.S lLC lJt::JWf, •J..o c-.a..ilt IUI'J•IOC. ~.0
auc...tet111Cit1
 84 I' A P E R S · Il E L A T I N G ·T 0
Mr: Grlln:"• State .authenticity of other ~ystcms of religion, (th?s with pagan latitude concluding the
11 ( l'·><~ot~ ~m,~g certainty of that which they hold to be pccuharly IISIHgncd to them,) would Dot be
tLv. A>aut•c .,u •Jeru • , I 1 ~ I·' b 1 d ..... 1
ol ChvrtL Uriwin. .inclined tO controvert the trutia of ours, lllll t aea·e,ore wou u e ret. uce LV" t 1e tas
k
, J of proving that thch' own is of divine authurity. And the great datfercnce between
""' thi~ kind of conteat, and the rcli.,ious contl'Oversies wbich have usually prevailed iat
Europe, ought to be considcrcd.° For l~r.rc the dispute h~ commonly been, whi.::h of
· ·two contrury systems or tenets was the fl!4ht one, 110d entatled ~o genera\ ac~eptance.
Dut the llimloos do not wish for proselytes; they cannot ret'.cave ?uy : on the o~hc1·
hand, Chri~tiun teachers neither able nor de~ia·ous to resort to any kunl of cumpubauu,
would be confined to 11 quiet exposition of the truths of their own system, 11nd of the
.errore ot' llcuthcnism. from such a state of thh1;,rs no violentcontenticn couhl easily
.11risc. 1f timling excommunication insufficient to deter Ilindoos fmm embracin~
Christianity, the llruhmins should ottcwpt to full ow with pca·sccution those who had
hccn converted, tho culm interposition "f the civil,:t,vernmcnt to pnwent such an
·infanction of justice und good order, would be sutiicicnt. Ami if natives acknow-
lcdgin" f1·om·cma~cicnce the l:hrilltittn rcvclution, at the hazard of S<tcri6ccs which
.the cu~fcs~ion of it aniJ.:ht' rcf'Juirc, were thereby rendered more honc$t, more faithful,·
111111 upl'i.,ht, would this IJe any injury to 110ciety? Need we n:.k "hethcr it would
rnal1c thc~n bcttCI' sm·vantlland ugnnts, make them more uscfulan4 valuable in all the
.rclutions of lifi:? Would nut such persons be a real accession to European masters ;
und must it not be supposed, that men profcs~ing Christianity, whose iutea·est would
. bo promoted by employing such converts, would not reject them, upon a pl'inciple
whiCh even l>n~unism could not justi(y, tlmt is, becau3e they bad hone.~tly followed
.the it· couvictiond? ln this way tho gre11t terror of eKcommuuication would l>e ol>·
viutcd; fur it is in tho lu~ll of employment. the want of sub~:~istcnce, 11nd protection,·
tlmt its ~rent c·lil con~iot3. J.ct it nut IJo st~kl, thut such .views mi~ht tempt uutives
l1ypucritic1tlly to nssuano the profcs~ion of Claristiunity who would attcrwards disgrace
.it. 'l'hc truth is nut to be kt•pt back, nor a credibla profession of it discouraged,
Lcc11use it muy be tl11" alnai>C'd ; and those who shoulu li.ct 10 dishonestly, would
gcaterully aoon tiaul thctusclycs despised by all par.tics.
Thus it i~J hoped a eutibfactory ru1swcr hns been otfcrcd to the objection now 1.1nder
COII8idcnttiou, c:vca' whcnlluuJttetl in its sti'Ongest form; that is, in supposing the
grcut qucMio11 respecting religion to be bronghtinto early and direct controversy. Of
.auch a colli~iou of systems however. for some considerable time to come, the probabilit\v
,mny. from tho oLsca'lr·utious which have been advunced, be rcusonaLly doubted; tmd
lf the 0101'0 gntduul procc~lll btlre llliSUDlcd, a ~rocess by the concuniug rxtenoion of
the J::nglioh hmgungc, should be followed, oddit1onu\ aitls will, in the menu while, arise
to tho nr~~:umcnt we muintuin. Tbut utcu~ion lor in~tuncc, 1\lld the emplovmcnt of
tho ltllll-(IIU~c in public l>utiincss, cunnot be disputed b1 tl1e llrahmius; fur l~ow. coull!
they deny tho II<Liue olJedit'lll'O to oua· ~0\'crmucut wluch they tonncdy yiclJcd to the
1\l~thomctl•lli, uutl in a muttca· on 1\hich it ia solely the province ot. ~oYermuent to
tkcidc? l!l·uluuius themselves hove topoken En:,tlish for a centua·y pllst; many of them
uuw ~p<'nk it; and no rdi~ious plea cun there lore l>e hcnceli.ll'th auvanet:d aguiust the
u~o ot it. lmpt·ovcmcnt~ in mtmutucturelll and tho arts, the Da·o~.hmins could not
cxclmlu j fo1· in tho udoption of smuc such improvements intruducctl l>y £uropcnns,
they hnvc ul~o joined. The lruo system uf natural philo.;ophy, deanontitralJle as it is
to thu si~ht by muchincs, coultl be communicnted to tho Muhomedans, through whoM
it would havc a wido ditl\asiuu, even if the llruhmins couhl prevent all llindoos ti·om
attcmlin~ to it, which i!l not to be imollined; nor could sucu un expedient occur to
them until tho pt'Ogl'l'tlll nf li~ht hud 111udll un impre$sion. Thut pi'Ogress it is pwuabll•,
woulJ operate &ilcntly wi~h pl'r:>Oil$ who woulJ not choose to encounter tho puinful
li.'l'lin:.."' uttcauhmt on the tlct'l:liction of cm.te; uml in thi!l way, "it.hout any great
cxtcrm1l clmngc which should ellcite al.mn, a ~I'IWUul enlargement of vie\\s and
.u!Jiniun:~, ~uillcd by thnt ~pirit uf on.lcr u.utl ubedil'ltce "hicb the Gospel cmi-
ucntly inculcates, and opcrntin~ rnthc1· tu the prevention of any vehement conflict
.of ~pinion~, mi~ht tab.u plnt:c1 lo the truo l111ppiut:ss, WI faa· WI it went, of aU
fllll'tiCil.
Fou 1\TII. It moy po~sihly occur to some of ll1c rtlltlcrs of thi:~ troct, thut the
..
J>ol'lllguc:e f!f lm./ilt, fllciii.IJ ~{ u'/10111 ~pruk E11p.li~ll, an: flt"'.Yrilu:lr.\S 11 ill a ,·~t'inu•
and t'IJIIII'!mptiblt: rctn:.-'1 hf'rc at'tl am011l! tllt'm,. it muo1 be admitted, many "·ho
c:nunot be clctlt'l.'d from this imputntion. 'fhe..e mco, dl'U'l:ndcnts of the l'o•1u·ruC>6
soh.licrs amlli'te-oootcrli ol' a rude liC:l'1 11uJ of the lol\cst llcngaleze women, bo"n, in
th~
 . I. A S T I N D 1 A .\ F F A 1 R S. Ss
tl1e meanest statioru~, di.'p<'~ unJ...r' jlO~Iffibl foreihll to thrm, adortt'd lw nb C II AP. IV,
• other cl11.-s of IIOCiety, commonly without cdut'lltion, retaining only tho flrT'Of'l oi" the li- z..,_,..,.
Romao Catholic persuasion, grow up iu i~::\·nonmce, imiDOnllity, and au~lion, like "''u,l.v .,......,
the Heathen around them; and if thry know the F.11gli..h hul!!\lllgt'1 it as but impct· ~4t t -:!:,• ttf-
fcc~y !ln~ colloqui~Ally. 'fllcy cannot be n:ft•rred to aa spc.J;ncus uf the clft'<1s of :.~~;:: 1
Chnsllw11ty, anv more than aomu of the Indiana of Amcril...., for tllt')' unJl'N4iiJ V'J«'-
and po!;SCSs hardly any thing of it beyond the name. l:ut there is another dt"Crit•tion'---.--....1
of persons ranking under the general denomination of I•onugucse, more ra.pcx·taiJle •
persons of some education, 11·bo are clcrU, traders, or mrrehant.. 'lliC!e arc oftc~
men of dc.'Centlives and tolerable information~ they are, iu some ck).'l't'e. 111 improwin••
set of people, and have clearly profited from their acquaintance and intcn:ouno 'll'ith
:Europeane. particularly the Eng16h. Now the proposed plan of communicating
instruction to &be llindooe, tbroug,b the medium of our lnnguagt>, d(lcs not suppu!IO
&bat the 11il~st out-casts of IIOcicty are first to IJC selected fur the purpose, or that a
. new name merely is to be imparted, but &bat men of au~tance and coauidfratioo, Ptm
emplo~ed in the alfllirs of government, connected with lhe rcvcnul'S and 11 itb tbe
admimstration of justice, 11·ill pron~re for their children, if not for tlltU'I5Clvts, the
knowledge of a tongue which "'iU &ben be DCCeSsary in trantacting buailldoa: and that
the i~structioo to be (Ooveyed by tbi.s. or any oU1er tebicle. abull be io1purt1nt and
Jli'ICUcal.
FnTH. Another objection may arise from the ruull of the dirtet ollnt,f'll a•Ait:l
bun mode to enlighten tlu: llindool, by the preaching of tl1e Christiam religion : It hu
been said by some, that the tucctu oJ lUCia atttrttp11 Au bttn "'"Y ltlldll, 11ml A111
hem CQ11jitltd to the P arriar10t1d ot lttrl of I he A:tlcut tOIItl.-TI1ia &talt'lllent ill, in
&be fil'!lt place, very erroneous; and in tl1e neltt, to infer from it tile impracticability
of eli. tending, by any efforts howe,·cr atrcnuoue, by any mcana bow ever .prudent, and
under anycircumslancea however favourable, tbt: influeucc of Chrilltianity io llimloat.ao.
would be altogether illogical and fallAcious. Liule all'C&I »lwll be lo.id here UllOO the
attempta of Uomau Catholics; for it must be confessed, tlwt tl10ugb they made
numerous converts, &bey too often only changed one aet of ceremonies and unases for
another, Yet it must also be .admitted, tb~At &be ltomiah eatablishmcnta in Europe
have shewn a zeal in tl1is mutter, much aupcrior to tl1at of any of the l 1rutcstant
nations ; and that Xavier, who tra11erscd a great part of tl10 coosta and blandt of
India, about &be beginning of &be sixteenth century, and appears lo have been a pioua
indef~Atigable man. planted the Goepcl in varioua places, in a 'II'IIJ &bat n1i~ht have
led to a large extension of it, if hit labours and zeal bad been well Jm>ndcd. 'Jno
efforts of &be Dutch to establuh Christianity in their Indian eettlcmcnt.t, u bdn3
made under circumstances more &imilar to our own, may dlli!Crve greater attention.
There was, in the earlier periods of that republic, 1 very laud~Allle apirit In the
government at home fur tho promotion of this o!Jjrct., aud the numlocr of natiwe
Christians in their eolooiCll abroad wll.!l very con.iderablc. Jlu)Jeu.. &be auU10r of
the History of Ceylon, a person of great cretlir, "ho •·a• one of tl1e Vutch miniltcn
there in tho last century, ond 'I\· rote from his own know led~ h.u elated t.hat in tho
year 16GJ, &be CbristillllS in the province of Jaffnapatnam.,. amounted (er.ciU6h'e or
&lave~) to sixty-two thousand, many of whom must no doubt hawe been educated in
&be Romish churehes, which &be Portuguese bad founded thl:re ; but it il extrcmc:ly
110rtlly
• ne or
in!uobitalltt Ja!napatnam .... Mat.. lllll&;oa«N, j<~iool • ""1 llfii"'ffl- koowW~·
ban, howo 10 have rome ori&iaally from \he of AlwllC hniDry and_,., Bat ..,... qlllllll•••
c:ontioeoL, IDII IN • ditt.iud ~pie lium &be c- were ill bim ooly tJwn. of lal'e..- ,....... ·II•
ll!ole..., wbo , _ &he red of the ilt1aa4, and talubitecl, clllrio& ................. Ia ..........u
lOUow &be rehgi011 of &1rrJ11, or ll.ltoaU.. •boca l:laa mat.-. ea•pJor-b, and la.. n:ou-. •
the Brw.bmiu 1.na1: u • he.ret.ic; wlula& _ . ,....,...... - ' ~ nampla ol &hoi
leamed Eurv(M'..,. an1 P..hool wilh 1,_., ap. Cbnat.iu charvttr : ...,. ,.._ h•aa, 11111•••11 ..
P".,.._• of re- 10 btltne, that baa nligi.., u4 ....,_ ..u...., -1:1•
lloth ll.o.l: 1 lh'i • ...
whltb pl'llftill mer _ , - ' " • of the UIL, I h....... wlllll ........ 1& prvuce of.....
ill mon1 llll:ltn& iu lndl& &biD lhe Bnohaaiuic'lll ro.Y. . . . ~i•acl ., - · j..a , ....... r,.,...,..
•v•ttm. ll• ill u•ea•..-d loy JenmM', Cleooeal alolc imp,_ ol C~ty. If the oecu-
Al<uPtfriDua, and other ao&bon of MUijllll)', and b.ad pcrauuacl, i& ...W oalr a.... .,... ......,
iaiiCiwllelll &obeth•-•theS
or IF • • • j•~t<e 1D h• -

-.._...
to pl.ft II ia a W - · -
bwn. the , .., of Cb1ua,and the S«• ot Japu. ....- - ...... the ..........jjl - · . - 10
............, ...
St. ialbot 6rat 'IOlume olthe A•lallc T r a - ' - ill ... lor th• ,..,....w ,._,-. _,
a can... ud ,...,_,. p•p«''', wbocb ,._ rela.- •
'!.bioi Mlbl«l, by lf'oJii- c;........ Uf•
A piemau.r• ud laa,• .,,..l
,.._ .........
.... 11M tl;l!- .t the ........ • the t.t. lie
dHth hall •ill'l .... lu....U ...,._ wtdl I""'~ • .,. .ta~
dqonwd .lal1li~~& and ..,..,.,,. ol 0... tllftlkat ol &bt G•po/tlt - J•.,_., lit7·

~ ..
m .., wl:o to M CJUjiiWie al..U ill IHfnl Onnloll
y
 so p A P E It S n E L AT [ N G
. T0
Mr. OrnnL'a State worthy or remark,. that this author declares tb~ numbor o.f cllildi'~n itJ the scJ,ooh,
ot SC!r~ctr am~1g maintained by the Dutch jtovcrnmcnt, to have r111cn at the ttmc of b1s departure ft·om,
.LI•e Aallttlc ~ul~tdll . I d• to a,.,."hlccJZ I !louiJa/ld.
th e llllln
of Grca.t Unt.a1n.
· Thclcomcd John Lcu~dcn, Profcs,or of Hebrew at Utrecht, about the end of
the last century produced several letters from his correspondents, which gave the
following further' accounts of the state of Clnistianity in the Dutch possessions in
Ceylon. " Mr. llcrmnn Specht, mini~ter of the Gospel at Columbo, writes, that in
u the province of J afinapatnum, without il~cluding .1\h.na.nr, which appertains to it,
u there 11rc accot·din~ to the last computation and the hst sent thence to us, one
" hundrcJ ~nd forty·one thousand four hundred and tifty-11ix Christians, who have
" five pastors to take care of them." The same Mr. Specht, in another letter from
Columbo, dutell "January lith, t6RS, says, •• the numucr of conveltcd Indians, who
u have cmiJrnccd Christinnity, ia in the apace of four y~ars greatly enerea.sed ; for .
'" the provice of Jalfnnpatnam, suqje<.1. only to the Dutch East India Company, hath
II two hundred and seventy-eight thousand seven hundred and fifty-nine inhabitants;
· 11 amonrr whon1 there are Indians prolcssinp; to be Christians, one hundred and
II cighty'!eiuht thou~aild three hundred and sixty-four•." · Another very respectable
authority of tho same period informs us, that " the ·Dutch East India Company
· u maintuin in the Indies, thirty or forty ministers for the ~tonver5ion of poor Infidels,
11 who are under their domimon, nnd nre at the annual expense of !. . 1 o,ooo; for

u this purpo•ll, and have he•·coy converted many ltuudrt:d th1Jusa11ds l!f: tlwm to tl1e
11 true Clwulitm [ait/1; nnd for tho fu1·ther propagating of it, have lately erected a

' 1 college in tho i-lund of Ceylon, in whi~h pne place OlliY they have above eighty
.u thousand converted Indians U/}0}1 the t~ll, fo1· \\'hose use they print biules,
.•• catechisms, und many other Llouks f." . 1 •

The Dutch Company ho11cve1·, it nppeat'& ft·om recent information, never could get
.a eufficicnt number of ministers to undcrtuke the work .of propagating the Gospel in
tho~o countl'icR, or even to serve the churches which had been founded ill them; and
·in later times, the funds allotted for the llll(lport of those churches and of the cle1·gy
there, have Llel·n more and more cut'tailc.rl; so that from wa:nt of labourers, of mnin-
"tcmmcc, a11d zcul, Chri~thmity has grcutly dl!clincd in most of the Dutch· settlements,
thruugh the couroc of the lust fifty years.
: Neurer to our own dny~, the sin~le Protcstimt mission which has been .seriously
prosecuted, that of 'the l>ones nt 'ft'lllll]ll<:hor, under the patrnnagc of the .Enalish
Society for promotin~ Chri~tion Knowlctl).\t'1 thoufoh extrentcly limited in its funds,"'and
uidc~ by lit.tlc, if uny, tenitoriul or couuucrciu influence, has pi'Oduced solid and
·valuuolu eflccts, not umong the lowest ca~tcs onh·, but UII\Oil" the Brahmins ond
) 1 o.ndul'ims, persons of the highc~t order nml grctitcst kno.wlcdge; 11nd some of the
converts luwe themselves becmuc useful tco.~chcrs to their countrymen. There has
l1rcn, &incc tho ·beginning of this century, a succession ·of zculous missionnrics nt
Trunqucl.111r, who by no other mcnns than prcnchin~ the truth, and exposin" the errors
Clf Heathenism, hnve won multitudes over to the fu.ith of Christ, and fon~cd SC\"Crtll
respcctttUio churchl.'l on the 1\lt~luhur Coast t·
The congregations <lf uative Christians
under this mission, hnvo indeed been diminished uy. the wars and culamitics, which
within tho last twenty years hnve rnvoged the Curnatic; but upon the ~hole, the
llumocr of com·crts nmdo by it, in spite of all the opposin" terror of exclusion from
their own t.l·ibcs, bas been vct·y considcra~lc; and it inay be ~sscrtcd, upo!t unquestion-
. . ' . . . nule
• )lillnr'a Prnpagation of Cb1ittinnitv, Vui.U. di~poaition of the F.ngliah E:nst India Company to
Jlftl(l 31 R, in whirb ia rittd A/a,trirAt'• 'l'beologira the good work wbicb be lftommtndlo.r 'l'he Com•
'fhoO·I>rl\t'ticl\.-11' iL were ntktd, whether 111l 111111V0 \htn under tbo DIADIIj.\•lntnt of Sir Jusiah
tbtae ronven• \\"tl"e ainrere in tbeir profeuion, it Cb1ld, must ba~o much dedinrd from its earlier
lllij~bt be 11111\ttr•d, tlmtrrolmloly 101110 \\'01'1' igno· ltv.l for the honour o( religion. ·
runt and aume hn<~nitiul ; but aa 'Would the See the J.ift ttf Dt~~ll Pridttna.
result be upon 11ny lur[l.e turuy, ntn in E•rope. l "Tlut Dani•h miuiuo of 'J'ru.uqutblll' wac
Yet In buve d"r.•rdod the hnrriol idt•l11try and my- " very bip.hlJI tlttolled by aeveml pe<•p'• btno,
\hollll!.)' o( th• llin•lnoe, and ltl come under tho "(Columoo m l'e)lon) 10ho Ill Ibe llllllll lillie
at.ntrd · in$\1\lttinna of 11 pure and d1vine syotem, " 11.!\llllttd mtt, tbat bod tl~e Catbuhct in tb.<ir en· ·
wo11ld be imrort.•lll rhnn~tra. " d~a•o11n tn t•ropag~\11 (.;brietlullity iu lndi••• eu1 ..
t A l'"'l"'"''l h01n tht eminent D.-m Prid<u.nx " dutted tllrmach·n with equal gcotleni.'Stl, 111od.,.
to the .·\1chbiohnp uf C.:11nterbury (llr. 1't>nlli..,t•) "ro~tlon. 1111.! Christian tbnrity, dnuid of ava.~ce,
ft>r tb~ I""Pn~nt\un ...r tbe (;,..l"'t in the •:n11-li•b " b~~ou;,htiiiUS, IU.Id ViPltlltll, the m~tjuf rart of the
t<Hiltmon\11 in tho t::..tlll\li•a. cunh1.in••l in 11 I•U•r " oumernua iul... bitl1nta of Asia would, at th1•
"'t.\agn1.ce, cl;~tod the 11nth J1111narv 1691·~· l11 '' pn-llttlt timr, ha~e l~n tuiiVHII to this dur·
thie le\\or \be l>e:tn &"'lltly compl11ina•• tbe in- "trinc.·-n.,,6frg'•1'ranlr,fol.lV.Auo, •7iS.
tli•l"'•ition
 ·EAST ~ N D I A A F FA l n S. s7
aL!e ~utbority, that many of them have been 1rul1tinccrv and nmht,. linnA and C ll A1'. tv.
~ymg ·~a fl?a~c~ worthy of the Chrilltian rrof~IOO. It is eviJ~1t t.loe.1, tl~t tho ,......., ..,. l l -
l•:;ht ot Chtllill~mty ha.t not bcco held out by th11 ml-..qun •ithout etfcct. SIKh is """'.''*" ...,.......,
the- force of cnuncnt goodness. tllllt tlJC natne of Snrt: in ""'"k-ul.~t a o1i.»iun;arv ·~·. ( -~~~ ., -
'IIl' . I '---!abou......
~ tJ &vmg, ". 10 uAD
-" wa..... ··
.... a sp•ntlruly • fur..--~
apostohra! ' ., .....,,. ·'•lf<••a
n"1"' than thirty )'t"lll'l •4 11,_,;. ,.
m tha~ ooun~, ~xposed to its hottest au"! and fumi'!~ to11ly with the aoantic11t oo- (I.'IJ""r-
ressaraes of tile, u revered all O\'n the rcnuuula of I mlhl, lty Jhnll~, !\I~WUinw"- \ ... '
a~d European~. n~e .lliu~oo King of Tanjore., \\ben d) ill;!. wa.. IOlicitoua to lll.UO
h11n the guanf180 Of hill helt1 llnd lO put tho Whole UlUIItloeUlcllt or ltf.ail'l intO hit
hands, a trust •·hich he declined. nlc famous IJyJt:r AI~ received him u In rnvoy
on the part of the English, and o!fcrrd to tuke his wonl u the guaranll'C of a rro-
JIOSed t'ni!Jlgemcnt, when, as we have been assuml, he would trul't no one el4f'; and
Colonel ··ullarton, who waa commander of an Engli.th army in thnt c:ountr'i, thou;:h
ecvere in his stricturea upon others, has declared puulicly, that Mr. s•• vrt: am~ly bad
retrieved the European character iu ImliL Tlu• mission, tupport..:d lly Olt'O of •ucb
a stamp, has still real success in educatin~ t.be yuun~tt and convening tl10 adult, nut to
anew name only, hutto 8 better life and conver:~atJon. And if tho number of o1il•
sionarics there were greater, it cannot reasona!Jiy be doubted, that the IUCCOII would
be proportionably increased.
The history of the Romi~h tni:!!iiollll proves, thl\t it ia pracliruMo to lnduno
multitudes of the professors of llinduism, to embrace a new fi\Jth. The preacut low
state of Christiamty, both in those missions, an1l in the .l>utch estaulishmcni.S, i.t
elearly to be ascribed, not to the dctermiool adherence of tl~et l11di~&ns to their o"n
, tenets, but to the remissness, indiiTercnce, and at length ulmoat totul nr~lect of the
Europeans, whose too general disre~rd or the spirit, and JlrtCeJllll of UM:It own pro-
fcned faith, is, it must be acknowledged, a hindrance of anuther kind( more lamrntalllo
and pernicious than all the rest put together; for hod they g'!llerally ivc-d conforulltbly
to their religion, llindostun would at thil!lime probably h11\0 been Cbrisllan.
The observation therefore of 8 lute \\Titer, that 11 not" ithatandin~~: the l11bou!11 oC
" mission:1rics for two hundrr.cl years, and t!Je cslllbli~hments of clilf~:renl Chrutial\
" nations who support nnd protect them, out of perhaps one humlred millions or
" Ilindoo:~, there are not twelve thousand Christians, and thwe chiefly CbanJalu or
" outca~ts •," lends to a wrong conception of (.acts, and to couciU$imu totally un·
supported. Tbourrh 'this number were com~ct, it ou~ht by no meant to Lo tal.rn u
the utmost po&'li!Jlc"'product or united curtion.s for a long ecrk't of time ; for nothin;c
is plainer, than that thc~c exertions, never great, ncYcr in any dr~ what liM:y ou~ht
to have been, have gr&~dually declined, exct·pt in tl1e solitary iu»wnce of the aulllll
mission of Trunqucl.tur, for more than a century pbt, anti arc in motlt plllcet now
cn!ircly u.b:lndoncd, not fur want of iluccc.;t, Lut for want of the apirit that ab~ul:1
onnnate &uch undertal..in~ Even if the success htld never been ,_,-Ciltcr th"o at 11
.said to be at this ddy nnJ bud been confined to the lowrrd~&«'I('S, wbo ho\IIC:ver ha\'CI
inunortul souls, th.:y who consider the value or Chri:~tiunity, and the valll imput14nC"O
of the interests connected with it, o& "·ell as the op~ition "hkb tho prk~ts of or.IICt
religions have uniformly made 'to it, would btill tluuk this auccua ·~ objm ?f' YC.TJ.
considcruble maonitutlc. Cut we have aeen what hut! III'Cu d.mo 10 tho liii"K't of
Duld~us, and of Specht t, and we may j~d;;e how f11r it. u. reu.'IOIIablo to tll~e.tho
number of twelve thousBnd: in the year li!Jo, a~ the c:usllno; amount ur Chn~tw111
in Hindostun, when we may fairly ttalc )IO kos a numLct than unc t,~uuln·J 11..!
ei••hty tl•oul!and to hove br<.o ew.btin.. in the ye-ar 1tibS, a full ttntury Clllht·r. IA:ugtl1
of time however, cnn be no c:nct !ritrrion in tl1i$ Cll~c. Prmcqtiuc~a, and ••t;'o
famines, mny reduce the numlx:r of Chri1tiun•· A wunt of pa1'lnl'l UJI1 ~~·lll!!'"e
llu:m, and in a ,::eucr.ltiouor l\\0 k-avo no ve•ti~.,re of flouri.J,inl( churcllU. 11M: r.l1h•
gence and canx~ttu.'M employed in thi.t work Ill ill in :;rrK:ral be (uund the tniC\tlnl,
ancl "hercver tltC"!C hu\'C appeared, the tiTt'tt lms been prupmtioflllhle. A• to" '''!
.cstablishmcnb of ditT1.·rtnl Cbri!ti11n raa~iuns, '~~!•o ·~l['f1011 .•nd JlfOCI'Ct tJJCU,
\\hen: ore they? Ew.clusi\'C. fiBtof wandenn~t HtiOlbh m•-:-~ouar~ whoiiJ do ll»u•
ju>lice auLsist on little anJ subwil to • rei.ufol COUM (I( hie, atll.lllnt of tl.c Tr.u..
• • lJ•II.'b.r
• !'~•ltbn r.-..u.:nr II•• th.,c!-f, q•Jtf<Oiia tl ....t ia r-tp1'11A of tlocl HI"- II( C'~ ' - 1'1
Dr. llut.. n-·, AIKIOIItllld~<t, r-sc t,O. '"" f.,.~l·•lt. ,._,,..._.... ..me ( l o r - ..
t •··~· •Cis. 1'i<l. tb<t I'"'""'• ol J~- ....,. loll w11'-&
,_,,.,.., pd ~ am ..W4•1 elll 1111 1'•1_,..,
1 .\ kttd t«'t~>lly ,,....,....~ ta ...a •
··~r rn-
pt( wl,lc pe.- UD U.. (;.-t ul I; o:-o~rl, tl.atn.
INJ
•7'.!7·
•
 88 P A P E 1\ S R.E L AT 1 N G T 0
1\lr. OranL'• State qucuar mis~ion alrcuc.ly menti~nc;l, which c;on:;ists not of ah~ve seven or eight ·mi~ ·
or Suri.~t~ umn~g · ni;;tcrs, 011 very narrow appointments, where are. the e~tauhshme.nl.'!, where are the
the A~1u11c ~nt.Jects support ami protection? lJo the Dutch, pos!le3~mg many large 1slands and settle-
orGrc~t llntaJn. rncut.q now tnliintuin even a sufficieht numbl!r of clergy tor their factories? Do the
'----...---' l!l'iti:li,, the 'lords of immcn;.c territories,· and of twenty: four mil!io.n~ of 1-Iea~hcn
. subJ'ccts mnintaiu 11. sin.,lc mb~ionary? Pudet hoc onprolmum! Thts ts a very ser1ous
suhj~c.t,
• I ..
which would require and weII dcscrves a.d'tsttnct
. cons1'derat'ton • • .
'rho conclusion therefore, which the writer recently quoted, would draw. that the
peculiarly ob~tinato o.U.11chmeut of the llindoos to th~!r rcligipn1. has prev.et~te~, an.d
by purity of reason will ever continue to prev~nt, thctr conversion to Chr!Stlamty, JS,
repugnuut tv the pu>t experience o,f Europeans. Wherever an at~em~t has b~en se-
riously and prudently QJUdc, a cert~<~in ,degree of success b88. follow~d ~t; and 1f such
attempts. were more extended, the sncccss would l,>e cor~cspondent. . . . .
Doubtless there is always difficulty it\ turning men from error to truth; and thcisd
who l1ave ~ccn tuu;t~t to plac.e a. high dc~ree of merit in .abstinence .from,. ce!·t~in'
tnents and hquon, wtll be ~rcJilUICed, as flas also boon ObJected, ogamst a rehg1011
which trents these· thin!{& .as mdifi'orcnt. ' But prudence and discretion wiU do much.' .
'l'he lJanillb lllissionanes have ·never encouraged converts to .shock their Heathen
ncighbou•·~, nor to run thcmsches into unnecessary ·expense and danger in thi11
respect; for in imitation of the conduct of the fit·st tcache.ra of Christianity toll'ards the
Jews, whilst they buve expluin,cd to them tho a)lowab)cness of using any kind of food
without ew.c~·ption, they }lave al~o incuh;atcd the expediency,. in their cit-<;.u~nstances.
of forbenruncc. Dut it Ill idle to luy, !JilY great stress 11!1 some hu,ve done upon such .
nn impediment, when in. ordl'r ~o real convcr.sion, ruuch greater: obstacl,cs p1iJst be·
overcome; . Undouutcdly the gran~ bindriUtce, on the p11rt of the Hindoos, to the,
reception of tho <.:hristi11n fuith, .is not so much an attaclunent t\) their religion,. as
the drcu.d(ul ft;~rfcitui'Cs which follow the dereliction of it,-excommunication from
society,. f!mAiy,, . wife, childr~n,, inheritance, .employment, .subsistence, ~v.e.ry thin.g
volitoulc 111 hfc, and every thmg necessary to 1ts support; yet these prodtgtous mcn-
ftccs mnny hnvo made' for conscience sake; ond if converts could hove protection
from persecution, and the mean~ of subsisting themselves by honest labour,. which
among so ·m·t,ny European Christious as ore in Bengal could not be wanting,· their
numbers would be fur more cousidcrnulo than they &t·e at prese,tt. In remoter oges,
we know 'f.ruln umluu!Jtcd authority, that the difrusion of Christianity in Iodin, was
more general thnn it has been in modern timest; but the people were the same,. theit
fl•ligion oM pwjudir.cs tho snmu as they ·arc now; nothing WW! dit1~reu~, but the
ardour for propu~athlg the Go~pcl'; ami when this artlour revives, in places where
the usccncloncy ol Europcons bus prevoiled over the llindoo government, it may be
ex pcctcd thut more homuge will bo paid tCI true religion, than it has yet received.
S1 XTH. If uf'trr all thnt hns been already 611itl of the causes by which the Hindoo •
chnrnctt•r i~ f'uriucd, any pcr.;on should still be willing to believe, that tmtluit"' more
is ndx.mii'IJ./~r tilt ~Ot'ltllpt•ar:e, ortlt·r, or.d happintM, '!/'our Asiatic suhjtc/s, tlia11 to
tnact gootl1tlu·s, tmd tlulg to admi11istt1' lilcm, such persons ·may be pleased to
· consider·
• Nntiu~ul ~uJ•pnrt ia here apn'krn of, The pointed tencbera,) among ourselvet 1· u if lhe
Sodrty for prnm• tln11 C'hriat\au Knowlt•l~:e, btfol'f' dutie1 nf . sove~ignly dtd not extend wherev~r
noticed, lh•m lhrir 11\ndtn1te funds, the eubacrip- we hold posecs~iona; 111 if tbe cunununicalion of
tion of iudividu•.ts, buve f,,, a IPn(l acri•t of yll<ln the Gn•1•el to all nur aubj~cta, were not an indi,..
aiven llllllllnlhllllllownnrt to tbe u~ni.b miaaioo- ptn&<it.le duty, and the obligation to pelform one
urin nf Tmmju•ll••r, or murt pMlp~rly have up- duty, rould ju5tify the nr 0lect of onolher botb
beld the vullh1!.le mietoi••n utabli•h•d ll•tl11 n•arly tntumb•nt oud pl'llrllcnble; us If in a word, a
aince ita tonnntnrcllltn~; and th•y "i•h loul•nd ns•tlent oi tbia country, buving a fureign eatatil
their lubom1l•uth on the C'on•l and in llenglll1 but pt'opled. with Heatbooa, should not immtdi 11tely
their funds, rnl~rllt'd w. lhey ba,·e lntrly been, we att~ud to their n~ligiuua iustruction. . ,
1101 adequate 10 the at'l•eme now prvpnatd. · t A cootid•nble chun:h subsi•ted on lhe Ctlllllf
.An tvllal\e t•lt..l, will! wlurh 1\•meperliona meet of !llalallllr fro~ n ver'/ tnrly .reriod, nnd when
propoe.\la or llu~ kiud, is hardly rntltl··d to noli«. the l'ortuguue lint \'l~lted India, the Christ inn•
" l..et os, "euy they, br~tin at bumt;• nt if they on that coast w~re.still nry numernu 1 and re•
were hind.rt'd in 1111)' doancauc phllla or brllt\'0- spt•etnblu. Tbey Wtre a siinplo peopl•, and by • r
leJII't by auth propos.Ja1 at if he who alneerely ~''lll('licution ot' o11i6ce and force were brought
Wi•hta the Ult'IISitlll of l'<hl!iiiQ at bom&l IIIUI\ into eubjtCtion to !be n<>misb 1ft', wbenre they
nnt al$n wi•h il ahl"ltul: •• •f tt ••rt 11lnl•ty, and w•"' inttlfiiOI"ll«i \\'itb the PortugutMt anti sbRred
llot will, for b11th, wbitb is w.mting; Ill If we In their fate. ~ llistoin t/a C•rutialiUaot dttl
ou~ht In pnstpont the connnunirnt1ou o( h~ht to l~Jo, p<tr Ia Cro:r, and tbe Portuguese writera
other cnuntd'"• wbiJ.t any indivi,lual• n-m1un tited by him.
uninmumd, (lllo\lgh through the fault af •P·
pointed
 1: AS T I :S D I.\ ~\.f r .\ l r. s: f~
:-nn~iucr a malliim 4tLich .up~riuKc l:as t".>t.aLiitJ.cd in ll;o ~ic~n col" k-,::0111!-iuu, c 1!.\ r. ,,.,
l th~t l.nts nrc uf 110 nvwl ~'11hout tn:Utnrrs. ~ Wl.r.rc t::c t.;t'lll.'rul st•iril•ll a t'Oil\- ,..,..,, ...,. :u •
~~mty runs counter to potrtlcl:~;~r Ia \Ia, ~I:U$C l11" ~ lll>tl"lultoi O\CrCUu•i••llll~o~~\ dl-;'U'- .,.lf•J• •i'*'•·•
S1Uon, mot-e rommonl~· lose tl car 0\111 clhcacy, as llliiV 111: :t.'l'U in the~-"= of ..&....Jim,.:, 1'• ,....,,,_"'""'
and many oU1cr forLiJJcn pmcticcs lllllllll" our;clH;. J\n•l it usua:l)·l.a•"••~a, tl.11 t "'._·o;-.• ~'J·Cf, ' 1
. I "cl I I . ~"r I I . . I r·
rcJ~U IoUo111 "' n ·' nwe lte llUllltlcn!lllte u 1-'f.IO\ mora .t fnr tl:etr uunlf'd111lt' ol>j«t. v._,..,_
· - ............. •
fuU !ouncr into neglect, nml arc inliiugl.'d "tlh 1111>re iu•pWJitv1 Uuw Utu!le anade lu 1 .. _ _.,
protect the property or inllil i.luals. . . •
Our government in Imlia i:~ hr!-i,,k~. in tU.; n-.•pcct. under ~moe )lfC11!i.•r di~"''·
\'llntn~. A honlllitl of ford;,~ut'r'l pre-i1k-, o\·••r a n•ry nuu~t·rous J;('OJ•Ie. tlltTu,.ly
com1pt, and fortified in their com1pinns l•y tl.dr U\\ n in•til\liK•I~. ( lut of u... t IIIII••,
"'C tnu&t tuke the &ubortlinole instrlllllflll• uf our athinistr11t:rll1 ln all dtJ~:>rtlht'hl...,
rarticuJnrly in the CllllrtS Of !:J•~, .a.nd ~o1 tl.C f•OJice of \~f"J U.ltl~in: J•IO\ill~'\'3. 'J ),,.
numhcr of our tonrts, and uf b llt:.h J•c~·s l•r oilk,;n m them, from tl•o l•t·o~vy c,_
pcn:;e \\l.icb they oc:cnllion, cnn hardly Lc made tquttl to """' i:. r~.-.,uin.J t'ur tht•
convcnicncy of the people, of "hom aho, umn.v roo. ide 11t a distanrc '"''" tl.c: ...,t.
o( justke, where II'!OfCO\'cr the forma!itil-s of proct.Jure, and 1.111.' •n:utuulutiun 11f tuit..,
nf'ccssnrily prO!Iut·t. delays I'C(lU;:tlallt tu tl:c nature 1111d dt·euullltuncc~ of tl.>tt t~tut•lt•,
"ho eantestly desire prompt dcci~ions.
It may cosily be· S('en, thnt these cnm.u, eop('('i,•lly tllt" n~tticnnl tlmr:u tni•ti.-,
nttllching to the mtthitutlcs \\hum \\Core oiJiil!t d to euoplnv in all lh~ iu!i·ri•1r lint'\
of udminitiln•tiun, \luuld, noh,·itll$\1\n•ling the tnHny e!ltt'll~nt tltinj:!l cltntc In mult-r
the fimr.tnin:+ tmd the chnnm·l~ uf Just ire pure, laimler the (141'1( rt opc1'1tli4nt CJ( C'lllr
le~lll itll;titutiuns, C\'CR if it \\·ere in the noture of fluch in~titution!l to fnniL•h intrnl••l
pnuciplcs of mor11ls, u u·ell os to punish thr. external viol.ttiolll nf ri:,:.l•l. 11uat it is
not, authority und t:xpcricnce concur to •~sure us. h is Ute jml~o"nrnt of tllc en:•'
l..ot·d Uucon, a man f!re·emincnt in juri~prudt·nre a' ., ell 11 in ~l,iluruphv, " that
" good government, and goocl laws, tbou~h they imlccd nuuriJt \'Ut•tC "lat."n J:l'O'""
" do 1101 fiiiiC!i mrml tltot M't'c." Corruptiun bo111 dcttro)cd uumy thttu, •lot·n: l"~tit­
Jatiun bad attained to cona;iclc;'l"'lole perli:ttion ; and ho" ••l.ainly tlut:t it ro•ue "ilhil'l
Ollr O""n Oh81.'rvation, th11t C\'Cil in l'Otmlnt'll \1 l1ere t!1e II" l'u) llilllt1iulll u( true rcli~ll'l
lrt! ad1k-d to the \\'iS('I;t law,, UJ•rightJy di!jlCil~d, uli 11.1e found little Cllf'IUI/.h IO Cllt'\ic
the proAI'CSS of depravity? 'll1c insuflkicm:y of lawt lll,,nt: tu thia encl, t\111111•1 then
lae better 'tated than in the worc.ls of &hothC1' •·ritcr of •urcrior order, "l.kh may
close the discussion of a topic in itself eo cll'llr. •• As tiJt l1umnn l••"•• tmulc tu
" cncour11~ and requite virtut, or to check and cha~tilot! \k"', it U. alan n111niti~t that
" tlrey do extl11d to rases ill cun•puri:;on very ft•w ; a111t thnt tvcn •• ln J'"rti.-uiCl,.,
" wluch t11ey touch, thev are ao rasily eluded or C\'11drd, that •ithout iutn-twhin~
" upon thMD, at.lra.~t ,;ithout iucunin:zthdr cd::r, or c:umin;t •itLin the vtr)!': ur
•• thl'ir torrt'Ctiori, nwn ti'IOV bo vt:·ry btlti in tltt::n~t·lvt'l', e• trcnM:Iy injurions tl) tlot•ir
" ncil(hbours, and hu:,tely tiuulllnume to tl•e •orld; an th11t 11nch ht\11 t..n•ly 1:1111
" tlliiLe toleruLie citia'lts, much left li101'U1111,hly J!OOd u!l.'lt. C\tll in"!··~ dt·tut·•~nc·r
" aud dealin~t. llo•e,·er no lu"·s of men cam tllucb tutcmul acb ot ~trtuc! or \'111 ;
.. tlley muy eumctiml'l bind our bantls. or bridle our moutllll, or llllllrl.ko ,,,,r li ~~.
• but they cannot stop our thou;.:htll, they t'llnuol•till our J~~t»ion•, tl~·~· t'lln;K.t Lru.l,
" ot· bn'llk our inclinutiona; ti~C>-C thin~ llre Lcyoml tltC rt'8dt of tht:tr c~llllltl•ft·, •·•
•• their command, of their compul~iun, of the1r rom·rtiou; tht·y c:Jmltll 11 .. ~·~vtt•
" rc.11dcr men truly ~'00tl 1 or llindcr tht:m (roau bdng Lad•.'"
· Snurn. 'll•rre i'l anr1ther &pccics ._f ol~rtion, •IJicb dutt not pe::ulit;IY.•p·'~.
to the t•llln now in •tucstion_. .but «'flllnlly to all, M."htm~a ~·bic~ 1!0 UJOC>II ~ l".'':~"'(··e ~~
Jlrosclyting IIICn of oue n:ftA1UCl to another. Jlte ol!l"t'liOII II to till' J't1P1-:J"I1 t\o,(',l,
h '"l'l"*'•llnat if any religion be~~~~. tl.e n·li;:ion iu •h~h ~ mJJJ ~ ... j're''• tu
be born, ··ill do allt'llllt na •ell for bun as any oti14.T; tloat bl.m2 •uiC't~ !" '" h~~·
4it.ry n:li~tion, he "ill he aafe and harpy in ~ fu~~ tt~te! anJ, ~hat It " tl.ntl~
1111roncr to dit~tu•'b him about nny Ptw oue. Now tll~S oi:)C'\110U }•.1a •IJonuu.t •, t.tat
all ..Sigion~~o l.ol'l-c\·cr cnnlmry to each otll('f, are much the .tame h to ll.t ir ~d ~..d
effit'llcy. h mnstiiUJl~, that the{ are all ia..J:Slf.'ITflt or allar«Jl(lll.olt"" tl' t Ur.''Y;
and if tbe ldltcr, that f'itl,cr I.IM·y hftl their nri~tin (rGm !·im, or tJk\~ h10u•n lu~r~:ot•
of Ywio111 .11nd opposite sr-tcnll (If. £lith 1od t•rartk"f', accun!lll~. to tlot dtu\1tnt
t»~trs, f~&~tC~ hnbitt 11f nK'fl, -.nd tltc.ll' drgru cJ J.no•lc:'J,f', are at .n~t IJ 1 pr~otro.l c..(
by him.
• f's. !arrow, \"ol. II. J"l;• S:J·
7.
 !10 ~ ·rAPEns·ntLATING Tu
1\lr. Grant'• StBte 'l'lli11 j, no otl1cr than the do Jlea then opinion, re1·ived nnd extended by modr.rn
01 ~"'" i.cty u11w~'& infidels •. llut 8011 ,0 men who have f11llcn into it perhaps cllrclessly, ns an easy way

u 're~t 1 n\<lul.
' 1r'ec'\&ad:a r1 ~ui>Jel'la of solvi:i" 11oints dubious or di~nui1·ting to their minds, have surely not reflected on
the J.ll'(J~&,., and lllllliOUS
• . • ;I •I h' I • • t •tJ • th t . . d
ftbsurJ~tiCS \\It I \\ IC I It IS prl•gnan ·, '"' 0\\tng a It OC.!
nut mean to disc11rd morals, 1t proc~'·ds "l'on a intul soph1s111, too common, tlmt
they mHy ·equally &ullbi~t "ith III!Y o1· "ith no religio1~, and th~t only the duties "~1ich
our fellow creatures cl:urn, ore Important, those Ol\'.tng to God, mere cerc~nl>m~!S;
it impli~:s that un infinitely pure, "i~e and J.\Ood IleiD)%, may uc pleased wtth l'ltcs
fuutu:,tic,' crud, oml impure, "Lich in tlwir nature \iolute c\·cry idl·a, c~en of morub;
o1· wh:tt is nellrlv us mon~trou~, thut he p!.tcc!! on the same level, doctnnes onJ ser·
'icrr, c,:hcnti.tlly·coutrJ:·y t~ each other, 11nd m11ny of tb<:m ~11<:1'\y unsuitublc to his
llllll holy chal'uctrr. 1~~ ~ll!Jcr cas.c, ~l:e gre~test o?t!'llge w1ll at once be o!fc~ed to
1i)(ht I'<' MOll 111111 to the 111hiiiiC pcrlcctJons ot the dtvme nature.. llut one mterence
will thu5 be •·cscn·ccl, "hich it i~ to be !cured is too often the main drift of all the
c·rudc profmc uotions uuh11ppily inuul~cd upon a sul>ject the most momentous,-
that no rcligiun hus an excluhivc cl11illl to Le pref~.·rred, or that in other words, there
i.~ uo ~ud1 tl.in" as a divine rcvclution; for if a revelation were acknowledged, the
t'OIIRl'IJncncc ~~~~~t of conr&c Lc, tli11t it i:s entitled to supremo regard.
lint thi~ is dirccth• to attock the tt·uth of Christiauity, which claims God for it~
uuthot·, t111d, iiJclmllnA u' it llol:s, the Jewish and p»trim·chrn di.pensation, to be the
unly •·.:li,.tiou thut. l:c lmth rcn·uled. This is not the plnce to· vindicat-e the justice
. ufthc clrlim, nur is it ur.~·t·~ury. 'l'hc truth of Christianity J,u been a thousand
timl'l pro\cd, aguhlbl. cVI'ry tipccka of uttuck which the utliiitics or the passions of
men lmi'C Lcl'll u!Jle to dcvi~c. It btunds upon such val'iou11 im·incihlc C\'idcnce,
I'X 1e1 nul 1111d inlcnwl, 111 Lclon~~s to no other ol.ject of bumat\ belief; evidence
~uflkknt to butisfy t.hc u1u,t secret tJouLls of evet·y honest inquirer, and to astonish
l1i111 \lith i.l~ clcllntt·~t and puwcl', All the as&11ult~~o of ancient and nu~dern: enemies
hal'l: only scrvt•d to c~tal.lish thl' uutheuticity of Christianity more firmly. It gains
r.y hdn~ cxun.ilwJ. lt com·ts the light. · The 11ge in which i.t was introduced, and
y111clc iu 11uy in the 11urhl u~ainst ull opposing powers, was an age of li~ht. Witb
·the rc\ivt·d Hllu iu1:1·cr,~l·d lij,\ht uf modem times, it has rccdvcd new lustre and con-
fll'llllll,iun. Thu~o I>II}H~rior ~-tminj;cs, 11 bo have cr.tcndcd the· spheore of burna !'I
J;nowlnl;.tc, lm,·c lll·cn blcudy hdicvcrs itt t:hrhtiunity. 'fbe disc!l\'et·ics of sci~nca
i'nnt.lidutc nono of the tn1ths of rcn:l11tion. Tho improvement of the mental faculties
~khh IIIJ illnauiuation thut cuuui-pai'Uj.\0 the matter, or IC!'SCD the imporlltnl'C o£
th•1~c ll'uths. llut in proportion as tho invc~tigntiot\ oi Dlltureo, and of tho clumu:ter
111111 tilule ut mun, cnlnrgcs his \'icwa. of tho p:rent Creator, 110d his ecquaintanc1:1 \1 ith
l•inm:ll; hu &ecstuurc of tho suitaiJlencss of the C.:bristiun &CIICm<', to the prrfcctiuns
oft he our., and tho condition of the ot hcr. · lt is by n ~ross perversion of l•mguage,
!hut tlu: li;:llt '!I' t II is nth·nm·rd J:c:l'iud it spul..cn of, as utlording nny ~tround .f(n· dis-
l'l'gul·ding \I.e dvl·trincs or tho pttccpL~ of the Go~pcl. I\ll~ll hRve it:.<leed, hy toa
f!l'llcru\ uu ugrt·cmt'nt, clcpurtcd from them in pructice, ami thcl\l'e the trun~ition i!l
\n~y to a dt·niu\ of tlu:it· authority, thu f>(lurce of" all whkh is com1ption. 1111rl the
l'Oilscqucnce, a n·tum to the tlarkucss of tl'!'or; yet this common, pa·o!o~ue l'lliU'Iltion,
in opinion11 11nd in munncrs, is all tlmt id ullcn me~&nt !Jy such phm~~t·s as " the li,u:llt'
" of tho tJightecnth CNttury ;" und experience bus shuwn,. thnt wbcrevt·r the Go;pcl'
hus bt1:n oiJc\'t'tl, it hns mudc rommunitit's and incJiviJuals. better. nnd more happv->
Rs in 1wopurtion to the <lq!rco in "hid1 it hos been rcjt"'.'teJ or slighted, vile atid·
misery h~vc pt'C\'uibl. It is the only 1·digion which cwr hns wron~ht amy rcfoa'tllutimt
ftmon~ lllllnkiJtd; all othct• systems have tnado men ca.•y in their immorulities.
qari~tiunity "ill allow no c:ontpromisc with evil, and this Js tho true cause o( ~he
n:~i~t11nce uuade to it i men uo not oppose it from the love of truth, ·or uny hone~t:
intclliACnt cmnil·tion of it\ wu1tt of foundation, but bccnn~ it holds out too stronl( u.
li:.~ht, und tt•o &tril'l 11 rule. Tn n•·~11C therefore as if it were untrue, (which is h1u~cd
done" h<'ll the sn~icit·ncy' (If nny otht!r is plctllh:d,) after e\'t'ry attempt to destroy its
Uuthority hu Cllth:tl ill its lih'OO).!Cf COillll'lnlltion, is a' bij:!b Strain of uauustifiuble
. n~~mnption, nnd 1110-•t in,lccurous in a country ~·here this religion is the cstubl:shcd'
·. . ' · fuith,
:
• It i~ I lui~.,.~.} or \'.,1\llil~, nn<l runny othtrs of that countrv, in wiaith tbev \Ym! lrl\ at libertv I&
~1\'hll.: da~m>tho·~ t•hi\(>O,.I>hu~, \\bO lt<>Ul rlt.ul.. tn}'Y f\""D lheir ruNt tXInJ.-'IlpDI d"gmutt; and \<1>
iu'g fur tuiH"I"'"• mudoralu•n, i111h8trtM., in e'llect tbit 1''"1''*• rarl'd its cavil ~unotllutinu, i~
limiters of Nli~tion, r•ottl'\!«< J;.t.ulu~LII\', and by mumm:by, •ll it• exiOt•ug esta~h.brututa, to tha'
tirl>t IQ lar111i illlol fOil•
v.lhult6UIId iiiSI<IInUI llflll, f,.umi.llluD1 tO\'tring tbtiJl With at:Vtby and
t~m~'l, w1d thtn tu ot•rturn tlot t~lilul.,hc.l C~~oil.h blllllll.
Q(
 'I: AS T iNDiA A F F :\ 1 Ii s.!
f.1i~,and a port of the law of the lond. 'J1,iJ .j,,..Jc tot...,iJeration l1otm-cr :.: C 11 Ap IV
• hatlonalacknowled;!m~nt and prof~'!'~ ion "f irs truth!," im(ltl!ot"ll UJlOO m., Dill h.\1 •brt-u 1 ' •• '
.ah-ead•·
• J statr·'
u, the !Jh ti f · · .. """''' •"'
o ;1.n on o commnmmtin)!i as ,,., •• "1: are ablt1, the l.ln•. . .in ~ ....... ;., .,,..,.,......
of 1t to the Ilea then w~rld, end p~eclm~L'S Oacn.'iure tlae U!IO of any au('h ol~<'fli;n tM t ·.-.~,-• •••
ns ~ e are DO\V comballng, cspcc1ally an oil nottimul or public discll'--illlls ur this ,,..,,rtt ~""'' 1
tiuluect. . ...,..,_
..-1 .f••..,r• ••

It rnar no~ be unncccssnry hon-.e"er, to. repeat here, tlllll eW11 Un.llllll cll';:rtt" I or ,_,._ __,,
c~nJlul~!on 11 utterly cxcluL~I .t.·om lhl& FChemc, 11.1 ~uh\"el'lii\'O of the rij:llts of
.prl\'at~ J.u'l~en~ on:J consc1cn~c, and totatlly contrary to tire tpirit .,,.J !,otniut
ofChnst•amty. The al>uses wl11ch hnre be<'n conunitte.l in thi~ ·uy "lx-thl'f u11tll'1'
the name ~( th.~t religion, .or ovo\\eoly in oppoci~ion to i~, hnve fumt~h..-.1 the l'nrnaiM
of l'evelutton "1th a J>Ct ot commtm·plc\ce ol~cx·t•on9o <~~lucb ai!IO "")lllre some 1101il:r
. bc.cm~se they nrc oppl_icd, nnt merely n~ain~t n.li;.\iou!l pcnecntion, but ~tguin~t 11~
prmc!pl~ of prop~r.;atm:; t:•~ kno: letl;:e of the Go.•pcl in J»a.~n rountrirJ. " 1lae
!' ogltntmn of rch.~lous npnnnn!i, 111y thn~e onposcrs, "and particularly of tht' dot-
" trines of Christianity, hilS Lcen the oeca~ion' of llhiOi(old c:on~nlions onJ imtul'll"':
'' · bloodshc~." 'J'hut i~ so &ny, in cfli.:ct,. that bcc!\uJIC. some. ".ic~ed. men lune l'":r
sccutcd thc1r fdlow·crcatures fhr prcRdlln;! ·or cmbl'llcm~ Chn!ltmmty, ond otlllT.c,
professing that religion, have bPcn ~uilty c..f similu.r crucltics apinl>t th~ "ho cu11ld
uot holil every dogma "hich they su•Jgbt to imp~, nothing ahouhl be clm;c tla.•l
might poMiul.v awaken this rcrlll'cnting "ririt; men ought not to llf' di.~turhctl in their
CrJOrl, bOII'CYCf fatal; und the CICtnsiiJIIa or po~~ibJc obuoe O( a thin,!t, faO\\'C\'Cf (''•
crllcnt in itsrlf, is suflidt·nt to dt•cide ag.. inst the di~min111ioo or mllintenance o( it.
The mere Statement or thl'SC olurctions is enou~h to CliJlO•C their "(• .• kn('jl~: tlu·y
. allcdge the conduct of the J;I'Catt:~t Cnt'lnk$ cf fl·li~ion1 n,;.1inst rcligiun it)ICJ(. 11117.
go to r.upcrscdc rc\·crcncc to God, lo\'C to mun, oltcdiencc to con,cicncr, and ••I
freedom of opinio11.
Dut the very ground of th('SC oLjcdions, aurely never ainccn•, baa no" C:{'ft~cd.
Toleration in mutters of religion ia wcllunilerstootl. Jtcli~ion is not fl10flll):.•t~l bJ
force ; and all that is now proposed i10, thnt 11 certain rnodt•n~te numl~t·r ol inoivWualt,
ormed with no!hin~ hut truth, \Cason, anJ urgumetll, 11hall in • miht, r~cific t~ay,
communicate tlte Christian system to lh~ "·ho hove never hithcrtu h11d au oppur·
~unity of hearing it, and '«'hO, whether they listen to it or nut,· Cl.'ft~tinly have Pl'Ctf
-of its benign and aalutat·y inftucnccs. '
It is not, let us agllin dbavow tho id('fl, the introtluction of a n~ tc:t ol ceremo-
11ies, nor eveu of a new creed, that ia tho ultim11te olucct here. 'l'hotc •ho conc:rift'
1-cligion to be convcrwu\t merely about fum11 and •pcculativo outiu~ 1t117 nit
· ti.ink tlnt.l the "·orld need not oo much troublc....J c:oncen,ing it. ~o, .the uhimete
object is anor11l improvement. The pre-eminent ucellcnco of the a1orality •hicl&
• the Got~pcl teachc:~, amJ the BUJlCriur efliCllcy of thi.t tlivinu •>•lrul, taLco in a!l it•
parts, in meliorating the condition of human aocicty, connot IJc denied b1 th011c •·ho
are unwilling to n.~mit it:J higher cl:lims; at uti on this ground only, tllf dtdc:'mination
of it must be bencfici&~l to mankind:
Do we thrn wi.;h to C:OTrect, to rai~e, to 111\'C<'II!tl the JOCial ltale of our lntli..n
sul!iect~? Would we 10t little cost, impart to tlwm a boon, far mole 'ahu1Lic t.t..n
all tho advlltlla"cs we have derived from thctn? The G011pcl bringo~ thia "ilhin uur
power•• Uf.th~ cffo.:cts "hich it. woald pMduce in ri~il.aoci~ty, if llll.'ll acltd accun.l•
in~ to 1ts pnnc•ple!!, we may, m the wordll of a 1.h•tJn~bhcd prc:h11e•, "-'.Y• C111t
':. m sHpcli.)ra it •·oulJ l.e equity and moderation, tourtc:1y am.l a!I'.~Lility, buo~iJ!.lt,r
·" n.nd conde·ten§ion; in inferiors, ainct"rity end fidelity, n:tprc:\ and dUI;!t'llcc. lo
" llrinccs, ju•ticc, .,;cntlC"nt'SS, ond aolicit~oulc fur tL~ •elfare o( tbc:ir tul~«tl; in
" sultit.'Cts, loyulty,· subu.wion, obedience, quidiK'Il', ~· patience, anJ chenfoil·
., ne~>~~. . In p~t~n:nts. ·ICDI.\emes.5, "refulnc:M o( lhcu- claildn:-n't grJOd rducalion,
"' c•JUIIllrta!.lc su~J.«isti.:noe, and c:tcm•l welfare; io children. duty, bonour, l!lr11;ll,~.
·~ Ill alln~t:n, upon ull tX'Ct..-.iUOII, a rtadiocu tl at~ill, to l't'Jk~e, to cvn.turt unc
u•onolhcr. Whnuoc~er, in a "'ort.l, it pure, anJ to.tly, and ~·"-t'ao •t I.. Jp
cxclMiming, with tbe ee!l'brottcd autlwr of tile IJhril '!{ l.r.t:l.-" How aJwuat.le Ull
'' rclijl.ion, "bich •bile iL N:ema oniJ to lu'l in 'i&-w t.'MI fc:lic:it1 of Ll.tC ut.lw:r ltft, .
" C:OtUtitutcs U1e bappirn.-sJ. of thit f !''
.ADd
:• ~ lloroe. S:.Xt__ ~,.,. uu, t L'F.tpl'illlrll#.'l, t.n-. XXIV. Oa,. J.
:zu.
 g:t P A P E n S lt E t. AT l N G T 0
l\tr r:mnL'• Stllto ..J\ml.is .tJ 1i8 the religion which we hcsit~~c to communicate,-to Cotllmunic.:~te ·to
t 1:e ttat1c .,u 1 uet
01
!A~r 1.''Y 8:"'~gta thct~e whoso \lcltilrr. it is alike our duty a11d our intcre11t to coMsult? Is it not •
. I _, 1 1 tl .: 11:
ol Gr~ut flflturn. cnou:.:h thttt JUOI'e tlum tlurty y~nrs have ." I'Crtuy u apsec., more ; 11111 tl'l.enty nu.wo111
L, , . ....., • ••' of our snqjerts have 1111BSOI1 IIIIo c:tcrmty, Wlthot~t our mllkmg any attempt tu
in~truct them? . .
ErGUTII and LAST. Another objection still remains to l1e stated, one oflln opposite
.n.•turc: to ~ou.e.uf thu~e which huvc hccn discussell, and in appet~rtmce tuore fur-
ruidublc th:~.n any llf them. lt~ constituent ide~t is, tl1e dangt·r u:lliclt migllt t'eliult
jhm1 tile ot!upti1m fJJ' tlu: prnf!G8ctl Jdtm. l?ut in its strongebt and amplc~t- tenus, it
.Jnai he thus cxpres:.cd : " if u.e En).!li~h hlllj!Uage, if Engli~h opinions, and impi'OVC•
" mcut~. 11re .iutroclucctl in our Asiutic poasc.."l>ions, iuto UcnJ.!nl lor ilu,tance; if .
·
11
Chl'i:~titmity, cHpcci11lly, i:~ Cbtttulj,hL'll iu that quarter; and if, togt~thcr with these
11 chan).(cS, muny l·:n~otliKinucn colunil'.e there, will not the people learn to dc·sirc
·
11
l-:nJ4lil.h libt rty ~tnd tilt' I::ngli&h furut of j!u\·cnuucnt, 1\ share in the legi:.l11tion of
".1l1cit· own country, und cmmuit~~~iona in the Hrmy mttiut11incd in thllt country~ Will
" not the nrmy thence l.tecomc, in time, "hollv provincial, oOicercd by n~ttivcs of
... Jmlia, l'lithout attuchmcnt to the sovrrcij.!ll stale :-willuot the p!~ovle llt length
11
co111o to think it 11. hunl~hip to bc sultil'Ct, ami to pay tribute, to a foreign couutrl.:
·".and linully, ,,.ill they nut cu&t oil' thut subjection, uud assert tl1cir iudepcnuencc: ·
Dcfm·o wo proccc!l to oflcr a J'rply to tlris ohjrction, it is fuir to remark, that
•\\'hOl'\'(!1' •rriuusly eUICI'tlliJJH .it, cannot BIMI entertain those wt.ich muy be aclvunecd
. auninst the pl'lleticahility of the vhm, or the pos.~ihility of its succeed in~. Anrl in
;fi~u mAnner, he who ~hink:~ Ruccc!l~ l10,pclt'~'~ cun tccl nr) rcul11larm tor the dunger
":hich unuthor might cuncdwo ~•u·ccs~ 111 he l'11pulllc of producing. lienee thou:th
,Qvcr1umtd11 nnquc~tiunnhly .t•ntitlccl to Jollow thf! hrst dl•cision of his ownjudgn1ent, ·
.-yrt Ill tlaia ca~c, Rll uppo~itiun, increft~ccl in nutnbcrs by contradictory principles,
wuuhl thcn:lin-e he dianini>;hl'd innr~t'•mcntotive strength, smcc objections ineompalil.tle
,l\ith.«·nrh other couhlnut buth IJe vulid.
It" ill· be .pt'tlpcr likol'l i:;c, tJrcviuusly to l'lljlm'llte aOll cxclmlc from this complex
, bbjt•ctinn, 11omc ,purl:! ut' it, "hk-h cun with 110 justice be reckoned among the ima·
~iuublc .COI18l'(JII1'11Ct'l of .any cstinllltt'll imprn~·emcnt in the !;tate of our Inuiun
"nlti~·rts. Sm:h nrc the free .coloui:.:utiun ot' Europeans in that country, tu11l th~
J(I'Udlllil·t• on~l'cr ,,f ,Juilittu·y 11ppuintn•t·nttland milittu·y power into the hands of pru-
.vinrinl~. 'l'lii.•Hc II I'll thin~,;~ which uo nut depend on the atlmi ...~iun ,,f any pu11iculur
t'flligiun into •wur'tcnitorict~, or itll cs:clu~iun; nor upon the \\ill of the people inl10.•
~hitin~t them; ·hut IIJII'n the J.:OVC111ment of this country. They lll'e wholly unncctBsury;
they would, in 0111' humble RJ'J'rt.'hcn~iun, be most unwise; o.ncl tho.t Jij!ht \\ hich \\C
now po~llt'!-11 n·~nrding Cllll' J::n~ll'nJ oOitir~~o th11t sound policy in the nullliiJ..''<'Illent ot'
tht•m, of "hich l11tc yr111"S l111\'C fumi,hccl ~o au~tny pruof~, torl.tid the uduai:~Sion of
enppo~itiuns ~o aupt·rtluous a111cl extrllvnganL . . ·
. With n:~pccl to culonizalion, the nuture of our connection \\ith that rountr,-, rtn•.
tlrl'll the l'l'~i•ll·nct• thl'l'e of 11. c:ta·tuin numbt·r of J::uropc11ns, tor the v~~riuus hnt•s of
public ~>t'I'Vi~·t•, uc•·e~llltrv. '1 he aulmi:..•io~l of a further numher os merchants,
''""i,.:utnl'll, lll'ti~tM, nntl p~orc~~ionnl mt·n, is ust·ful and important; but beyond inch
a f11il· prnpot'llull us tway he rt:'llli~>ite tor tht•sc rlilfcrcnt linrs of employment, and the·
Jn·u~c•·ntiun of ust'h•l illiJll'ovemt•nts ami cntrrprizt·s, in "hieh tl,c energy ond skill of
E111'11pt•nns ore t'h~cntiul, tllc·ir in:.;re."!! into thut country ou~ht not to be pcrulitted;
ltll' othrr\\ i~c n new rucc 111it,ht ~prin:t up, with lar~r l'"'tt'n.sious, and more unlmct-
nLic thun tho llintluos.. fho!'C o)"', udmitu:d 11hould be laid un•lrr particular
rr~trktion~; the mm-e t'un~itlt•ruhlu !lcttl('ments should be run tined to t11e !('I\ c:oosts ;,
um! the laws n~1i11~t the cntrnnct.• of unlicenst>d adventurers he strictly rnforred; fur
the~ ntlvt:ntm't'l'll mtty bL' of nations hostile to our intcre.•l!l, tht•v 11·ill he lt:ss knn"n,:
lcs~ to he tlt•pcmlctl un hy n!l, 111oro Jinllle to fttil of sur«'!>~ In tl1cir own ·views,.
nud trmn 11t'ct·~·it,•, be llllll'e likt'IV to culnnizu. But in all the dt•ccnt and libcml
dn~'t'll of 1-:urop;"n~ thc•t'() is t'~C'll an llnknt dl:'sin! to n·turn at Jenl!th to thejr'
nuth·o country; uml hufllly Ill\ in~tnncc ran bo luund of anv person, C:.publc frona
his tirt•tmJstnnec$ ut' ti11luw in~ this coun:e, "bu tm delilw:rntdy c:h~n to mu~e lntli"
his ultiumtt• loo111r•. Tl&e btut..: ot' uath·e·soci~·thc·n; m11y,· nu doubt, rontribute \Q
form this cti~ro~itiun; but the ltJdiun dimute is not 'l:'lllgt'nia~l to the European'
l'Ollslttution, und the ~troll~ cndt:\ring at!nChliiC~ of early d&~ys, 11 ith the ratiou!ll
· · . judgm~t
 •
I: As T I X D I A A F F.\ I r. ~- Cl \

j··~~mcnt of maturer )'Cdl'\ powerfully imrcl tlae nath-ci of tl.i. '"'l'rt• i.J. nJ to t: .. ir
.oavmul~>Cat •. 1
('ll.\ r. lY.
.... J.., ....... ll ~
·· ·nae othor id~ "~iich makes our lnlli"" JWI"~' tG cl.·rcnd at IMI:=ta o;'l prm inr:.l - •• ,.., ...,.... •1
.o!"cc::rs and .solthurs.. proceed:! upon the ~nppc..itiou t~l' 4ll'\'\·iuu• unl"l"!'tl..; ...... "'''"· ~::.!,;:';:':,~. ":'
~11Zilt!cllt, "IMcb has )liSt bccu ahm' ~ ~o he Clt't~lk.'S!Iantl itl.athuiuiLit•, anol u1111,. oel~tT •-..1 '-··• ••
.a111agmcd chan:,:rs, ~tto the (l~oool••}•ty uf "bada •c lt't'tl fltll nuw tunaint'. l'nr 111-J·••-.
"'l~Oat afty tl)'ltothcsu cumpuhl.le "11h our .rt'tl·n!ion of the t'U~t~lln·, it i6 nut tuta- L , ,..,-~•
-ccavublo hcJ\~ we should. l:ver loe <CXJlOtiCII lo lhe dila;:t'l' 111 rc alit>~l. It it ami
~llltlllg the. hrst p.ero~atavcs. of JtOVCI1lmcnt to '~ect its "~lil.itry s:-n11nt~P \\'lout
.;mdnccanc.·nt•coultl pos!uhly nnsc totrunsfer the dcLi<'IIIC and lllllll.lrtaut tru-.t ,,( n 1 ili~
ltary commuml. from the 11ati~es of thi.1 .country to those le.'ll cuunl'CIN "i1h il? IJn
·we act thus "~Ua our .\menc1111 colonll.'l, proph:d b1 sul;t-cK of liac Jh1tiah ron:?
ft.s we no~v .ultun~tely depend not "!l'.Y on llriti~~ ?f\11:~ but on 1\rifi.llt troop•. ,.,;
1111 the OIIIIIKin ot tno~t com potent 3ud~ .an optuwn "hK'h llf'lll'l1 to be ~mli•J'll-
-ta!Jly soli..t att4 impertant, ought u-e to do;,. all time lo n;mt f.
. Amun;;
• ·Tile Mlowi~ re~ark;o, edded na • p<~ttcript " ... umin1 ..,..,.N. ""'" nwn l""'"''n•al at..,..;
4.o tbe lirsl copy ul thi• trltCt, and intrndod to •r· " ibl prtM•I 'onn c ..lrulat•d rlu<IIJ '" ,,,. -
ply lie the tubje« of tbe Cnmpony'a rbuter, l.biiG " t••••• would 1\111 ... .,ftin•nlly ,...,,;-. •• -~~
~to be renewrd, h muy 11111 not lot improper " a llf• ttate Ill lhu•:.~. pel ba..St, •1 "'""'"
,to.m.ert •oen, " nlfnt•hl<h "'' ........., n•••nt&J• ,• ..._, ~IIIU'I.,.,
"J.ut lhlt ICI\p8 O( tbt&e•obae"atione aboui.J " Wetuld COIIIrUUI ftllrTQI of t;a,.,._... lltUt let
... be miiUndll!'ltootl, tho 'lniter begs leaw to de. " lOOM, and a•oimated ~ ll,. "I"'" nt ad•ut11oa
.., clore, tb111 be i• no achour111e for any 1vatem " and *"'luioitiUR. Jtlor would liMo ....,,,.,,..,.. I.e
... of inwrrourso betwoen abio ruunll"'' and 0111 • conlinod to tour <C"tntntrymrn 011ly. II •• ""•·
" Ea>trm terri Iori.., wbirh thullgi"e "t:u,..J"'anl " mtrd tht p111tlict .... lrn Ct•""'••lina in lnd•...,
·" an unliuoilrd frcrdom of entraoce th.rc; lout "' ,..,pie in•m all·lht nati,.. ill l:.,..,.,., W•tUid
" w0111ld mutt.eamc•tly .dtilreute nll..:hcmn, ol " rftoll't tloith~r, uoi' "olh "'"" IUI.~Ia, '"'' •a·
" wbicb aucb unlimited freedont ohnuld be the pro- " aravu&e tht uu ... bir(o ut - b .. '""•4••c no-
.. fessed buis, 'ur the nrtu .. ~ I hough unawweol " telto. In a rrn..i11 d<'grn, •• olouo.dol bau lh•f
·" consequent~. 'l'hert ie a quntton roiK'emeli " l•wl•" dulruettvt wrn• wtrd o'Ur ·~••n.
"bert, of f•r greah!r inoporlllnce llnwthe merely ... which ~·• l"pnntarda uhthitrcl wl11a tbry tir.t
·" romtne~~~:iul>flnO o( 111 open or a ""'trirltd tnode " (M'U,.tl tutu .Amrrira. h •• thul thAlli•-
" to lndi14 it i1 a qunliou thul in,·oh·ra iu it the " l'nnuM•- power int~ •:n•t, d-o< lull' <I. 'l'ho In·
•• welfare, both of<.lMLI. Uriuuu oatl oi our Aowtic •• tulrNiole hrenn ef tl~t Nwma•dwnt"'"'" nlth..t
'poooeosiona.
" If tbt tubji'Cta of thia enunll'f ore l•tmtilltd,
" nalion, ,.fltl•""' them 0<),...,, tu tl•• ""'"•· •IIIII
" arourd tbe ..,..11 aud ••i U><l• •I lno"• ~''"""'
... atthtir plell.lure, to ~iait do ..... """'-·ion• •• •• "''"" 10 thalwta~tneol lo<lu,..,lh.... il ... - ·
•• tbey may our Ameriran culouift, lhou,p. pro- " Jl"'1 kl tba L>uarb, And tliM ,,;.,, •• ol-l.f
·•' fesaedl7 but (or tl:e pnrJICI•U of traffir, gmot •• nnl'lt'lv• be ''1"-•l, l"''h•f"' "' ,.., d.. t.nl,
..,, numloeTI of lheou •ill M'lllo; I« Dlrh'•nlolo " pcri•od, lo the ollla~..r ul ~rnrr.ol ,,..,~t. ...n ••MI
" lrtUllllttiolll ~o1111t eclluil l"'titlcnre, .:berlluM it .. rnnll iu l.b•• ,,. •...,......, wluC'b f,rndtnlh'
'' wiiJIIf! UalflOOIILJe r..r agovtrntntnt to lA,\', that " &U.&nJ•41 aud tuhl\lllfd, IIIAJ unol<.r I,. ... ,_,.
"nlltoch ln&lliiUrtionuball be tlotcd,IIDd "'• p.or· .. nl l'rn.,•ka<e, 1<> .....,,.,,,... wloklo •l•oultl a..,..,,
... tirt be ijune •ithio • eertuia bmr, or to luke .. fif'lt rnrr, be r•""'"" lor.,...........,. ,••,•.
... ro;;nia,.nre in tbio manlier ol tbe tOIIdurl •(
•• nery indi•iduah IU\d if turh a tnr.....,re .,.,.
• <rlllll;o~•· ancl
" haloiiMnll.
t.,. b.orJ'I- ef IIMir -u• l;s.'
j.'

.., at lirot allecnpted, it .would not routinuc ...,,.
"bme. Alltbelmu of tracle ..nd Dlanuliorturr•
., woold IOVn be oventodtd, a~td thrao wen woJid
" ~eelr. kl f1111t.n lll<l'niMin11 11ft tbe ooaL Colooo•
"lllillll •ouJ41 tberelure 'Yrry ..1011 C91PIIINIC. ja
... lnoia, eopeci..Jiy in &!gal; tliuoe w·l~•lll uuton-
"troultd eulerprirrt in rommen-c •uulcl cfllry
M tbiiMr, •ould'" a ricb tOll, •Pr,.l,..aol ~rut
... ICOJ.e lnr uerhun .. and r~:~:•nl Wte ....... , .. •• a
"'tuLjrctedpeeplr,l..,blo·,liuood,•IUir•••lewj•ltlolr;
"•llthiiiJ;t would t•ml'l lh01u, and uo ...... lootlo
" 1111•n111 111ocl loUiu<ll, wwld rruo.iu. llul &I.e ill·
"'croa..- oll:utnJoe-ihllbtrr ••111ltl1ll>l be rr;:awlrcl
.. b:v t.lte gr.adu..l pn•grftll o( raluaoal iudutlt)'•
.. Mul11!1tdr11ufthr nrnh· •ndt.l11 "'"'· all•,..,..,.
.. th< lllUif of tl1t&l tttlliotry, ..... u11rr .. WI...
.. nO\al pnv•k~ ... ,. .... ld tlutlr. tlo•tlwr al ,_._
" Bnt•UD w..Wd, in a .t.urs ,,......., loa l.bo-4 nt
" lbe quntino - alon.,,.., with ,.,.,....., t•
" tlo.,. ........,,,......, '- Ill•!., wl,.th.,. all l111111lo
" tul.jKIII oball In 'It a n;;hl ta .,..... tluthrr ••
" ''"'" •••• .,.,.,.., bolt wbctlocr '"" .,.,,. ..
.. thall be protulf<ll ..... llrlPC ..fM1111 and 0('•
" I'"'~ loy ~.,...'11""''· A dolltrrnl , . _ , .....,,.
" u......Ja, lb.olthe Ultttt_.. ••tb '"""I''"''"'"
" be oull tai'Tll1l .. loy - •'"._) m~ ••· loL•
.. U11 '""'"'c...,,..,, A.t ,,.., _ .. a rullecllu
.. booJy •• pnlrl...,, • • btlld ...... _ "'"''"'
... tl• ari»UaiJ end,.,....._,,.,,.,,,. tbt ..,,..
.. .: ,..,._..... NDW """ '"" ,_,,.,.... .,. ""'
., •••· -II• luw11trcl c"-1 it.~.. prolrn.lolr,
" II ·-·-·f
" \II .... tbh

" lho ... ..,•

.,.lr., ....
"fr-tl•••lk•bwlaoo•.ht...-•-•"*"•••"•1
•r Jh.a...- ••''l'"'"•
lbr ,....,a.~~~ t:..n.,. ..-;,II..
t Ia, .,.... ....,.._.. wry ..,.,..,..;1111 lit '"""" , . ,
.. uoluoiJitaola, aud 1 ' - t;&•l<rD !*"'*f'l ail!ftl •Jowl& tloc alt«'- - .... - -Wfti<IC ere
" wotb a ..... "'"•( ... vrnta,.,,.., - - , ult'-
• lo• IWd llC'rU.....,.. 11<1•;!! tl..,r., ....,. •ao&
,,_....._ • -lA •'-w "" ""'""" ,.., ,. ...
I'""'Y .,j Wl""l ..~ !'"''f'lt ,..,1"-' 11 ...,
.. aubti.Jt; , ...., ...... w........~w .... _ &h .....~ ................ """ ·-"' a. ...., ...............-
.. oat the C'UIUitn·, •OIIW,.IUIICIItbeaDiaacl......., •••>~•uc U.. "'"" _, ....,..,..,, .... ,a.. IUIIan
.., h ,.,...,..,,,.· wbe.......,. ""'Y ..W • tbe........ nt .:,..,,..,.... "" ft aut:lo& ,.,......, W ...........
• duru.ueer ..., \be . ..,,..., harua, nil.-, K• a.rwpl~..... ,. • ...., .......... • ,.. ....a • .a.... a. ••
.........,.U A,...• .....,....,., -• .......,.;1
.
tbe1u, . . . a& lt.a;tll ....,.,., 1'-... - • W ,._..._
.. plw.ud -~~llolf-ltw ......,_,
.. _ m l
••llw•.....,.,~, ... .,. ~'"',,...,.., u........ ~·:;
.-\
 •

94 PAPERS RELATING TO
'
lllr. Cr~nt'• r.t:tto AmonJ the l\1 tides uureasonnl.lly crow~cd i!1to the o!Jj~ction. no"'~ t~ Le examitic.-ct:
<ol Suci~lY n.m·•.u;: arc those.: which state the rcople ~ IJccommg, Ill con~cqu~nce ot ~ome ~l.lturc suppo:;:J
the A~•<~lldluhJ.,clt evcni.S and colllhinutions, dill."l:.tishcd ut the payment ot a forc1~n tnbute, uml 111t!t
.ell Craa' lim•"'· subjection to·a ti1rei:.rt• country. Is it to,be thought, t~un such ide:1s ere then only tc,
Juwe Pxistenct•, o1· thKt th~ pt•oplc hn~~ m any p11~t tune b~~n con~cntcd ur~dcr tl~e
vominiun of su~,n~crs ~ Surely not. ~ t:c only pomt ~or con:;ult'r~uon here It~, thcu·
compll.rnth·e IICI]Uicsc:cncc in this' cond1t1on. unJ~r then· prc~cnt Clrcu;n:;Lnnc~s. anu
under those wLich it i~ assumed may hcrcattcr llfiS::l.
We shall now en~·r u'p~n the consideration oi the c.lJjection its~lf; ~od the. first t~in~
which attract our 11ttcnt1on here, 111'~ tl!e jtmndalltill on. wluch the whole ot tlu:~
'11 bjection rests, und the priuciplc upon ~hich .it proceeds. Thejou!lu:ation is _ptm.
h!JJ!Oihe•is, or c<.~njccture; and hypotbc111S supp1,1rJe1l b~ no real expea·!quce ot any
Cdbe ~huilur to the oms assumed to htlppcn, nor uy any JUSt analogy. J)ome. general
Pppr~l•en~iou, prcpo~ses~ion! or uu~x~mia~e~ su"piciou, l!U.~cst_s ~he ,possi~ility of
certain CVCII~ · lind to tlua suggc~l1011 1 ,WI~hout any S.ltUhlCIIOll .COI1CCI'Illllg the
Jli'CIIIiol'S on wi1id1 i.t is ud.vanccd; .or t!le concl.usion u~:Juc~d t!·om' it, ~ itbout l'egard
to ullthc other rcl•aUons t)t !hu auhJCCI m quc~ti~IJ 1 ~vu.a•·c ft<)~llrt:u tp ~we Olll' ussoot,
'fhc prindplt: of the ohjL~laun, ut l~us,t eq, ua~~y ~e,,u,rkuvlc, IS p\amly ~o oLher than
this, thut .to prcvrnt the rumotest cbuncl:: ot euch .consequences liS tne proposed
imp1·ovcments 1Uiotht produce, our ;\siati'C subjcci.S must Lie tor ever held in tlui same
atnte of i"norunc~ and riTOI' in whicli ~~h uo'v are. . " Gi.ve tbp111 ~?Ot," ,says the
un~truiucd 'f>CilSe of this' olljection, II '~he light or
true rdlgion, t,e"cb tuem .not a
" bctll.'l' system of mor11ls, provit.lu no llt;,J.ted mt'(lll~ !'or their' public or private ·in-
11 etrudion, impurt not tu them our knoMtdge bf nature, lle not' liberal to them, even
" In com!llunicutin6 the principles of olir 'urtS; u~i.lru· ~hem, in .~ word, no Ll~:netit
11 whutc\'~;r of li::ht und lliiJll'uvcmeot, lest oua· inlcrest should in some futura period

~· auOu1'; keep them blinu unu wretched for ~til gC::.IJCI'IIlions, lest our authorit~ shoulq
11 be ehu~en,·or our supremacy over the~n 'incur th~ t~ligh!est possible risk~" Su,re)y.
those who' nitty ltU\'C lncunsiucrahly le~~t themsch·c:> to
lip~ objectio111 will not, upotl
a cka1· dclil.u.lrutc view of its principle, ht•ek to ju~tity pr 111 contend for it, A Christiall
untion cunnot possillly maiuwin m· countenttnce such a principle To do so 'll'oulc.l b~
. 1/il·tul\lly to tl'llmplc llllOn C\'CfY scntil!•cnt 1\'hich we profess in relidon or h1
mol'" Is. It woultl be to muke (Jursclvt•s pKrtics in nil the impositions of the Uruh111i·
nicul svstenl, and in eflcct ·tq ··hold with' it~ priest'!, tl1e lloctrinc of 1)emetl'iuS) •
" by tlii, ernl\, tt'll lui\'C our weuhb." 'f~ ~nl11rgc u~on eo very ouvious an argume11t..:
lliU~t
., ' .
UC Ullllt'CCSSil.t\', ' . . . . . .

Dc•sidrs the srrics oi eB'ccta wl1ich the objection professedly supposes, certnill oth~l".
positicm~ IU'C' tat'itly comprehrndc·cl in it, which next duim our uotku. It implies,
thut the i·~tllhli,luucnt of Chri:!tiunity in a country umy, ou the.wbole, J>rove unfa··
vournulc, or lc•ta Ji.t.vournule tltall some othet· religious in~titutiun, to good government;·
that its ctlit:11cy mny, on the whole, Lie interior in s!!cw-ing the suhordin11tion, obedience,:
and att•lchment of ·the people, and. thu .authority of the soverei•111. Since reasou,.
experience, unci geutirul con!ll·nt, huve fully decided ugui\Jst this p~~iLiou, it would lle
tlUptwlluous nnd unhecomin~ to cutca· into uny refututioaa of.it. It is cert11.inly one oC'
tho. ~~~s.~c-t mi,l'onet·ptions of the.! ont~l'e aud tendency of the reli~ion of the Gospel,.
winch 1s known to ollord prcccllt.'l, motiVes, and encouragement:! to 111wful submis~ion·
and !-(ClOd orde~·, iuliuitcly auorQ powerful. ll.lld t.llica.ciuus than tuo~e of any other·
sy11tcn.a. Its real genius is Ill? cont.rury to•. lkll!ltiousness and ll!larchy, thot ilS we have.
st•en m a httc lucmorublc mstltact-, thctr tnumph cull lie r•med only upon its e~·..
~incti~n. If we would read tbo jutlgment of enlightened Europe upon lhi3 subject·
l!l a ~Wl-(le scn.tt•ncr, the celcbrutcJ llUthor, alrcudy quoted, who spent a loner lite in
profound and certuiuly unt.igotted investigations into the uutul·e of dilfereut ~y~tems ·
of rcH~ion and lnw, muy supply it. •• 'rruc Christians," suvs be, •• must be dtile~s:
" thoroughly cnlightenetl respecting thrir duties, "·ith the "g•·ct\tcst zeul for fultillin:.t•
" thc1~; U1e more thry ft.'t!l tiLe obligutions . of rcli:Qun, .the uaore must they be·
., sen~1ble of \\btat they owe to their country. Th1:1 principles of Ctnistitmity"wclt
u Cll)!l'tWrn Oil the heurt, DIIISt be infinitely Sti'Oilgt'r thnn the. fnl.sc hOilOUI' o£ UIO!liU"o•
•• chids, the humane virtues of n:puulics, and \he liet·vilc Ji.:IU· uf dc.:~potic itatill:l t .~·.
.
or nny other rower; and doi"l this ,., abould not
t:-q•u•e ~h•m to ~~~~dleea d.ut)::U from witboot and
l'tmn w1thm, by &lVI~" tbo milll.ar)' po....r into
I • Atts, Chap. 1g -PB£t 1 ~9·
t L'E$prit d•s Loia:1 Li't. XXt·r. Cbp..6.
' ' .
thct

,tlotir hlllldll. -
 E .\ S T 1 ~ D I A .-\ r r A I :t S. n:;
• ·.. ;.::~ ~hjctti~r: i•.~IJ>lies ~~m'. tl~at n•t~•rr tha? ~'~l!'.ll u•u :,·hl ~ t~ &Lc po.•~it.ilil.\' .ui C II Ar. 1\',
~~·ut'•lll,., lu.IUIC C'lll~, "llldl It IS ~~~~~~ni:.J LlnHn~OilJ llll,!i t lollllll:tkly intrutfu 1,-, la1•••r t·l~ IJ-
"C shu~1~d torc:.r:~ ~rat ad··~nta.~ ~l11ch nrc c:<nl:(',..>¢jly "itlo; 11 our n·o~c~ 1• ·u._. ••• '.'"" ':"'"•·•:
t•rouuL1Itty of t!i~Cilll:.Z: wn~IJer-JLio t•oprovcm('tl~S b Ml tlcni.··l· it i.'\ 011 tl e r 11 1.. , t - .... -4 -
trary 1 d · d t• •· · • • '~ .. • •...,,.. ,....,.,,••
,; , , , npposc •• , IHl t ''~. lllljlpoSIIIOll COI!,t.tutcs the very ~l\ltlll·l u( rni,t.mc.·. •u ....... ;. 1.,
l hough ~1e held be ~pue1ous, and lunch OIIJ!.t he donr, at!emj•t r.ot to L1·11t lit rillu r ,.,,,,......._
: your IUbJCCI& or )"0111'1!:-ln'!l, le:.t $U~""!' sl·~·uhl, Ill &ollie '1\'l','i ui>l.llll ,, ··Y· lc ···IJ~"tl, I .... - - -

Let ua.no~do morill g11od, thnt pohhcul C'\'d n111y not tum«'." :\ucb i• the lllil!'hl""
of the 94Jectlo1Lj 111~ at'fj~lk'iccrlt'C in the t~r?pril·!y of ":hich, aim't! tl:c «hty of auuil:~
at ~IUSC ~~\tl\dl)' nJcl:orohuns has ,hccn 5Ufi1Cil'lllly a.lllbl~:~hcd, "out.J imply tl,io (tll'lf't·f
twllon: that the way of m1ty 11 not, on th11 wht•k; tl.e uyl.l( pr"·l'~'lilv.• h i.a
enough to huve pointt.'<l out tl.ci!_C clceptionul•lc po~ilion~. •
. ~ut an~t!aer &ti:l r~wai~·s toLe mentioned, "lt!cb g(J(-s to the t"~.nre uf t!!f Jn~~~·•'lt
sui!JCCt. . I. he oi!Jcct•on tillcntly a~suml-s, " th~tt m" ~~~lent OJ'I"):olte to tl.c ooe (>N-
" pose<lm Ibis csst~y, 1uust con~i~t our future ~Uftty 11111.1 ~t.•lJiliJv ht Jn•lia: 11~
high importunce of thill proposition, not ~urCiy one of ~nch intnit;~e c:vitlcurc as ttJ
command inst:u1t assent, entitles it to prrt:cul11r con•i·ll'T.ltiun; but that con.'!i•h·r11tion
will be more cmwellit:ntly Lc~tu••ed, 1dtcr \10 lm•·c vic" cd the: u-.n:ct Ulallu ul t:.t•
objcctiun, to "hicu we now proc1.:ctl. · .
. It nllrges then, the probability of the uto10!-l p<llhihlc e•accr.-..4 frmo tue all••ption ,.(
a ~y:Stem of improvement, ond the grentNt tlOll>iule oLuse of U1Ut tlll't't:,. We luu c
no dcsi~ to c.x~rate the t-tlocts or events which are nl.'t'CSIIIry .to ju~:i:y tl.c.!IC
llla·ge conJectures; .lmt on·c appn:hcnd, thnt upon any rcusoaw•lc c.lmwu: ot liu.-u.,
they will tJe found to fonn a long st·ries of r.l.ll1-"'!l, not only ia t.hc advuncin;t. but
nJso in the descending scnle of J11imon IIO('irty j tOr 110 pnrtiuJ ChiiP).'11 in the J'COJtlo,
either \\ itb respect to opinitlll& ur to numltcr.t, eccnl$ utlCIJu&tc to the vn.Nuctioo f.li
them. · Let ua cmJea,·our thc.~·cfoa'C, te \race the CIIJ'tt:r ,. hich ill tJ,ua ima)(in.,.l, and
to expand to the view, the vatious Aradlltiou• «.f that ample 1'1"0!!...-.iun lly t~hirb t~e
are to be cnncfuctcd through gmttnrss to lkcline. J.irst, tuc dillu.ioo ul a f,Jrd~o .
languBj!:l', of foreign opiuions und arts, pfo ~pirit nud religion the n•o.,t di.-.similat &o
tha;;c of the nati\"CA1 \\ ho are 11 pevpJo c\Ct'C,Jilll!ly Olllllo:I'Oua, IIIII I fro111 fl'tUole ,
untiquity pcculi11rly llltnched to tlu:1r 011 o co, toms KnllnutiOI~•; nn.t a l11r:;'l incrra·t' .
cC agricultu1'e, Plllnulilcturc!l, commerce; "itb nrw w~tni.J, lll~tc:o, &nll lu\urit-'1;
a grcut dc~llllld ~or ~6li~r~)l prouuctiuns and fa~Jaiotlll i IU~J & g'!'1ldual ~paratiun fnJIII
JICtghun.unng ntlliOilll, Ill • whom the:~e chnn:.,f{'"• Jl~?lmhly Ull:.!1'frC.>I<.'!IIC~ to lhCU'I, ~'IIUhJ
be!!t't UIS"llsl ami avenaon to tile cuii\'CI'tt..J h mdoos. 1J,o oi!Jt:d•on must lmji!Jt
m~·eo\'C~ not only tl1c rise of just notions of ch il lilx:rty, but Ihut they bave kcor""l
d~ply rooted in a country "hc:rc dcspotibUl 1\t.'l'llhl to ha,·c bldl ~ all a;:r'\, ami to Lc
.,;till, the lllltur"laud only idc:a u( govcrmucnt'; it unL·l imJ!ly ~i~•1ur ,,,,J mu•nimi1y
io assl·rt this liberty; then (heforo it con bc•obii"Ctl) the' ~~"-"''ion11ntl t nj••yuv!ut o( .
j(; alter thiS, 11 PI'Ol-l'fe!S tO licentiou,ill~S i al!t)Jr~:>tlfo, ll:_e Viutt.llt,.ui•s:.»Jut:onuf lJ•clr
.connection with their &ole protector, in the nuJ.t ol "'~'"'"' ~Tou1e Jru.,tlle to th•·u•,
withuut a ratioulll pruspt:ct of imprO\·t.';;. their ~ilu.iliuil; if. tht·! .tt.rc.w tltclll"' IVI:t .
upon the suppo•1 of uthtt J.::uropcan ot uatn·c !>0" ere, or of uwlllhlllllll6 mllcp•:nl~:ut·o
it thry stood alone.
To whut di~blllt a'!!!, tnny 1TC not nnw .!Uk, Jucs this it;I:JICDiooC ~ kOMI IIA?
If we even coutrllct ft. to any BJIIICe wl.ich 1111 ulljc:ctor .couiJ ur~e ~· at ull comn•u.-
IIOI'tlle to the usumcd consequence.", 'ahuulJ' \IC Milt, 111 n11....u11111.; upon ~uda ~~~~~·
j~tbrul ddinculious, at11nd upon ll"Y l>UiiJ foruul•ttiou? \\ ouiJ liiJ! ar~ m •c:r10u•
IIDd WCI'l COIICCI'Illl, e\On of prh·utC, i~~tli\iJuu) liiiiiOI\ ll[lllll 1111'!1 .Jl~:·t':lfiOIII H'lll'•,l~
conlin;::!'nric:'s? Do thc1 not act' Ill ufluut upua II~~':·"' u( l'c-\·;•~•·ll~t'J, t~lrt"TC I,,.
J'lJ'OS~CC~ Cdcndcd Ill) far 115 to become; "L~fly mJ1~111d, ~01,\ot~ll•lt. IU II~ ,.L} •
a.llll, m mtt·~('Cf'Jed cloud:~ of many bililiiCS, (;1\'UI t.wcy c.a,.it~ tu W.Cu\U' (llf'uu•l.al.lr.
promontorit'l •nd rocklll . . . •
}~ut if •:e look to known n!lllitkt, to 50UJe of thr. muny and ~..t ol.tilclct • hid1
1\Jll •tand in the ••~ ohny sutb 110liticnl IM'ulutiou u ito .illll~ned. •e ..U.ll I.e
ala 10&6 (0 J!i\·e any aober aatbf,u:tory 8L'COUIII o( tl~ DJ.~nnCt Ul 11JII('.b tbcy 111: ~0 k-
t ..mtf(-11. \\'e in!bl oot oa tbe Ui!iirulty of di•1lfl•nmlllh11J!, ~'''· by J"~ an<l ~llolwl
lUCI&Il!, 8 DeW rt:Jigion, O[lposed b.J in\l:tC".!U: bnbill and prrJIJiiltt"\o llae {r~~.:~
•
 ~6 r·APEfiS REL.ATING TO
that scheme, im1ccll, d.tre not speak of auccess_ "'ith the .eonfidcni:e \\·hich the t.in. •
'!11r. Grull'• St.•te
"'r li·u:~•lY sm""g guagc of the objection &ccms to fo~vour; y~..t tl~y a~e not ";•tb!l~t h!>pe; and ~hey BI'C'
ti!" ~hlut~eNII•,l"cU animated by a conviction, thut even a partial dtft'uston of ChrtsUamty, would tmprove-
.,,· l.reat lin tam. J the whole mass of eocwty.
· 1'.ut 11
.. we mqutre,
• • t:aor ms • 1
ance, •mt o th c probau'·1e peno
· d
• ""' of the generalol.aolition of castes, which ullowi11g it ever to happen, must be con-
~ivcd in the naturlll order of thin.,s, to preeedc some other supposed changes, what
p\U(e ~hall we assign to it l Son~point, we may venture to say, not within our ken ;
and beyond which, it seem& vuin ttJ lltrctch our political solicitude in so changeable·
a world as this, whea'cill politiclll prediction is so often baftled; perhups indeed,
bccaullC it ia ao seldom connected with prcscut duty. Supposin~, however, the.
tendency of events to be toll'ardll such au ~t.l.lolit.ion, ,,.e may conclude, that the pro-
gr~s~ to it will. be gradual. \\:it.h the institution of castes, arc ble.nded not' only·
rehg1ous doctrmes aud legal pnvdeges, lmt the whole system of llmdoo manners.
Deep rooted prejudices, combined with strong interests and immemorial habits, .
.cunnot re11sonubly be cxpcctell to give way to sudden impressions. The entire
manners and IIBagell of a people do not change at once. The institution therefore,
will not be de~rivcd of its power by any violent rupture or conrulsiQn. And even
nfter tlte doct.rme of ca~tcs shall have lost its religious authority, and its tyrannical
influence in societv, (stillur~uing on the aupposition that these thing• may happen,)
the manncl"ll \\·hich it contributed to form, will, in a considerabte degree, and for
u ccrtuin ti111e, remain. · Among the 1\hllo.bur converts to Christianity, distinctions
<Of caste have not lost all their lurce; the bahit of separation, the repulsive feelings,
the Recluding resrrvcs, ¥·hich spring fa·otn that Hource, though abated, still exist, in·
110mc degree perhaps unnlngous to the ccremoniul prejudices of tho first Cbristiun
.Jews. Aa long as a principle of tlais nature remains in society, preventive as it'
M·Ul he of an interewnmuniun in m11rrin~cs ami prolessions, no tormidaule political
11&&ociution is likely to arise. · llenc:o us the decline ofthe institution of castes .will be
l!low and imperccptihlc. &o the moment of its expiration will ue unperceived; .sub·
sequent ob~orv11tion only will di:ll·over that it ill pat~t: therefore neither Cllll tbiij change
ile a aignul fot' new events.
Tbe f.'!l'and du~r with which the olucction alarms us is, that the communication
<~( t·he GoNpclumf of Europcnn li~o:ht, llliiJ pt·ohuuly be iutroduetive of a popnlur
form of gov~rnmcnt om I the a~sm'tion of independence. l~ pon what grounds is it:
infcrnlll, thut the~e efii.'Cts lllU~>t follow in uny cu.~e, espcciully in the most unlikclv
cts.se of the llindoos l The cstullli:~hment of Christianity in a country, does nO't.
ncce..;sarily brin~ after it a free political constitution. The early Chaistiuns made no.
nttempt.'l to rhnn~ forms of govrrnaucnt; the spirit of the Gospellloes not encourage.
cvrn nnv disposition which tllij!ht k•Rd to such nttcmpts. Christianity has been lon~,
the rcliiion of many tmrts of Europe, and of vurious prolestunt stutes, where the
furm of govemment is not (lOilulna·. It i:~ its peculin1' excellence, und an orgument
.of itll inu•mtcd uuivcrsnlity, tlmt it may sub!!i5t under ditlcreut foa·ms of govemment,
tmd in nlll'ender men hnppy, and C\·cn liodctics flourishinJt; whereas the Mahomedlin
nnd II imloo &)'litems are built upon the foun<lution of political despotism, aud adapted,
in various ttl~nct~~, only to the climRICS tbut b"ftve them IJirth, t:hri~>tinnity 11ccks
mornl ~ood, n!t~ ~~·ncrullmppin~ss. lt l!t!es not, in the pur~uit of.thac objects, erect.
a pcculiut• pohucnl sy~tcm ; It VIC\\'8 pobtaes through the sule lllcUIUIO of morals, and ·
•ubjccts them to the l1nn of univcrsul rectitude. . ·
Nor are wo to t'xpect, tllllt Christianity is entirely to &uper~dc the effects of
phy11icn\ cau~es. 11te debilituting nnturc of the cliumtc of our Eastern terl'itorics,
•nd it..! unfuvournble intlucnce upon the human constitution, have been already men· ·
tioned •, and by others represented in strong colmti'S: " Notwithstuucling,'·' snvs tho
.rcleb.rat~.'ll historiun ofthe llritish Transactions in llinJo~tun, " the !!,CIIfr..&l c'tlcmi-
.. nnc_y of chnractt>r which is \'isilllc in all the Inllians tha·oughout the empire, tho .
41
llulwc:a of llcn~ul are still of weukcr fnuuc, and more enel'\'utcd disposition, thu11
•• thu.~c of nny other province; bodily strength, coura~e, and tort.itulle, are unknown ;
" C\'C~ t!1c l11b~ur of ~he coa!lmon p1.•uplu is totull.y ,·oil! of cncr:.zy; aud the1 are of a
" stupadlty, wluch nCJU1er w1shes, nor seems to l>e en1)ablc of cKtenJintt 1ts OllCrR·
" tions into any variety of mcchanicul dcKtcrity. All thme of the btttcr ~tes, "ho ·
•• nrc not tix~.o'll to the loom, are bred to the clctu.ils of trufiie and 1110!\C\' in which
.. ltcll'
I . patience
. .I . • '
811u }lCI'l;C\'CI'\I.ttte nrc as great as their detestation ot' dnnger, ami '
" a\·ersion
 E A S T 1 N D I A A F F A I R S; 97
• fill aver:s~on to ~ily fatigue•.: ~rom thi.t st.riling dck:riptioo ought to be u~ptN c 11 Ar. IY.
the m1hta.ry tr1~ to whom tt Will not properly apply; and Uae ~ral featura, ,,.,... .., .,_
we must take the liberty t? say, .u:e
ove~argt.>d : but having made due allow a.ocet _... ,,._ _,.
o~ ~ese accounts, the p1cture "'ill certainly pos:;esa no fuint mc:mblance of the tA.t'~"'-
ec.,
ongtnal .
..........,... .
Afllltlllw: ~~

bdolence, pusillanimity, i!1scnsibility, as tht'y p~ not •·holly from phy~c.i l't/«1-

sources, ~ould be at least partially corrt;eted by mo~lunpro\·en•cnt; but the ilulutucn
o~ a l!'optcal. sun would st~ll be op~ress1ve.. The shght structure of tl.e bun\BQ bcxl ~
With Its ordmary ~oncom1~ts, still. fornung ~ wto to a vegetable dM:t, •ould fi1
eecond ardent des1gns, even if the mmd were flgorous cnou!!h to conceh-e tiM:ftl. lu
!he ea~ly fonnation of the rel~tions and habits of dnme>tic life, "hicb tnoilify, in 110
mcon~1derable degree, the llmdoo character, U.cre would be no mutcriul innon.tion.
.The nature of the country adds to U.e effects of U.e climate. h ia unfutouRblo fot
long ~ourniea; and U.e Hindoos! in ~~ral a ~motcly inland people, have a 1trong
aversaon to the sea; even U.e rur of 1t 18 offensiVe to U1cru. They arc thus deprivC\1
of all the advantages which the intcrcourses of navi~tioo, and an acquaintance "ir.b
the world at large, would procure to them. Nor 18 there ilie least probability. that
they will ever become maritime; and u little likely are th<7 to become in ot.lw.1'
respects, an enterprizing people. More calculated for paswve auiTcring U~au fur
arduous attempts, they liule love such exertions u freedom demands. and y,·iab rathet
to be protected, than to have the trouble of protecting themselves.
Where then iS the rational ground for a~prehending. Ulllt 1ucb a race •ill ntr
become turbulent for English liberty? A sp1rit of Engli.h liberty is not to be caught.
from a written description of it, by aistant and feeble Asiatics cspcciully. It wu not
originally conceived nor conveyed by a theoreticaleclteme. ll hu gro.o ia tbt
succession of ages from the active exertions of the human po•en : and perhape can
be relished only by a people thus prepared. Example ia more likely to inspire a
taste for it Ulan report; but U.e nations of Europe have lt'Cn tliBt liberty and ill grra&
effects, without being led to the imitation of 1t; for the French n:YI)(utioo proc:ecdl
not upon its principles; it is an entption of atheisiD and anarchy.
The English inhabiting our settlements in India, have no ahare in the Dritiah govern.
ment there. Some are employed as servants of the Public, but no one pout'MH anJ
legislative ri"hl Why then should we give til the natives, even if they upin:d to it.
U it is unlik~Jy that they \\ill thus asvirc, what \\'C properly refu111 to our Own people?
.The Dritisb inhabitants •·ould be extremely averse to auch a participation. Out
Government, u it is now constituted, inte1'ellts Europeans in iu IUJlJ'IOI1, without the
danger which colonization mir•ht ultimately mcur, thell' views of eatabliahment and of
final comfort centering ila the ~oUler country.
The conduct of the Uritisb American col~>nicl has raised. in IIOIDe minds, con-
fused surmiaings and apprehensions of the possibility of aimilar pi'OCffilingt oo the
part. of our Indian pro11inces. These alanna are eaaily cnught by 1ucb penont, u
&brink from the idea of ltbatcver might. have a remote tcnJcncy to adnnce our
Asiatic subjects in the scale of bumun beings : c:onccivin:;. (with •fiBt political trutb
may perhaps hereafter appear,) that the more entirely they c~ntinue in tl~~ pmn1t
ignorance, superstitiou. and degradation. the more aeNf!' II our ci.omuuon ~
themf. .Dut never surely were apprehensions more destitute of solid fuundatiOI\o
. . . . nlefe
• Part U, page 5tb,ol t.be llietory ol Mili&ary
TnuunoctillOS, "c:. by Mr. O....t, aD 1111tbor weU
entitled to the bigb nok be bolda ill publiC ""'
Dlatioo, by bit IP,totl'lllly jul aod comprebeoal.e
\'iewa of tbe aobjectt wbicb be tru&a,tht cleanwn,
..c:curvy. vigour 1111d diglltly of b11 oarrautiD; ~
DOl appealed tn io t.be lormer part ol tbll Trvt ta
the 114:couot t.bere gi•m of \he elatot of tontl)'
among tbe Hillllcg, {rocQ ao idea tbat be lutd DOt
any • L.rge opportwJitiH of inliiDIOtely obllerYtag
the coD<IIICt aod mannert uf !he moddlma ud
Juwer rl.-., wbo h• ll'U.Oie from .taropeu
iutercoune.
t From tbe mistbieh•hicb -bu l"''<rt!nlly bft1l
done in this cuuntry, bytbe do-moMt..ida uf pt'l'•
nif:iuua pul,hraiK>,. among Ute l"••r Jl(opl~, roume
JI('I"'DDD aee.n iochntd to tLmk, t.b•\ it wMld loe
wttrr for tl:c r.at'oMI erranty ILIId ~oollny, al
&ba&
::!8;2.
 p$ ~A~ E 1\ ~ R ~.LA T.l N G. _'f 0
1\!r, a.ranr~ !it3te 'l'hcrc is, and there ever mus~ lie! an csscut~al dissim_ila_rity betwC'c:r. the ,hfo Cf.I'ICI'f.
11f ~~~~~ety aul~ng 'J;hc Americans were, in fnct, J::pgh~hmcn~ (w1th some llllll~>lpn of foreign l•.uropean~ •
tl~~~ 41 "11 ~, !!ubJ•c~-t
,___
"' uruat unlllm.
~
t
--·'<~~1 1
: , 'f'
"'hich may b11 vc contributed to alictute the colonies from this country,) they posscs>cr!
,
llll the energy of the J::uropcnn ·
character, n1I t11e I'11-(11ts of 1-!.urope;
'' t 11ey were bom 111
~ tcmpcru~c climnte, nurs~d in the l11rgest 1~rinci~lcs of fr~edom ; 1~ay the .seeds pf
·

·~ rcpublicllmsm were aown m the fir~~ formatl\lll ot the lcll~m:; cvlomc:i, 'l hey had
· · 11h'eady
1ptcirl nJ powrr, The bro-u:i11g h:n•e pnwer over mtn seeing the ·rwm:d~tions of our policnl existence
li1e /gnr.ra111; even tht prrtrna •1'knuwlrJge, where tlmt attal'ktd, begin to urgue from !be ab~se of 11
i{ltiOTQIICI o11 1y it nppn 1 ed to it.. h~• a 11111ilar ad· tl.ing against ita 11se, and to think it wuuld be
Vllntllgl; 11nd kmiu1rdgt, li~e other kind• of power, better l(•r the community, 'tb.U the lower peoplt
'he mura exclu•i~ely lt ia pc... med, the more it abo~.:ld uot be inatructcd even to read, R& by auela
tnuv be mJ4e un inatrun.ent of ubuae, In the pri\'ntion they would, it is cun~ei~ed, be inacces.•
d•rk u~u, when the atork uf learning and infor· eible to infection from the press. .
lllnti•lll Will eompdrutivrly little, and th~t liule llot in foet, tl•e evHe of which· we complain,'
wllltlWI>'td o11lv among a few, the ubueea ol kaow- ori~inul.l i11 uo amnii dtgr•e f>om the ignonmce
'krl~:o 11n<l of 'prell'llflcd knowledge, nnd tbe ill that 11111 no.tul'llll)' followed the dereliction of right
-eon~tquellcel of those ahuu1, wore greatel' tbun prindpltt. The symptoms indicate e. method
o~.hcy huva betn in more enlightened tiau~•· In of eure contrary tu that which ia proposed. 'fhe
pur own country, what numerout and grosa evil• hubi' ie diseoeerl; lbe disorder, tf,o deep· to be ·
prn~uilcd in eoeiety from thceo fiWIItBI Currupt 1'1!uthrd "ltff:nally, requiru tba~ the llrJllicllt.ioa
.churchmnn and ambitioua uoLica, {who lnui the be directed to ht source. A rctu1n to i!)nort~nce
rredit of au1•erior intullij~~nce 81 well liS the bonnur may huslrn the destruction of 11 society become
·of anparior runk,) led tbe rommou rcople within corn>pt tbrongh refinement, but Cllll burdly con•
their r•~IIOctivo aphercl} Dol tbey pleased. The tribute to r~store it to IOUU~neu.. Al .our ad-
enmnton rent•la indn~d, hnd then 8 spirit of im. \'a.nred singe of improvement. it m.ust be vain to
-phrt obctlicact, t.llt il aubjected th•m continually imoginr, that any retrogmlle iriCI~err.ent we rould
to tht imposition• of tbnn who uuumtd !he diret• etli:ct in knowledge. would, avail to aecute the rom>-
tion uf them, 11nd JIVnomlly to tho detriment of the mou miud li·nm 11gitnticns and commotions. lf
·nation lit br~o. lienee the bietory of this i&lund, nny acheme of tl>o.t kine! even succeetl~.d so fur as
·prk>r'llltho 1\eCormution, exhibits a frequrnt aue. to tontine ktlowl'ed~;e nguln 'among 'II smaller
~ott ion of intornul eonvuhiune. 'l'bat g•and evant number, it could nut reoah to allcb ch11rurtere oi
ll.troduc~d now light; and it wo.e diiinerd ornong are now nalous tu loosen nod roo~ 0111 nll'recci\'c•
th~ lower orrin•, who•• instruction bec11mo thtnce· opinions in religion ond',.~o~emment; .but they
forth un ohjrct .,f 1mrticul>u rure, · 'l"be const• \l·onld, on the cuptrar.)',' be nlile ·to 'do· mure. mis·
4!UGIIC8I Wel'f, tll'l'Uitt lllltl'lliiJ ordf!l', .JlCIItPt U.lld chief lhllri they effect IIOW1 bccUIIIe the more
ttllllihty 1 thence t)mmt:tenlurllrd indu•try, udvon- profound were tbc .ignot·ante of rbe ln~lritude,.thi
\uroua enl~rvrite,, uud ull tl•u lnng aucc'cssion t•f . mor~ •rope wnuld there be, .us in the .d.uk age&,
jl'l'llftJlt'l'ity wtuch thia cnu.ntry hna enjoyed, for the urtennd arlivity ol' wirked men. to: work
•. We hllve&dl·uuud to a higli degree of impmve. upon their credulity. • 06 tltill. Fr11Uce bus fur~
rncut in •~ien,·u und 11rta, in ulltbe convenirncn n>ihed a recent instru1re~ ,ton. nrct11pr11~1e to b\1
b>ld rnjoyn.~nta or e vi\ lifo. \'uti rorninerce bfta ever fur~:otten, '1 be· '''aut of knowledge· a.n!l
lwon11lt1 \Ut'we.rhb; nnd wenllh h••• been fullowed prindpln nlllong· the lower c~ustcs, let\ :Ut~m a
by II• lllo m•epar4hle t.ttend•nt, corruption of prey ro )kculiinicu\ impostures und'cMushins,· by•
IDIIIlo~rw. Our· old 1111\id priocipln, \\'hich were w~ic 4 tlr,y \'Yer... burri~d a.( cAiice:htl'b tbl.lltrocilic.s
·the fo>>nd.•llou· of our gra!ltnu•., bu~e bien ~;ra· .ut:unn~~by oud nllu:istu. ; ,.,' , ,r , ,, , .;
thtully f,•llang' into dia>cgtud und ••c~loct, ·They. It is ny~ th~n by exposins.rur crmml\n people
rm~:ht han ~•en woll tnough in our hum~ler. ununll\'lhtnd ·d~f~nr:t!leeg, ttl th~' dJt~ri~ blulipiHi!
lll'gllllllll)li, 01 in B ~~~~~ J.tb~fol) Mge: bUI enN'~UICd ,DiiU 011~·80~bi~trie~ qf•t,h'\ r~~~pcr~,9f ~~piety
ti~hlll, gt••11t~r olo\'IIIIOil, and a fulnna of all m~urts and aedulon, tbttt 'we curl hope tu ~eep lhelllo
t~t lll'&l>li<'u\lon~ h\•o arem•d to nmuy to pl1'1id -. '. •tuiet. (lur e•curity .lj:,os,:aj,d IW\1 onlY, In· din\tsin~
lir.•t fur .1eh1 ~ut•on, 111~d then fur the ndmisei,us.of . p.qo,Unetrurti•uruud right Jltintit•lfs'llnJOlig- tl•~m.
~thor pru~~·•rlr~ 11llnwii\Q 11 •:•!tnWe ~!llu•·g•meut in. .lu lhis ~oc>, tl:e. ~lcnc;h ~eyoluti,onisU!o.hllve u.lhlfde4
1\dul~:.<nrtcoa w>thnut lrnr, ll111 ~p1nt ho.s aprl·url a fr••on, wh1rb 111uy ~II!J\lr~~ su':"'~th\nG us.~lul "?
thrnu\ioh tho whnl• muu ut aoct~l')'• · WniiDJ!,S 11nd ·111; ' 11h~,Y eudtuvbur \lillt' tl1'~ nluids of t.he people
rtpr...qnlllttona h:~ve ,htlped t~e dill'uaiun of it. 'mnY: ''"' r~u1ai11· i!l·lht· unfurnished ·atlltf, of
Jtaull•·et• bn\·e borll v1~1ule on lllurels, aud on th• .~1hicb. ~he;v:\ll~t i!dloOmtap:l'!;\ }1ut.that 1111 young
h.•l'l'lnfll of l"'lvnte 111•, 1\everrnrt lil1'.1'1'li11inn e•p•ci•llly'l mR¥ be imbued. wi~ tho tenets an4·
bud ti•r A•w•ruui~nt hM u~rnyed. llnth b,1ve b,·in · pr,;j~,fi'cr• fa\·in•r~lire·ta"their hiu~~:- • '' ...
hl41dtnu.ly attar ki-d frum tin1u to ti111e; and 11t it ie l'erlmra 11 mistllke to euppo~e, that the
l.•n~ttll, ~· th~: more 1\l&turo PI'Uduco·of Jhia ltllrir, f<llliiJIVD I'fOP It> •n•ona
110, ~ h,_. ~IIVd:. bren ·n~st
•ume, dttdu.tnln~ thf mrusun~d ud\'IIJires llitberlo p~•no·\O ~umiO\t ap<l djsurd•r, 11r~·llll<l1 ' ' can reud
.'·""""In unpru•r>pllltl '!'~n, 1111d eucour•p,rd by the a.n•l, w,rite, nr tl}llt t.l11 ttudenc.ies 'o 1'<)mmotion
bhl. rons~m:u~tlull ul 11 h~e c,,....,r )1> a naish- 1"liirl1 lutve npprured; .are to .be n'c::~ibed to M)"
b•mru•11 ruunti:V, hove <~p•nly ~·.ld luraou•ly·ur,. rJ,.Qree of ojlur1111nn pu~llt!st by that.ctn,.,, BraidCII
l•ll•i•led the aub¥~1'11:•~ of all ks:IIIJJ;~te all.lburity, th'lt ono {tadtr, in tt, cit:cluor i-. ·a. villuj;t would
lmm.m a.•l<l dl\·n,e. 1h~ lnnn~t•lr}' \~•reb nod 11111' bt •u~dl!llt .to .sliss~tllillllte "hat :\'as In~\ to dae
~c,•ret 11\IM, ha~o be:11 mduamoualy emploved to . ~~lgar, \W<~r,lllnrlmg nod 11rcc!*tlole to vul;;ar
dro.tn>y tho ~rucrllh.lo f~bnra of our l'\'hgio11 1111d p"'jll<licc•,: and tl111 t t\.e lower, r1mks 11re more
~~~,~ run\lth~ll~~··. l'rtl>t!•'u$ an.L 1\h!;slic~ \IIIII• t~fkctt4.by wbat they see or hear, tba11 by "'b~t
tn,.9, 5\l)ltrl.o\1\~ tn \I" lllljlllll,•nct nl \lmr Ll>e• !)ley rend; those ~,tndcncies l1no;e cbirRy UlBIII•
. lto•lrl,, luwo he•:• (ltllll~lll,llrly M·•l•t...ltn the wl~.v l'strd" th~1111~h·.n ;,rt large tow11:;, 11bqund111;; 'With
''"'' • ""'I OUVIOil>l)l, '" cr~u,;e the lgt~nr••nce of tue nmm•fucturer~~ or 1dle vn••uuond• destit11te uf c\Ja~
'"loal' ~X('·"e.l thr111 tn ~u.•ttr i•t•:•t~titiull, lis th~ r~clor J!r qy~&l;tjn &ijni~ie"nt \o precure. rul honost
~11\) llllner.ol OX.IIIIplc wbtrh th•y \JJd
11
""'ll•""u. h~tl>ll<>nd, and il is th~refor4 C.Ur to pre,umo, the
'~<md I ~om, l'""l,.plls-.1 ll~tn1 .t~ tm•~•<•S•\'ft It""' in•trnrted part of Ulr eomu1uoilv. .1.bc ma•
llo\J,,~s Ill hctllhol!$U<•O. 'lur11 1t 111 tho.t oom• t\Uiol(turc•s, s~oerully pul to work wk~n yet chii-
UI~. . • •· , . . ._ . . dl\'11,;
 EJ\ S T INDIA ~\ 'F FAIn S:
·~~r~d.Y. ~ ~op~!Jr goYPrnntcn~ 'l'hey, wrr~ inurtd lo ann!', to L:tr.J-hirs. · nnJ l••ii~ · C' 11.\ 1', rr. ·
_l.hr..~p•n~ ul u~prov~lllt'llt onllllateJ t.acm ~n a t!um~nd diti,·n·nt line"- 'J1•ry "rr~· l·f• ., ,..~ v....
txpct~S(Ilt!'en~ thctr country a· •.outlllc.lmcllc~lknt hurli(>U!~i un.l' in tl•t•f)l.<'• .. '"""•'••;•·'''f
graplucol sttuntton, they wcto (wtlh the rxcrption of one ur '"o oi our d"t~d 111 J !•· 1 ... .'~ • -r '>''
· rcc~n tl ~ sc ttl cd co Iomt•s
wo!e · ) t.1c
I '
so.e ' · ·
ct\'l!tzl'd pwplc in~ !!rNI _1111rt uf ClllltilK"nl,' ~fn
'llh~c~ seemed to o.~~:r to th.rm the tcmptm.!! J•rullpC"Cl ''' bt't"'•n•n•~ thl'rc 1l:e onlv II'J<l'-•·
pohttcal powc!•. \\ t!h ull llll'l, they ucrr. m:ur cuuugh to our in.iJi•>~ta t·nt·n•ir.t
Le constnntly 11\S~I~lltcd to resistance by their. •• 1!', uml cfii.ctually ai.ltod hy thrir arn.-
and resources-: J o wh~t one~ .tbl·sc UldhJ porticul.,r~, fh11ll11 o cli-c.'Ovrr a J>:tntlk\
a~ong our Umdoo sul.lJCCts? l o none, as lht'y now ore; 111111 iu vnrin••~ imJwbnt
pomta, no. rescmultmce is ever to be expected, 'l'hc or~_;in, &he llhyti.:ul tlldl'llclt•r
dren, oftrn receh·e no rdu~o~tinn. \\'hm grow11 np,
.theyare,nohof~qucntly cungrt;!llted in large oon1•
brre, sometimes wl,buut due 11tt~n1ion tot!ecun•m;
!Ley tl\rourajo\e eur h oth•r in \'Ire; cuul I.Le Jl..ine
of ll•e•r lubour enuble the•u \o p•,. the time of
teloollRtion, in whirh tb~· commonly intlude what
tmght 10 be ullowed to 1111rred purpoeee, in di~~~~>lute
iudulg•nce, Among penp!o oflbi.cbarartrr, I.L•,..
Ia co111bustible n1stter ulready prepured (nr the
'designs of those who seek tu kandle <hiiCot•tent aod
disturbance, Dut the writer of thue oboerntioat
hlld occuion, not long 11!10, lo eee a rontnut It
thie description, in a populoue couutry pariah. In
that dietnct th.re WC ... very few ptl'llllnl of IUfli•
ticnt age, who could not lrMd. The p.<>plo we,.
in general III!Jer,.dtrtnt, regular in their auend·
auce on pulllic wnl'llhip; end in tbe room o(
twenty prerediu~ ye:~n, one inalance or the cnm·
miawon of a rur•ital crime amnng the•n had not
otcum~d. ;J'h( dottrinet nf l'aine r.mnd little to
work upon in auch a community 1 the Bi~le waa
reverenced there, and .every. cuao. kept ttudlly
witliin hi• own pluee. · · .
Uut we are nut lei\' in tlli1 ra11 to 1maller
instances of indtridual oL... rvatiull, AI ex1"ri·
inent bat been going on upon a large ecale lur a
lori3 eeries of yean, in the light of tbe "lmle
nataon, in the two eountrita of lrolund DDd Srot•
lund. 1J!e eomntoll cW.aea of the foi'!Wir country
have \lnbuppily been too generally kep\ in i&no-
rance to the present d.•y ; and ure oot tbe
ron ..quenret moet o!.vioua und mllllt Hriuut r
Jlow lamelltultly llrtl tbt lower pe•>ple there dlt·
tingui.hed by :viriou., turbulent. IWd lawl-
(lroreedmj!R I In what d1via10n of tl.e llritllb
tlominion1 h:111 thtre lll>pearrd 10 !!rut a pm(Willlty
to rmbfll<e demorratir, d,e,.rgu.m&il•~ prmt~pltol
'And it. ie ob~~ervable, tl••t' thrte prmr•piH, and
tbe barbantiH of wbacb W' btotar 00 murh, have
prevailed chit6y in f'fomt.rr, lett enlij~hlel..d parll
of the kingdom, wbil•t tloe tirinili.. nf l>u~lm,
(.'ork IUid otlier rons1derable pluree mnte tl\'ilired
by knowledge, have beeu more ordrrly and qui•"
Srotl.md, on the contrary, b"1 brrn r•m~rku.ble
lor attlontion to the inlltnl<'tinn ..r the lowt!l' tJ,,...,,
o( ill inbabitantl, and they have, in genn..t, been
di6tingui•btd fur oeur two .crnwric~ Jl""t h.Y a
epintnf sol.riety an<l order. In tbo more remote
illate...•it.le parts o( that rouutry, wb.th.r ,' ob-
ltmrted by poutirullll' uusH, hght ptn•trut.d
more el•·wlv, regut..rity and r.ood urder ,..,,.. tlto
of Iuter eowLii.hment; but the IWthH or Lloott
dh-itri'Jr.!. fuitt~uidrd int.o ~xceu ou tome OCt:..,.ihDI
now long put, have tinre hreq u eminent fur a
qbid aod pe11reu.ble drme.. nour " home. u for
etanding numero~~Siy io I.Le (..,emost raub of thoM
who• b..~e Ll•d (or tht iutlrrf'IIS and tLe l.oo..ur
of thi1 CIIUDity ill eYtry qu.uvr cof tbe lj,lobe I
81ld at die p..,..nt rr~tir.J j~~Mtont bue rnnoe
cpospieun~~Siy f·•l'mlld, in 1Ui411J blmdt., f,,r t!.t
f•tpj>llrt of uur ronttii.IILUIII aud uur rcl'''~n, a,;~t
IIIli enemi..., fo~igo a~ll) dt>ron>llC'.
• lndn-d, if we were tvtD to ~~el. aside liMP fOil»
I :,Jc.r.tJOII of rtli;;iou., and the l•>ud foODflt•ltt
at incuk;~,t~t, e.s:.<l t• l\' 0 .:.r,J k.Do"l~df.• mrul;r
' . as
, ..
!l"J
....~,;,
•., ''"< '
;~··
'
to • , ---
and
•• power, or •• an infln•m•nl or ,;,il"·•hoa,
we 11oi~bt ..a~.l~ r... t Ote P""'"' q""''"'o lj'>•ll
th11 (;l"onnd, 'I bt cloi1'owollll ol ~,..,.,, ..1,. ,....,1<1,
in the cud, ~ndtr a lUll leo lll<lft dlfpoo...S IG clo.. ll
th~ a.lnu''"'" o( dt*"r~~n•:•:t; p•u•c 1p!n. u-
t•inrt h ia adnulltd, wlulc .,.,., nn.:ht m •L•, ••
thry ultm do, 1111 irrr~nl•r ""I'"''""'; l>•t 11
lr11~1b th,,.. i~ul11lllld •oooloi be curr~hd LJ
guod HnH and ,..tler\loo 1 and 1urrly lotrtatar..,
••·en in it1 '"""' IIAfH, aarat btl oll.•ud 1.11 btl
Mnrt fMVOOrahlt to ttl prodUCIIUII c;/ JO•oud .. L..
&lid ntfti'C'tion th>10 ighCII'IIntt.
But WI ...o WI to&kt IPIO the CjiMIIIi"P tht iloht ...l
of r~l:gion uolall illl ....tutary pllnctpl"' nrt.o...Jy
no ono "bo tonai<k,.. tbr~r luru and tu~<wn< )'
cnn b'Sitnlt buw to d(flde, l' hrilll:ltll\1 • ••
~iYflllto be I 11 I li,.t lo llw '&"'/.I ;• ,,..,, ....... 11
deC'I11Rd in the in"''•reol. wnlmJ..I tn \.t out ur thf
lea•I:IJ Cllllatl of doe ruin uf llo& Jt• 10~ Ml"*f
..nd PI the \·int uf 'the u... llotDI. ., .......
rharill':n w.,.. roodra•IM'CI bJ the Au1hur ol w
If.,
trligioa1 fur 1Uin1 ,,..,. 11... k~y Q.l !~>UIIkd~•·
th~l i•, tl.e u•t uf tl•l Mlll•lllttt lro•m llot P""l''' \
wbarh al.., bu ...,.II tmlht11tly tht 110 of U.t
Ru01iab t:hn!'flt, It Ia, .,. II•• t•.,IW,, a •tat.,J
pr•yer ol tho Cbartlt of bol••"'· I.L~t·ILt ,_.rl•
n••Y 10 ,....,., the wnrd nlll•>d ao dul' '".!'"'" ~1 '''
111duthat word .. ,..,,.,,61, lwro•J.., lhoot •lo
111Lmit to it "jiir 1111 ~~·-...,,,. . . •h~lll ,,..
abt~lt "' find lite It po•llltrd IUihonlt.hWI prt<tpl.t
(or tbe duertgul ..uup, nrdct. IUtd po.otoof """''' r
" Put I At pt"flt •• •••tl IG loc loLJt• I tu fril.up•l•·,
" lirtt ..d jN¥'"• '' d to u1uJ .,,,,.,,,, 1, '"' ,. )
"for ft'llr ".! '-•• , .. i.o.•nl, ""' f• ...,.,,.....,,
" 11litt 1 Ia •••••t It tr:t• 1 orJ,_ • ., "/ - Ja,.
"tlillmtl• ~o~it, •Arlw II k tot.k ''Ill •• ....
.. ;, ,., ••uoJ f"'"..,,.
",,.,.., or to ., ,.., fJ. '••· }"" ..,
'IIIII, p,..,rl',, .,, IG,. . . ., , . ,
"" f•icl
ll:••l•tad
••d,.tniil.lc
,u •• ••'...,"'· ''"'.,. ,..., lcod •
I!J•• .. tU pll•"'" ,., .._:
•• attly. fbriatua.lll art t-l.llod lo •trHif,
"t• k ••i•l pfl I• •••J t4ror w• .....,.,, '"
")''' Go<l ••" tAt 11:••:. a..! wIt
.. 14<-u a!o . , a•rtt lu.ii.J•I'·· . .
..,,,u,
..u:
ll1101e tbtrtlolt, wbo 'fiould, lly •Hblwld•••L
tl\t •-w~· of l.lll'f111rum th& 'u'G"'• aw..t, •.
tl•• - u( tlaor ~n1•1w"' •ould 18 ""'' 11.111 11111.
.,..,, ol111ch aa •ub tv O\flt!.ru• .,.tlhr"l...
t.ilh and our c1~il Cl<l•~t •• l.tumt. lltiK!e t.. "''1
•bo DJi•l,.. the &.-tun•• ~~ 1Lc (:""1"'1. l.y l....rb·'
IDjl&. ••ld aad .b.&! low nl•~-. wb.rb .,..,. ......,...
wu ,.,. 11y cvpn«t ••th P'~•ucal mvr llflll .....,,.
dcr tLe ••m«<J mull ~.. ..,..,;, be. &A u. .. "' &ft
ani a:m•'.., ,.....,., DDt to lu\C thtr ftc:d fOiutlt w
l'!llltnl .... !l"'it!t11, but DVOft IU,_,,, .. Of'l"'"",
,..,_.l ..
error bJ ttotb 1 and 1f tbt - ..U. dot - • ·
ltrt.,, •• u. .. ~. .... tiA .............. - .
d,IJOU bo&•.c t...t-rnl, "''" ~··•>tu.a'tfr omf""l1 •,•
... tbt ,.,, ..., • .!#, l'lottnn.Jly and 1<11~<11 to ........
Ulll " 1.1 P"""'''" ..... ......_ ...,:,..,.....,
,.., 01 i:bl ,...,,(ur~ly "''~"'• Ua'llll•llltampu c.l •
dlllunw: aGd lu•••o• ,,...... on "' n<• 1• ••t•r.....t
.
troololn ._.,.,.,!: • ••o:.!4 u.d 18 tl...r •·••W""':·
.
~DCIIt aod II '"r.c4o
 100 PAPERS RELATING TO
1\Jr.-Oranl'a Stl\ta and condition, the intellectual, mor~, and political state. of the Hindoo~ · have 0
·of Soci.•t~ amo~g already appeared, in the COU~'SC of tlus e~say, t'? .be totally dtffcrent. 0.11 t.hetr Joca\
the Ae~uur SubJ•ctt circumHtances only it rennuns to 1ay, 10 addttJon to what was before mttmated, a
of Ureut llrhulll. few words 1( th;y were ever " to exalt the spear of enmity" against their ancient
1
'"' masters they would do so almost environed by Hindoos, whose faith they had re-
nounced aud to whom their apostacy would have rendered them odious. Could
they tru;t eucb ndghl!ours all allir:.'!, ~r resist them as enemie.s! What their interest
would obviously rcqutre thern t~ avoul, &~rely we have .no nght ~assume that they
would Le ao unwise aa to comnut. And 1f they called m the assistance of an Euro•
ptan power, would they thus obtain independence, or only change one master for
another? On alitho coast of llindostan t.htlre are but three or four good ports, and
the~e at great distuncea from each other; though the shore is in !~~any places acces-
eihle to an invading force, and there llfC some tolerable harbours m the 1slands of the
Day of Den gal, of which an enemy could take great advantage. Now if the Hindoos
could be renovated in every other particular, no assignable period can be imagined
for th<:ir acquiring and practising the art of navigation; and therefore tfiose of them
11ow auuject to Great Dritain must, in their supposed new circumstances, not only
continue to need the supply of many wants from that country, but always be exposed
to the hostile approaches of the navies of Europe. By a people so circumstanced~
it docs not appear bow independence is nttainnb)c. They must, in effect, be !lt the
mercy of tho ~trongest ,maritime power. Whilst therefore, we continue to be that
power, it is rather to be ex pee ted thnt their own interest, and the preference which
their imitation of our mutme~-s will have given ns over other European nations, will
jointly induce them to remain safe under our protection; as these motives, on thei&:
part, 1dll strengthen us in India against European invaders, and so contribute to
muinluin our naval aupcriority at borne i "'·hich superiority, in the present state of, .
our 11 indoo au~jects, is still more necessary for the' preservation of our Eastern pos·
ees~ions, thon it would bo on Ule suppossed approximation of that people to the
Dritish character. . · . ·
· lt may now bo (uir to enquire into Ule propriety with \\'hieh that species of doubt
or apprt'!Jension, which has Just been considered, insinuates, as it does, some moral
rcluuon bctwt.-en the American revolution, and such principles as are proposed to be
introduced among our Indian sui.Jjccts. Is it to be supposed, that if the Americans,
being in their physical churactcr, their local and political·circumstances, the same,
had professed 1\luhomcdunism, l.'f any pogun religion, they would not have been at
lcnst, equ111ly prone to a revolution l If we htld maintained in America, the same
kind of despotic government which has prevailed in the East, where the soverci.,n,
"·lien di.sputd1ing a viceroy to a distant province, could seldom know that he sho~ld
not soon have to send an 11rmy to reduce him to obedience, will it be nsserted that
our authority would ha,·e been better or rqmtlly secured l Dut after all that is said
c( the st'pnration of tho American colonies f1'0m Great Dritain, it is now u fact well
lmow n, thul il did not.. 8pring from \he genc(ul di~po~ition, or l.he previous design of
t.he people: in tho possession of all U1e advantages, which have been enumcrutcd
they had not brcome imputicnt for intlrp( ndence; and among· the reasons to b~
asstgncu for tho atlaclnu£'nt wlaicb then still remained among Ulcm for this country;
mny certainly be reckoned their possc!lbion of the same language and religion.
. If it be ur~cd, that a comparison b~twccn the American coloni~ts, and the
nnth·es of our EII.Stern territories, cnn be justly instituted only in considt!ring the
lutter, not Hll they at-e at present, Lut as tlaey would be after nil the proposed im-
]Wovcments were dillu~cll amoug thrm, it muy bo answered, that our previous.
stntcmrn.t of the ~fleets of thrse improvements, affords matt.cr for this comparison, so
fur ~~~ tluul,!s l'Hllll!l~~nt ~nd unknown, can be compared w·1th things established and·
known; &lid tim~ ll IS f111r, fnr a double Tl'~UI~>Il, to State the pre;;ent dispa~ty between.
U1c two mces ot proplc, first to shew U1c Immense career winch the llmdooa have
yet to run, even II\ the prosl>cution of such improvements as are attainable and
secondly to dcmon~tmte, thut in the chamclcr, situation, and circumstances ~f the
An_~c•·iclln~ ut Uu.1 a•n1. of their rewlution, there were radical important distinctions,,
w·lm h no nnpt·o,·cmcnt, on the port of the llindoos, could annihilate· or in other
'~ords, tllnt thry could never be txpccl.l.'ll to arrive ut the point at which the Ame-
nc"mi thl·n stood•
. lmlc~d those "h~ kn~w the countr¥of1Undostm will probably think tbnt political
lli>Cl·ty IS tlu: last t.hmg hku!y to lloumh there. Though that country hns been, from·
· causes
 .l: A S T I ~ D 1.\ A F F ..\ t n S. 10\
c:.11:s:::~ of a diffi:rcn~ nature which ."ill Le .herooA~'f notirl'd, ahun ~ 11\,kd l\l f'l:h)o cl\ .\ r. l\',
lut:ons 111111 con,·ub:ons; a rcvollltl!ln, the 1Jca und RC'l ofti-I'IOilii.,Jr 1111'. 1 1 .. t: 1 u
• · .. · l . , c:. • • • • ... • .. ., " 1•u•t 1e ""'"'' ..... ·•·
pnn,~l~ lS, or ro~t.\cr •• om an ab11,oe of the pnml,lll'S uf ClnlliUc:1ty, " 0 ,,1,1 l>e 1 , ~:'\:.tl "'"·'"' ... ,...u•r
11 polttll'ltlphenontcnml as the world has uhibitcd, nnd one of" hich •hia );015 'tH'II ,., t'* ' - o4...,.
no example. To brin~ a timid sul~tllil\:!i\·e IJeo!lle \I ho 111 the Tarhll'll c•l,\·,1 ,, ~ "''" ..4 ._10111"' 1- .~ ... ''I
~/uppers ~'/JIInr;r, "P, to the monhness of the ·:uropcun choract,·r, t.• c·!····~~·~ t!.c tltJ«I.._
• • ""' • • ""' • • 1111' . . . . . . . , .. , .

fuchle:.t ot thcm, the ,l!':ngalez!:', to 110 high a point uf cncr~v, tlu1t li'-r the \ 1111: 1ir11 n'---v---1
~lc;ccntlants of t.~c
1
lmtlllh thcuasch·rs, th~y bhoulll 11lon the dJrin~ prnjc•·\ uf 1111
mucpenrlcnt emptrc, srems to lJe somcthm:; brn~tlll "lol\t h11<1 wt bct., 1 ~n, 1 , 11 r u
rca~Ull!IUIJ to lie CX[I(:CtCd from tJac cfl'~-clS of in11titutiu11.'1, c:hllur rrli·•kJII!i, llj~Jil
~Jatl011$, "' .

lla~ing thus ron~i,lcrC'd .the ath-crsc ~nsc-qut'llcct ~whl fc1rth Ly the o1•jrcti.ln, it
may '!ow ~.proper to ll~)tlce mure p~rllcuh•rly, the hti'Our.at.:e aupfK•-iri"'~~' •l•ida it
i:on.tums. 1 he .dangers It fcurs, nrc the dnnwn ol.' pn.~St)(·riry. 11 tl.u1, thii J•r••,.
pcr.•ty ·~ere rcnltled, nn«< tl.c pr01l~tcc, the IIIHnt!lite~llll.'!l,, Rll~ tbc ricl.t-aol rJ~ t'''""h y
wen: g• c;tt!y cucrcas::::l. 11s ucconhn~ w the ol~rclloll, f.u,:.:la.~h m.mncr~. t.u:, a "''''
'\·ants, mu~t 11lso have IJccomc common, would not Cl<porta thither, 111nlthc r~'\:ipr01·.t1
'
commerce arisilli! from the chatwc (not t11 reckon the illljltl!l\!1 ''hid a tu•·n·h11n•h•.
~ ~ ~.

1\.?w hardly ~nxed at 11!1, woul!l thl'll t"'l~ily. be1~r) be proportiullllllly uu;.:tllt':&ll·•l ~
l·?r what tiCriC~ of years, nnd 111th, 11hnt multtplyt~tg (101\C:I'll, umy ~c lla·n r••m-.·iH!!
. tins augowntallun to he pro::re-sivc P Large as the a~crtiun IIIRY ~~t-.·•u, ll('d:.•1•, tl.r
shmt~t tcl'llt \\C could a~sign to it 1\'!'nthl produce an llrr.mmtluti••n ,,f ro:ullll'tT•u(
protils tuul o!lvantng:es, 11101-e than tuntun1ouut to a Ycrv hi~h \'nltn,tiun u( lilt' ti·t<
11implc of our pmvinccs, if we could suppo.~c a sulc of tlwm 111 be nnw na.ult! ,\n I
it is fai1· ul;~o to admit, that il' the country were linally lu:ot, our Cll!lllu•nr.~ rni,.:l:t s:i.t
be nccc~sarv to it, and possibly cvrn cominue to cncrca•c. :oiuda tht·n 111.u!d IIC' t!1n
conclu~ion .itlimlt:d by this ful:lllili~!Jie ot.jcctio11; it' fur the u~e of t~r!!ttlllt'nt, 11e •rtr
to uilow tltt' process dc:;cribt•d in it, tog" on •irho•at rrsi~tAucc t11 iu C\t't•ptiun .• Llc
t~arts. llut we trU3t, we huve already ~hewn, thut it is nut entitlt'll to thill COJtlt1"1'inn,
amd th:tl whilst it hold$ forth C\'ils, only Oll lli .• tdllt nod hyputlwtit·ul. it is ~>hli,:r·•l,
ns the solu groun•J of its &Jlllfcllcnsion, to ad111it •tlvllut.tgt'l to be cct111in a1•J
p•·oximatc. • · ' ·
It rctnains now to examine one important p~sitiun, alrl'R•Iy ftltnli•Nil'tl to I.e
tacitly comaiuctl iu the ol~cction, " tlml in a S}•ll.'m, oppo•itc: to tltc uw• here ,,,,,.
posed, must consbt out• future snfcty oml stahility in lauli•." \! 1111 illi11~ u the
writer h, to enter on so tlclicutc I' 5tlbJCC:t, nntl imlcccl h11ack't1uatc tu tlu: due tn·a:•
tnent (Jf it, he fcrls himself co~lkd lly lais arj:!mncnt, to tuakc &ullJe circ:u•u•p ,.,
ol•scn·lltkln~ upou it. f.'crtuinlv in a politicul vie1r, the l;fl'at !)Ul~tiun •laid1 tl.i.
counh'\' has to rlctt:rmine re~p~:ctin~ lndin i!l, " \\'hut arc the llc•t Ill<' II" uf I"''•
pcllillllll)! our tlllpire there• ?" Not, wlutt Pt:l of lltt'U,III'C~ or line of , .. l:iry Ulay
suit with the :1spccts of the dny, or ~crpupthc motion of the nmd.iul!' of J:U~t·rn·
IDl:'llt j but upon whut ,;cnerulprincipks IIIIIY we m'llt hope hi IIIII I.e our CIJ!'IItl't:liun
with that Cllllllii'V pcrnmricnt, and, Oil ldl' 11!1 \IC {'1111, indi~I'II~Ullk· r Tu•eml; I lie tft..
tcrminatioll of ti1is qut'~tion, perhup11 it •ill hi: •~cll tu ."'''l'11.1u the 1~u•t lai:tur~ r,f
our Indinn r• 0\'illCCI (or IC't UA say to thMC ol );t !'g·tl Ill l•nrttcul:"· ··': t.'~·d !'~t
of OUt dvminion) and to the chur:tclcr of the OUliVI'S uf them. l110 l.n;,:•l,l>, II I'll
tl:uc, 11·erf 11t first guided in their c,,~tcrn a•lu!ini•lrution, ntlll'r by '"'"t'l ut. t'nr,t•,
than by uustract p1 inciplrs or rcrordetl c:\pcm·nce; Lut ho"evcr nntt:r Jl ll.i. 111•~
he, jn tlu~ pro~rCllil to c~tabli~lamcnt, a more CltMltlt.-d 11111'\'ry (If lht: c•M-e u( t•a;l
11iluir~ in t!ae acquired country, witb lht'ir rnu.se-s ull'l l-.m .. •;ttllllC\"1, lllot!f .-diiMII\
the nrw pus.<.e~sor~, "hrti linuly !'dtiC\1 in th~tr powt.r. h 1.!1 lll•t jl(;rl••l" tlll.lll~h I·•
e~e111pt thCIII li'OIII tlti~ I'CYiC"'o that tl.cy lulloll' 8 l)'!ot•.'lll of l,'H\l'l'li:IIUit .".'Jdy
diftC.rcnt from the Foysll'lll of their l'rtdcc(·~>.;o~, untl are tl~tm-c;hu • .h·ry •ltrlcr~11l
l)cople, :\mnng t!.cir ;\_~iatic ~~~~l·rts, .c~rtam ;.:e~wrul I'IOJM'rtltt .•luch l..t·~:~~ to.
h:maun nuturr, nnd rcrtUIIljX'CUhur c1uulatlt!ll rc1ultmg !rom D 11C<:'Jh;tr cumt~JOhl\11 ''.'
Fu•·i~:~y, nauy be expected to have a sku•ly opcrutton, .w;wn: 1
nut ~oulloll•,lll,l
st:·on, ~·r it;flntno::es. If we look hnck dK'n tu the l;hturl ol )A.u.,,llot lloc n,ttlla K•,
~ ~ •c
• ~oomf wi\llot ff'Ad\' In •M•tr," n~· fl't'1lring titiolt. 'Rue •h •I i{ tbt Rio&:... al-ld .. Jo,..
lo lloe 1""'1·1• tlorir rtl·~i<oll aood l•'"• ;" awl i11 tltC
r,..,..,.,,.we 10 '*' dutn·•"• ,....., ..,,...., .,,......
j11:.l ttt•ldof' of lht> •-•ula, n.uuc1y. tl•....t. nu \'~ul«"••l
••MI tl~ P"'tt'le Wt'1f' ... ....,...,4 ,,.:.,t.nly to ..... .

ch.m..::c tn rahc-r, c•mtnuv 111 t~.tt ~.i·u~ot &•l the '""'"'"" thrtr r.l ''""' .. uut.J loofl u.c ft-,• ...
P•"i le, i• 10 Le roforccd,· ...e pgrrt! 10 me P'"l,... f~r oer 101t1"" l ·
IUh.IG.
• Cc
282.
 ·io-~ ·r i·r·t 1d 'n.f..t. .A 1'1 K a 'T·o
'1\lr: <.:irnnt't ~tnfe 1\'C sha1( fitld,' \hat except _in the piriod wJ~Cll tl:C ~~u~u) Cn~pirc W~S Ht~!S vic,'Ot~, 'tlll~·
. nf'Snco•ly 11mn~g dt& component, parts '-If lt thcrcb~. kept Ill .pc11cc \\ ;t.!l e~~~~ · oth~~·. t~~~-t co~ntJ y has •
, &h~~hmllcSui.J••ctt hccn the scene of freque-nt rcroluno 115 ;. unci we camwt lall to dtsco\Ct 1 th;'t .11s the
lllf ~.rout UrlluJn, I dc~potism of Cli!otcrn gon:rnmrnt mar Lc reckonell 'the •fir~t and ·•·emote ptqnclplc 0f
" ,. 811 ch chnn).(rs,. so they have •immctha.tdy procrcdcd fro_n.' two· ~auscs,. tl~~ lawless

1
• .tpirit uf 11111 1Jitious adventure con11m'n nmong all yre -!•~•htary tn~J<;s of JJmdoslat~
.end the nature of the ~tcncrolma!IS of the people mhalntmg'tbat regiOn; •.
'l'be.l'crsilms ami T111tnrs who have po~Sred into it from early ages, have generally
.Letn soldiers of fortune "h~ urought little with the111- but their swords. with the~e
thry h~tvc· nut 11nlrcqnct~tly cl.\rvcd ~1cir wuy to <.liguit:Y and empire: . Power h~s been,•
•ond is t11eir durlin~ "'~ject; nolhin~ II' liS s~ruple<.l by them t? -o~tam Jt: ·-tl!e. h1story of
.1\Jahomc<.lun. rule in llindu~tun .is full ot trcusons, o~Sils~tuutlonli,, fmt~··~tdes, tven,
'purricidc ia ne~t unknown to it. Thrsc northern ~dvcnlnrers ·uy ·tlu:tr ~~u·t~ and pur··
.suits, hcc~me in tact nn acc(ssion, of noorc acuvc .and stronger· quahn.:s mdccd, to
the tuilitut·y division of the people of llindostun. The 11indous? thouJ.lh h~-ld to .ue
,]t-1<5 pi'OtiC to the !hcddin~ ·of blood, Jmvc not ho\\'ever, cal'l'tcd thetr mcety tur,
.;,.J.•en the priv.c of S(JVCI'Ci:.J;Iity or nuthori.ty hus ·been in qu~sti01i; b1lt 11!1~ong them,.
lllll).!Uin••ry umhition has Lccu usually conhncd.to the Drahmm~ und the uubtary cn~tc.;.
..to the Jullt•t' IIIOI'C, .
'~'fhl.' militury cluss of the llindooe, \\'hich in its institution hllR some ofthe. features
o(lf 11 111ilitiu1 101'1116 ill n•ulity B gt•cut &tuudill!t BI'IMJ of lllCI'CCIIIII'it.'fi,•I'CUdy tO !Hi hired,
..on 111l C>t't'u~ions, tltou~h u~mall y not oiJiip;L'tl to entct· jutu ut"tuul service. Thus the
auwrdgn ota.country ~an not ulwuys .cunlllllllltl lllllit·. ussishmcc, n h~~t the ·exi~tcnce
·t>f ~uch u IJody •IIIIIY often rcndt'r u dumt'~lic cmnpctitor, or 11. forllign enemy,· fol"'
.mi~uhlc to him. J:rom this co1.ious llOU~e, tmy 1111111 uf ent<"rpri~e, whtttever were
rhi:t "icll'~ ur. prcl~·n~iunM, cuuld 111 wny11 lint! purti~uns, -if be ·itud funds ·to entcrtait1.
;tlu·m; .the trcn&t"'e.of the prince has been often used by his se1•vants, to hire men to·
,cJcbpuil him ul~o 1,1f his thrvne. No clmr11ctcr ltus. U\'Cil so bud, no c11use so unjust, a11·
.not to litu.l.anunuy 1.<1 &np~ort it ifthere wcl'e ntonl.:'y to p~y them, .• The memiJers of.
•the milil ury cuMtt•1conccivm~ tlu~msdves destined by thcit'crcution. to .fight, often take
up nl'lllll ''ith tho some .indillur~·ncc anti .indiscrimination as a lrtbourct· takes tlp a.
~puclc; insmundt ·tl1ut it Jut:~ not Leon Ullllsutal to see a d!!li::uted :&rmy ~oin .the
Mnudurd.of tho victol'1 npon tho ~nme principle whiuh Cllrries :the la~um·ct· from on!! .
.t•tnpluyct·, "ith wjtom bu~iuc~s runs low, to tmutlw't• whosl.l service and mcnns he
.(Jcclll$ UIUI'C ~ut·c,' 'J ltc tuilitul'y "fahomedans. (fot· .muny of the .dc~K:cllllunts of .the·
Tnrlill'll who ~t·Uitd in llimlost.m fell into ·the line~ of civilliiC.~ at•c equally-really 011.
•tho tuilitut·y J Jimlooa to cn~nge thcm~d1·e~ in cunnuotiuns, qunrrds, 11nu ·lillY species
.of "·urlitrr, both huving nlwuyM, intillll'S of confusion, nn c~•c to plundct·. ·
. 1-'roni this in~titution of a militnry clnss, the wisdom of which is surely •impeached~ .
'IJy the grncmlcll\:ct:~ it has pr~;duccd, the 111ilitury pph it cutnc nt longth 4:o reside
.ahno~t "holly in one portion of the £'C<'plc. And hence ·lllny, in pRtt.at Joost, have
fullo11ed the u1Jjrctnc5B of the lutcriur tl'illcs, compo~ing the main uody ofthe notion,
.ami thdt• wunt of .public Fpirit. llowcvet' much they may, on diftilrent accounts,
have prl'l~·rrcd a llindoo to n 1\fuhomrdun govt'nmwnt, no iustnncds recollected of
their l'i~ing to ~upport 11ny 1111live prince, -ot· keep out uuy invader. The whole his-
\ory of the 1\luhomc<.lun empires itt JJimlosttm, os well as the tl'tlces we have of the
.anterior government of.the llindoos, nnd what we see in modem duys, &II concur
to prove thu llluvish -cJi~polDitiou of thnt people1 and their want 9f 11ttnchmcnt te
.tltcit- l'nlcrs. . ·
· l·'t,ml these !e,·ern1 :cnu~t:'S, the de~potic ~oius ·of Eastern 0!!Ovcrnment 'the exclu·
-~il'c lwrcditury ullotmt•nt of the miUtary protl:s.-;ion to 011e class, nnu' the nltiect
·Chunwtct· ul ·the l'eopl£', hnvc proceeded :the •!I~ at rncout·n•-cmcnt of indiviclutils te
tho \'iolt•nt IISHI111Jition of power, .and the ti.gnucncy of i:~ul'rcr.tions .con1·ulsions1
'
.11mI t'ryoIull~ns 'In tI111t rountry. ~nd the snme ., .causes, though their opcrntion
' moy,
by -.nrlons CII'CUilllihlnuc\ be occliStOIIIIIIy suspended, will as long as ·they eKist, huve
'" ttndcm•y ·to produce the snme efieets. Uindostan btlS nlternutcly been unitt!d
ott!l~cr lii\U gl'Cilt he11d, .ur partition~ into many st11tes. &w conquct·oroi have, i11
tthlktl'nt ~~~~• .appen1'00 on thnt·c:on?nent, who cncrca~ing as rhry went on, have &t.
Jcngth, hv ,the \'nst.1lun:ber of thctr fol!owcr~, overwhelmed e\'ery thing thut opposed
th~ m. \\ c nvw, mdl>ell, see t~:~ eUiptrc ot the l\Jonuls pro~U'!lte, nnd may be apt to.
Unt.k, thut Brrangcu os tbo llohucs.aud llQ'):Crs of llindostuu an:. tbe s&tuc onlt'r of.
.things
 C]L\ S'r fN~D·I A :.\.Fl''A llt ~ •t •
1],fn~ is not lil..cly' to rctum; 'bilt it was upon the 'Sub,•crsion· (lf't}1e 'Ntnrtt'rlttii~ c 11 At. '1".•, •
.that the !\lo::;uls rost!;tmtlmny nut a new·advcnturcr and a ncwl·fi~lc"rot"-r rt • '1 • ...... • .
.h I I ~ I • '"" " " '" nr;, "7,....1 ,..,. ·" ..
-estu bl •~ yet an~t ter :t ~· nnsty . .t ~·as fJCI'IectJy in the optimt-nf1\'aclir Slnnr, "hcu ,.,...: ,;. --...t
be entered Dd!u ~!I a conqueror, 1ft 1 i3!), to hne dune thi!!•. J\nd if one of ti.OM: twl r..l-. ~­
seo~~s 4!f maukmd "·ho. have so:·ircqurntly drMJiuh'd lmlln, •houlcl a~in nriM", !;'A:;.~'::'
:lltnd~n~ hts fmne, am~ tit~ ·-tdl'll of hts .. hoppy dt~tiny'' bt-k.rre hhu, mi~!.t 111 ,t the o.,;..-......
:multnudrs oolle<.:tell 111 1~'1 progreSl!, pourtd out ut l::n~h into the t't'lnotc qua:-tl't o1 , •
~en gal, endanger our e:'ltstencc then:? .Wht:thcr we 'Strppme hnn to a«lvnnt-e j 11 tho
rfir.;t :flu~h of eon!luest, or after he had gn,cn .u. cL·ntrnl ~omolittnion· to hi' J"U"' rr, ho
. woold ~~~ buck~? ~y the resources of .a v~t mhmd re;;•on, by brge um•b u( hol"!!f,
~~nd .mynad~.&llllluntry. If we.no~1i;;un_: 1o ourl>Civca the pr~~ o(ht. o~tntioru,
·tt ":111 not brmg t!1cn! ~cnrer; It \\·dl !Jc' 111 flnkr ·tlm.t we muy fie bt·ntt ·~unrdt'\1
· ttg11ms~ then~. _1 be Jar tars, unnccnstomed_ ~cope \\ ttJt ourstrildy militnry ~uhmtry
;11nd sk1ll, nu~ht be rcpcntc<lly · repuh-cd. Still ~rt':!h lilt amrs of ·a•,uilants mi::ht Lo
•b•·ought forwanl, o'tld sea~on aftencason, invus1olt IJe rcoc,,<'tl. We cuuiJ Lrin•• (.,;w
~~nvalry ·into the "field; the numerous squadrons of the t11e1ny 1ni;.:ht "L>te\un.l
'illlhatJst' tbc-ceuntry; the landholdt.'I'S, from whom the rcvcnu~ arc dcri'~ ,.- 00111
·.as is usunHn llindostnn, upon the nppearunce of commotion, \\rthhohl the V.Svutt·nt
~'?fthci~· rents;· the ~~uce-<>f the tli.!.tri~ts wt.ich the enemy tni;;l~t on:ury. thry ~ o•1ld
'Jollncdtntely B[lpropnate; and the-cre«ht CJf our go\·ernmcot, all Jndtcd lt'C C\'tn nuw
· experit>nce ·in tin17s of exigcttcy, wmrlll n~t ('II'I)Cure us any adequ.11le eup1llit':" ~~·e
:-'h~uld..tl!ns~ stra•tC'_1ed and l·mbarra.SSt'd·m our· ruourc::r!l; s..r~pll1Drui ol O'Jr ~tllbdtt1
·m•ght lll'lse 1ft the nunds o{ ·our aui!JCClll, and among them would be ·a great num!Jtr
·.of the mi!itllry caste, un•'tnploycd by us, andrt'adyto·m11ke 1h~r 01t11 UIIC uf an~ pro-
'mi~in~ OCl'llsioll. l\Itmy of tho!!tl aultjeclll, "011 by the ~plcnJor of oc:w powrr, .:i,J tho
'flroucl display-ofag·impcrial stund11rd, Of dC'lliroutof 1w:curin~ 111 ew.rlyintL'Il'!tt, pt:rl1111•
-indulgiu!( new hopts from a fe~·olution, would li&llo"·11y fnnn us: otht1'1 •oul!.l • itla
~fm· n ct~sution of prcllutory vcx11.tions, at the ex pence of our c~pub1on. The SL'II,.')'\,
. wb~ a.ttuchHJcnt to us has at•pearcd surprbin;, thou::,h·the cau.n ol· it tt>t'lll t~ciurer
\inexplicable 1101' immutublc, t supplied tllnlily, 111111 pr.rlniiiS only rorthally with &be
pay, uf 11 hich the a·cguhtr u.dv11uoe bad J,tf1•re !iOConcililltt'tl them to out' ttrtice; and
;tnstcnd of ln:iRg animated by the c::nrcer of ~·ictory, cooped up in a duhiuut dl.'k1JJi•·o
worfure, nliyht olso IJe tempted to li~tcn to -the har:te otli:n ol a ddc11ing 1..-.,h·r, iH
'whom their reudynotions·of tiltalism 111i~ht euhily preSl'nt to tll(·m a new £i11X ~l t/,1
;'U.'OI'Id. Ill srtcll on tmluous erisill, \le t1·ust tlmt every thing lo be e~\)l'tlrd li'•'"
•hravery, fo•·titudt", nnd militnry science, lfould be pet ful'llll"tl on wr I)Jrt; but mu-t
-not our ·ltL~tin•• ucptndcm:e be chicfty on llritb.b troop'!., on our maritnnc IJCI"r1'• 111tl
·-on supplies by sea? WitJa all thc&C, it ill very c11~~ to ace 11.0" ort.n.,•he, l.uw
~hrt-tttming a lung stru!!glc., uuainwinctl under IIU«.:b clrcuoUtl.llnct'l, fKl""•iilly Ly aidt
"'leriv~:d frum the 1uother country, musr be to ua; how much al.o lt wu•t aha._c our
-interests nml our tiluuility in the re~t of ludia. l\o" in an~ 1ucb ~.ate of thin:::" ht
•any case o( tbc same nnture1 le.•s C1ttreme, "hut "I'IUid be ol lfi<KD lni_{>OI't.a•.ce .tu ~, ..
·"·lll\t could so cfirctually fot·ti(y our CUU'SC1 u to h"''~ the ~'OI'lo .ol ~·r tc:rntorw.,
,bincrrt:ly attached to our govei'Oment; to hnve t'l-tuLIL•hcd 111 tl•cll' unnJJ. •uch an
. ufiectionntc participation in our lut, auch an uniOQ "ith our ·iu\~~._.,t,., u a!tUtl!d
-countl'ract the dcli.>(tion defalcations, and treachery, to be olber111'11J at•l.n·IK'Ittkd
'·fi·om the .Ordinnl'y bent ~nd practice of the .;\~iutic clnuactcr? .we ..IICJuld tbu•l.unt
;the ~;Crvire of all the re~ourccs wb~h our rit:h pro\ inert. con~uttcJ, "c. ~l1011~~~l~.ne
·the steady nJhcrrncc and co-opcmuun of the pt~plc, and ut.lllb ~IIY· "''k 1lcU1ululy
-confound and baffie even the }10\\L'fful pr<'panthon~ of an u!'IM.'fwl dc"tl\lt• to •I~
·nffairll lung and spirited rc:.i'ltancc mi;,;ht prove hi~,;hly dl'lnt!lCiltal, by t:nrouna:.:" 1)(
·-dh,tunt provinces "·hich he bud before o1·Cr·run, to throw oft the yul.e. 1\ntl l.ow
nrc our subjects to be funned to a di,~ition tltus favoUfllLic to It\, tu I~ than,:cd
=thus in thdr charncttr, but by ne'" l'riucipll"'l, K't1UIIIt.'11t•, on1l ltL•l~-., k....hul( .to ·~~
.,jews, c:tmduct, and maniiM'S; all "·hicb wouiJ, Ly unc and 1he "'-me tt~c'l'l, kk1 •hl{
'tlwir cllnse "ith oul'!l, amd proportion11bly !l('rllr.ltc them from. o1o:~w .iuiL'ft~b ·
It is not, tte may \'cnture to athnat, trom eud1 a t~~·;:c, Ltl\ I? C'UI'!'"um~~: .cat .• C
arc,' thot "e ~"tllntl most C!lposed to tlre d'"'~'-. \If tllA•llcdl rc:wl .. taHn. lltc OOJ'-rlMlfl
"hich conceives -remote evils to ·result from a plan ul iiiiJ'l"'~cmc;•t. •lun !"A adv~
-to otJrcrs which uury in the mcun time. arb<: (rom ('1111-t., of a •ht&'ftlll L~kl. \\ c
' ' 'b ' ' t1 d' ' f ' ' ~n•·nC"t• •'·" .-,:f r•-~t.~ltl tlolt ('OUIIlrf
JOIO WI\ It 10 lC Cli>r'C 0 sc:cunnaft Ul '"'"""'"'
r- .. .,. ,... · ·- ~ ~

• If be lwtl, we mi;l.t p:-obeMJ ba-rt tWl bm1 ..,... lllltfr~u ,. ,...._

1 See •·•le.,
I""JC! , ••
 -1 <»
4 l' A r E RS · R E I. AT I N G. T 0
. • · 1 • t t •ncd (more it may Le concluclcd, by the overrulin~ dispensation of Pro-
J.r, G•~l• !!tala vidctlcc,
(I( s~d.:tv IIIII""~~'
Ub
0 1 11
• '
tban I.Jy any &eht!llle of man, ) Lut d'l' 1
II cr liS tot IC m~ans. T 0 liS It · appearsr
.rho: hi•ur !'luhJ•~ta that 1111 thing promi~UI so fair for ~he eml propo~cd, a~ cn~agm~ the attachment and
·"' <.ir"~' Untuon. regard of tl;a people, ami rcmovmg th~e cau~cs w!J1ch ha~~ httherto made then~ so
'---...-----' :u~quirscmt in ~v~:ry clumg;. It wos. this p~s~IVe temper, ~ou!ed to. the cxpechlttous
which many uught cntcr~a~t~ fron~ the dcpo51tton of the fCllgmn~ 1\: aim~, tha~ con-
r tritmtcd to oar cnsv ucq111stt1oll ot the country; but the same temper "oultl u:nder
. our hold. of it .lc&s sure in any urduous co~1test•. A~ presc?~ we ~re every w~y
1 1iJf~.:rcnt from the people 11 bo:n .we h~ld 111 su bJec.uon ;. ~lilierent .m. country, 111
JnnJ!UU;!;r.. in fm•nncrs., in c•!~tu•ns, 111 5cntamcnt~, n.nd m rel_agton ; thcar mterest. also,
fur the 1·c 1uon~ tucnuoncd m the early p1Ht ot th1s .memol.r, ~hey n.mst cunceavc to
he dilfcrt:nL from ou1·s. · Whut then can be a hcuhn~ pnnc1ple w1th regard to all.
thc\~e pointR, hut a principle of a.soi!11i(ation, a COI/111101/·bum?, ~vhic~ shall give to ~oth
partiea the reality uml the conv1ctaun of. mutual benefit from the conMectton?
Without 1111 uniting principle, a conjoining tie of thi~ n~ture, n:e can suppose the
coun~ry to be, i.u fi•ct, rd.tin~d .only hy mere power i, but 111 the same· de~r~c tha~ an
idcnuty of scnllmcnli and pnnetplcs would IJe .es~abhshed1 M'e should. exlu.ll!~ a s•ght
· uew in the region of llindustan, 1\. ~t:op!e actl\·el y attached, .. corchall y affected to
thl'i 1• j!uvernnwnt, and thu~ nnr:ment111g liS Blrength. In ~Ius. laudable ·11 ny, we
~hould urcome more funuldublc to the othcr powers of .that c;outment, we should be
hl'~t scc:tn·t·•lnguin.;t forcignt·m·mies, in~urrections, 11nd the da~1gcrs pf un. hcredi!ary
auilitnry bod\' 1 we should hnvc .mot·e support from the umss ot the people, ttnd 111 11
word, Lc ~~~~~~ cfli:ctuully guun.leJ agaim;t a revolution,
Jt is remnrk"ble, tlntt the radical principle of the conclusion thus mndc, a con-
clubion to wl:ich ttn arquuintunce with tlie Indian chardcte•·, 11nd 'the experience
tlust pt·o~t·t's~ivc time has' nffimlt'd' of· the dl(:cts of lmowlcd~orc, particularly
the riivinc knn11 lt~lg;c of· (~tlistianity, ·may now c:~sily' lead an m·dinary ·mind,
clirct:tPtl, n~co11lin~ to the judicious lti~torian of Tlu: nucimt Elii'0['('(/11 Imcrcourse
tdt/1 /mlin, thu policy of the Grcdun conqucrm'· of that conn try, in. s~:curing his
ER~tcm at•qui~itions. · llo"evcr dillercnt,. in otltCI' respects, the circumstancts ofthat
<·ddll'l'tcd Jll'r~ona~o UlllY uc from ours, in tlois'wo UAree with him, th&t \l'C have an
J\~iutic eml'ire to lhnintuin. And Ill'. Hobertson, who in acknowlcrlging the eccentri-
ritirs ofth11t t·!i.trnrmlinut·y mnn, ~ivcs him ulso tile credit of pi'Ofonnd politic.:ul vicll's,
uh~crvt~, " hu urly pcn·dvcd, tllCII to 7'rmkr l!istmllwrit_q St.·mre and pi!I'IIWIII:nt, it
•• /1/IIVI b.: CRI11Muh.:d in tlrJ t!/f.:c·lioll·of' thd uati01u he·had aullclued, and maiNtained
11 /1.11 tlwir or11111; und tlmt in order to ucquire thi,; udiiuutagc, ull distinctions bet~reen

" tho \'icto1·~ nud the ·vanqui.hed 'lun~t he llhuli>hed, uml hi~ Eumpean nml Asiutic
j ' ~ulojel·ts ue incorptu·utod 1111d utocmue one people, b.IJ obeJ;iug the same lmu, and by

".n.topting tilt!' 11111111! mmmera, imtitutillns, and di.1cipliue." It is the leading idea
·only of thi11 JX!Iicy, that is mcaitt til be applied here; and thnt leading idea is
plumly the principle of trs~·imilatitm. It would neither suit us, uor our suhjccts, to
m·t upon it univcrnully, us Alexundt't' proposed. We ought not to wit!h, 'that the
dibtinctiuns hl•tWl't'll tho two rue~!! &lwuld be ·lotit, ·or to aim at intruducin" into Asia
h111 s fl'<Hnl·tl tor thi11 country; uut to nttat'la our subjl':'cU by nftection, Ly i~tcrest, by
"inninj.! thrm to our religion und our ·sentitw~nts,-this wouhl be at once to add to
tln·it· happim·s~, tmd to unive ut the.: snmc (Jhjt·ct which the g•·cat conqueror bad in
,.it:w, tlmt of rcmlcring our authority " p~mun(!nt and secm:C." ! .
Thid polil'y is'rrcommrudetl lly SQIIIC uthet· consideration$; which sllllll be liriCfly
notiec~l. It i11 sunicicntly umh:•·~tnu.J, thilt since our first appcurance on the theatre
of lnditm \\Ill' uml politk:~, tho 1111th·e powers hil\·e improved in military discipline,
und thnt 11·e llllll' find it llt~t:css~ry to bring into. the .ticld, arn~ics proportiou~I.Jly largt;r
lhtm tho~c tlmt ~crv_c~ to uch1cvc ?ur curly va<·tonc~. lla,·mg so tutercstu:g an eva-
dcm·c ot the cnp:ll.uhty of the names to s:uprove, there appears no good l't•uson to
l'OildUde, !hut tlll~h·tl\lVIIllt\'lllClll illlllilitlll'V bl.iiJmay· not l>e (urther llt'O"I'l'S~h·e. It
.~~ cxtrcllll'Iy probabIc, thnt the.: l..:nctid<~l ellccts· t
of our civil policy will "'
also in time
llll't'l) thrms~:-lv~ upon tbcir ut!t:utio•l, and from the cogent moti\·e of ~df-hitcrcst,
pt·odul'c 1~t lca~t sumc imittltion~. All :he aclvanccs they m11ke in the arts of war or of
JlClll'l'•. \\Ill $t'fYe to lc~scn thut suprrbrity in both, by which, under the disddl'nntuge.<~
utt.lclung to us ns fon.•tgnrrs, und \lith f,lrcrs cmupamtin·ly smnll, we have acquired
1111 B~l't•ndllm'y 11mung th~ powt'l'S uf Uindo~t:m. The nearer "e approach ta Wl
~quahty, the more these d•S<~ch·,mt.•~cs "ill he tclt. Our business Sl't'lllS to l>e there-

.
I~I'C, hy new rcsourCl's in policy, st•ll to pl'I.'SCI'I'C the n;h1tive I'Unk in which we have
.
Lothcrto stood; aml \\hut C.Ul UIOI'C uirl·~;t!\' conduce lo . this eml tluul to infuse new
'

11rinci pies
 EAST INDIA AFFAIRS. ICI,S
priilci[>lcs of attrtdunent, of Rctivity, ami inJwtrli' amon" the ""O"le - .,. 1 .
t .." us stl·entl n~nmg
. tl . I d ·' • . .' .., ,~ ,. •... o' wm, C II A1'. 1\' •
lClr c >aractcr, ftll ucnvmg additional support from tJ 1cm l r..,.vw ;.,. JJ,..
The European notions ~ave an un~isputed pos'ICSSion of the ln.lian !11..!1!1, an 1 ftl"e ::~~-~.=:;:!,
no IV so muc!1 connected wath the contmcnt of India, that cn·ry 1nntcrull ch;1n_,. \1 hkh .1•'41,.. ~ ..,_.,.,
ta~cs place Ill them, ma1 be. expected, in some shn11e or otht·r, tu cxlt•ntl i:..~ inlhrnt"l' ••J .A....-,,.,.
th1~1er. It cannot be 1rrat1onaJ, thcrclorc, to suppot>C, that tho a,tt 111 i:.ltin·• ncn!s «».i"''-
"·lu.-h have lately convul~cd Europt, and a•-e likely to pru.luce COillit"~IUcna~"'chu11 b:o l ""' '
and mon~e~1tons, ma.v h~ve their bcarin~ upon our :\~i.•tic inlC'I'('sl~ 1'b11t l'\orlli-
~lnt amtnuous pow~r "Inch seeks our destruction, moy ai:n, by ditl~rcnt clumnt·l' ontl
mstrmn~nts, t~1 exc1te t•·ou~1lcs Rntl disurt..lers in our po,.~.~~~ions, or to ~muroilus "ith
()UI' l~dlil.ll nr1ghhours. 1 he Ca£1~ of Good Hope, the lll'ud of a Vll!lt rountrv in a
~ne clu!Ja\c~ anti singular in the felicity of its po~ition for a west tiii('IOrium, ..,:~thl·~
It rem~m. Wl~h us or fu~~ under French inftue!'ct'• will ~roha!Jil, hy a chun~•l aln.udy
L,egun&n 1ts mternal po.~ey, swarm, at no dastnnt JlCn«ll~ wath a numrrunsl'lft', 11(
l~.ur~pcan character ~nd dcsct-nt, ylantl'tl at the entrance into the ludi.. n !It'lL~ 0 , 11 (
~\Jtlun .two months Sal~ of the Ind•c~n coasts. Anolhf'rgrl"at colony of the nme n•l't',
111 a chmate equally tavourablu to the human constitution, i1 'l"in•rin" UJl on tltf'
eastern side ot' the Indian Ocean. The appcarunce of mony 1ulve:~h•;rs of thr~
del'Criptions on the shol'cs o~ I.Iindos~n, as on~ dny they mny he r'P;t'lcd to 111'(1<'·"•
.(a day f'crh~pi.l nenrcr than Jt IS passable to brm\! othrr Rppn.·hcndcJ lln(JI'U\'I.'IIIent .. )
can har~ly fai~ to hav~ some effect ul'on the politicl\1 oiT.1irS of thut country, thu.'<' uf
the natJ\'e pnnces I1.S well liS our own. In nil thr~. or nnv other IU£1['!"a1Jic-
t'a.ses then, the more closely we bind the pt'Oillc umlcr our rule t•J uur<~elvt''lo tl•l'
more firmly shall we be prepared, in thnt quarter, Bg'.linst ad,·crso e•·cnb auJ cu:u·
binations. •
It may be ur~c·I by somr., in opposition to the &y~trmnticul ianpromncnt here pro•
posed, that the iuOuence of the Uritisb government and chnracu·r, t~pccblly 1\lll'l"f'
the intermixture of Europeans i& l~~r~r, "ill of itself grAdually produce a ch1n;e in
the sentiments of our Eastern suhj~·cts, Let thij pooition !Jr, to a Ct'rtilin dq,.,.,.,...
admitted ; it is one interesting enough to merit some attention. ·n1e
En;.;li)h, in
their obscure commercial slate, were 'little kno1fn or rc;;t~rtlcd by the ll(;('('lc "horn
they now govern. Their elevation to power, brou~ht into public tli•ploy all the p.,r-
ticulars of their charncter, '1\ ith their llll\llllCn ani! C~tOfllt.. n11-,c, Jn variull& in•
stances, at first shocked the prejudicc.s orthe JlindO«l!l, who thou~J.t. "ith I lind of
horror, of the new mu~ters to whom thry bowed. llut by dcgn:cs they Jlt'rc.:ivrd,
that usages the most rcpu~mmt to their illcas, 11·crc free of tlnat turpitude "t.irh they
had associated with them. They found these ford~e11 auperior to them i11 g•·ner.Jl
powers and lmowlctll'l('1 in personal honour and humBnity; and at length lllltt llac
llritish gou~nunent a~umc a char11ctcr of t'I'JIIity and pt~trioti.. m, unknown in their
))reccdin~ administrations. These quAlities, it shall be granted, hare a lcn<lcncy to
·condliatC in some measure, the 111.1tives ulto are nrar t11o11g A to tihmTe them.
'Amon" those who live in our scttlcmcnl!!, or arc mn<'h connl"Cll'll • ith 1:uropun1a.
long h~uits of intercourse have sol\cned down repngnancil"t, or !Jiunt!.'\1 the 11'0\Ktintll
\lhich our muunc1'11 nt Jin;t iuspired • and there ia 'in auch, all •I'I'IIM\t, tt~.~h"l" •
Teal al.mtcmeut uf jcnlou~y and aolicitude w.prctiolJ tlt('ir o• n notion•. urul punr.llliu\o
llut in nll.thc:>e varying a~pccts of t!te European character, aomc1h111~ c-~..rn:ml l•a
those dispu~cd to full into an imit·1tion .ol it has been Oll!lr~t. .Mtn tha_t m;ctto;;rt!wr
in this COUntry fiJr tbe pllf(JOSH of buSIOC!IS, I!Cidotn C'llll'1' IIllO ~lli~U:UCIIliOIT! l'('«<jl('('t•
in" the (oundatiuns of their (ditb and practice; any lt'rioot dL'ICU'•KIIl of tl.at P<tt~ll't',
oc~m-s stillmore r.trely there. The inditl'crence for rcliJ?io~· • hich ll r•. Jl~aute rucr•t..•
· to tJ1c English in general of the present oj{t',-.(hc c.&lle It profound m•h~·n-o~,)­
may there pass for libcraltulcrotiou, Of COIIIJ'lablll~l forbc;llrlflte tmnrdf lnfcrMI ll(
·another fuitb. D~overin~ io their intt·JTourtcl 11uth 111 httle of t!.r hll~~e t!te ~ w
li;;ion we pn..ft•HJ, tl:ey "ill not, of coul'!'e be apt to refer the ~uod 'l"''hl>t'l cl11 hll"b
the En•rlish oppcar pos.•CiSCd, to that iOurce; nor 11 illtltt1 Lnu"', th111 t!~ nntiUII:.tl
~t.mda;~l of moral:~ funned froiD it, buao inll•tence. evro upon tll'! coa_d11ct of tlfllM•
,i bo pny uo particular regArd to a religiot~l •)'5lem. If tJ~n any tJI the I ~uM.lw.
should, io time, ft>d some. tendency to i?•~tdte tl~t. freedom '" ll'lllllnt'n. " 11.'~"'"'"·
and iutercoursea, that lnlltude I1.S to rclij!10U'I OIIIOIOfll and o~""'~ ."''''ab
see in· their European trustfrs. what wuuld bt; ~ CIJCl~J~PCe but ""lt
1
•:ry
•t·.1 ~ ,,.,
that they •·oulJ be loosened from their on rehwoua pn:Jut.l~a:t, .nu! "' Lite: JICT' IWI
rcceptiun of another !IV$tem in their etead. buc by bc.·couung anJ•IT~rCJ•t 1u ntt"~
t .... _ • :. .... be a~knowlc:d •N,.
sy~otcm. for a trau~itlon from one error to aoou ...-. U, ,. m...... • "
. 2s11. Dd UIUf'O
 IOU p A P E n S R :£ L A T I N G t· 0
!lfr. Clrnnl'l ~tulo 1mrc rcat.lily ma.tc, thnn a transition from c1·ror to
truth.. Error is mor~ easilj i'i.ll""
uf !\nri•ty u•nnnnLi1Jc 11 more tmrdlv cr:uJicatel\' truth more slowly rcce1ved, more c.-a.stly I'CsJgncd. "
th<• ~·iaur 8''")•rU
Ami in thl~ way it' is that if "~e conceive the anarchial principles which have l.>urst.
•f Un•at llmu;u,
' - - - - - - tvrth• . • ' I I' h
111 Luropc ever to sprrntl to m •.a1 t ey w1
'II be most l'kr eIy t o 1l:J.\C
' .t.hen·
.
t·ntmncr. Indcc•d so wondcrlully contngrou.s do. they nJ?~car to l>e, ~o congcmal to.
the wur~.t , 1 u1ditie~ of human nature, that It may. b~ dr~cult .to pomt out a pl~ce­
wht:ru tlwy cnn lin~ I nothing. to f.tstc~ upon. So.: ret res. 111 "h1ch. much corrupt1~11.
oml much sup:T~titwn prcva1l, seen~ 111 gcncrol more lm,hle to them, ~han., those .111:
which truer' li.!ion und morulll nrc ~t1ll stmngly rooted. fhc French, It Will rcnd1ly ·
he ulluwed, tell into them more readily than they 11ould hnve embraced uny scheme·
ut' p!'l'~onal rclomlllli1111, or a more pu1'C ami strictly practiC11l religions system. The·
uhuKCs of civil umll'(;[i"ious in&titutiona \cud to them, nnd furnish the most plausible·
pn:tcnccs fur them. 1-~be principles, und :he fooleries of n false religion, even whe11>
11~cd to support tt.ingg good in thcmsdvc~, as govcrn:nent nnd subordination, would
ill st11nd L!Jlot'C such artll nnd ubilitb as l11tve lutely ossni\cd the truth. Truth only
i~ in' iucibh:. 'fo tcndl it thercfm·c, is to luke the surC!>t means of excluding the
tlif!:ctiml of licentious disorgu11i:Ling sophiotl'ics. A ch!ln~e from false religion to the
t1·uc, i~ n liiOVl'lllcnt from un c"p06ctl place to· a strong lortrcss; und cvci'Y advance
made in the sy~tcm of morul and l'eligious in~trUI:tion herQ recommended, so fur from
1ipcning the wuy to tliOijO loose lutitlll.linllritln nutions which tend to a r~tiection of all
11uthurity, would c~taLiitih ri;;hu, humuu 11ml dhin.J, upon. their proper bnsis, and bi,nd
the conscience to the ub~c•·~llnce of them. · ·
· 'fo these CUII•hkratiuns, which on the whole mny certainly be deemed not un.worthy ·
of attl·ntion, t 11'0 uthcl' rellcction~ mnv f'!Ct'VO td give additional weight.· First,~ It i~t
to be fcut'Cd, thut the numbe1· of lowc1' Europeans will go on to encreAse itt our terri·
•orics; thl'Y. mi" mu!lt with. the nutivcs, and by them .the worst parts of our man ness
will be rxlubitcd. Sccomlly,-· lJy the security which we hnve with great wisdom given
to the laud tcnui'Cli of lJcngttl, the vnlue of p•·opcrty thcre1 ami the considerution .
nrioing frum Ute pus~cs~ion of it, will naturally l>c enhnnccl,\, so thut in process of
time, the ownPrs of lnrgc c·stuk~. hitherto little productive to them, mny become of
cun~eqncucc hy their wealth and. posscs8ious. \\'e know ulsO, that cncreasing pros-
perity tend~ to ~tJ·cngthcn priJu ntHl disi)I·Jcrly p•·open~itics. Ilc1·e again, therefore,.
we fintlmoth·cs tor the introductiott of our prindplcs; for if ~ome at least, both oi
lito hi,!.:hl'l' und hmw nl'llm·s, umv b" led, l>y Europc~an manners, to adopt new ideas
uf l'cluxution, nt the ~umc time timt new powers nrc put into the hands of the former,
\W ou'-!ht, in ~ood pulicy und rcn~o011, to cnmmunic11IC to them a system which, divested
uf nlli.JUrthl'II•IIIIIC unncct·~s•uy ClTcmunic.•, ond ull st~pcr~titious fully, is yet calculated
to produce u pun·r ttl HI highl'l' inllUilllCC than their own, upon the general moral conduct;,.
""d ull the l'clutivo duties of Iii~. · As then we huvc ulrcady been gradually led, by
gu11d sense tm1l c:..pcdicnry, to introduce l'l'"Uiutions derived from our national ideus-
un~l pl'incipll·~. iutu t!to gn\'Ct'tmlt'nt and l~mnu:•cment of our possessions, their ad-
' nnt11~c u1ul our safety 111uy db pose us also to.., n·ish, that our t•cli .. ion and moral
Jll iuciplcs ~night obtuin a fuh· c~tahlishmcnt there; for if we can snppo~c, that throurrb
the cucrcaHiur; rdutiuus bt:twcl·n•Europe nud ludi.t, the common light.s nnd mann~•
of l~uropl•nus tu.lvt•llturing thither t>ltould C\'C'I' make ·a. strong impression, unac-
compunictl by the kuowlcugc of those principles, which do not propagate themselves
spuntaneuusly, ond ure nut to be impluntcll without cultut·e nnd care, thut cban"C
111i:,:ht II()\ be .fnvourublu. to otu· intl'I'Cl:its; tiincc the J>r~scl~t circumstances of Europe
~l'l'lll t·u~phutu:~ lly t~ pomt 1!ut, 1hat nothmg ~ut s.ucb prnK:tplc.s can be depended up~,
Jor J.cqHng subJcctll Ill ubcthcucu oud subon.hnnlton •.
Io
• Thne n~~mt objoctiont, n•ul the On\w~n to ' ~newing the tharter 'of the F;ast-India Company.
·th~m, t:otrtrtihg tho ••:otth und et\'tllth, wtre, aa ll1• moludnn• \\~re tb~se: ·
lo thtir auhot•IW~ ami 11'\>['t', ronnnitll!:d to wri:ia~ " llr.$0LV&Do 'l'bal it is t.he opinion of thi1
in the t..ttcr fnd ul' the yNtr 1j!l~, tlu>u~h nul " lions~, that it is the . peculi11r and boundta
thrn ill lUI\' elmt>e lnou,.ht intnnnticc, In April " duty uf the ltgiolllture, to promo!~!:, by all ju•l
11"3• 11 d•••·u..iun tonk plan in 11 ~~~ntml ('uurt " nnd prH.Itttt _,,.,, the interl'!ltl nod bappmep
1> l'rnt•ri~lun of •:11>1-lndta Sh><'k, in whirh lll- .. ol' lhe inhabill.lnlll of tht Urili•b douaiu1ona iQ
ln<'tt nit tht a.une uhj«tiona WN'IIadvuored, by " India 1 and th4l for those ttlds, such mr ..sul't'l
pcraoma w1th wh••nt th~ writer n•vn bo~•l IUlV com. " au~bt tu be adopted, u mny gmdwalf.Jitend to
IIIIU>iroltinn on •uch aul~,..·ts, This "''" .,,j l><'ra. " tht~r 1uh·uurement in '"!fill A11o01lr<l"r, and to
aiun ,.f two J'('&llhl(i••n& which the llnn•e of Com- .. IAtir rtli,~tiu•t t111d ..ornl trnprol'rt~~r•t~
11\1>1", ... .,., honuunot.ly fur iwlf, hnd vottd in the " ltr.!loLUD, 'rbat aunieient mt>..maof religious
Yitw of inlmdndug tloe purrurt ol' lbem i11111 the " wurlll11p Wid in•tmrtillo bll providrd tur oll
.Acl of l'o~rh~menl thou nhwt &o be P""'td, fur " pe111UIIt Gf t.he l'rotcstUIIl l'Owmuoion in the
\ n:utll·ing " · · " Ecn·icr;
 E.\ST l!'lDIA .'~FFAIRS.

" service, or under the protection uf the F.ast

" di..uttr, if na.tiv .. nf ch~rarttr•, f\en a h,.,.
" lluli• Cumpany in /'uia, proptr ministl.'fa bdng
" from time to titnt ><·nt out from Grut 11tita;u " drtd lh ........lll! of lbtUI, ...... COh.. lkoi l•t
" (hri,ti.lllih·.
" fur th1"e P"'l"•scs ; nnd that a rbnpl,,in Le " 'I h"t u.;, ._tut.li.lomonl ,.f ,. n,j" ,, its an.J
'' maintoined on Lourd ••·try al,ip nf !IOU tuns
burthen, and upwards, in the f..~>~t-ludili Cnm. " tullr~"" in Auwur11, •~• nt4 t>( the lll.)•l
"
" pany'a employ; a1.d tl1nt moreovrr, oo eurh " 11•ffirirnl tam•u of tht l·••
nf tl·•t ('t'IW•lrv.
Th1•t ,.utl\"tiUA \'t•I'U)C. drr~\IUf'U, ,,.i,o Iff
" ministe111 or chaplains &hull be lt'nl out, or " u•uully ..r plra•ur .. f.k ···l·ih,) ,•• mrr··~· ,~,, lh•
11
appointed, until thty lirsl aha\1 han l>trn •p·
" trriorof lmha, would lA' d.&u'"""'• and pru.- ul•
" prO\·ed nf, by tbe Archbishop of Cnnterbury,
" or the lli.lwp of Lllnd<•n, fur the tiu1e btillg,• " tiu•:~tdy llr>tnlriJ\0 tu tht l..''""r•n.v'• ~ '"'""!..
Several l'rOJlrietnrs of Eust Jodi~ Stock mnde
Srro•rl {'(~.,. " lbe Khrutc ••ould be """
" euctnsful. h i1 r\lm\11~,"1 tu bo1.. f,,, tl •
a· violc'nt attack upon these l't'Solutiona, and the ., tull\'trtJon !If the t•atiu.. 'I h•y ~r• 111\lnn\ ly
following is uu abstruct of all tbe argumrnts or " att.>•<h<d to thtir 111011 culr!; tl tit p••i••l•<•.,
obj••ctions nrg1·d o&niusl thrm, na th•y nre rrrorted " munucn, and lau~itw, ate all •r.••not a cha~~~--
by ~lr. \\'oodfull, It is with reluctance t!.ut any
reference is made h•re to the orinioua then gi•·eu, " It it ~ain lu ntll"IIIJ'l w "'"'t"'"' V'"'
.. judirn fi\a•rl J.y tl•• rrurli<t .. r ·~··· f•r ...
!Jccau~e they itand fOIHICC!ed With runicul11r " rr<..Jiu~ ll1e time in ,.t,j, b llritnt>II••J •nyt.tu
1111mei; 1111d it i$ f.1r fi'Ont being ll•e wi.h of the " of rrh~i<•ll ut ull. 1'1•• aurmvt i>, ia tLc ..
writ~r, to introduce ony thing thut may ~tttn to " vi•"•· uile, aL•ur.J, 1111d unpr•rtlra 1.1r."
IJUve e•en 1 remote tendenry to penwnulily; Lut " Only the drrJ• uf tht ,....,,le ua 1.. r•n·
as opinions delivered in u l'ublic u•sembly, o.nol " \'trtnl; they \\ lllt>rtl<ud CUIIVcniuu, artel d.a•
afterwords .mude more rub ic by the preu, nre '' gr•te C:l,riouuuity.
fuirly open to e.nim"~''elsion, 10 ju•tin to the .. rhe bi&h•r, and Ul~re l't1poti$Lt. .... tiuo, •••
r'""""' eubject, rendel'll sum~ notice of thou now
m question, indiapenso.ble.
" p1!11ple nt the purnl Platralny, •~d tlltdrot
" virlu•. (thit wnt 1.11d oaly by uu. l~ot, wU..
0BJtCTIOSI IITA"tED O!ll!ftAJ.LY, 1• TI1nt " knew lillie flf huli.o.)
•• sending missionariee intnour •:ast•rn territ~ril'l, " 'l'~e ttf\·ireo uf nligion 11!11 drvnully .,..,.
01
is the m•11t wild, e~travugant, expen•ive, un• " f.•rmtd in th• t:'\m•J•n•y ·, ... nl•m•nh and ob.r ..
" ju•tifiaLle project, that ever waa auggtated by • tiLhrr t.y rlu,~~ mr11 "' l•yo .. n, aucl th•1r •rl••
" tlJe most viaiun.1ry •r•ecul•tor, '!'hut the prin· u aiuaaira( e.Lilth•lllutnLI art itUihr•~nL •
" ciple is olmnxiou~, hnpolitir, unnecl.'!\tary, full 7'4itrl l'l11w. " 'J't,d "''.,, """.'.1 6f ,.,.,,.
" of mischief, dan!Jerous, nsdeu, u11limitrd." " •itt. 1'he txpen•e ,.oui.J bt '""nurnn, llrl.,.
SPtCtVIC }IRGt:WESTII, }'ir•t t'luu. "The plnn " lrraLle; (lfle, hro, ur tbrN bw•d• td th-"'...u4
" would be Wll!JCfOUI 11r1d hnpohlic; it would n pnunda.•
" 1\fteet the pca~e and ultimate ll<-rurity of onr }'•••rt 4 C'/464, " The IC'btme wnuld bt " '
" poS!e,.iona. It IA!nds "' endtU•ger and iujtu e " luu;•.td, io lflJIIICI of tht PU1.11br11 11D11 lju...lari•
a onr atf.. irt there mo•t Llhtll\', it ... oultl fllhtr •• cutiont of U1t tui .. iHnJrlrt ....
" produce diaturbancn, or bring the .fhJi,Ji•n Ail thr"" ul•jrrtiont "dl be f ~'"' olr. ••1.1 •"·
" religion ioro contempt. lluhhng one '11th nr l'ft'trtd in the 1•\t. A f•• ~''·I 1· '"'''"' "I"'•
• religion, is the mort etron~ cunuuun t'..t.Ut~l' "ilb
" mankind, and the moment tbat t""'k pl.re in
the•o llliiY lli>W<•tr bt l''"rrr, ••..!
".II I.e ou.n•
'~rht l.nt.
" India there would he 1111 end of Ilriti'h •u· a•. "Jl1c .;1.jc·ctioall ., .. ;!:f•l iD J;,t11#tw.1 It "'•• L!'f
" pr~m~cy. · • mttf'ly cktlianMt~,ry. 1 1, .. ,. au• ar.n•·wr >J.hd l·f
" That the principle of prosclyting w:u. im· 110 f(,&MJIIill~l l1f cl•l<i<l,,ti'OIO. liut 14~ r""''l'/'
•• politir, and wuA, or uuglll to be upl<Hlcd, Ill rn \\ l1ld1 \lu·y Ce:M•&rt a•tLe Riin& -~~~ f'UU't.-\:•••1.,
" enlighttned a perindMlhe eighteonth n••tcry: lH•Ju•\;1iA&hla, U•l:ac-bic.,-tult~., tJ,.:l~''Jh"'-'t "-Nk... Ulh
" Th~t it would he a moat aerwaa and r~: .•t
.,. uiaa~\(·r.
a•·liur, th.at ncr ""' '"c.:i'-l<d Ly tl~e ~.o•••t "'
......l,
• It will Ito .....,...bnHJ,
IMI •"- ore ebwl1 IJ~M--. •
IOmC'Ittinl1 u( w.ltoee ch•ractft aDd •c:Jif'N•ip •• bare altMd1
llt'C'n. \\ 11111 whMIUtr indttf'rtf'Pttl' idola1r7 ..., 1M' wwwfd•
and bn1R''t'tt ·wrulal ir ..,., be aeamhltd la t~ litJWt.
,,.,.,. by ,..,..,..... bo-wl• ia Chrtatnm coaatrin. II h a C"fu•
apinK wl.;ch the datple-tate ol 1be lrtuiJ and ,,.,. Oud.
..~n"'igu .ud onmi&ag: jatdp ol t~ quha'- ol .,.•. _ •
'"'*
f'&Jltt'\-.('d, with ptculw •adi~nalatiD, lfOI'IIf'•PC. a...t •boo
l•e.ntc:Un!', &htnuehuut ••••• n:wel,.liua •h•ch he- lw•lil tt141K·h·
lllfftt lo ••; audIt iw thrrrfa thtwn Cu b•nt oftrll l••oo•r:~a
••n, b1 ilt ua1•re and tf_... aiM ......, •.d ,.... uf I• d ..
\;d•••lt ••ld •• nau01a.
t.. nu 1l•e wawt .,..,. ot aacH-nl P•1•• E.at\IIC.C, t..twwra
tlt~ WfWnliliOU ot wbicb. aud tbe lduL•Ir' e( IW lihMII·JII"'tt,.
an i-tMtC1tJ I• beta prnnd 1 (b1 S. \\ .u... lnnco-, 10 I~
A...... 1 ............ Val. I) ... ••d _ , ......... "'IN
.,..,,.or ~holt """"'"., ..... or ...._ c.; ...., ..... .
..a 1-.:picurHn pbUu.oJ»brf, arftlllUJlt: , •.,., ·~ ...,.. .. .......,.
1t'tM: • 1M ....,... abt'8td tbuol[t, -...."'" hrt •rc .... lbJ
.. ahe pHt~~t th'nr •hicb are,.... ,,., «"•t'll ~ rite ~·~~•
• tttl• 1ft whileh tkf •re taGte~nl i (11/t th-1 Wt .,.,...
•• d;...... rid• ......... •••"• ... ,..~ ••" 1•"· •• .....

.
• pn!'K"nl~ •• • • ue• tllll'lt . ..._ t-ulft,.. kl-•~
• •o.ut.b• lhcir 1aatrt-ct. dLIUtr.!:'C"\o .... ~ ... ; t..M, l•rtt...,
··~~
 'os· P A P E R S It E L AT I N G T 0
1\fr. Crnnt'• swte choice which m~ght be made of the Iutter, and "'as alone absolute!~ fOntent.lcd for.
nf s ..ci.ly llmllll~ '!'he channl.'l ,,f the l·:ngii.ib languagl', however, bas been preferred, Jn the. present
1h• ·'''""rSut•~«tt l''a. n, ul being deemed the mDllt am[lle and elicctual; and tho~gh ne.w, al~o sate.and
\or Clreut Drnam. si~hly advant~geous. .1\g~inst tlsia chonncl, h~weve:, the wnter thmks Jt. fl~lbiP.,,
·---v--..JtJ11,t rcluctanclet may rcnuun \When ur~nmcnt11 aac oi>VIatcd. Ston~ly as he IS hunselt
;; ·suadcd, that grci.Lt and JlCCIJiiar odvamta;:~t:t would flow from It, be llC\'Crthelea..
l1 1 . WOUIII
ti~>nury tp~euwtor, it tit• princiJ•I• "f /Ill Gwpcl
it ·-tt:
'fhe (; 111 prl wn• prn~agaltd by miMin11arit11;
ntir•tllnllfitl rl.mtcfl it in the clift'et'f'n& CllUIIII'lll of
l·:urnrr. Almn.tt all tltDie cmmtriu have, ia1
lmituti~tn of the tume pru~tice, oent miaai~tn,.riu
into ir.ftdd parte; 1nd how it it 1101•ible for men
to cotututlnlrntu it oth~rwiat r In thit kill!ldora,
two tncierirl tuo ralobli1htd by myul dturtur, f•lf
J!rttpugating the Gutttcl in lleuthtn Iandt; and
tl•cre 11 1 third ancirty of l<IRI! llllllrlin~, tm-
J>ln~r•l in the ••me ohj~rt, wllirb enrull• llfllrrng
11.1 inen1hen, many of tl11 rn•11t rminent jltreone u(
the malton. Su much fnr tho umiquih·, nml,urily
and ~;aucrul nrknuwlrdllment of f4;. prinriplr,
'~>hirb Ia !I'M ted 01 if uut.hina lik• it ltad vvrr
l.~o•n btllrll o( udlue.
~~. IL ia llhl·iuui 1 tbut thr lint ond trrund
tl.,IIOI'I u( l(ll'cilit uljrrtiuut, llli111111e "l!aimt e11rb
oahtr. .Si•w• lht "·he111e l"urw•u On•y u IJKcific
n1•n•itiun of ('bri•li•n lrull••• iL cuuuot "" llutb
d.tn(l.. rCIIIA und uuaurc~•olul. 1'1:r tl~flber itovnw·
rdly 1i111t1ded tnuinly, if 11111 wl•ully. "'' thu aullll41·
eition nf turrr••· If •u~rr•• tlol'lofure'ia 11111 to 1>11
t"•t•rd li•r, -hue i• O,e d•n~;•rl And ug~in, i( the
ocl ... m• rr .. lly thrc.11t11• an 11111~h dllll!!l''• '11'tb11L be·
ortmtllllllf tho ar~rnll<llt ft~•1i111t eurce,.t
'l'b..e tnntrodtrtnry ol~rrtiona rannnt both be
jnat. 'I hf nme •r••1krr huw~wr, who it rtpr•rtcd
111 hove" t~nn~td CJIJd'' thnlthe runvrraiun of th,
ttuliwt would t.. " matter vr imJ"'IIrtiraf,ilify,
etrnllnontly ot•rntrd tbe echrn1t on thit Jlrnuatd,
tlur t 11•• mnm••nt tl•ry and -·e tUQIII tel huld nne
or
l'•uth th~ra wm.1•1 be un enct unr aupremnry i11
the l::·1>t: but lr he th••uglrt it i111prflcfic11Uc t.q
l'nn~trt \hom In our (uith, with whut re.11on could
he ur11t lhe tiUIIJl', whirh would r.•ll"w frnm •••rn
~nnve1aiun 111 a ~~eriuu1 and ul•n·minjl objectinnf
Wbtn the tau;t dura nn& r£·i.t, nd:hcr c•n dl~~ot,
\\lurb r11n unl1 Ouw frum itu• ita .tj/id.
S'· The l"'"'r!plt oj'11ut ctN~~munirnti11g to tAe
llimlulll tilt (.'Ari•fiun rrligiun, 1.-d tAu ,}j,,(J i11
.tAt tlltl, tl"tn>~ 011r llultrHmtnt ll'l'rf tAtua. ia bow-
..,,.,,. l•erf rmrl.1• ud,;lw•wltll(l•d w•d angued 1111uu.
'I' be eatnJ.Iiahmtut 111' eeauin11rie1 uud cullr•gl'l in
uur Americ1111 t1duuit11, ill in the •ume •1•int 11d-
'Vurll'<ll.ll in a W~J.Y of '""""'Ill 118 il' Cbraatiunilf
h~d rnodllt'l'li lhu ra.oluliun tloN'I', 1111111 in f,,ct
4hrr. were ntrtt or inlidt•l "l•ininua, who tllwm~d
bot 1 the Amtrirun w1d l."ren~h l't'vululioo..
'II" rra~on 111111i~all'd in ju•tilicntinn of thi• p,.
nutium1ry rrinriJ•Io altn d....,,... nUePtion ; " be·
• " cuu111 hllid••11 one ...Iigima ia tho """'' ttnms
.. tnmmnn flllllof with Dlonkinrl,u If tilt prnJIO·
1111 h..IIJC"en, tb111 the J::n;;h1b •huuld !:~ttllno ton•
vert• Itt lliudovi•na, tlaie llr~IUII\'IIt mi~,;l•t l1.ave
lll'tn W•lt 1>lo~Pd; but nJ>t•li<'li tn the J•"'::ent
«hlf'me, it t'tlll •~rly ~tptl'llll' 1ft rnvunr 11f it.
4''• It ia curiOIII tn lind it nltlf'!;..l. 11mong the
ftrgumruts aguinst thr l'"''l'"•rd clilu:~<~, tb•t
bllUI~ II( the Jlind<lll!l IVVI't l\10 guud, Ulltl ulllel't
t1111 b,ld t.n be tnnvertt\1,
'I bia wus l~l",lllfl'li.l•y 1111ly nnf gtntlemnn,little
tlrquumtrd \\'lib huh~. wht>~e 'P""'rb '"'l'l•eni••g
hy a fDllllnnn llt\. . l>ll(lfr to l"'l~dl lht Jle~tl\'1111
.Mr. S1~r1rta, nlrntly '"'ticrd '!' luug a Dliasinlllll'y
of, dr~llllfllll•h~d ';IIUlution In t.b• Te~njore and
'I rtrlunopolv d1strtrtll. produced tro•n bian a ~in.
dir11ti1•11 ul' tltt ro111lurt 1111d rll'rctauf &be uu~olntl ia
wbirb bt i.uonl:l!rued; a vindacu.liall fnuned aodted
iullloU~ItiiJdtitnplU•rwa.luit.l;le to l.be churacter
of
0
or Lt•e writer, but highly honourable lo the eanse.
or million.. and thoullh he intenol~d it not, to hia
own. lbis piect, too good to be roncraled, bna been
prillled in tbe Trlllliii.Ctionsof tlte l·:nglish Society
fur prnmol.ing Clnistiao Knowlcclse, und u. eojly
of ir is given in tbe Appendilli. .
1'be aue•·Lion of tbe aamft apr.aker, Lhat the.
higher natives u£ India lll'e people of the pur~u.
morality and 1trittest virtue, is lllto&etber new,,
and in patp..ble opposition t.o testimony 11nd txp~­
rieoce. Vpoo tho gnapeltcbeme, 110 uwn ill too.
good or too load for tbe benefits it pl'llp<JSQ; and
thert i1 a very Iorge t"ha811 between tile best and
the wnnt, or whom the speaker t.ook Dn notice.'
Ilia ntb~r Kuertion, thaUbec~remonies of religion,·
or the Jcf\·ire of the Conamnn·prayer Book, were
With g1tut decency and d.vution regu\~rly pet•
formed Ly lu>·m•u r•n bourd the Comtnmys sbir>s,
aud un lund, 111 !Jl<lrf& where th<lre huppcned to be
uu cl•rgymun, ia 11tupic for ridicule, if the auhjec~
were nut of 10 teriuu• a kiod; the l'e\'trle 11f this
ontrti11n bring 10 notnrioua. And ia there uo use
for a minister of religion, but to perfurm a cere·
monv, or 1.<1 read a C.•J'Ill of prayer once a w,eekl ·
s•b, 'l'he objectioua urged ~u Lhe ~~oround or
the flnlimiltd cJCpenca of tbe acheme, the Ull•
. limiltd. numbn1 of the rlergy th11t would be
aent, their tmp1Y1Pfr cllar~t.er, and t4tir roving,
14ruugla IAt ttJMIIIr1, all gn upon usumption• llu~
only unwlll'l'81lted, but cuntn~dicted by tbe tuor.
of the clau!lf'• tbeanselvta, a11d in oppoaitioo to the
diclllttt or rommon aenae. The Du·ectora of tbe
Coaupuny war11 themlll!l"•• to be eotrusto.d witb.
tloo execution of tl•e ecl~tme; they were to judge
o( tlae number of miasionaritt eufficirnt, they were
111 reguh1tt the tllpence. Was it cotaceival>le, that
they would buve gone, in tither artirle, tn a lengtb.
burtben!IOmt or dungerous to tile Company t . Wo"
it cuncei~llble thBt they would ba\'e 1ulfered mis-.
eionuriea to ram Lie, at their pleasure, through the
country, if the mi•sionnriea sent ahould have beell
mtn ou dispuaedl but can it be imagined, Lhut tho.
friende of ll•• at!~tme, nad the respectable uutbo-.
ritiu wh~se testimonials were to render the mis~
eiunarieueceivable by the Company, (not t.o f•lTCI
thera intn IJ1t.ir employ,) would hava bad ao )Jttl~t,
r~gard t.o Lhe lllltt"BBI oi their own object, at tQ.
1el~c:l per1111111 the leu&L likely to promute itl Ju
litrt., the dang~r w111 of unuther kind; 10 inuch
wne left in ll•e diAtoreuon of t.he Direttnrt that
if they •bould have la11d the disposition, they.
migbt al110 bnve pn11kllkd the powtl', very mat,..
rinlly 10 U1W11r& the pi'OIIOCutioo of tbe tchenae•
Anti 11 to the rtrd numbfl' and expente of mitl•
ai1111arire 1t lirat, the former, if proper peraoua
•hould bu\-.t beell found, would perbapt bu.vt htotft
tltirty; unci the annuotl.tbarl!le of their establish·
n•ent, illdurlmg d""llinr, prubably abouC (our-
tt•n thnUIIJnd pound1.
Cl'', Ur•un tbe \fbole nCt.hi1 diacuuiun, it nppe.,re
tn b1WI hltll ul\llert.akvll With a 'feh•lllellt d<lrr•
minatinn llfillilu& tbe principle uf inuudueiog
Christianity 11mons nur Asintic eubjerts; buc,
\\'itt.out ntucb p• evanus coo51d~ratioo, or a f11r;,;e
IICIJIIIIllll.allre Wilh itt benriogs 1111d r.:l..tion., -1111•
le.. wilb a disp~t.S~itlllllte temper of o•ind; li•r
arguments eub<nenive of eo~rh other, as~rrtio1111
palp.ably errun110011, 11$SUD1ptiuns ct~ 11 rly un~tllr·
"''""Ill•• were pre11811ll intu t.ba oppoo~itloo; tl•e
quutiun \\'U argutd cbirlly 11poa a partiod v.ew of
eurpulilld pol&ticu tspcd&eiiC,Y, and tl~ lllpltiOt
llllj>UI Lalit'.
 •.. · EA.ST INDIA AFFAiuS. lf>9 •
~~td do •nJushce to th~ cause f~r "hich be ,Jilead:~, if he 11\t'rc to au-rtnd ita auc~ (' 11 Ar. n·.
entirely upon tb~ atlortaon ,,r tills mode. J'hc cb11 nnel of the country 1 0 • /. AI
't~u~b less spec10us, 11:!1:1 ~lear, h-ss cukul11te.l to tr.msmit the !-"lltt.11 li .~, :;;:;;:; .:::.";.:::.,.;:.
· Op~n!ons,, our ~rts, and ll:lcnccs, I~ frt-e olso tor the c:onn·,·nncc of t~ ti •ht of '"' c.·,u,,,.. -1 .,.,.
· rehg10n Itself, 11 ncverthelel>!l so far ..... blo! of refklerin•t,., thi'•~ Ia ' t anJ n~ -~- .. &.lp.·t.•
rtant . • , h' h . ra_.... •. .."'. ·1•11• -"A•""'"••
: JlO • sea t~ace, !" w sc nrc esl>ent•ally mvol~cllo!l the otht'T I'"' JI05l"d rrn:liunltion'l, tAu«r- •
rthat tf the quesllon wcte bct"·ccn makin,., no atlcmJll, or mulin,., st ia thi.t" . 1111 .• •
'
doubtedly
,
· · ., '11 1i,s. IIIOUC oughl, "'by DO Rlt'ollli
tl1ere COuld, be no hCSllatiOP. .~~.lO (10 v
: dec;mcd or neglected, 1f there were no otl11:r. J hrot~.:.:h the n!clium of tlK: country
: Janouages, thou~h 1001'8 contrllc.tcd,, more dun, a!al dt>tunt, ~1.111 aou~t·thin;; 11111 y 110
done~ and that. m !'- concCf!' wh1~h Li of the l.l>l tmpartJncc to pl'l.'~nt auLI IQ future
·llappmess.. Dut In -choosm:r .this .method~ more iostl'umcnu ou~ht llf'Cthtril to.~ II('
~mployed. and then the rnehorat•ous wluch nrc sa much Wllll!\·d, m.IV in tune 1 be
·.pa,·tly eft'c~d 1 and the ~prehen~oo!l which !uUHl may cnlcrh•in fru1u 'the tlitliuinn
·of the English lan~uage, "Ill ha~·e no J>lnce. Hut still it llltll.l he u•uintaincd, th:at
.for every great purpose of the pmpwcd schcmc. the intn~<luttiun an•l u110 of th•.t
language would be most effectual ; aud tho cxclu...iiJU of it. Lhe lu.u uf uo~JICillabla
.benefits, aud a just subject of extreme regret. .

'
·TI-IUS, ,..e trust, 'it has been C\·inec'~ tll-4t alt!&uu;::h U'lftny t"'ll't ll,·nt im11m\...,.
ttnents ba.ve of late years been made in the ~overmncnt uf uur lnolir.n tt·r• itur~'
"the moral cbaa'llcter and condition of tho natives of them is exti\•IJlC'Iy do:llf .m•l, •ml
-that the stute of society among thut people i•, in con~~Cqnt•nrc, "l't"lcbe11, 'l'l~e·~
. -evils have boen shewn to lie beyond the l'ellch of our l"l'~ul~ttion~~e mcn:Jy f1Ulirico~~
ilo•·ever good; they have been traced to their civil and· religioue ia1.111ilutions; tl~ty
bave beea proved to inhere in the genernl spirit and muny J!Ollilive em1ctments o£
their laws, and more powerfully 5UJI io the f11JSC. corrupt, llnJ1Unl0 C'Xlr8\'lj:l\lll1 1114
•idic:ulous principles and tenets of their rcli.~n. l! polt any or lhe.-e puinu. it •
oo(Onceivea~ that persons who either foran their opinion, from artual ol..er"atiun, or
from tbe current of testimony, will not greatly dilfcr; ahudes ul di~tincli<•n thmt blay
be. bt:tween them, but DO substantial, radical contrariety. A rtan!'dJ hu bttn rro-
.posed for these evils ;-the introduction of our light and ktiOtt'let~.,:e amun;t tliJit
henigbted people, especially the pure, llllutary, •ii'Cl prindr"C'I ut' our •livine reli.:iun.
''l'hac remedy has BPJiearcd to be in it• nature •uitallle ond &1lcquntr ; the roructinbility
.also of applying it 11111 been aulliciently eat11bli,.hed ; our ublig•t.iun to hn111U1 it h••
!been arg11ed, we would hope convincin~ly, from the put c!Ttcta CJf our adminia.lnltiun ia
those countries, from the more impenou• coruiuel'lllion of the dutit-1 we owe to tt.e
people of them as our aubjtcti!, and from our own nWent interest. u iuvol•ed and
. <ansulted in their ~·ci!Ure. Our obliga.don hilS been likelli!!e ur~ from another
.al'!!llll!ent, the authority and comuumd of tlllll true rtli:.;ioo "bich we haYe OUI"klvn
ott: happine:sa to enjoy and proless •. As the leading aubject of this et~~ay hal brea
.intentionally treated chie!ly upon political ground"' !he .•1\,ou~t no" P~tiunt'd
has not been insi!tcd upon at jll'CIIl length i but u.ll II:S JU8t Jl~tb are d.alltk-d lui'
.it, and it iii transcendent 01id conclush·e.
Nothing it would seem bt'llitiC!I these intrin,ic properties uf the prof11*-d ..,.....,~fC!\o
and these powerful e\ltancous motives, con be ncc~11try to rt"t.'OI!llll•11d the adul'~"'
·~f it. Yet aince some persons have BjliK'nrt·J to tlunk, that tiK: IIIIJII'tJVc:mcnb •lu~h
.they allo1v tu bo likely from the J•rosc:c~tion of the •u~..:stcd IICI.t'mC uu~l,t, by 1110•
'Ciucincr a cuun~e of encn·nsing rro!lrenty, et ll'll~lh upcn tlJC ••1
to cuti>C•Iu,.ncu
unf.tv~urnlllc to the stauility uf our lmlitm pU!I~':>:I'Iunll, d!Cile coua:awcd cunwq·a•:ncn
· laave
•n•partantt~, lll!llmrity, ...d comm;uad, fll Cbrit- Aow, tM rJ.,_. ol•hi<h, ,..ptotli"' &Lit ,.....~,
ilallity, "''"' Mt e>ul uf tight. the "'"d m111u1I'Jii d&d lA - • &h.o rn•••· .
It ou~bl lo lie remorb.J, otpon t.be t«otld ..r !he • 1 o d.wll.,. tttlwt tlw I I ' - of,,., rei ~,.
\wo ,....tulillnt p.-d ia the u- of Com..-.
\luat the ma.intenanre of oc:b.apl.aia oa bolu4 nfl'l'!
••• """"'"'"· "" - ......""'".. •• r-- ...
........ kd~-. of ... ·-ld ......~.. ,,_ ,... · -
•bip of ttmtidotrable size, empl'?'ed ia lhe a."'' inc, of I~•• HMY ID ,,., I>IU'II'•J· 1• l ..... -~~ 0
d•lf•rrntf •f .,;., nullll ......, .,..._..,. h7 II Ill
lla<igalioo ln and fr0111 ,...., • • the Htly .,......
laa- prou:tire of the ~PI"!• ollllt'llj•Jintd•l8
,._,.,..p,.,Jrc:ird ~·••nl- ..,.,. • tu•
&bea ia a.bc clwtel'l o( 1\UI& \\Ill..,_ aad q_. cr.- "'bit o\o-d.
ADM.
· :zS:a.
 •
110 PAPERS RELATING TO •
II~•: OrrtnL'• State have nlso been largely cxHmined; and if the "·hole of the reasoning u~co· oy .tha.
ot Soc~•t.v ant~n~ "!'iter bus not llccn crroncon11, they have been foun~ to resc!lve themselves at. last u~to
!> 0 r~ut IJntum.
tlr·o A••"w~uh~ecll mere 111111 rchcnbiuns cu1uccturca, und rcncral surmtscs, "luch the causes asstgnetl tor
them seem su' httlc
. ' wummt,
to ';I
thut •m" proportiOn
•
to t11e d!"j!1.ee ·Ill '~ 1nc
· ·I1tl 1c!~c• causr&
.
'----..,---J·nmy aclulllly exiKt, '(;ftccta propitious .t? the pennunencr, as \'l'rllus prn~pcnty of ouc
l:u~tcm dominion, etr~ets lllnre proptttous than our preBent ~ystclll can gcner.tte1 may
•rutbu he expected fro111 them j liS indeed it \\Ouhl nut U2 bs a phenomenon 10 the
vulitkul thun i.1 the nuturul 11orkl, that from u root the must exct:llcnt, the worst
fruit bhuuld b~ pr01luct•d. The principll• also upon .wllkh su~h conscqn~nc?s are
o'ticr:tcd, and the impm1·cn•cnt of our Heathen ~nhJccts opposed, tl.le prmetple of
kccpin:l th~m fvt· ever in durknc.~~ aJHI. et:ror, }t~t our Jntcr~bt slwu.ld.s:.~!fJt' ~y n.chang<!.
)mR b1·C·II ~hown to IJe utterly madtlllbl!tiJlc 111 a moral v1cw, as It 1s hkewtse contl·a.ry
to 1111 ju~t policy.,
1n rcaHonin~ tsbout thin••s fut11re ond contiu"cnt, the wdtcr would "ish to ~tand
rrmote from whatever aho~ld hnve the appca~nce of dogmatical decision, which
indeed is not the ri~ht of even aupcrior penclt'lltion, end to speak \1 ith that ditn?ence
:of bimsclf, and ddcrclll!e for ()!hers, wbich so well become him ; he would wtsh to
epcuk for no cuus~ further thun the tl'uth will t..car him out; b1.t the views he cntcr-
tuins of the prl·scnt euhjl-ct utford him no other conclusions than those ho bas ad-
''tlllccd, and in thrill he think~ he is well ~nppurtcd. Thut a great remedy i~ "unted;
that we huve un tXl'Cllc:nt one in uur hands; that it is our duty, on ~cncraland
.sptciul g•·otmd~, to npply it; ull thc!e, ore in his apprdteusion, potiitions nearly $elf-
·evhlcnt '; from tltcso uluue u. strung pr(;ijlllllption, he conceive~, .nriscs, that it must IJe
'OUr intcrebt to umke the opplicution; ond if co :rent ~pecific t·ca~uns ore further
nrluuced to provr, that our intl·t·<·st would, in fuct~ thus be pt·vmuted, opposition to
· this scheme ought, in his opinion, to he ju~tificd by aq!Uments very cleat· and very
110WCrfu( j and auch1 ho must !Jonc~tly say, he has not bt·cn u!J\e tO diseOI't'f.
Tl1ill auLj(•ct hos not llilherto receivtd a furmul con~ideration ; but the objection
· whkh woukl reMi~t oil improvement, lc~t future iucunvenicuce should ari~e hom it.
liCCCti~lll ily Lrings on this dcd~he quelition, "htther we lihall, in all time to come,
put~~~ivd_y kave our suluccts in the lhukness, error, and moral turpitude in which they
now groH"~ or shnll communkato to them the light of truth, and the means of
aucliur11tiun, and of hnppinc:ss JWr~onal and social? The qne1tiun may more properly
br,-\\ htthcr we ahould ke(p our Muhjccts in Utck p1·e~cut state? For if improvctilent
.c,m~tht not to Lc cuuununic11ted to them, \\C should not be merely passive, but be
c,m:ful to exclude it: u11 un the other h11nd if it ought to be communicHted, ot· if it is
pos$iblc thut any tti)S of light moy furtuitously break in upon them, we should not.
knve the ta:.k to others, or to chunc:e, but he ourselves the dispensers of the new
priuciph•s th1~y receive, und re~ul11te the adtuini~trution of them. This question then
1s tu Ul.'ll•nuiuc tho ~ruud ruor11lond politicul principle, 'Ly "hich we shull henceforth,
and in ull future: gt'ncrntions, govern and deal with our A~inric :~ubjects : Whether we.
shall lllllkC it OUI' lilUdy to impnrt to them kilO\\ l<'d~,Jight, ond happiness j Ot under
the notion uf holuin~ thrm more quietly in subjection, shall seck to keep them
ignorunt, corrupt, 11nd Ulntuully ittinriou.'l, u they arc.: now? The question is not,
"hcthcr .we shu II rt•sol't to nny pcrsrcution, to any compulsion, to ony l'inister
lllt'llns :- t\o; the idl·a lm~ bt't'n fref!Ul'lltly discluimed; it is ail odious idea,
uhhm·rcnt from the ~pit·it of true rdi~ion; hut \1 hcthrr, know in~ as we do the
ful~t·huot.l llllll impiety of iLlulutrotls poh·thei~tic superstitions, knowitl" the crueltie111
·the immornliti1·~, the dr,grndin); exttuvng;tucics and Imposition~ of the llindoo ~ystcm,
"e. ~hull silentl.Y nml cnlutly lcu\'e them in all Uto fulness of tltcir opcmtion, without
tdlm~-t om· sul.lJccts, \\ho ou~ht to be cur children, that they are wron~. that thcy·aro
delutl<.'d, ami hl'llcc plungl•d into many miseries? Whether, inslt:ad of r11tionally,
mildly ~xpluinin~t to them the diYine principles of mor11l tmli religions truth, wbicl1
hn,·e ,l'lltsnl us in the ~rille of. bdn~ nml nrc tl:e toundution of all rt·al goodness an•l
lmppuu.~~~. \IC ~hull \link at the ~tupidity which we dl·cm protituble to us; ·ttnd B'l
1(~\·et·not·s,. he in dll-ct the conser\'lltors of' that eystcm· which dccch·es the prop!.:- l
~\ hctbct·, m 1\ wm·d, we shall do nll this merely li-om fcur, le.st in t'merging tron1
l)!llorance and error. they 5110uld be lcSI en~y to rule, and our dominion over them be
exposed to any a·i~k.
,The wisdom, as wdl as tl1e titirncss of such ·• procccdini, mmt olso be deter·
!'Jlllt'd: wbctht·r on the whole it would be tha best policy for our own intrrest, «'Vl'll
if "'e look only to the natural opcl'lltion of thin!!S : and here at least "·e ~thuuld he
car~ful
0
• ·
 . . . ~AST INDIA AFFAins; 111
ea~ful and cl~ar; fur 1f we mii!l11ke our inlcl'e11t "e lc!le our all, tl ·
""b!ch. we aacntice other con~illcratiuns : csiX'd;ll y it r.houJ.I be M:rl ':{ tlung to C n~ P. IV,
bt'1':v1ng the moral govcm:ncnt of the w01 hi, 111-e cun rljM:Ct lh~ "I' t'~~~:Ube~ ~"!:';!.=,..~,
contmucd suppo•t of 1~1e sop':'!;ue H~lcr of it, !Jy willin;!ly Bt'flubrin~ in 10 much ,.., C-"'- ~~­
error, SO mu~h fUOral und pohuca( evil, 'II hen 1>0 hlllll)' J' u:;t means lilt \1 1e 'I . · t' ,4-., """""'
of them are m our power •• ~VI• lUll ,,.. , _ , . , .
. Vfjm-•
. Th~se are the ~nquhie:~ ~·hich tltis.su~ticct pl'"ffl'nts; the inquiries •hirb fi.tclity to' ._,._ __,,
Jt_, om to 11!1 ~he mtcre3!S uwct~ved 111 1t, "ould not permit the wrilt·r to 111 trru
'~hrn h~ Ortll.lll~lly consld.t:red It; and the ~11111e motive>~, to "hi.:t1 he mav ad~: the
duty ot the station w~rrcm he ha5 a~nre h~cl the lwuour to lie p!at't'd, ft r&id hi:n tn
keep th~m: b.11ck now • But docs he 111 ~t.1tmg them, IIICllll to point tht·tn oll~n.•ivt·ly
to any mdJvldual o~ body 1~f men? . No,-f~r from it; \hry Ylt'rP, at first, prnn~-d
liS th~y ore now dehvercd, Ill ~ood ."·•II and Yllth a ~rncrulaim: in this f\lTIIliJIINtiun
!1e _11111ves ~ather to ~bstract h1s nund ft'O•n pcr~onttl rerollcr.tion~; 1111d il' it ~1Jn~'111
!nvolunttmly at t~E' Idea of 11ny ~ne who he fears moy not acctJrJ with bit !ll'nti111 en\..,
Jf he shout~ e~pcclnll>' d• ca.d tiJ find aa~10n~ ~uch any \\'hum he partkulMly n-spt-.·••
n~1d loves, n 1s ~ pamf~l wound to Ius fl-chn,r:~. lie cannot "j,h to otknd or tt.l
~~lspu~e,-:-he h~s no olurcts to .serve lly &uch means; ond is suftit'it•ntly a wore ni tho
llltuatJOn m wh1ch a w?rk of tins nature max place loim, hoth in l:nrutte "'"' in lmli 1,
~1ever to have broug~t ~t forward but fruu! St~me setious ~cn..e of duty. Thi• 'J"II'tli<~n
Js_a .general one; 1f It seem to can·y m !l any ~tnL~pt·ctivc CC'tl•urc, thllt tetlllure
. app~1cs to the _coun~ry anrl .to the ag.::. C1rcumst1•nr~ ltuve no•v nllt•d fur a 111u1t
part1culur con~•clerat1on of It, and ot tl.e res~ It uf that conlidt·rn:i<~n ho rn:crt.lint
encouragi~·~ hope~. He will not allu•v him!l<'lf tu l.tc!icv~, thnt whc:1 M m.111y nuhl~t
and benehcml ends may be ~crvt'd hy our p<~<;.'il""S.~ion of an emrire in tht! fMt, "«' ~h.. U
content ourM"Ive.q with the mcRn<•&t and tl1e ll'a~t, a::cl f,,, the 1a\e of tt.ir., (n~Strate
. all the resl lle tr·u~ts. we shall d:~re lu do jtt~licc, lib:•ntl ju•tire, nnd be p<'Dtlatlrd,
that this principle will cony us to gn'lltcr !wights of pro~pcrity, thnn the t•recautiuna
of a selfish policy. J.'nture ev('llts ore inbCrtttllllle to t!1e Lccn~t ~p«'ulution, bc•t tlte
path of duty is open, the time present is ours. Py plnntin~ our 111n;..'1Jn~, O•tr kno" I,•, I;.:,.,
our opinions, and our reli~ion, in our J\~iutic territnrit'l, we 8ItH II p·tt a ~!Tot w~ork
beyond the reach of contingt>ncics; we shall prou.. t..ly hd''e 11ccltlcJ the 1uhmltit.mr•
of those territories to this country; hut nt anv rutc, we ahull !Ja,·e dune an act of w;cl
duty to them, anc.la l11sting service to mankind.
· "In considering the affi,irs of t1Je woriJ u un:lcr the rontruul of thu 1uprtme
"Disposer, and those distant territories, as lly stl'llii(!C evcnl!l, provialrntinlly put into
our hands, is it not rcosonaule, i.s it not nccc.<ll!atry, to concluuu that thtj u.·e ~ive•• to
us; not merely llmt we miAI•t draw on lltlllual profit trom tl.em, llutthal "" n•i;.:ht
'diffuse amon~ their inhabitunts, long sunk in d~trkm"lli, vice, am.l mbc:ry, the li~ht ••l<l
the benign "influences of truth, the blelisings of YICII·rcgulo~ted wdety,llte improvcn~r~•t•
imd the comforts of active industry? And that in prudently and 1htcc·n:ly rntll'JI\'ouring
to answer these ends, we may not onlt hum!Jiy hope ti•r wme Ull'll.tutl: "( the umc
•
encuss which hu usu~t\ly attended scnuus and rational alle.upll fa1r the prop••l('llli<Jn
10f that pure and sublime religion which comes from God, but bNt ~~rCure lite pro-
tection of his providential government, of "hicb "·e now tte ducb awrlul •unr~• i11 tho
events ot' the world. ..
In every pro~ive step of this work, we shall also fl!rY_e the ori~o:inel t!r•ii,!TI •.itlt
"'·hich we vi,;itcc.l India, that dt>si~n &till so iutpun~tllllo tlu.s country,-tlte t'\!l""'MIA
pf<lur commerce. Wlty ia it that w few of our ~umufa.durt~ 11.tl comm01ltlK."'I •ro
vended there' Not merely bt-cause the wtc ut tJ,e pt:ople lllllut f:l'lll.:rally fvrnoc:d
to the use c.f ~hem but because they have nut the n.eanll t>l' purchlloin~ Ctem. 'J be
proposed improvet;tents would introduce both. As it i.;, our ··~,l!u~" ~~~~r munuf..~ctul't'"l
111 iron, copper, and &tccl, our clocks, \tulchf"!l, ami t")' uf u.llrn;ut ~ .. .J.., wr .r.t.!.t-t•
wurc, 1111rf variouS other articles are &dlllirt'..J there, .ond •.ouJ,I M a I!I ;!f~t IJtll!.Oitlte'.o If
-tit& pt11ple wt're rich enough to !Jny them. l.rt 10\"ft:t:on he onre n111u~r•~ auKln_::
them. let them be roused to improvcm<'lll~ at home, ld tl-;u1 Lc k~ !•Y mJu•try tu
nmltiplv, as they may e1ceedingly, the c:uhuaj.'t'lll•le f•I'Ullucllun.t of t•:•·tr ~unll), ld
tht•na acquire a relish for the ingt:1liOIIS exeniull§ uf tltC human llilltd Ill J.~IIV('4!', iof
the b('Butics and refinements, enJIC!'sly di'"crsilin~ of f.uroJX'.lll a:t ~n.J ICICI.ct·~ and
we"&hllll hence obtain for ou111£·h·es the &npp!y of four .~~n~ .'"l'lti,Y uu:l101_11"" ~•lllnl
subj('('b. llow greutly 111 ill our c:cMmtry lte tluts 11dt-d m rum~ lllilltupt'f"ICII' to .• ~ ~.tt
difficultiCJI• and bow &lable, u "'·ell u unriVllllc:cl, may "e ltOJte (1\lf cunJmtrcc "I •. .e.
I • "uC11

'l\fr• Gre.nt'e fitata
·of Soc!cty a!"'"!''~
· 11 ·~ ;'"~<ll~ ~ui~Jeet.S
1
•O vrcat unlnm.
----.·.--,.,.
1Jf ~PA'PE'RS'RELA"T'ING 'TO
when \\·c tllUI re&.r it on right principles, and make it the mea~s of their' e~tansionl .•
It might be too sanguine to form into a "il:lh, an idea ~ost pleasmg and des1rabl~ ·in
it..&clf. .that our rcli.,ion and our know\ed~e might be d1ffused over other dark portions
of the '
globe, where,.
nature has been more k'mu.I tl1an 1!Ulllttn ·U!stltutlons.-;-
· · Tl' · tbe
.:1s 1s
nohl<)&t species of conquc~t; and "·hereve•:• we may ,·cnture to say, 01_1r pnnc1plcs and
Junguuge are introduced, our commerce will follow.
To rest in :the present state of thin~s, or to determine that the situation ~f our
Aaiutic subjects, and our connection \VIth them, ure such liS they ought to be tor all
time to conw, seems too daring a conclu~ion : und if a change, a great change be n~
cc&sary, no rea!lOn can be aa~igncd for its conuncncemcnt at any future peliod, which
will not equally, nu.y, more strongly recommend its commencement now. To say,
thut thin~ may be lcli. to their own coufl:lc, or that our European settlements may
prove a sufficient nursery of moral and religious instruction for the natives, will be,
m effect, to declu.re, that therc11hall be na alteration, at least no effectual and safe
•OUC, . .
The 1\lahomeclo.ns, living for centuries intermixed in great numbers with the
'llimloos, produced no r11tlicol change in thch· character; not mertly beCR'lSe they
·rendere(l themKelve~ disagreeable to their subjects, but because they left thos~ sub-
jrcts, during thut whole period, 11s uniu~t•·ucted in essential points ns they found
"them~ We are cull!ld r11ther to imitate the llomau conquerors, who civilized an:i .
improved the notions whom they subtlucd; and we urc called to this, not only by the
.obvious wi~dom which directed thah· policy, but by local circumstances, as wcll 1111
.'by sounder principles aml higher motives than they possessed, ·
. . .
· Tho examples also of modern Eul'Opt•an nations pass in review before us. We
,are the fourth of tl10~e who luwe pos8Csscd an lnditm empire. That of .the l'ortu-
~ueze, thou¥h acquired by romantic bravery, was unsystcum~ic anti rapacious; the
short one ol the french Wlls the meteor of a vain aml.Jition; ·the Dutch acted upoD
;the principks of n eellish comiUercial policy; and these, under which they appa·
rrntly flouri~hed for a time, have beeu the cuuso uf their d!!cline and full. None of
·thc~c Mtion~ souAht to estal.Jli~h the•usclvcs in the affections of their acquired sub-
.~ect~, or to u~-o.•imilu.tc them to tJ~eir uw.nnera; and tbose sul~ects, far from supporting
.them, njoiccd in their dc,feut: some attempts they made to in:>truct the nativea,
"hich hud their u~e ; lJUt sordid views overwhelmed their eftccts. It reml\ins for ua
:to sht1w how we sb:11l be distinguished from tbc~e nations in .the history of mankind i
whethur conquest shu II have been in our hands the means, not merely of displaying.a
~ovl·rmuent unl'qnulled in 1ndi11. for administrt~tive justice, kindness, and modera•
.tion, not ,merely of rncrca~ing the security of the subject and prosperity of the
.cuuntry, but of utlvuucing socinl huppiuess, of mc\iorutincr the moral state of 111oetl,
llnd of extending a superior light, further than the Romu.n"'eagle ever t\ew. ' · ;
If the novelty, the impmcticubility, tht danger of the proposed scheme, be urgei
agnin~t it, these objections ctmnot ull l.Jc consistent~. and. the .,k;t,. \\bich i&. tlJe
·Ollly. one thut could hnvo wei11:ht, presupposes succet~s. In success wouW ;;\ie. our
suldy, not om· daugt'r. Our thlllger must lie in pursuin~ fmm ungem·rou~ c:uds,· ·a
·COUfl:lc cuull'uetcd and ·illilll'ml; hut in following an oppo~ite course, in ccomnlUnicat..
in~ li~ht, knowled;..f(', tlnd imp!vvement, we slmll obey the dictate:~ of dut.''• of phi•
hmtlu•t•py, uml of pulit·v; we ~hull t.1ke the most ratiunal means to remove inherent,
J!.l't'ut diso•·ders, to ult\ICh the llimloo people to ourselves, to ensure the ~afcty of ~ur
pt~''~~·~~ions, to cnhunce conrinuully their vulue to us, to raise a fair and durable tllo-
numcut tl) tho glory of this country, and to Cl\crcase the happiness of the humau
.ruec.
.a.J>PE~DIX.
 EAST l'N'DIA AFFAIRS.

APPENDIX.

E.rtract from
.
1/u:. Trimsacticn1
·
ol'
'{.(
tlte &riel" 'Or p-
.;r J' 1w.11•1·o
•v•"'
., ,.._ • · •· ,
t..llrll1l.tnf llnotl1t1·'t
1
.. . jor tlte !Jrar 1 i95· c •

., AN 0 T H E R leiter hu been reoo~ed from s•.,,. dattd ... T . I'

)fr
d 'fi' brnary_~gth, lj~4. which being of a particula.r1 iolt'~n~~ n•turc, ~t;!~ir~ •• ,_A_~'~"',IIol&&.
,1 .
JU ge l to prouuce at kngth. Aa mor(.'(•ver the Soc:iecv1 alter lim · 1
___,
-
•• have had ~Dstant reiSSOn to npprnve or .Mr. Swartz'• ialc~il1 and ;.,~~ :~lt'~nH',
;; pondent, h1~ Zt'alua prom~r of Christian lcnowled~e, and hielaboure 1 '"'"' ,;:,•· J
.,. they t11ke thtt opJ>OrtUIIIt.v of acknowledging bie faiUtlul ec:ni•·t.._ 111d ....._-nmmo:pcln~ 1!~
.., letler ~o.the co~so~erat•no oflhe!'ubhc~~ containing aju•t 1 t 1 temen& ol f1 ,.11 relall~ 10
tb~ n11s~•on, behevtng 1bat J.lr. Swarla 11 tocapaillt uf dt>j,.runa .lrom lhe lrlllb · ll
""' m mu'test purtocultu." • au ••
I\

To de &rerend Dr. G.As~tur, &crtt•ry to t!,e &ckty fw JW't»>llolint

· · . . t'krislian Kr~UUW!ge.
~e~erend. nnd, Dear Sir, • , Tanjnrt', r~brni'J 13, 1794o
AS Ht~ MaJee.ty • ·~venty.rourlh regmae.nt " partly at.tionrd al T••tiure, and J>O••l.r al
Vallam, 11x E~ghsh m.'les dl&(llot fruiQ T.anJOrt'1 we c:ommonly go oo" in a W«k &o VallaiSI
to wrfordl d1¥tne lerVUll! to four COIBpBDII!I of lhat flfgimcmt, ,
· . hen l l~tely went to thnt place. the II loth. numbl~r of a newspaper, call..-d tho Courier,
Prtdny evemng, May 114Lb, 17931 wu c:onuountl'ol.:d &o me.
' · In that pnper l f11und a paragraph, ddivered by Mr. Montgomerie Campbell (•ho came
-out to India with Sir Archibald Campbell, io tbe Ita lion of a private ICI.:I'I!lat.J) "huc1u ,
name Wa$ mentioned in &be lilllo~A'ing waauacr: . 1
l . . '

, " ;Mr. M on~merie CamplK'll gl\·e his decided •ote agniu't the elaut~t, and rrrrot..tt<l
" the idea of converting the Gentooa. Jt Is true, mistionnriet !Jrml mode prootl)' tPt of the
~· Parriurs; but theJ were the loweaL order of people, and h11d e•cn degtlld~ the religioa
" chey profetr~ed to embmce. ·
. " Mr. Swartz, whuse charlll'll.'f wna beld 10 deaenedly high, could no& lane an1 .,.._ to
" bout of the purity of his followen: they were proverbial for their profligacY. An iatlaDMI
!'. occurred to llie recollection, perlecii,Y in point;-he hlld t.Hn rro:.c:lung .~., many hout'l
~ to tbi1 caste of pro!ielytes, on the beonousnl.'ll ot theft, and in the be-111t of hie d•-nw,
.. lllkeo olf bil llock, when that and hie gold buclle were llowo by 01'11' or .... tlnoow
.it and enligh1fned cengregntiun. In such a dejlcriplioo of nati•e., did the doetrme or lhe

. " rniuiooarie• O(IC'I'IIIe. .Men of high eate would •puro at the idea of c:hangiag lbe n:l•g•oa
11 of their ancestora."
. ·
Asthit purrtgn~ph ia found i• a public paper, It hoVe~ woold not di•pk.-d.e Jlu110u,..
able Society to mnke 8 few ohN:rvnlionl UD it; not to (which 1 dek'tl) bu& &o dc.C'I.,.
'the pl11in truth, aud lo defend my bret.loren 11nd myeelf.
About II.'Venteen years a~o, when I rt~~ided 11 ~'irtltAi""f"!'~"' ~ viai~td tloe C~Rft'l;•lioa •&
Tanjore. In my rond,l arnnd nry earl1 at a vollage wluch 111nbabieed by Uillt~nn, a 1rt.
·or pPnJ•Ie whn are ioliunou• for 1lealing; t'Vc.'D the aaJPe of a Culluy (ot bet1e1, .I•IJ,,) eia-
'llilieth a thief.
· These Cul/arit1111ake nighll• excurlions, in order to roll. The1 dri..: •••1 buDuc.·h and
sheep and wbate•er they can 'lind; lor which outrage, tbe1anouallf JHI1 fi(ln"ll LulldrCIII
chnk:, or se~en hundred nnd il\y pagodas, ro tlte.Unjah. . . ,
Of this caste uf p<!Ople, muny h•e in the 1··~~ c:ounii'J'• 11111 III4JR: aa To~ru.t.mAD I
conn try, and likewi..e 10 the !lialxab't C'Ountry. . .
When I arrived atone oft~ose•ill..gea,c:alled p,.J,Joor,l tuuk otr m1•tock, p.:thn~ I&
11pon a -,and-bank. Advoncon!l' a hulc t.o look out for U.-: rnan wbo eorr~ wy hiii'D
clothes I was re!!Rrdlesa of the •lock, at which time,10111e thrll!,.,-11 bon tuuk It •••:r·!\..a
one gro'wn per&o~ wu pretenl. \\"h~n the inhAIJitaolt ht'llld o( l.be lbcf\, llrc1lln<•cd -
Cb ronline nil those boys, and to p1101tb them .. K'':m:l! 1111 I plcurd. ·
fiutl refused to do that, nolthiokint; &hal the trtfte wh~c:b 1bad bt wu worr..b 10 mucll
tsouble. . _L-Id 't tbe(i be
That such boys, wboee falhe,.. are profHICd tbltt'et, .....,. eomm• • t, caa 110
mattrr of wuoder. · rL.' · r. 'I Ml d
All the iobabitanll or
tbal 'fillage were llealheDJ; '"" ON .....,.,.,. . . , - 'J ... II

therein. b L- ·u b .....__• toLbrL

.Many of our geatlf'DM!D, lra•elliog tbroog a.... t '' •ge, Mt"""" 1Pc
ll&i. Fr
 1'14 I'Af-F..RS ·Il.ELATING_TO
Thr•trit\e nf A \,uckle l did tl1ercfore not lose by a C!l,.istia11, as 'Mr. Monlgomcrie
'Clmpbell will hn'e it, hut hy H~ath~n b<~ys. .
l
_,..._ _.... t~~e 1 ther did lprench atth11t tune: Mr. Mootgnmene CuUipbe\1 says that I preached two •
~}lAnl'il: (did not 10 R111Ch II.!II'OIIYE'fSE' With lillY UHIIl, ,
'l'hi• poDr .,o.y totally mtsrepre6enLed, is 111\":~;e£1 by Mt·. Montgon1er1e Cllt~phell to
J•rove 1he profligucy of Christians, whotn·be ca!led, with a.»neer, v1rtuou~ and enltghtened
J>eople. · . . . . .
Jf Mr. Montgnlllll'rie Cumpb~\1 hRA n~ better pr_Dof, his co~lclus10n IS bUilt upon a 'bad
·fmmdu1iun,11ud I •hHII nul adnnre h~t·log!c: truth "uga111st l111n. . .
!'lteillu-r it it true, that thl! ~st part ot those people who have .been mstructed, nre Par·
riarc. lind Mr. Mcn1tgomt'rit! c..,npbe\1 vi•iiP.d, even om~. our cburd1, he would huve
oho~~rved thnt mure 1/IIJIJ.Irto third1111ere ry' the hightr caste; and so i• it at Tnmquebur nod·
\- l'pcrv. · ·
(Jur intent inn i• nut to l•nnst; but thia l mny sar~l>' any, that many of those people who
.J 1nve been iu•tructed, have Itt\ tloia florid ..-,lh COinlorL1 11Rd w~th a well-gro~nded hope of•
evrrlu•ting hti!. · · .· ·.
· 'l'hnt IIJIIIC of tho'll! who luiVe bl'tn inttructt'd nn1l bnptized, hnve abuaed the benefit of-
in•lttll'linn, II·Cf'rltun. But ull1incure servant• of Yod, nay ew:n the Apo~tles, have expe-·
rtrllrf'd thi~ grid', ·
It it nuPru·d, thut u miw4innory i• • di•~rrace to tmy co\lntry. Lor.d Mucnrtnry, and the•
lute G<."uerul Cnnte, wuuld hn\'e entertniued 11 •~ry dllft•rent "l'inion. They. and many other·.
s~u•h:men, kuuw nml ac•knowleclge, that the mi•~iolluriu bllve b~n L>eneliciul to government,·
awd 11 cmnll•rt to the counttv. . · ...
Thie I am uhle tu prnve, in the ttrongt!llt suanner. Many gentlemen who live now in
£n~llmd,11nd m thi• t•nnutry, would corroborate "'Y as~ertion. ·
'I hut the l!e~eorend Mr. Gericke hna been of emineut·atmee to Codcla\ore, evt'ry genlle-
·n,nn, who wn• Itt t:uchl~tlore nt the time t~ hen the wnr bmke out, knows. He was the
inatrument, in the hundt ut' .l'ruvidcnce, by which Cu£\dulore ·was nved from plunder
.und L>loml,lwd. · · ·,
lie en\'lltl many gcmtlctnen frotn btcoming ·llri&oncr• to Hyder, which I.ord MncnFtney
ilinclly ul·knowlcdgcd. , · ·
Whtn No;;nputnnm, thnL rio•h and pn1mlnr city, (t'\1 into the deepest poverl)'• loy the
11nnvoiduble con•~qu•nceeut' war, M r, Oeril·k6 htthlll'l'd like n fath~r 10. the dislre•ted l'eople
.of thut city, 11~ t'urgoL that he had 11 family to 1u·ovide for. .Botany impoverished fumihee
were llll'llllfll'd by hnn; 10 thol wbe!l I, A l~w months ngo,/reached nnd administered the
•n1·rumenL in thut place, I ~BIY many who owed tlu:ir, an their children&' lives, .to bi1
·di•in~ereetcd cnre. Surely thie, 111y friend, t'Ould 11ut br called a cli~grace .to that place.
'When the llonuuruble Society ordered him to attend the congregntion nt Madru, all
at
Jumented hi• d"lmrture. And Mudrus, be is esteemed L>y the governor, .:and many oiher
,senth:meu 1 to thia dny, . · ·
It i• a tnllat di•3grccullle ln•k to apcuk ·or bncseli. llowel'el'1 I hope that the Il0nournble
.Society will nut look upon aome obscrnlions whi1•h J.um to mul<e,us a vain and sinful bonst~
ing, but rnlhl'r 111 n nt'cenury arlt~delcnce. Ndtlu;r .the mi~~ionuries, nor muny of the
.Chri•tinn•, lu1ve hurt the we !lure of the countn·. · · · "
In tho time uf w11r, the furt of TaJ1jore w11a ln'n distrl'ssc~ condition. A powerful enemy
,11'111 uenr 1 the Jll.'oplc in the l~orL, Hllllltrous; uud nut provision even for the g11rrison.
'l'here wna gmin tnough in the country, but "·e hncl no bullocks to bring it into' the Fort:
When the country p.:ople formerly L>rought ,pndily (rice in the husk) into the Fort, the
rt~pnciou• dub1uhea dl•pnvtd them of their due pny. Hence nil confidence wus lo~t; 110 thnt
the inhuhitonll drove awny their c:nttle, refusing to assist the Fort. :l'he late H.njah ordered,
noy intrentt'd 1he peopl!', by hit manng~"• to come nod help us ; but all was in vain. ·
At lost the llotiuh tuid lu oae of our plliocipnl gentlemen: " We all, you nod I, hove los.t
our credit; let ua .try whether the ·inhabitants will trust Mr. Swuru." Accordingly he
•cnt·me.a blank pnper,rmpo1uoring me to make a proper ng~eu1ent with t.he people. Here
·Will no time fur heaitntiou, The e~npoyc feU down 111 dead people,. being emaciated with
hunger; our etreeta were lined with dend corpeea every morning; our C\)ndition wns de·
plo111blc, 1. ll.'nl, ·therefore, letters, every where round about; promising to pay any one,
with my own honda; nnd to pay them fur nny bullock which might be tuken by the enemy.
·)none or .-two do~··· 1 sot nbo~e nthousund bullocke, .and sent one of our cut~dJists,and
other Chmtmn~, 11~10 the cmmtry. They w-ent nt the riolk of their lives, mnde nil po1111ible
hu.ste, 11nd brun!(h,t tnlo I he furl, in"· very shur.l time, eighty thousand kulmns tuf rice.) By
\Ius meon~, th~:: l•urt wns. au,·l!d. \\hen all wns uver, I 1•uid the people (.e\'eO w1tb some
money winch belun~fd to other~) mode tlwm a &lnnll pre~nt, und sent them home.
1:hc nc-xL }'t'_,., wh..n C>~lon~lllr11itlnraite, \tilb his whole detllChment, was tnkun priaonrrJ
'MnJUf Alcork 't'omnumdelllhls. fort, and behnved \'ery kindly to the poor &Ianing people.
~\'e were thl'n, ·the ae~-und tune, iu the aume mi5entble· condition. 'J'he enemy olwnys
l!IVIul~d the 1:ountry "·h~n the l11m•est wu~ llt!;lh ut hnu.d. l was ngnin de6ired to try Olf
ion.ncr C~Jll'dl\'~l,am~ •ut'(:(•eded •. The ~cople .knew thuL they wc•e nut to be deprived of
thetr P"~· th.c) _t'wrdurc.>,cum~ ,~,t~l the1r l'nttle. llut now the danger was grentcr, ns th.e
t'~emy 11111 ~eo, ncur. 'l h~ ChmL·'""·' eotiC~ucLed the inhaLitnnts to pruper pln(:(•s, surt'ly
Wltb ,no "'.'.u\1 ~m~gcr of, losmg t!1e1r hves, Accord~ng\y they wept, nnc.l wt!nl., and supp,lied
'll~e .F~rt \lllh ,nun. \\hen the 111lmb•tnnt.a were pmd, I stri1:t\y enquired whe1h~r nny ol the
1:\~nstl~ns l~ud Iuken from the~ a pr!'$1.'nt. 'J'hey all snill, No, no; 115 we were ~o regularly
.Paull, \\e oftcrnllo your cnteclmt a cloth of small va.h1e, but be obsolutei.Y refused iL
Dut
,,
 l:AST .I~DIA AFFAIRS. II
nut Mr. 'font;omerie Cllmf>hdl My-, that tl Cl . . J
If. Mr. Montg;11nerie Cuml'lll"U '""• nenr : .. ~~~:~nt art" rrdli,:-.1«' '"• rroTtrb. """""'"
rPofl•g>~te penple who dr.tin the enuntrv. When 'a d I 11 1'1 ~~t·l••n t<> hun •h·• a"f' th 111 • ---.~·
.. - -....
; I'IIIS,•<·.rap~" together two, three, or fuui l.ocb of 0 ud "" !• 111 ,,,.. •pn« of t,.a N liti~n
of prollt(!n('V i P g as. •• nut th~t nturttun a lu ~o:b d.. ''"f
Nay, gov~rnmPnl was obli1-red to I'Pntl 1111 order th 1 1 ~ "
'hOIIId quit the Tunjorp eountrr. 'J'hr enorm • .• I lf"f or. tltooe r.l'nloo cluluosl..,
conntn·. with r·om1>lau.11; lntt 1 tine no miud to~n• C'flml"'J rohmmm~ by ll>tw, li;lcd the
·· 1 1 1 · . . ~ umrr111e 1 em.
· Jt •• asSE'rtcr, t 1aL t 1e lnhubttants of the t.'Ountr~ would It · · ·
)f the mis~ionllrira nre elllccre Chridttm• it 1~ im ·~ cr bJ mt .. to~ftrM"t..
B\ftlCr any dumage t.y them. U they are n~t "bnt. tlf'OU•ble ~"••t the tnh~L•IJntt .hi'Mtld
dismissed. · •e! f'i'0 11' • to lw, lht'J ou;;ht to t..
· W heu Sir Archi~alll Campbell Wll!l go\'E'fnnr, anrl Mr. M · C • ·
tE'cretary, the mh11bttan18 ot the Tanjore colmtry •Ne IW'I mi=~Gf,m::•e~tl,..l/ lu•rnute
lllld the Mllllraa dubu.bes, tbat they quitted the rountry. of f:'O. I r n I 1 t It' mahalfl'f
1 n the monllt of June, the cultivation should commenre. '•·ut t"l~' 11 f."Ud tlV.Illlll ,......-ct.
m.a·"!umi ng ~· f S<'ptem brr. c.v~rv
" • " no ung Will on«' enn ,.tthe
one drl'_~~<kd I he calumity o( a fnn•int'. 1 f'~hrrd~·l llo
It·~~~~ to rr ~nm·e that shameluf oppression, 11nd to tfflrl tire inhllbitantA. lie tc·nt 11,.. e
"'?':' • thnt JUS II~ should be d1me Ia thf'm; but thl'y di-bcl;.,•rd bi• J>rntnitt-'11. llr 11 ,,~ •
' , . ~~sued me. Ia "q«e t~ them, on d. lo uqsure them, II not bl', 111 my illlert'ftaion, wouiJ •h""'
~~·~dness to them, J chd If), .AII.nmnellmtcly returnl'll; aud lin.t or all, the 1\..JI .. r (ur ..,
· ~J ~'Ire eommouly callt>d, Cullurtt>to) behevrd mv word 10 that IM'¥1'11 thoua<>nd '"' n C' me
,. uc t ~ '""' d•y. · The other inh11bitantft followe•} tbrir ~'"'mJ>Ir. \\'lora 1 nho 1t,..t tlo,..~ 1~
0

"- :'~er .l ~~t,lselvt's IIJ the utmost, bccanie the time fur culti1·ntiun \tnt Rlu•nttlt»l, the,. rr·l•hrd
Ul 'he' '"'"':"~ng 11mnut>r: •• As you ~1\Ve 1bo"eJ kindneu "' ~~~.yon thall nut b•u~ rutun
to !epcnt of ll;. we mtcnd to 1rork ntgltt and flay, tu •ltuw our l'l'g~rd fur yoo..•
:;~r .Archoh,dd Campbell a·B!I h11ppy when he beard il; and u bad Lhe aalitfacliuo o1
havtng a beller <"rop lhnn the pre<·eding year. · ·
' Ae ~her~ WR8 h:trdl~ un,r adminiatm!i"".''f jutrief', f beggt"d and entA!ated &be Raj"" to
·estabhsh .f,~rstu.•e .m lua count~y. " .\\ell, autd he, " let rue how trhr~Tin my peof•lt.,.
oppressffi. I dtd •.o·: f.le 11f!1nrd~~llrly COUIOO!rd to my rroJH*·~ tod told bi• Rl&ll.ll!Cf'r,
that h~ should fl'rllue mdrgunllon, t.lthe oppreutou d1d uol eeae immftlialclr. U..l .. 1te
soon dted, he dtd rmt llt'c the rxecntJon. • ·
When the_ p~nl ~nj:.•h lK-g1!n his tt'ign, J pu~ Sir .Arcltibnl•! C:unpl.w-11 in mind or II••&
necessary po111t.. He ae•1red me to nutke a '''"" lura ~:ourt 11f J• .. uee, wlticb I dtd; '"''''
tv:a• soon tlt'glected by the ervuf,ll~ of the Rajah, who commonly wid ju•llce to the bl'.c
btddf'r.
Whrn the Honnomble Company tonk pos!te"ion of the lf:(tUnlry, during the "''• tlae
pl11n tor introrlucingjustice wna re-umed; by whu·h motn,r Pft>p'e wrre made h•t'l')·
Dutwhen the country wnareslored to the llnjnh, the fotntl't mrgul:nitie~touk place.
: During the RSSumption, I(Owernment dettired lit tu a11ilt the Jtt'ntk·fltfll colleccon.. The
(]iatriet towardR the wrst of T•njore had been 11ery much neglectc~d, ..., that 1M watorr•
-eoureea h11d not been clt•1maed fur the lut 61\t"eo ye11ra. I prupoot'fl tltat the eullecl<ll'
ahould 11dvnnce live hondr...d pagodu to rlranu thnae 'l'utc:r-courwt. The 1Ct'ntlem•11 0011•
!lett lt-d if l would inspect the bu•inea. The work wu Ill-gun 1nd lini•lwd, bring in•J..C:trd
by ChrbtiunR. .All that part at' the lf:(tuntry n-joired ill I(C!Iling one hundr..t tltw..nlf
.(:ollumt (of ri<"e) more thau belure, The inb11bitant1 coule-«1, lh•t instnd of one collo•,
.they now reuJied four.
No inhubilant hu aulfered by Christi11n1; none hu complaintd or
il On the eoalrar1,
ir
.one or the richest inhabitant• aaid to me; .. Sir, you aend • f"''FIOD to uo, ernd ......
who hae learned all your ten commnndmentt;.. for he, and many hundn-d iuhaiNiaau_
.hod been present when I expluined the Chrittian dnetrine to liNillfnt and CbriMiana.
· The inh11bitanl1 dread the con<!uct of a Madra• dubn•h. 111f•ae pt'ople lend mru~! to the
Rajnh, at an exorbitant inll'rt'St, and tbt'D are f.'t'rmllted to wllt-ct tloccr llluiiC'yaod lt.~l4!feoto
..io 1n nppointt'tl district. It is needlrn to mrnu"n the e~nwqllf'nn"l. .•
When the Collariea rommitted grfRt outrnget in tbt't~ J•lundPrtng rxpftlot1on•, ~po,.
were sent out to adjust mnlten; but it had no riT<'Cl Go•cnumml dc-a1red *" 1.o ID«J'""'
.into 1hat thievish bu~ine~!l. I therefore sent '"'''"'.' to the he..d Collar~ 1 thry •r~«t.;
we found out, in aome degree, how mut·b Ihe TanJore, and Tuodam11n .. ancl tltt Nabob •
C.>llnries had stolen; and we insisted PIIRD l't'lllor.attnn, •h.tt·.b wu dooe IIIXOfd•nsly. At
last, nil ~nve it in writing.thnt the• would el.l'nl no mmr. 11us prom•er tlKoy •C'rt ""'1 well
fi>r eight months, and then they bc!;AD t!Jr~r old wurk; howc:nr, nut» ltc-fore. llcwl thooc
jn~peclion over tht>ir conduct been ('(In tinned• tltt"JIUight l"''t' l,.,.n m~c. uwful f"''''t'lc•
J insisted upon (thdr) cuhivKiing their field., • h•..t• tloey rm.JI.r dul. l:utt( the dr.,...adt
become exorbitant they hn"e nB reinurt"e the' think, bulth•\ o( Plundenng. .
.At Jnst aome of ;hose thievi,b OrllariM dc;irtd to be i1111rul'lf'd. f..,,d, •!
am obl•i;t11
tQ. instruct \'ou • but lam al'rrtid that 'nil -ill bttcvme "~'1 bad Chfl>1"' 11'· 1 Mlr I'"'"
Jllises were lair. ' I inslrut'led them; and •hen they had a lulrrai.Jie •no•~l"'• b•pu!r"
them. Uaving bartized them, I e1horled lllt'm '"·~no moll', ~t d':.trrd~"!';~,..;; i
i
After thul, I visit.td them; and bavm~ eumfij~ llwll' know~gu;. cuh .. lllrd ., Noe •
"ork. l obSt'n'ed, with plensure, that tbetr e • "ere t'l<ll't ~te rnc!M .;.., Dot • .;,
snid I, " one thing remuins to be do~e. .'t 011 mu•~ Pll1 ~r " uaa. ~~ aflcr lha.l. 1
" till it it exack'CI hy military force, wh1cb othe,.. .te II r cval
Jouod that the! hw paid oil' the.trt11bute exacll!• T'be

•
 u6· : PAPE~S RELATIKG TO EAST INJJIA AFFAIRS.
• lt.pp;.nd~ . .The ouly coml'luint oguinst thote Christian C~lldrica wn~, that they refused to
upon go
~--v---'-'pluudering expr1 itiunt, they bad don~ before.
111 . . ,
Now 1 aim well nwnre, thut 1ome will accuse me of havmg boasted. I confess the ·
-churgu wiliiugi.Y, but lay all tbe blame UfJOn those wbu have constrained me tu commit
thatlollv. . ·
J tllif:,bl bnve enlarged my uccount; but f<•uring tl1at aome characters would hnve suffered·
by it, 1 aloJ' here. . , . . . • .
One thiug, however, I offirn•, before God and mnn, that 1f Chrtstlnnrty, 1~ us plnm ·
and undi•gui•ed furm, wu properly 1nowuted, the coumry would not aufler, but be .
l.lcnelitl'd t.y it. . ·
If Chri•liulll were employe~ it;1 eume importn1!t office.s, they sho.old, if they misbehaved, :
IJe duui.Jiy jmui•hed; but to I'I:Jt'Ct them ent1rcly, J8 not nght, nnd d•.~cuurageth. ,
'fhe gluriuu1 God, und our I.Jicoscd Uedeemer, baa commanded hrs .Apo»tles to preach the
Go~~>fll to allnuliunt. • '
1' 1e knuwlc,lc;e of God, ond hie divine perfC'ctions, and of his me.rcy to mankind, may.
be ullu•t•d; butth~re it no other mctlwd of rcl'luimihg mnnkind, than by instructing them'
well. To hupc thut the llcuthens ~viii Jh·e II goud lite, without the knowledge ur Gud, ia a.
·chirnertl. · · ·
The pruite ht•stolfcd on the Jlcntl.tens or this country, by mnny of our historinns, is·
rcf~ted by a clcllle .(1 u,tightnlmost auy, aup~rliriul) inspection of their lives.· Many his·,.:
lorwnl work• nre more lal•e a ronumce thnn hretory. :Many gentlernen here are astonish""•
ltow aome bi.tut'iuua hnve prcJStituted their tulcnls by writing lablt!ll, . ·
I am now at the brink of eternity; but to this moment I declure, that I do not repent
of huving •pent furty-thr!!e yeara jn the tlt'rvice of my Divine Mnster.... Who ltnows but·
God moy remove IDIIle of the grcnt obstacles to the propngation of the GOfj•i!t'l'·''Siu)uld
a rcfurmutiott tuke }IInce amongwt the European•, it would no doubt be the greatest 'blessing·
10 the cuuutry. . .
Thrse obaervation• 1 ·beg leave to lay before tlte llononr11ble Society, with myb 11 mbie
th1tnk1 for ull therr benefit• .beatuwed on tbia wurk, and lincere wishes that their pioaa 11 nd,
KCntrnue endeavours tu d11Setuiunte the kaowledge of ·God 11ud Jesus Christ may be.
~ueticiol to IUilnJ' thouaoodl. . . , ' ·
' I am ainccrely, · · , . .
neverend
. and Dear Sir; .
Your atfeetiouute Brother1 aod 'bumble Servant,

C. F. SWARTZ.

I •