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Chapter Two: Gas-Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning Process
Chapter Two: Gas-Vapor Mixtures and Air-Conditioning Process
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Dry and Atmospheric Air
Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of some
other gases. Air in the atmosphere normally contains some
water vapor (or moisture) and is referred to as atmospheric
air.
5
Cont’d
Since water vapor is an ideal gas, the enthalpy of water
vapor is a function of temperature only, that is, ℎ = ℎ(𝑇).
𝒎𝒗 𝑷𝒗 𝑽 𝑹𝒗 𝑻 𝑷𝒗 𝑹 𝒗 𝑷𝒗 𝟎.𝟔𝟐𝟐𝑷𝒗
𝝎= = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 = ,Where P is the total
𝒎𝒂 𝑷𝒂 𝑽 𝑹𝒂 𝑻 𝑷𝒂 𝑹 𝒂 𝑷𝒂 𝑷−𝑷𝒗
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pressure.
Cont’d
let us add 1kg of water vapor to a dry air. The specific
humidity will increase.
𝒎𝒗 𝑷𝒗 𝑽 𝑹𝒗 𝑻 𝑷𝒗 𝑹𝒗 𝑷𝒗
= = = =
𝒎𝒈 𝑷𝒈 𝑽 𝑹𝒗 𝑻 𝑷𝒈 𝑹𝒗 𝑷𝒈 9
Cont’d
we can also express the relative humidity as
𝜔𝑃 0.622𝜙𝑃𝑔
𝜙= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔=
(0.622 + 𝜔)𝑃𝑔 𝑃 − 𝜙𝑃𝑔
The relative humidity ranges from 0 for dry air to 1 for
saturated air.
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Cont…
• Volume of mixture per mass of dry air, v
V mm RmTm / Pm
v
ma ma
After several steps, we can show (you should try this)
V RT
v va a m
ma Pa
So the volume of the mixture per unit mass of dry air is the
specific volume of the dry air calculated at the mixture
temperature and the partial pressure of the dry air.
• Mass of mixture mv
m ma mv ma (1 ) ma (1 )
ma
a
• Mass flow rate of dry air,m
Based on the volume flow rate of mixture at a given state, the mass
flow rate of dry air is V m3 / s kg
m a a
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v m3 / kga s
Cont…
• Atmospheric air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor, and
thus the
enthalpy of air is expressed in terms of the enthalpies of the
dry air and the water vapor.
• Enthalpy of mixture per mass of dry air, h
Hm Ha Hv ma ha mv hv
h
ma ma ma
ha hv
Note also that the ordinary temperature of atmospheric air is frequently referred to as
the dry-bulb temperature to differentiate it from other forms of temperatures 12
that
shall be discussed.
Example 2-1
1. A 5-m × 5-m × 3-m room contains air at 25°C and 100 kPa at
a relative humidity of 75 percent. Determine (a) the partial
pressure of dry air, (b) the specific humidity, (c) the enthalpy
per unit mass of the dry air, and (d ) the masses of the dry air
and water vapor in the room.
Solutions
13
Conti..
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Conti..
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Dew-Point Temperature
• Is defined as the temperature at which condensation begins
when the air is cooled at constant pressure. In other words,
Tdp is the saturation temperature of water corresponding to
the vapor pressure.
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Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures
• Adiabatic saturation process is a process used to determine the
absolute or relative humidity.
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Conti..
• A steady stream of unsaturated air that has ω1 (unknown) and
T1 is passed through this channel.
• As the air flows over the water, some water evaporates and
mixes with the airstream.
21
Conti..
• The moisture content(ω) of air increases during this process,
and its temperature decreases, since part of the latent heat of
vaporization of the water that evaporates comes from the air. If
the channel is long enough, the airstream exits as saturated air
(ø = 100%) at temperature T2, which is called the adiabatic
saturation temperature.
(The mass flow rate of vapor in the air increases by an amount equal
to the rate of evaporation mf )
23
Conti..
• Energy balance:
2 2
V V
net
Q m i (h net m
gz ) i W e (h gz ) e
inlets 2 exits 2
Since Ø2 =100%.
24
Conti…
• Thus we conclude that the specific humidity (and relative
humidity) of air can be determined from the above equations,
by measuring the pressure and temperature of air at the inlet
and the exit of an adiabatic saturator.
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Example 2-3
1. For the adiabatic saturation process shown below,
determine the relative humidity, humidity ratio
(specific humidity), and enthalpy of the atmospheric
air per mass of dry air at state 1.
26
Conti.
• The dryer the atmospheric air, the lower the wet-bulb temperature
will be.
• When the relative humidity of the air is near 100 percent, there will
be little difference between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb
temperatures.
Solution
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Conti..
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THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART and PSYCHROMETRIC
PROPERTIES
• The study of systems involving dry air and water vapor is known
as psychrometrics.
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Conti..
• relative humidity (ø, RH)
• humidity ratio, ω
• specific volume,v
• enthalpy,h
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Conti..
• CONSTANT PROPERTY LINES ON A PSYCHROMETRIC
CHART
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1. Saturation Line (ø=100%)
• The saturation line represents the states of saturated
air at different temperatures.
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Conti..
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2. Relative Humidity Lines
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Conti..
41
Conti..
• The lines on psychrometric chart for any other desired value
of RH can be constructed as follows.
• Then the intersection point of the line from the new ω and the
vertical line from the given Tdb is the RH on the
psychrometric chart. 42
Conti..
• Psat @20
0 =
C pv = 2.3397 and the new pv = 2.3397 * 50%
=1.16985 (from property table for water)
• The ω values are obtained from the relation
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3. Constant Specific Volume Lines
• The constant specific volumes lines are obliquely inclined
straight lines and uniformly spaced.
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4. Wet Bulb Temperature Lines
• The wet bulb temperature lines are inclined
straight lines and non-uniformly spaced as
shown in Figure.
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5. Constant Enthalpy Lines
The enthalpy lines are inclined straight lines and
uniformly spaced as shown in Figure. These lines are
parallel to the wet bulb temperature lines, and are
drawn up to the saturation curve. Some of these lines
coincide with the wet bulb temperature lines also.
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Cont.…
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EXAMPLE: The Use of the Psychrometric Chart
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Conti…
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Conti..
51
HUMAN COMFORT AND AIR-CONDITIONING
• The human body can be viewed as a heat engine whose
energy input is food. As with any other heat engine, the
human body generates waste heat that must be rejected to
the environment if the body is to continue operating.
• The rate of heat generation depends on the level of the
activity
For an average adult male, it is about
• 87 W when sleeping,
• 115 W when resting or doing office work,
• 230 W when bowling, and
• 440 W when doing heavy physical work.
The corresponding numbers for an adult female are about 15
percent less. (This difference is due to the body size, not the body
temperature.) 52
Conti..
• The deep-body temperature of a healthy person is
maintained constant at about 37°C. A body will feel
comfortable in environments in which it can dissipate this
waste heat comfortably.
• Heat transfer is proportional to the temperature
difference. Therefore in cold environments, a body loses
more heat than it normally generates, which results in a
feeling of discomfort
• In hot environments, we have the opposite problem—we
do not seem to be dissipating enough heat from our
bodies, and we feel as if we are going to burst.
• Another important factor that affects human comfort is
heat transfer by radiation between the body and 53the
surrounding surfaces such as walls and windows. The
Cont..
• The comfort of the human body depends
primarily on three factors: the (dry-bulb)
temperature, relative humidity, and air motion.
The temperature of the environment is the single
most important index of comfort. Most people feel
comfortable when the environment temperature is
between 22 and 27°C (72 and 80°F).
The relative humidity also has a considerable
effect on comfort since it affects the amount of
heat a body can dissipate through evaporation.
Relative humidity is a measure of air’s ability to
absorb more moisture 54
Cont..
• High relative humidity slows down heat rejection by
evaporation, and low relative humidity speeds it up.
Most people prefer a relative humidity of 40 to 60
percent.
• Most people feel comfortable at an airspeed of about 15
m/min.
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AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES
• Maintaining a living space or an industrial facility at the
desired temperature and humidity requires some processes
called air-conditioning processes.
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Conti…
• Most air-conditioning processes can be modeled as
steady-flow processes, and thus the mass balance
relation can be expressed for dry air and
water as
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Conti..
• Simple Heating and Cooling (ω =
constant)
Psychrometric chart
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Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative cooling
Psychrometric chart
Psychrometric chart
Mixing chamber
63
Conti…
• the mass and energy balances for the adiabatic
mixing of two airstreams reduce to
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Wet Cooling Towers
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