Osu1275406390 PDF

Sustainable Structural Design
Master’s Thesis
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in
the Graduate School of The Ohio State University
By
Joseph M. Danatzko
Graduate Program in Civil Engineering
The Ohio State University

2010
Thesis Committee
Dr. Halil Sezen, Advisor
Dr. Shive K. Chaturvedi

Copyright by
Joseph Michael Danatzko
2010
Abstract
Efficient energy use during construction and operation of buildings and sustainable
building design are important issues in both modern society and the engineering
community. Innovative methods are needed to address the environmental impact, energy
use and other sustainability issues faced during planning and design of buildings. This
study investigates sustainable design methodologies, the relationships between structural
system and the 2009 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating
system, the impact that project size and type can have on project sustainability,
sustainable properties associated with construction materials (such as steel, cast-in-place
concrete and prestressed/precast concrete) and computer programs aimed at determining
the properties of sustainable structural design alternatives. This study investigates some
sustainable structural design methodologies including minimizing material use,
minimizing material production energy, minimizing embodied energy, life-cycle
analysis/inventory/assessment and maximizing building reuse and presents their positive
and negative sustainable qualities. This study discusses and reviews the categories of the
2009 LEED rating system in which points could be awarded to a project for sustainability
of its structural frame. This study presents the role that project size and structural system-
type play on aspects of sustainable design including the design and analysis phase, land
use, investments in sustainable technologies, use of timber as a primary load bearing
material and other sustainable issues. This study reviews the structurally applicable
sustainable properties associated with structural steel, cast-in-place and prestessed/precast
concrete. Finally, this study provides a review of life-cycle analysis computer programs
focusing on three (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) v4.0,
SimaPRO v7.1 and Athena Impact Estimator v4.0) aimed at assessing the sustainability
of design alternatives. This study determined that no single current sustainable design
ii
methodology can address all project sustainability issues at this time. Also, the LEED
2009 rating system does not reward projects for sustainable design of their structural
systems in the same manner it does other aspects of design. It was determined that
construction type and project size can have significant impact on sustainable
opportunities for a project and that no single construction material is the most sustainable
compared to others for all design types at this time. Finally, existing sustainability
analysis software does not meet the current needs of its users in assessing design
alternative sustainable properties and provides users with basic structural system
comparisons, as exemplified by parametric studies using the Athena Impact Estimator
v4.0.
iii
Dedication
I would like to dedicate this work to my grandfathers for their inspiration and the lessons
they taught me:
Joseph G. Inglese
Michael Danatzko
iv
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the following people for their help and guidance in life, civil
engineering, career pursuits and opportunities, education and on this study:
Dr. Halil Sezen, P.E.
Dr. Shive K. Chaturvedi
Dr. Hojat Adeli
Dr. Caroline Merry
Dr. Steven J. Kurtz, P.E.
John C. Inglese A.I.A., P.E., LEED AP
John Warren
Nicholas R. Fisco
Muhammad S. Lodhi
Cindy Crawford
Patrice Allen
Diane Rano
v
Vita
2003................................................................Saint Peter’s Preparatory School
2003................................................................Engineering Intern/Drafting
Assistant/Project Drafter, Inglese
Architecture and Engineering (East
Rutherford, NJ)
2005................................................................Civil Engineering Intern, Pennsylvania
Department of Transportation (Allentown,
PA)
2006................................................................Civil Engineering Intern, Perini Corporation
– Civil Division (Newark, NJ)
2006 to 2007 ..................................................Independent Study – Lafayette College Steel
Bridge Design Team, Lafayette College
(Easton, PA)
2006 to 2007 ..................................................Design Engineering Intern, Bohler
Engineering (Warren, NJ)
2007................................................................B.S. Civil Engineering (Minor: English),
Lafayette College (Easton, PA)
vi
2007 to 2008 ..................................................Structural Engineer, Inglese Architecture
and Engineering (East Rutherford, NJ)
2007 to 2008 ..................................................Structural Engineer I, Washington Group
International (Currently URS – Washington
Division) (Princeton, NJ)
2008................................................................Consulting Structural Engineer, CDI
Corporation (Contracted by URS –
Washington Division) (Princeton, NJ)
2008 to 2009 ..................................................Graduate Research Assistant, Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering and
Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University
2008 to 2009 ..................................................National Student Steel Bridge Team
Graduate Advisor, Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering and Geodetic
Science, The Ohio State University
2009 to 2010 ..................................................French Fellowship Recipient, Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering and
Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University
Field of Study
Major Field: Civil Engineering
Specialization: Structural Engineering
vii
Table of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii
Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................v
Vita..................................................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables .....................................................................................................................xv
List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xvi
Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Organization and Scope ............................................................................................. 3
Chapter 2: Literature Review ...............................................................................................5
2.1 Sustainable Structural Design Methodologies ........................................................... 5
2.1.1 Sustainable Structural Design of Tall Structures ....................................................... 5
2.2 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System ... 6
2.3 Sustainability and Construction Type ........................................................................ 6
2.4 Sustainability and Construction Materials ................................................................. 7
2.5 Review of Life-Cycle Analysis Computer Programs ................................................ 7
Chapter 3: Sustainable Structural Design Methodologies ...................................................8
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 8
3.2 Methodology 1: Minimizing Material Use ................................................................ 9
viii
3.2.1 Positive Sustainable Attributes of Methodology 1 .................................................... 9
3.2.2 Negative Sustainable Attributes of Methodology 1 ................................................. 10
3.3 Methodology 2: Minimizing Material Production Energy ...................................... 11
3.3.1 Positive Sustainable Attributes of Methodology 2 .................................................. 11
3.4 Methodology 3: Minimizing Embodied Energy ...................................................... 12
3.5 Methodology 4: Life-Cycle Analysis/Inventory/Assessment .................................. 14
3.6 Methodology 5: Maximizing Structural System Reuse ........................................... 16
3.7 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 4: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Rating System ...................20
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 20
4.2 LEED Rating System Relative to Structural Design ............................................... 21
4.2.1 MR Credit 1.1: Building Reuse-Maintain Existing Walls, Floors and Roof ........... 22
4.2.1.1 Benefits of MR Credit 1.1: Building Reuse .......................................................... 22
4.2.1.2 Disadvantages of MR Credit 1.1: Building Reuse ................................................ 23
4.2.2 MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse ................................................................................. 24

ix
4.2.2.1 Benefits of MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse ............................................................ 24
4.2.2.2 Disadvantages of MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse .................................................. 25
4.2.3 MR Credit 4: Recycled Content ............................................................................... 25
4.2.3.1 Benefits of MR Credit 4: Recycled Content ......................................................... 26
4.2.3.2 Disadvantages of MR Credit 4: Recycled Content ............................................... 26
4.2.4 MR Credit 5: Regional Materials ............................................................................. 27
4.2.4.1 Benefits of MR Credit 5: Regional Materials ....................................................... 28
4.2.4.2 Disadvantages of MR Credit 5: Regional Materials ............................................. 29
4.2.5 MR Credit 7: Certified Wood .................................................................................. 29
4.2.5.1 Benefits of MR Credit 7: Certified Wood............................................................. 30
4.2.5.2 Disadvantages of MR Credit 7: Certified Wood................................................... 30
Chapter 5: Sustainability and Construction Type ..............................................................32
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 32
5.2 Construction Type .................................................................................................... 32
5.3 Wood Construction .................................................................................................. 32
5.3.1 Design and Analysis Phase ...................................................................................... 33
5.3.2 Investments in Sustainable Technologies ................................................................ 33
5.3.3 Use of Wood as Primary Load Bearing Material..................................................... 33
5.3.4 Other Wood Sustainability Issues ............................................................................ 34
5.4 Steel and Concrete Construction .............................................................................. 35
5.4.1 Design and Analysis Phase ...................................................................................... 35
5.4.2 Land Use .................................................................................................................. 36

x
5.4.3 Investments in Sustainable Technologies ................................................................ 36
5.4.4 Building Materials ................................................................................................... 37
5.4.5 Other Steel and Concrete Construction Sustainability Issues .................................. 38
5.5 The Built Environment ............................................................................................ 39
5.6 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 40
Chapter 6: Sustainability of Construction Materials ..........................................................42
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 42
6.2 Structural Steel ......................................................................................................... 42
6.2.1 LEED 2009 and Structural Steel .............................................................................. 42
6.2.2 Structural Steel Section Production ......................................................................... 45
6.2.3 Recycled Materials Content and Structural Steel .................................................... 45
6.2.4 Other Sustainable Issues of Structural Steel ............................................................ 46
6.3 Cast-in-Place Concrete............................................................................................. 47
6.3.1 LEED 2009 and Cast-in-Place Concrete.................................................................. 47
6.3.2 Cast-in-Place Concrete Member Production ........................................................... 49
6.3.3 Recycled Materials Content and Cast-in-Place Concrete ........................................ 50
6.3.4 Other Sustainable Issues of Cast-in-Place Concrete ................................................ 51
6.4 Prestressed/Precast Concrete ................................................................................... 51
6.4.1 LEED 2009 Sustainable Qualities and Prestressed/Precast Concrete...................... 52
6.4.2 Prestressed/Precast Concrete Member Production .................................................. 53
6.4.3 Recycled Materials Content and Prestressed/Precast Concrete ............................... 54
6.4.4 Other Sustainable Qualities of Prestressed/Precast Concrete .................................. 54

xi
6.5 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 55
6.5.1 Sustainable Qualities and Issues for Steel ............................................................... 55
6.5.2 Sustainable Qualities and Issues for Cast-in-Place Concrete .................................. 55
6.5.3 Sustainable Qualities and Issues for Prestressed/Precast Concrete ......................... 56
Chapter 7: Review of Life Cycle Analysis Computer Programs .......................................58
7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 58
7.2 Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) v4.0 ................. 59
7.2.1 BEES v4.0 Program Outputs ................................................................................... 61
7.2.2 BEES v4.0 Sustainable Measurement Advantages .................................................. 64
7.2.3 BEES v4.0 Sustainable Measurement Disadvantages ............................................. 65
7.3 SimaPRO v7.1.......................................................................................................... 66
7.3.1 SimaPRO v7.1 Program Outputs ............................................................................. 67
7.3.2 SimaPRO v7.1 Sustainable Measurement Advantages ........................................... 68
7.3.3 SimaPRO v7.1 Sustainable Measurement Disadvantages ....................................... 69
7.4 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 ................................................................................. 70
7.4.1 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 Program Outputs ..................................................... 71
7.4.2 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 Sustainable Measurement Advantages ................... 73
7.4.3 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 Sustainable Measurement Disadvantages ............... 74
7.5 Conclusions and Program Highlights ...................................................................... 75
7.5.1 BEES v4.0 Program Conclusions ............................................................................ 75
7.5.2 SimaPRO v7.1 Program Conclusions ...................................................................... 76
7.5.3 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 Program Conclusions .............................................. 76

xii
7.5.4 General Life Cycle Analysis Computer Program Conclusions ............................... 77
Chapter 8: Modeling and Analysis with the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 .....................78
8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 78
8.2 Modeling Parameters ............................................................................................... 79
8.3 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 Parametric Studies .................................................. 85
8.3.1 Study 1: Column Energy Consumption ................................................................... 85
8.3.1.1 Study 1: Input Values............................................................................................ 85
8.3.2 Study 1: Analysis ..................................................................................................... 86
8.3.3 Study 1: Conclusions ............................................................................................... 90
8.4 Study 2: Beam Energy Consumption....................................................................... 90
8.4.1 Study 2: Input Values............................................................................................... 90
8.4.2 Study 2: Analysis ..................................................................................................... 91
8.5 Study 3: Concrete Suspended Slab Span Energy Consumption .............................. 95
8.5.2 Study 3: Analysis ..................................................................................................... 96
8.6 Study 4: Concrete Strength Energy Consumption ................................................... 99
8.6.2 Study 4: Analysis ..................................................................................................... 99
8.6.3 Study 4: Conclusions ............................................................................................. 101
8.7 Study 5: Concrete Fly-Ash Percentage Effect on Energy Consumption ............... 102
xiii
8.7.1 Study 5: Input Values............................................................................................. 102
8.7.2 Study 5: Analysis ................................................................................................... 103
8.7.3 Study 5: Conclusions ............................................................................................. 107
8.8 Concluding Remarks .............................................................................................. 107
Chapter 9: Conclusions, Limitations and Recommendations ..........................................108
9.1 Summary and Concluding Remarks ...................................................................... 108
9.2 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 110
9.3 Limitations ............................................................................................................. 111
9.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 111
References ........................................................................................................................113
Appendix A1: Athena Impact Estimator Output Tables for Study 1 ...............................116
xiv
List of Tables
Table 3.1. Positive and negative sustainable attributes of sustainable structural design
methodologies ..................................................................................................19
Table 5.1. Sustainable design aspect qualities by construction type .................................41
Table 6.1. Structurally applicable sustainable properties of steel, cast-in-place concrete

and prestressed/precast concrete as construction materials .............................57
Table 8.1. List of highlighted input labels and references .................................................82
Table 8.2. Values employed for inputs in study 1 .............................................................86
Table 8.3. Total energy consumption values for study 1 as provided by the Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0 for the applicable input variations ...........................................87
Estimator v4.0 for the applicable input variations .........................................100
Table 8.10. Values employed for inputs in study 3 .........................................................102
Table 8.11. Total energy consumption values for study 3 as provided by the Athena
Impact Estimator v4.0 for the applicable input variations .............................104
xv
List of Figures
Figure 7.1. Screenshot of initial program screen for BEES v4.0 .......................................60
Figure 7.2. Screenshot of ratio weighting option offered by BEES v4.0 ..........................60
Figure 7.3. Economic performance graphical output for stucco, aluminum siding and
trespa meteon comparison................................................................................62
Figure 7.4. Environmental performance graphical output for stucco, aluminum siding and
trespa meteon comparison................................................................................63
Figure 7.5. Overall Performance Graphical Output for Stucco, Aluminum Siding and
Trespa Meteon comparison ..............................................................................64
Figure 7.6. SimaPRO v7.1 product tree for 1.0 kilogram of cattle feed ............................67
Figure 7.7. SimaPRO v7.1 Graphical Output for One (1) Kilogram of Cattle Feed .........68
Figure 7.8. Athena impact estimator v4.0 bill of materials report generic example..........71
Figure 7.9. Athena Impact Estimator v 4.0 tabular output-generic example .....................72
Figure 7.10. Athena Impact Estimator v 4.0 graphical output-generic example ...............73
Figure 8.1. Illustration of structure employed as generic model for Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0 energy consumption assessment ..............................................79
Figure 8.2. Screenshot of initial input interface for a “New” project in Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0 ..................................................................................................80
Figure 8.3. Screenshot of interface for “Concrete Suspended Slab” in Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0 ..................................................................................................81
Figure 8.4. Screenshot of interface for “Mixed Columns and Beam” in Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0 ..................................................................................................82
Figure 8.5. Screenshot of project assembly tree with project heading highlighted ...........83
Figure 8.6. Screenshot of “Reports” interface window with highlighted areas .................84
Figure 8.7. Column height vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 45 psf .............88
xvi
Figure 8.8. Column height vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 75 psf .............88
Figure 8.10. Live load vs. total energy consumption for columns ....................................89
Figure 8.11. Beam length vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 45 psf ...............93
Figure 8.12. Beam length vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 75 psf ...............93
Figure 8.13. Beam length vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 100 psf .............94
Figure 8.14. Live load vs. total energy consumption for beams ........................................94
Figure 8.15. Concrete suspended slab span length vs. total energy consumption .............97
Figure 8.16. Live load vs. total energy consumption for concrete suspended slab at span
lengths of 15, 20, 25, 28 and 30-ft ...................................................................98
Figure 8.17. Concrete suspended slab concrete strength vs. total energy consumption ..100
Figure 8.18. Live load vs. total energy consumption for concrete suspended slab at
concrete strengths of 3000, 4000 and 9000 psi ..............................................101
Figure 8.19. Gross floor area vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 45 psf .......105
Figure 8.20. Gross floor area vs.total energy consumption at a live load of 75 psf ........105
Figure 8.21. Gross floor area vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 100 psf .....106
Figure 8.22. Live load vs. total energy consumption for concrete suspended slab fly-ash
percentages .....................................................................................................106
xvii
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
In the modern engineering and architectural culture, sustainable design and
energy efficiency have become paramount in design and application for architects,
engineers and users as civic requirements and financial limitations mount. In all areas of
civil engineering, engineers are encouraged to ensure that projects have the maximum
lifespan for their intended use and employ the least amount of natural recourses (e.g., raw
materials and energy required for their production) while still meeting client, economic,
societal demands and code requirements.
Two fields of civil engineering that are constantly assessing their ability to
achieve sustainable goals are the engineering design and construction industries. The
goal of these industries is to achieve lasting, environmentally sound solutions to the
problems faced in the modern culture and look to achieve this in their design of new and
rehabilitative projects. Achieving this goal requires the construction and design
engineering communities to assess all the aspects and processes involved in a project.
These aspects are can be varying and influenced by local conditions and the economy.
They include but are not limited to; the required material production energies, design
alternative maintenance requirements, material durability, recycled materials contents,
project adherence to and applicability within sustainable rating systems such as LEED,
structural system design methodologies, relation of sustainability to construction type,
sustainability and construction materials and life cycle analysis modeling computer
programs. Research into each of these areas contributes to determining methods for
achieving high overall project sustainability.
Various aspects of sustainable design and construction research have been and are
currently being investigated. Research into the qualification and development of the
sustainable properties of construction materials has been carried out in an attempt to
1
provide structural designers, planners and constructors with methods for optimizing the
environmental impact of structural design. Research into the effect that structural form,
system and magnitude have on building design relative to a structure’s overall sustainable
qualities has also been conducted to address the means and methods pertinent to all
design phases (planning, design and implementation).
Along with this research, rating systems such as the Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) rating system must be assessed in various ways for their
applicability to sustainable structural design. LEED is currently employed in the United
States to grade various construction types on a credit weighted points system based on the
environmental impacts each has across 13 categories typically associated with building
design. While the LEED ranking system rewards construction projects (with little
mention of structural system design) that meet its requirements, the engineering
community looks to go further and better define the sustainable properties of all aspects
of a project. This is illustrated by the construction materials production industry’s effort
to determine their economic and environmental impact more fully and achieve more
sustainable designs.
The aspects of a project’s form, structural system and magnitude directly relate
the issues facing both structural engineers and architects in attempts to achieve more
sustainable structural designs. This study aims to present research on these aspects of
sustainable structural design and illustrates the effect these issues have on structural
systems. While structural design and sustainable structures hold many other key
elements (such as material choice, life-cycle analysis, construction types and
methodologies, etc.), this study focuses on the sustainability achievable in structural
design and the nature of how it can directly relate to sustainability in the built
environment.
1.2 Objectives
The main objectives of this study are to:
• Present the roles of structure and structural design can play in project
sustainability.
• Present the concept of sustainable structural design.
2
• Present and discuss five sustainable structural design methodologies.
• Present and review the 2009 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Green Building document’s applicability for structural system design.
• Present and review the role project size and material type play in structural and
sustainable design.
• Present and discuss the role sustainability plays in three major construction
materials (steel, cast-in-place reinforced concrete and prestressed/precast
concrete).
• Describe and review the concept of life cycle analysis and its implication on
structural design.
• Present and investigate the effectiveness of life cycle analysis computer programs
aimed at assessing design alternative’s sustainable qualities.
• Perform parametric studies use a LCA package program (the Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0) to investigate the effects of columns, beams, slabs, concrete
strength and fly-ash percentage on energy consumption and sustainable structural
design.
• Present conclusions drawn from this study, limitations involved in this research
and recommendations for future research.
1.3 Organization and Scope
This thesis investigates sustainable structural design and provides background
information and review of all concepts addressed. Chapter 3 presents the role structure
and structural design play in overall project sustainability and the concept of sustainable
structural design. This chapter also discusses five potential design methodologies to
achieve sustainable structural designs. Chapter 4 presents and reviews the 2009
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building document’s
applicability within project structural system design. Chapter 5 presents and investigates
the role construction type plays in structural and sustainable design. Chapter 6 presents
and reviews the role sustainability plays in three commonly used construction materials
(steel, cast-in-place reinforced concrete and prestressed/precast concrete). Chapter 7
presents and reviews the concept of life cycle analysis and life cycle analysis computer
3
programs aimed at assessing design alternatives’ sustainable qualities. Chapter 8 presents
parametric studies conducted using the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 to assess issues of
energy consumption in structural systems. This chapter addresses this by assessing the
sustainability of columns, beams, slabs, concrete strength and fly-ash percentages via the
Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 program output. Chapter 9 presents the conclusions drawn
from this study, limitations involved in this research and recommendations for future
research.
4
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Sustainable Structural Design Methodologies
Sustainable design has been at the forefront of research in both the engineering
and architecture communities for several years. Spurred by civic, monetary and political
motivations, analysis of the effect that structures and construction has on the world
around it has been conducted. Various researchers from numerous fields have worked to
present the multifaceted world of sustainable construction and design and the
methodologies, mindsets and practices associated with it.
In the current building system design processes, structural engineers play a
limited role in the overall sustainability of a design (Kestner 2007). While the
contribution of sustainability to the built environment typically influences the
architectural form of a structure, the performance and cost of a project drive the
engineer’s work and bottom line. While the building and construction community look to
improve sustainable development through attention to integrated design and form, cost
and structural performance must remain at the forefront of development (Jackson 2008
and Beheiry et. al 2006).
Notwithstanding the merit of research into the sustainable properties of materials
and the energy saving methodologies to overall sustainable design, previous research has
illustrated that sustainable structural design relies on the proper implementation of
structural form and systems. Also as suggested by previous research, the future of the
built environment needs to account for more varied aspects of structure and construction
(Smith 2007 and Horvath et al. 1998).
2.1.1 Sustainable Structural Design of Tall Structures
In a discussion on sustainable structural design, building size and magnitude play
an integral part. As noted by Smith (2007), “tall buildings can be considered sustainable
structures in their very existence as they optimize the use of limited land resources.”
5
Coupled with this are the increased loads, energy use, calculation time, etc. that are also
associated with tall structures. For this reason, tall structures provide a platform to
address how incorporating structural design and form with architectural desires and
environmental constraints are keys to sustainable designs
The design, construction, architecture and form of tall buildings each contribute to
a structure’s sustainable design. Each provide an illustration of the effects on
sustainability that structural design can have outside of material choice and energy
conservation. Sustainable structural design relies on designing structures that in their
inherent nature within the built environment serve to enhance and provide to the existing
infrastructure system. Tall buildings provide opportunities for sustainable structural
design, as exemplified above, and through their place and use within both the general
public’s everyday life and engineering community.
2.2 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating
System (LEED) is a tool employed by project designers to illustrate the effectiveness that
their design choices can have on project sustainability. Developed by the United State
Green Building Council (USGBC), the LEED 2009 rating system awards credits to a
project for meeting outlined prerequisites and goals that are summed for a total point
score under which a project’s sustainable rating (silver, gold or platinum) is awarded.
Design professionals petition the USGBC for the rating through an application process
that requires detailed documentation of energy conservation efforts undertaken during the
projects construction and operation. The USGBC publishes guidelines against which
application for sustainable ratings are measured. The guidelines have been prepared for
numerous construction types. This document provides and outline for the manner in
which application for sustainable rating must be completed as well as guidelines and
suggestions for meeting individual credit acquirements and goals.
2.3 Sustainability and Construction Type
In structural design, the type of construction being undertaken by a project
directly relates to its ability to achieve its sustainability goals. As the magnitude of a
project and/or structure increase, its operating and embodied energy also increase. Due
6
to this, review of the effect that construction type (wood construction and steel and
concrete construction) can have on the sustainable properties of a project is crucial to
understand the role structural systems play in sustainability (Kestner 2007 and Szekely
1996).
2.4 Sustainability and Construction Materials
Construction materials play a integral part in assessing the sustainability of any
design alternative. Structural steel, cast-in-place reinforced concrete and
prestressed/precast concrete each have unique qualities that contribute to the
sustainability of a project. Good sustainable properties are associated with structural
components that have low energy costs, high durability, low maintenance requirements
and contain high-proportions of recycles materials (Naik 2008). The construction
materials discussed each have their own positive and negative sustainable properties that
have been reviewed from industry and research agency data.
2.5 Review of Life-Cycle Analysis Computer Programs
This study looked to review the implementation of sustainable design concepts
and methodologies in current life cycle analysis (LCA) computer programs. In an effort
to assess the economic and environmental impact that design alternatives can have on a
project, sustainability-modeling programs have been written. These programs attempt to
assess the sustainability of design alternatives for comparison in an effort to determine
the most sustainable option. Programs of specific interest in assessing structural design
sustainability are the Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES)
v4.0, SimaPRO v7.1 and Athena Impact Estimator v4.0. These programs address the
problem of sustainability measurement in various ways.
7
Chapter 3: Sustainable Structural Design Methodologies
3.1 Introduction
A project’s structural form, system and magnitude directly relate to the issues that
its engineers and architects face when determining the most sustainable structural design
alternative. This chapter presents research on numerous aspects and methodologies of
sustainable design and illustrates their effect on structural systems.
Structural engineers have various methods to design a structural element or
system. From material choice to lateral force-resisting system, a structural system and its
layout become a combination of the architectural form and engineering properties (two
aspects that can often be at odds with one another.) This chapter assumes the goal of
sustainable structural design to be the production of a structural system that meets the
needs of the owner and user while minimizing the environmental impact and conserving
resources where possible. From low/high-rise buildings to short/long-span bridges and
any structure in between, minimizing project impact on natural resources and the
environment is a goal of engineers, architects and builders alike. This chapter discusses
some design methodologies for achieving this goal including:
Methodology 1.) Minimizing Material Use
Methodology 2.) Minimizing Material Production Energy
Methodology 3.) Minimizing Embodied Energy
Methodology 4.) Life-Cycle Analysis/Inventory/Assessment
Methodology 5.) Maximizing Structural System Reuse
Each design methodology has both positive and negative sustainable qualities. While
each methodology has the same end goal, this goal is reached via different routes that can
compete with one another and can have adverse effects either individually or combined
on a successful sustainable structural design. It should be noted that these design
methodologies, and the discussion herein, look to address issues concerning
8
structural, and not non-structural, members and construction materials. It is not the
intention of this study to address the effect that non-structural members or materials can
have on overall project sustainability. Therefore, for example, glass as a non-structural
building material is not discussed in this research.
3.2 Methodology 1: Minimizing Material Use
As presented by Moon (2008), total structural material minimization can be one
goal of sustainable structural design. Engineers can achieve this in two ways. As
suggested by Shi at al. (2009), combinations of various material types to form more
efficient structural members and systems is one method by which the structural engineer
can use the minimal amount of natural resources. Similarly, optimization of a structural
model employing a single material type can be another method that reduces the amount
of material employed in a design.
Likewise, a project architect’s methods for minimizing material use are two-fold.
An architect can generate a building layout that produces the greatest amount of unusable
space from the project site while allowing for all the functionality required by the
structure’s use. Contrary to this, an architect can minimize building material by making
the layout itself as efficient as possible for intended structural use, but without producing
the maximum amount of usable space (Trabbuco 2008). While in many cases the
proposed building layout achieves the maximum usable space, the second method looks
to employ layouts that maximize use-productivity while the first attempts to maximize
usable space.
Minimizing material use is one sustainable design methodology that can be
achieved separately by architects and engineers. This design methodology achieves the
goal of sustainable design producing structures that can perform as required while being
as structurally efficient as possible.
3.2.1 Positive Sustainable Attributes of Methodology 1
Research into this topic has included evaluation of similar building systems with
varying heights to determine and quantify the increase in the amount of material
associated with each layout. Also, research on lateral force resisting systems has been
conducted to determine their impact of the total material use (Moon 2008, Shi et al.
9
2009).
A structure employing the minimal material can achieve the goal of a sustainable
design as it has the least impact on the natural environment through lower raw material
use. Also, this methodology can affect the structural engineering community to develop
more efficient and innovative design processes using the least amount of materials. As a
result, engineers may need to evaluate and improve the current conventional design
concepts and practices to determine the most efficient manner to achieve designs with the
minimum amount of materials.
3.2.2 Negative Sustainable Attributes of Methodology 1
While the end goal of least impact on natural resources is achieved, the analysis
and design time associated with these methods can be computationally high. The
additional computation time required is due to the complexity involved in solving
structural optimization problems or systems with multiple material types interacting. The
increased complexity may require that more construction drawings with greater detail
must be provided to contractors following the design phase. In short, more calculations
and greater complexity take the engineer more time to complete and require more
drawings. In addition, a structural design optimization to the use the minimum amount of
materials may not be the most sustainable design as construction issues or needs require
additional resources.
A project’s approvals process becomes longer as the number of drawings and
details increase. This process may also lead to disputes between architect, engineer and
owner as minimal changes by one may require complete redesign by the other. Although
new tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) can reduce the amount of time
and effort needed to modify a design, simple revisions to a complicated design still
require time. Following the design process, the construction duration of the structure also
increases as well as the time required for scheduling and labor due to increased design
complexity. Along with this, there may be increased need for design construction
clarifications, such as requests for information (RFIs), as complexity of the design
increases. All of these possible negative aspects are likely to adversely affect the total
project cost.
10
3.3 Methodology 2: Minimizing Material Production Energy
Apart from the design of the structural system itself, a methodology for structural
sustainability involves reducing the amount of energy and natural resources required for
the production of construction materials. For all construction materials (cast-in-place
reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, wood, masonry, etc.) there exists a
production energy cost. This cost can vary from year to year, and by location, and can be
the result of the world market and environmental regulation requirements.
Sustainability enters the material production process mainly during the evaluation
of the energy costs required in the gathering, refining, and mixing (etc.) of raw materials.
Along with this, sustainability in this methodology relies on the reduction of overall
energy costs that can be made to produce materials with the same, or similarly
structurally useful, material properties as current production methods.
This methodology calls for engineers to designate the use of or specify structural
elements that employ production-energy efficient materials in their designs. It also calls
on the respective industries to best quantify their energy uses and work to improve
current energy costs and production methods. Along with this, industries should seek the
development of new technologies and processes for material generation. Another critical
aspect of this methodology calls for the reduction and monitoring of material generation
by-products and emissions (Naik 2008).
Researchers and industry experts have been working in recent years to quantify
both the positive and negative effects of construction materials from a sustainable
viewpoint. By providing and compiling data on the energy expenditures associated with
construction material production, energy values can be tied to sustainable material
properties. In achieving a sustainable structural design, this methodology can be
advantageous in its attempt to conserve natural recourses and reduce by-products and
emissions. Also, studying and providing material production energies to design
professionals may lead to innovations in design as the relation between material strength
and the energy required for its construction can be determined. In short, as the industry
and engineers more fully define construction material properties, the sustainability of
11
structural systems will increase.
While the correlation between increased sustainability and minimization of
material production energy may seem evident, this is not the case. As the materials
themselves may increase structural system sustainable properties, this does not mean that
the structural system itself will achieve its most sustainable configuration. Inherently,
when the selection of one construction material for use in a structure is made (whether it
includes the most sustainable properties or not), the structural system’s ability to be
sustainable becomes limited.
For example, with the selection of special moment resisting reinforced concrete
frames as a lateral force resisting system in a structure, the possibility of a more
sustainable configuration coming from a design that could include masonry shear walls or
steel moment frames is negated. While this can be combated with designs that include
combination of different construction materials, use of other materials than the “most
sustainable” construction material would thus decrease the structural system
sustainability from a raw materials conservation viewpoint (Shi et al. 2009).
Additionally, while the manufacturing industry works to achieve sustainable
products, this methodology does not address the input of building industry to sustainable
structural design (Deane 2008.) Thus, it falls solely to the manufacturing industry and
the engineer to produce greater structural sustainability.
3.4 Methodology 3: Minimizing Embodied Energy
As suggested by Trabucco (2008), “the design of an efficient service core is
probably the most challenging aspect of a tall building project.” While his focus is on tall
buildings in this statement, the methodology he is referring to can be extended to all
structures. The embodied energy associated with a structure is a result of its intended
use, initial design and life span. These aspects relate the energy associated with
construction to the energy associated with the operation and maintenance over the
structure’s life.
The concept behind minimizing embodied energy is an effort made on both
architect and engineer’s parts to assess the energy cost of construction versus the
12
operational energy expenditure. Structural layouts that follow this methodology require
both engineer and architect to generate designs that focus on reducing the energy use
within and around the building. Also associated with this is the design of a structure
from a “service core” standpoint with the goal of balancing building use with façade
design (Trabucco 2008).
This methodology offers opportunities for sustainable designs to be generated as
the focus becomes more on the effective use of the natural environment (regional thermal
qualities, geothermal wells, waste recycling systems, wind turbines, solar panels, etc.) to
reduce the energy associated with a structures operation. This methodology also
addresses the idea of maximizing a structure’s thermal mass qualities, harnessing energy
use in structural motion and adaptable structural systems (Moon 2008). The
methodology also looks to achieve the goal of a sustainable structural system by possible
inclusion of adjacent structures in the design or dividing the design of a single structure
to multiple smaller structures to allow for a more efficient setup (Shi et al. 2009.)
This methodology focuses on achieving sustainable structural design through
attention to both the “service core” and the structure’s façade. The minimization of
embodied energy requirement is achieved through analysis of both the “service core” and
façade to determine the competing qualities each can have on overall structural
sustainability. Ideally, this methodology will result in a structure that attunes the form
both structurally and architecturally finding a balance between both to reduce the
structures energy envelope. In doing so, the structural system will increase project
sustainability through allowing for a consideration of various sustainable properties
(including but not limited to: thermal properties, natural light, utilization of solar
panels/wind turbines.)
The minimizing embodied energy methodology typically neglects maximizing the
efficiency of the structural system. Analyzing the structure from a total operating energy
envelope viewpoint, the methodology limits its users to define the design by the manner
in which it can most effectively utilize the ambient energy available to it. In doing this, a
13
design may not efficiently use its structural materials, which in turn can decrease its
overall sustainability.
Also, in areas with a lesser-built environment than dense cities, facades that
utilize available ambient qualities may reduce the architectural appeal or functionality of
a structure relative to the existing infrastructure (Wood 2007). This methodology is also
directly tied to location and regional limitations due to the effectiveness of certain
technologies (geothermal wells, waste-recycling systems, wind turbines, solar panels,
etc.).
3.5 Methodology 4: Life-Cycle Analysis/Inventory/Assessment
A common tool employed by design professionals to assess and quantify the
sustainability of a project is the Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA). Similarly employed are the
Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Life-Cycle Assessment (LCAs) analysis methods. These
tools are often employed to justify or qualify the net-cost to benefit ratio or economic
impact of a design decision. Designers and engineers have worked to employ these
models (outlined by ASTM standards E 964-06, E1057-06, E 1074-06, E 1121-07,
E1185-07 and E2204-05) to determine the sustainable properties of various aspects of the
structural system. These standards define the methods to identify and evaluate multi-
faceted aspects of a decision involving various measures.
Both designers and owners see the LCA/LCI/LCAs as tools to generate the most
sustainable design by evaluating its monetary value and constructability requirements.
By assessing a structural design through a multifaceted view, the increased number of
measures employed along each step increase the accuracy of the evaluation and allow for
the most sustainable design to be achieved (Horvath 1998). This is achieved by including
and balancing a greater number of aspects of the design (e.g., not solely minimizing
material amounts) and will produce a more sustainable design. This methodology has
been employed in various projects (Laefer et al. 2008) both related and unrelated to
sustainable design and reviewed for case studies to assess its accuracy. Thus, it has merit
as a design tool/methodology for sustainable structural design.
The most notable advantage of LCA/LCI/LCAs, when employed for structural
14
sustainability purposes, is that they provide designers and owners with a clear outlook
and picture of what their structure can achieve during its lifetime. This means that
projects with low initial construction costs can assess their estimated energy use over
building life considering both environmental and economic impacts. Also, buildings with
high initial construction costs can determine viability of sustainable technologies relative
to their payback periods.
Along with this, LCA/LCI/LCAs models call for greater inclusion by all
representative parties on a project, allowing for varied input and cross-discipline
interaction. This interaction and input can only help to further the design and lead to
greater overall sustainability through more effective designs, decreased design time,
increased construction speed and less energy use and maintenance requirements during
the lifetime of the structure. Also, through widespread use within industries, this
methodologies/models can help to increase efficiencies throughout the built environment
and provide a greater knowledge bank for future design as development continues
(Horvath 1998).
Notwithstanding the positives aspects discussed above, the most lauded negatives
to LCA/LCI/LCAs are accuracy with which they can be implemented and completed.
Inherent in all of the ASTM standards applicable to LCA/LCI/LCAs is the inclusion of
both risk and uncertainty in the analyses. This uncertainty is driven by poorly or
obscurely defined factors. This has led to many analysis methods that have produced
controversial results (Horvath 1998). While the goal of this methodology is to inform
designers so as to generate more sustainable designs, much of this information may not
be accurate enough or unknown at the time of initial design to achieve the goal of
sustainability.
Varying costs, shifting deadlines, durability of materials, long term maintenance
requirements and factors not related to the structural system can lead to LCA/LCI/LCAs
results that misinform the designers and thus lead to designs that are not the most
structurally sustainable. It should also be noted that while increasing the accuracy of the
LCA/LCI/LCAs model might be a solution to inaccurate or misleading reports, this
15
increased accuracy does not guarantee a more effective description of overall sustainable
structural system properties. This means that even an accurate model may not efficiently
contribute to describing design alternative sustainable properties and thus serve useless to
project designers.
The LCA/LCI/LCAs methodology is a prominent method for assessing many
aspects of a project. However, the uncertainty can be very high in its application to the
structural system and its sustainability. Also, as with the Methodology 1, minimal design
changes can have adverse effects on the structural sustainability and the methodology’s
accuracy and may require entirely new models.
3.6 Methodology 5: Maximizing Structural System Reuse
The concept behind maximizing structural reuse is to generate layouts and designs
that produce the least amount of solid waste at end-of-life or allow for the greatest
amount of whole or partial system and/or structural component reuse. This two-pronged
methodology is similar in idea to the concept of minimizing material use but differs in the
type of design it produces. As opposed to the most material efficient design, the
objective of this methodology is to achieve layouts that allow for various structural uses,
longer structural life spans and to address the possibility of structural element reuse
during the planning and initial design stage.
Coupled with this initial concept of this methodology is the idea that solid waste
management is a key to, and opportunity for, enhanced sustainable design (Laefer 2008.)
This concept of solid waste management can extend to waste during all phases of design,
construction and demolition, and involves an assessment of all materials included in each
part/phase. However, the main goal of the structural reuse methodology is for architects
and engineers to achieve greater sustainability through the design of structures by
investigating multiple uses of the same structural.
This methodology has grown out of observations on the cost associated with
demolition and the waste it produces compared with the financial incentive or prolonging
building life. Also, this methodology focuses more on the end-of-life of a structure and
calls on the engineer to assess material types and structural elements considering their
possible reuse in the initial structural system design. This methodology aims to combat
16
the “rapid technological developments and higher standard of living in the twenty-first
century” and the negative that this increased expansion can have on the infrastructure as
suggested by Laefer (2008). This methodology also suggests that standardization of
connections and structural elements that allow for more versatile structural systems will
produce higher levels of sustainability within those systems.
As pointed out by Laefer (2008), “total or partial building reuse is a solution that
contributes to both direct financial gain and environmental sustainability.” The
methodology of maximizing building reuse is clearly captured by this statement. In
relation to sustainability, building reuse and initial design for multiple intended uses is a
key factor as its outcome is reduced waste and need for less raw materials. The possible
reuse of a structure may have financial incentives as the owner has the ability to reoccupy
the building for a new use, which in turn extends the service life of the structure.
Also, this design methodology calls for initial architectural design that attempts to
involve a structure’s adaptation to its surrounding environment and reduces the amount of
renovations required for future structural reuse. This methodology could also lead to
innovation in both the architectural and engineering communities by employing similar
design layouts that allow for relocation of partial structural systems between project sites
or possible structural element reuse. Each of these aspects can increase the sustainability
of a structure and are possible advantages of this methodology.
Multiuse structures often inherently produce sustainable structural designs, as
they are versatile and efficient in their use of available space. Incorporating various
functions for a design can result in less functionality for the primary structural use.
While this may seem a small price for increased sustainability, generating a multiuse
structure may not necessarily produce the most sustainable structural design for the
original intended use. In short, the design may not be as efficient as it could have been if
a single use structure had been maintained.
Also, while structural element reuse from one structure to another can lead to
fewer raw material requirements for future construction, close inspection of and accurate
17
qualification of structural members must be completed before reuse. The advantage of
reusing a structural element over the cost of qualifying a subsequently unsafe member
may result in higher initial project costs and reduce the sustainability of the second
structure (Laefer 2008).
3.7 Conclusions
Each methodology presented herein looks to achieve the same goal, the most
sustainable structural design, through different means and measures. Table 3.1 provides
a summary of the positive and negative sustainable attributes that each methodology
present.
18
Methodologies Positive Sustainable Qualities Negative Sustainable Qualities
Longer design and analysis time
Least impact on natural
Greater structural system
environment
complexity
Methodology 1: Minimizing More drawing and details
Material Use Lower raw material requirements required
Longer approvals process
May lead to innovative designs Construction complexity
and practices Higher total project cost
Research currently being May not be "most" sustainable
conducted design
Conservation of natural resources Limitations to sustainability from
Methodology 2: Minimizing By-product reduction material choice
Material Production Energy May lead to innovative designs
that assess strength and Currently lacking input from
sustainability properties building industry
simultaneously
Consideration of both sustainable Can result in less efficient
form and function structural system
Design limited to most effective
Focus on operating energy use
Methodology 3: Minimizing use of ambient energy
Embodied Energy Surrounding built environment
Attention to "service core" during can limit methodology
design Highly sensitive to
location/region
Considers sustainability over
Model accuracy
project life
Greater inclusion of Risk and uncertainty included in
representative project parties analyses
Methodology 4: Life-Cycle
Other sustainable issues can
Analysis / Inventory / Assessment Encourages cross-discipline
detract from most sustainable
interaction
structural design
Widespread use can lead to Adverse effects from minimal
quicker innovation design changes
Financial incentives Possibility for decreased primary-
Extended service life use functionality
Methodology 5: Maximizing Design relative to surrounding
Structural System Reuse built environment Structural element reuse
May lead to innovation in inspection required
standardized designs
Table 3.1. Positive and negative sustainable attributes of sustainable structural design
methodologies
19
Chapter 4: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Rating System
4.1 Introduction
Dwindling natural resources, environmental changes, financial limitations and the
global community have produced a climate in which modern civic growth requires the
attention, commitment to and promotion of environmentally sound design and
construction practices by the public and private sector. In response to this, the United
States created the Green Building Council (USGBC) in 1993, which serves as an
organization aimed at assessing and quantifying the environmental impact of new,
existing and rehabilitative projects. The USGBC has developed several rating systems
for these projects while also working to address different project development and
delivery processes. These rating systems and processes provide users with outline for
various development and construction types (e.g., schools, neighborhood development,
retail, etc.) and are referred to as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) for those project types and are continually updated.
To address both new and rehabilitative construction, the USGBC developed the
LEED Green Building Rating System for New Construction and Major Renovations
(USGBC 2008). This document serves as an outline for engineers, architects, developers
and contractors of the means and methods by which sustainable designs can be achieved
in the planning, construction and operational phases of building projects within the LEED
Rating System’s guidelines (with 2009 being the most current edition.) The code
describes that the LEED Rating System is composed of five distinct design areas each
requiring various prerequisites and including 49 separate categories in which up to 100
points can be achieved by construction applying for accreditation. The 2009 LEED
document provides design professionals with the intent, requirements/options and
potential technologies and strategies for each prerequisite and category. The use of and
adherence to the requirements outlined in the document during the design process is at
20
the discretion of the architect and/or engineer and often due to requests made by either
party or the owner.
4.2 LEED Rating System Relative to Structural Design
The 2009 LEED Rating System for New Construction and Major Renovations
provides its user with the opportunity to achieve up to 100 rating points. Each of these
points is attainable under different sections of the code and relate to various aspects of the
design process and choices. Many of the rating points available to a new or rehabilitative
construction project are directly related to the project magnitude, location and whether it
is to be new or rehabilitative construction. Due to this, the structural system of a project
can greatly affect its sustainability.
While the code offers various ways in which a sustainable design can be achieved
under the 2009 LEED Rating System, it is limiting in how structural frame system can
increase a project’s sustainability. As a result, the structural engineer (while a part of the
planning phase of the project) has little room within the current code to suggest and affect
a project’s LEED rating. However, most of these limitations are directly related to the
size of the project and the complexity of the structural system required as governing load
cases can directly affect structural system material choice. Nonetheless, these limitations
can restrain a project from achieving the most sustainable design possible and provide
structural engineers and designs with little room to affect whole building sustainability.
Upon reviewing the 2009 LEED Rating System for application within the
structural frame design in new construction, five categories offer possible opportunities
for the structural engineer to contribute to the sustainability of the project. These five
categories are all located within the “Materials & Resources” design area of the
document and include; MR Credit 1.1: Building Reuse-Maintain Existing Walls, Floors
and Roof, MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse, MR Credit 4: Recycled Content, MR Credit 5:
Regional Materials, and MR Credit 7: Certified Wood.
While the 2009 LEED Rating System offers numerous instances where rating
points can be obtained in other areas of a project, the above categories offer the
opportunity for structural system choices to directly affect the LEED rating a project can
obtain. This chapter provides a review of these categories and illustrates their effect on
21
sustainable structural design through discussion of both their positive and negative
aspects.
4.2.1 MR Credit 1.1: Building Reuse-Maintain Existing Walls, Floors and Roof
The 2009 LEED rating system awards up to 3 points under MR Credit 1.1:
Building Reuse. These points are awarded based upon the total percentage of building
reuse as documented during planning and construction. The intention of this credit
according to the 2009 LEED document is, “to extend the lifecycle of existing building
stock, conserve resources, retain cultural resources, reduce waste and reduce
environmental impacts of new buildings as they relate to materials manufacturing and
transport.” The document outlines that 1 point can only be obtained with a minimum of
55% building reuse increasing to 2 and 3 points at 75% and 95%, respectively. The 2009
LEED rating system suggests the reuse of existing building elements as well as the
removal of elements that impede increased sustainable building operation.
4.2.1.1 Benefits of MR Credit 1.1: Building Reuse
The building reuse credit offers the opportunity for both financial and sustainable
gains for a project. Its intention is to encourage the reuse of significant portions of an
existing structural system that can be incorporated into new construction, employed for
an alternative building use from that of the original design intention or updated to comply
with more current building codes for existing use. Each of these applications offer
structural engineers the opportunity to affect the sustainable qualities of a project in
positive ways with regard to the LEED rating system.
Through the incorporation of existing structural elements into new construction,
the LEED rating system provides a structural engineer with the opportunity to present
applicable design alternatives to other project parties. While this opportunity may require
more in depth structural analysis and the detailed assessment of the existing structural
frame, by offering these credits the USGBC encourages innovative design approaches
that allow a structural engineer to provide direct input to sustainable properties of a
project. If the project calls for maintaining the existing frame while expanding a
structure to include new construction, the structural engineer can present structural
system design alternatives that employ the existing structural frame. Using engineering
22
practice and knowledge, any new structural elements can be designed to function as
efficiently as possible with the existing frame.
Similarly, if a project called for a structure to provide an alternative use from the
original design, structural engineers are offered the opportunity to affect the project’s
sustainable rating by suggesting design alternatives that maintain as much of the existing
structural system as possible. Through the addition of new structural elements to the
existing frame, upgrading of specific connections or other required structural system
additions, the project can maintain its existing frame but achieve the goal of an
alternative use. Also, this credit encourages new construction and design that focuses on
layouts that can allow for alternative future uses. Again, the structural engineering
community is offered an opportunity to affect project sustainability, as defined by LEED.
Finally, if a project calls for the continued use of a structure with qualification for
existing design codes or increased loads, structural engineers can affect project
sustainability by suggesting design alternatives and analysis approaches that look to alter
the existing system as little as possible. Efficient connection design and innovative
member strengthening methods are just two of the proposals that the structural engineer
can make. All of these suggestions are examples of how, within the 2009 LEED rating
system parameters, structural design can affect a project’s sustainability rating.
4.2.1.2 Disadvantages of MR Credit 1.1: Building Reuse
While the above examples describe how structural load carrying system choice in
a project can affect the overall sustainability, this LEED credit has limited applicability.
As noted by the credit name, this credit can only be obtained by projects that look to
employ an existing system and not new construction. This credit is also limiting by the
manner in which building reuse is suggested and measured. By requiring that at least
55% of the existing structure be maintained, design alternatives are limited to those
which incorporate more than half the existing structure and LEED 2009 does not reward
what may be more sustainable designs that do not reach this benchmark. Also, this credit
rewards the reuse of existing building frames that may result in overall designs that might
produce less sustainable layouts than their new counterparts. However, the most glaring
omission in this credit is that there is no relation of alternative new/existing design to
23
actual sustainable properties such as production and/or operational energy. Each of these
shortcomings illustrate that this credit, while allowing for relation of the structural system
to sustainability, may not serve to create the most sustainable design but may increase the
sustainability of a project as defined by LEED.
4.2.2 MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse
The 2009 LEED rating system awards up to 2 points under MR Credit 3:
Materials Reuse. These points are awarded based on the percentage of Reused Materials
as documented during planning and construction. The intention of this credit according to
the 2009 LEED document is, “to reuse building materials and products to reduce demand
for virgin materials and reduce waste, thereby lessening impacts associated with the
extraction and processing of virgin resources.” The code outline that 1 point can be
obtained with a minimum of 5% reused materials increasing to 2 points at 10% with no
further reward in increased percentages. The document suggests that materials should be
salvaged where possible and that potential reused material suppliers be researched as
well.
4.2.2.1 Benefits of MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse
The material reuse credit is aimed directly towards reducing the amount of raw
materials for construction elements required by a project. By reward material reuse from
an existing structure, LEED 2009 encourages investigation by the project team into
designs that look to reuse as many of the existing construction elements as possible.
Also, this credit supports plans for reuse of existing structural elements between two
projects. Hence, a project team can investigate if other surrounding projects have
resources that might serve in their design and incorporate them into project planning and
development.
This credit allows for the structural engineer to have a direct effect on project
sustainable qualities by suggesting and developing designs that achieve layout allowing
for easier reuse of sections. Also, by investigating existing systems for their lateral and
vertical force resisting capabilities, the structural engineer can affect project sustainability
through the reuse of existing systems or through creative designs that incorporate existing
sections with new ones. This credit reward can provide a stepping-stone for structural
24
engineers to affect sustainable design through innovative designs and structural systems
that may not have been considered in preliminary design.
4.2.2.2 Disadvantages of MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse
The greatest pitfall that this credit has is the requalification of existing structural
members. While a member’s reuse may be preferable to a new design, care must be
taken to ensure that the condition of the member is such that its material properties have
not been drastically altered from its initial use. If a project plans to reuse a member, it
must first meet the criteria for reuse within the new structural frame according to the
current applicable building code. However, if after testing or evaluation of the member it
is shown to no longer have the necessary material properties, the resources required for
that requalification must be absorbed by the project financially and can affect how
sustainable the project can now be. It may occur that a design calling for reuse of several
structural members from an existing frame may no longer retain the required material
properties resulting in a redesign of the new structural frame. Also, the existing members
that are not sufficient will require replacement with new members resulting in what might
be a lower overall sustainable rating.
Along with this, the relatively small number of points awarded by the 2009 LEED
rating system for this credit in relation to the total possible points a project can achieve
may not warrant the detailed design that may be required. Also, these same points can be
achieved by reuse of existing architectural fixtures and other mechanical systems. By not
providing a greater reward to structural systems that reuse elements, pursuit of this credit
by the project team does not mean that the most sustainable structural design will be
achieved.
4.2.3 MR Credit 4: Recycled Content
The 2009 LEED rating system awards up to 2 points under MR Credit 4:
Recycled Content. These points are awarded based on the percentage of Recycled
Content included in building materials as documented during planning and construction.
The intention of this credit according to the 2009 LEED code is, “to increase demand for
building products that incorporate recycled content materials, thereby reducing impacts
resulting from extraction and processing of virgin materials.” The code outlines that 1
25
point can be obtained with a minimum of 10% recycled content increasing to 2 points at
20% with no further reward in increased percentages. The document suggests that
project should establish recycled content materials goals and consider a range of
materials attributes with selecting products and materials.
4.2.3.1 Benefits of MR Credit 4: Recycled Content
Encouraging the use of construction materials with increased recycled contents is
an effective way to reduce the volume of raw materials employed in material production.
This credit fosters sustainability by rewarding the selection of construction materials with
recycled content and provides an avenue for project teams and structural engineers to
directly affect a building’s LEED Sustainability rating through structural frame choice. It
can also be noted, as further described in Chapter 6 of this document, that high-rise
structural frame construction materials such as steel and concrete employ recycled
content and research into each materials sustainable qualities is conducted and fostered
by their respective industries.
Another benefit of this credit is potential use of byproducts, such as fly ash and
slag in concrete as a replacement for cement. Research has shown positive results
indicating that concrete strength can increase through the use of these admixtures. Also,
fly ash and slag are usually readily available industrial byproducts. This availability also
illustrates their applicable sustainable qualities as they reuse existing byproducts for new
material production. These admixtures are one example of research being conducted and
any admixtures employed in concrete production look to relate both production costs and
sustainability. Researchers look to achieve this by defining the material properties of
cement and concrete mixes relative to their sustainable properties for their effective use
as construction materials. Relating the sustainable qualities of these materials to their
material properties can serve to better inform project teams and structural engineers to
more effectively develop and suggest structural frame designs that achieve this credit.
This may also lead to the design of structural systems that achieve low production energy
and raw material consumption relative to alternate designs.
4.2.3.2 Disadvantages of MR Credit 4: Recycled Content
From the perspective of a project’s structural frame, this credit may not go far
26
enough to encourage the most effective and encompassing sustainable design. These two
credits can be achieved by a design through the selection of concrete design mixtures or
steel that provides the required recycled material content. By making the only
requirement for this credit be that the materials include recycled content, this does
encourage research into alternative layouts or designs by the project team. Simply, as
long as the material has the required material content, the points can be obtained
regardless of whether or not an alternative material design would have resulted in a
structural system that would have greater sustainable impact.
As outlined in greater detail in chapter 6, as the recycled content of materials
increase, the required production energy of those materials can also increase and produce
high concentration of byproducts. From this, it can be observed that the production
energies and byproducts associated with high-recycled content materials can yield a
negative effect on the total production/construction energies required for a project.
Therefore, the selection of one material over another, and the subsequent reward by the
LEED 2009 rating system, may not increase the overall sustainability of a project in
relation to total energy expenditures and byproduct generation for production and
construction.
Current research into the material properties of high-recycled content cements has
illustrated that while strength can be increased through their use, ductility and durability
may decrease at high contents. Research also indicates that this material may have
limited application. While the decision for high-recycled material content concrete
would need to be made on a project-by-project basis, the research indicates that it may
best serve a structural system not to employ this material.
4.2.4 MR Credit 5: Regional Materials
The 2009 LEED rating system awards up to 2 points under MR Credit 5: Regional
Materials. These points are awarded based on the percentage of Regional Materials
included in building materials as documented during planning and construction. The
intention of this credit according to the 2009 LEED document is, “to increase demand for
building materials and products that are extracted and manufactured within the region,
thereby supporting the use of indigenous resources and reducing the environmental
27
impacts resulting from transportation.” The document outlines that 1 point can be
obtained with a minimum of 10% of the total project materials cost being regional
materials and increasing to 2 points at 20% with no further reward in increased
percentages. LEED 2009 suggests that a project should establish locally sourced
materials goals and consider a range of materials attributes with selecting products and
materials.
4.2.4.1 Benefits of MR Credit 5: Regional Materials
The Regional Materials credit encourages a project to consider use of building
materials and suppliers within a 500 miles radius of the project site. This credit can have
several positive effects on the sustainability of a project. First, encouraging the use
materials located within the radius can help to minimize the both transportation costs and
environmental impact. Most notably, if the shipping route that a building material must
take to a site can be minimized, the environmental impact of that material can be
mitigated. As a result, a project can increase its sustainable environmental effects while
contributing to the project’s financial bottom line.
Second, the use of regional materials can have positive effects on the regional
economy and encourage growth both economically and technologically. By rewarding
projects that aim to maximize regional materials use, LEED can affect an increase in
material production in that area. If a project employs regional materials, it can work with
local producers to ensure that any other attainable LEED credits can be achieved through
their use. Thus, a project can encourage a local producer to investigate technologies that
reduce their byproduct emissions or utilize designs including higher recycled materials
contents or any other applicable LEED credit. This can serve to make the producer more
attractive as a supplier for future projects, leading to increases in both current and future
projects’ sustainability.
Finally, regional materials can also contribute to sustainability by allowing and
encouraging a project to be similar in form and design to the surrounding built
environment. This can encourage designs that both architecturally and structurally mimic
similar projects already in use. This LEED credit can therefore encourage a project to
pursue designs that can incorporate the intended use with those of the surrounding built
28
environment and thus contribute to that environment in a more sustainable fashion.
4.2.4.2 Disadvantages of MR Credit 5: Regional Materials
Inherent in the selection of any design or building material is the limitation that
specific design or material choice comes with. These limitations can have an effect on
the overall sustainability of a structure. For example, if a project were to select cast-in-
place concrete as its primary structural frame building material, that project’s design
could thus be limited by whatever layouts or configurations that building materials would
allow. This limitation could mean that an alternative design that chose steel for its
primary structural frame may have more (or less) sustainable qualities for the selected
design.
While this can be said about all projects, the use of regional materials and the
reward that LEED gives for it can be limiting to decisions made for design and may not
result in the most sustainable overall project. If a project were to pursue this credit for its
structural frame and select an applicable building material that was within the 500 mile
radius and obtain this LEED credit, this does not mean that the lowest possible material
production byproducts would be generated by that choice. If an alternative material were
selected from a producer outside that radius did not award this credit, it is possible that
lower production energies and environmental impact could be achieved. Therefore, the
choice by a project to pursue this credit may have negative effects on the overall project
sustainability contrary to the positives that it might gain for its LEED rating.
From the perspective of a project structural system and its relation to all the other
building materials included nn a project, this credit can be obtained without its
consideration. If the selected materials for a project’s interior or exterior construction
were regional materials, this LEED credit may still be obtained with no consideration of
regional material use for structural load carrying system. This would seem to be at odds
with this credit’s intention as the necessary percentages for the credit points could be
achieved without consideration of a structural frame and could limit the effect that a
structural engineer can have on project sustainability.
4.2.5 MR Credit 7: Certified Wood
The 2009 LEED rating system awards 1 point under MR Credit 7: Certified
29
Wood. This point is awarded based on meeting the requirement that 50% (based on cost)
of a project’s wood based materials are certified according to the Forest Stewardship
Council’s criteria for wood components. The intention of this credit according to the
2009 LEED document is, “to encourage environmentally responsible forest
management.” LEED suggests that project should establish a project goal for certified
wood use and ensure proper installation and that all materials are quantified.
4.2.5.1 Benefits of MR Credit 7: Certified Wood
Through this credit, LEED is encouraging project designers to pursue and ensure
the use of specific wood products, that are renewable compared to other building
materials due to their natural growth, in design. By employing of certified wood in
design, designers can look to increase overall project sustainability and decrease the
effect on the use of raw materials associated with other building materials.
This credit also has the byproduct of promoting certified wood production and
encouraging expansion in that field. As projects seek to obtain this credit, supply of
sufficient material must be made available and can encourage the increased production in
a region as building demand increases. Thus, this credit can help to bolster local and/or
regional economies and encourage innovation and expansion in the area of certified wood
production.
4.2.5.2 Disadvantages of MR Credit 7: Certified Wood
In consideration of a project’s structural system, this credit may play little role in
increasing its sustainability as the economical use of wood as a primary structural system
material decrease with increase project height and the subsequent increase in design
loads. Also, the use of wood as a structural load carrying system can be limited by its
durability and service life.
From the perspective of a structural engineer and a project structural system
material choice, this credit does little for large projects. While projects with generally
lower structural loads can achieve the use of wood as a primary structural system
element, the increase in height of a structure and loads can limit the ability of wood to be
utilized in an economical manner. Due to this, building materials such as steel and
concrete are typically chosen for structural system for their ability meet required
30
structural performance at these higher loads. Therefore, this credit may have little effect
on projects that must meet structural design requirements for medium to high-rise and
long-span structures.
Similar to other LEED credits, the certified wood credit requirements can be met
through the use of building materials other than the primary structural system. If a
project that did not employ wood as the primary structural system element was to
designate that all partitions must be constructed of certified wood, this credit may still be
obtained. While this may be viewed as a positive for the project and its LEED rating, this
does not mean nor encourages that the overall project is the most sustainable choice or
layout possible.
Structural engineers are limited in being able to meet the requirements of this
credit for two reasons. First, the use of wood as a primary structural element may not be
available as an economical choice or from a durability, maintenance and service life.
And second, this credit can be achieved elsewhere devoid of the structural engineer’s
input.
31
Chapter 5: Sustainability and Construction Type
5.1 Introduction
Project type can greatly affect the sustainability of structural systems. As
discussed in Chapter 4, the 2009 LEED rating system can limit the ability of a project to
achieve the most sustainable design possible while still reaching a high LEED rating.
Also introduced was the concept that project size (the total height of structure) can affect
the overall sustainability through the increased design and analysis period that larger
structures can require. However, overall project sustainability may not be directly related
to project size and/or height.
As a project’s size increases, structural system complexity can also increase due
to factors including, but not limited to, design loads increase. Due to this, larger projects
often encounter limitations in the form of structural system material strength
requirements. As a result, primary load bearing systems in these projects require
materials with higher strength properties (such as steel, cast-in-place concrete and
prestressed/precast concrete). This limitation can have significant effects on the design
and performance of a structure.
5.2 Construction Type
This chapter classifies the sustainability of projects under two construction types:
wood construction (allowing for the use of wood as the primary load carrying material)
and steel and concrete construction (employing steel and/or concrete as the primary load
carrying materials). For this discussion, these references will be employed throughout.
Both construction types offer opportunities to achieve a sustainable design and have
qualities that illustrate the structural system’s role in a sustainable design.
5.3 Wood Construction
As defined earlier, wood construction allows wood to be used as the primary
32
load bearing material. This type of construction has various effects on the design of a
project and its ability to achieve and implement sustainable measures. In this section,
some of the aspects affecting project sustainability and the structural system design are
discussed.
5.3.1 Design and Analysis Phase
Inherent in any project involving new and/or rehabilitative construction is the
design and analysis phase. This phase includes, but is not limited to, design and analysis
of the proposed structure. Design and analysis for any new construction can have varied
lengths for completion and is closely related to building layout and architectural design.
In wood construction, values for design loads are often lower than their steel and concrete
construction counterparts. This is mostly due to the intended use and smaller size of the
structure. As a result of this, the amount of time required for the design and analysis
phase to be completed on wood projects is usually shorter than steel and concrete
construction projects. With a shorter design and analysis phase, more energy, effort and
project budget can be allotted to research into sustainable technologies and systems that
can be employed during the projects construction and operational phases.
5.3.2 Investments in Sustainable Technologies
As mentioned in the previous section, wood construction has the advantage of a
shorter design and analysis phase. Similarly, wood construction can also have a shorter
period between initial planning and building operation, namely, a shorter construction
phase. This means that the time between initial owner investment and revenue generation
is shorter than its steel and concrete companion. Thus, the shorter construction phase that
wood construction has a shorter payback period and can result in a sustainable
technology providing a more economical investment.
This shorter payback period also has the advantage of providing engineers and
architects with a financial incentive that can be attached to a proposed sustainable design.
By being able to link financial and sustainable properties in a design, the designers of
low-rise construction projects can have a greater effect on project sustainability.
5.3.3 Use of Wood as Primary Load Bearing Material
Another sustainability benefit of wood construction is in its use of wood as a
33
primary load bearing material. A project that employs wood frame construction has the
sustainable advantage of using a rapidly renewable building material. Typical steel and
concrete construction materials, such as steel and concrete, require more raw materials
than wood. Also, the production energies required for steel and concrete construction
materials are greater than those for wood. Along with this, current sustainability rating
systmes (such as LEED), provide an incentive for the use of wood as a building material.
From these three aspects, wood can be viewed as a more sustainable alternative to other
construction materials.
5.3.4 Other Wood Sustainability Issues
Contrary to the positive sustainable qualities of wood as a building material is the
lack of attention that a wood construction projects structural system can receive.
Through the selection of wood as the primary building material, a wood construction
project can meet design code requirements. However, the selected wood design may not
be the most sustainable alternative for the project. If an alternate design involving steel
or concrete as the primary frame was to be selected it may result in a longer project
service life and greater durability. These are just two of several sustainable advantages
that and alternate design may provide. This illustrates the fact that while wood
construction often achieves high sustainable ratings and provide opportunities to the
project team to suggest sustainable technologies, the final product may not be the most
sustainable alternative.
Along with this, another sustainability issue that can be unique to wood
construction is energy use. In any construction project, the service core (the operational
and maintenance energy required for the project) and its function must be taken into
account. Inherently, the service core of a project is dependent on the project’s size. For
example, the amount of energy and power required for a wood construction residential
structure compared to a steel and concrete construction residence (assuming the same
project site) can be very different. This difference drives the design of interior layouts in
both high- and wood construction and the manner with which operational and
maintenance efficiency issues are addressed. With a smaller service core relative to a
steel and concrete alternative, a wood construction project can be afforded the
34
opportunity to achieve a lower total embodied energy. The relationship between
embodied energy and service core in the wood project alternative can allow engineers
and architects to employ technologies that may work only for smaller scale projects.
Thus, a wood construction project may be able to achieve greater energy
efficiency than a steel and concrete alternative, assuming both are on the same site and
with the same intended use, due to the difference in building size and service core energy
use requirements. This can also be related to project structural system design as the use
of wood as a construction material can afford a project with advantageous thermal
qualities and opportunities that may not be achievable in a steel and concrete construction
project.
5.4 Steel and Concrete Construction
As defined earlier, steel and concrete construction employs steel and/or concrete
as the primary load bearing material. This type of construction has various effects on the
design of a project and its ability to achieve and implement sustainable measures. In this
section, some of the aspects affecting project sustainability and the structural system
design will be discussed.
5.4.1 Design and Analysis Phase
Similar to wood construction, the design and analysis phase can play a major part
in a steel and concrete construction project. As steel and concrete construction projects
often have higher design load values, they must rely on stronger materials such as steel
and concrete. Also, analysis of a steel and concrete construction alternative often
produces governing loads that vary between members throughout the structural system.
For example, while the overall design of a steel and concrete project can determine that it
is controlled by its seismic response loads, this does not mean that the design of certain
elements are not controlled by other loading scenarios.
The increased number of design controlling load combinations on elements can
require greater engineering effort and a longer period required for design relative to a
wood construction alternative. This can have both positive and negative effects on
project sustainability. With more complex structural systems comes the opportunity for
design innovation that may achieve higher overall project sustainability. However, this
35
increased effort required for design may draw project funds away from other sustainable
efforts resulting in a lower overall sustainable rating. From this, it becomes clear that
complexity of a project’s structural system can lead to difficulties in its ability to achieve
a higher sustainable rating.
5.4.2 Land Use
Inherent in a steel and concrete construction project is a sustainable quality that
cannot be achieved in wood construction. With stronger structural materials, steel and
concrete construction projects can be built taller than a wood alternative. Thus the design
of any steel and concrete construction makes efficient use of project site (especially in
areas where land is expensive, i.e., downtown of major cities) that cannot be achieved by
a wood construction alternative.
By increasing the overall height of a project, the useable space increases.
Efficient use of allowable project space is a sustainable quality that looks to meet and/or
exceed the requirements of the current project. By doing this, the overall sustainability of
the project can be higher as it can serve or house more occupants. For example,
construction of a five-story hospital instead of a two-story one would make more efficient
use of the limited resource of space.
5.4.3 Investments in Sustainable Technologies
Opposing the positive sustainable qualities of steel and concrete construction can
be the financial limitations it imposes on sustainable technologies. With more complex
building designs and larger structures, additional monetary limitations can occur. Due to
this, investments into sustainable technologies can prove to be financially unsound as
their payback period can be much longer than in wood construction. Combating this is
the idea that economy of scale can take over and that numerous efficient technologies can
result in greater overall system efficiency. Each of these points illustrates that sustainable
technologies can affect steel and concrete construction projects sustainability in
significant ways.
However, sustainable technologies in steel and concrete construction can also
limit overall project sustainability. One limitation can be due to project budget
constraints that limit what technologies might be implemented. A second limitation
36
comes from involving numerous technologies (such as roof gardens or reflective façade
surfaces) that may interact negatively. If a project cannot install more sustainable
systems due to cost restrictions, it can result in an overall less sustainable structure than
its wood construction counterpart. Likewise, investing in numerous technologies can
result in a system not interacting efficiently or leading to higher future maintenance costs.
Both of these reasons illustrate that sustainable technologies play a different role in steel
and concrete construction.
5.4.4 Building Materials
Steel and concrete construction projects are those that employ steel and/or
concrete as the primary construction material. This means that either steel, cast-in-place
concrete or precast/prestressed concrete sections serve as primary load carrying members.
Each of these building materials have unique qualities that can help a project to achieve a
high sustainable rating and will be discussed in a later chapter. However, some general
observations can be made about the role that these building materials play in a project’s
overall sustainability relative to their wood alternatives.
The above materials have advantageous strength qualities that lead to their
selection as construction materials. From a sustainability perspective, each of these
material choices makes efficient use of space as their design intention is to resist the
required load with as little cross-sectional area required. This can allow for greater
usable space.
These materials are also well established within the construction industry for use.
This has led to both past and current research into the sustainable properties of these
materials and methods by which they can be employed in a project layout and interact
with project facades in sustainably advantageous ways. Similarly, in an effort to increase
sustainable properties, research into and the implementation of new production methods
and technologies have been included to increase material use by their respective
industries and reduce required production energies and byproducts. Along with this,
research into the use of industrial byproducts (fly-ash, slag, etc.) and recycled materials
contents on the strength properties of these materials have also and are currently being
conducted.
37
While the ability of steel, cast-in-place concrete or precast/prestressed concrete to
achieve higher sustainable properties as construction materials through the means listed
above varies, it can be concluded that their use in high-rise construction can have
advantageous sustainable impact on a project. However, other limitations and issues can
affect this.
5.4.5 Other Steel and Concrete Construction Sustainability Issues
Another sustainable advantage that steel and concrete construction projects can
achieve is the ability of larger projects to include multi-use or future-use functions into
their layouts and to reuse structural elements or partial structural systems. In the design
of these systems, designers look to achieve various goals.
In a multi-use project, design layouts that foster, promote and provide the means
by which a project can successfully achieved multiple uses are presented. For example, a
structure that provides an underground parking area, street level business layouts and
residences above looks to capitalize on the ability to provide shopping, covered car
parking and housing in one location. The above example can increase a project’s
sustainability as the inclusion of these essentials would require less environmental impact
than housing that was further from shopping areas requiring residents to transport both
themselves and their purchases. By reducing the need for these additional trips, a project
can increase its sustainability.
Similarly, a future-use project looks to provide designs and layout that allow for
various occupancies. For example, if in the initial project design, care is taken to ensure
that the provided layout achieves both the original intention of an office layout as well as
allowing for minimal to no remodeling requirements for conversion to a residence,
building service life can be extended. This can increase project sustainability and
marketability as the additional future use can provide a longer revenue stream to recoup
sustainable investments as well as mitigate or remove demolition costs for future
construction.
Both of these designs types also provide sustainable advantages through the
efficient use of sections (by extending their service life) and by reducing raw materials
requirements for future use. Also afforded to steel and concrete construction design is
38
the opportunity for section or partial structural system reuse. Steel and concrete
construction projects require materials with greater strength properties than wood and
thus employ more raw materials for their production. Structural elements made of these
materials (steel and concrete) involved in steel and concrete construction can come at a
premium cost due to world markets. Due to this, investigation into the reuse of either
single structural elements or partial structural systems can be a viable alternative in
modern construction projects. This is a sustainable quality that can only be achieved in
steel and concrete construction and thus plays a role in overall project sustainability and
initial project planning and design phases.
5.5 The Built Environment
The surrounding built environment is an issue in steel and concrete construction
projects looking to maximize building height. Local municipalities can impede a project
from achieving the most sustainable design by imposing restrictions on heights, distance
from roads, façade design, etc. While a project can apply for a variance, there is no
guarantee that it will be approved. For example, if a project’s surrounding architecture
were limited to heights of 40 feet, a new structure that might serve its occupants more
efficiently with a design height of 60 feet cannot be pursued, possibly affecting overall
structural sustainability. Similarly, if a project looks to decrease its operating energy
through the use of glass in an area where codes limit buildings to only masonry facades,
overall project sustainability can be negatively affected.
Both of these examples illustrate that factors other than construction type can
affect a project. As displayed above, a steel or concrete structure can provide a more
sustainable alternative in areas where land-use is paramount by allowing for greater
structural height. Combating this sustainable property is the surrounding built
environment and the effect that that it can have on design. In areas with predominantly
steel and concrete construction with greater height, other building design effects, for
example unique wind loading due to a tunneling effect, must be taken into account
leading to additional design and analysis time. In areas with predominantly wood
construction with lower heights, proposed steel and construction steel and concrete
construction projects that are higher may be able to take advantage of thermal energy but,
39
in the process, may impede the ability of surrounding projects to do the same. Each of
these areas can affect total building sustainability and point to the role that the
surrounding built environment can play in a project’s design.
5.6 Conclusions
This chapter displays that both construction type and structural design play a role
in various aspects of a project. Table 5.1 provides an outline of the advantages offered by
steel and concrete and wood construction types as defined in this chapter.
40
Design Aspect Wood construction Steel and Concrete Construction
Less design complexity Greater design complexity

Shorter period required for design Longer period required for design
Shorter period between design and
Longer construction period
construction
Design and Analysis Lower total project energy Greater total project energy
Phase requirements requirements
Availability of additional
Less funds for investment in
investment into sustainable
sustainable technologies
technologies
More experience within industry Less experience within industry
Land Use Less efficient land use Use of land more efficiently
Shorter payback period for Longer payback period for
sustainable investments sustainable investments
Investments in Greater economical incentive for Possibility for "economies of scale"
Sustainable designers and owners in sustainable technology use
Technologies Great ability for efficient More issues in efficient interaction
interaction between multiple between multiple sustainable
sustainable technologies technologies
Wood is a renewable resource Use of wood not an option
Use of Wood as a
Require less sustainable
Primary Load Bearing Advantage in structural system cost
construction materials
Material
LEED incentives for use of wood No explicit LEED incentives
May not be most sustainable design Greater ability to meet multi- or
alternative future-use needs
Building life issues Less project life issues
Lower operating energy use

Longer revenue stream possibilities
requirements
Other Sustainable Issues
Ability to use small scale Greater material reuse after
technologies to advantage demolition possibility
Possible advantageous thermal
Section or partial structural system
qualities relative to other
reuse
construction materials
Table 5.1. Sustainable design aspect qualities by construction type
41
Chapter 6: Sustainability of Construction Materials
6.1 Introduction
The materials selected by a project can greatly affect overall project sustainability.
The primary construction materials discussed in this chapter are steel, cast-in-place
concrete and prestressed/precast concrete. These materials have various individual
sustainable qualities and their use in a structural load carrying system can have unique
effects of project sustainability.
Presented herein is a review of each of these primary construction materials for
their individual sustainable qualities, byproducts associated with their production,
production energies required for member fabrication/construction and issues surrounding
their use and application as sustainable materials along with a summary of positive and
negative sustainable aspects of each. Along with this, issues included in the construction
methods and limitations imposed by each are presented.
6.2 Structural Steel
The use of structural steel as a primary structural system material has been widely
employed in various construction projects in United States and around the world. This is
due to the advantageous material properties that steel possesses and its ability to be
employed in varying design layouts. Research has been conducted to investigate its
applicability as a sustainable building material, the energy, methods and byproducts
associated with its production and the effect of recycled materials contents. The design
and construction of steel has been and continues to be outlined by the American Institute
of Steel Construction (AISC 13th Ed.). This section discusses sustainable properties of
steel and provides examples.
6.2.1 LEED 2009 and Structural Steel
While many of the sustainable properties of steel are associated with the
technological advances made in industry and in its production methods, qualities other
42
production energy requirements can contribute to the sustainability of steel relative to
cast-in-place and prestressed/precast concrete sections. Steel sections have the ability to
be reused as construction materials as one project reaches its end-of-life. This ability for
section reuse means that it is also possible for the reuse of partial structural systems
between projects. These qualities can contribute to a higher LEED sustainability rating,
possible advantageous financial outcomes for a project and a lower environmental
impact.
As described in Chapter 4, the 2009 LEED sustainable rating system rewards
projects that reuse existing sections or existing structural systems under MR Credit 3:
Materials Reuse. This credits aims to encourage the reuse of these structural sections or
partial systems between projects for two reasons. First is the goal of reducing
transportation costs for construction materials to a project site. Second is the goal of
reducing the depletion of natural resources. Both of these goals can be achieved through
the use and reuse of steel as a construction material and can contribute to overall project
sustainability.
Along with the 2009 LEED rating system credits rewarded for the reuse of
sections that steel can offer a project, reuse of sections can offer significant financial
gains. Be reducing transportation and new sections costs, additional funds can be
employed to pursue other sustainable technologies and increase total project
sustainability. Likewise, the additional saving can make the choice of steel as the
primary structural system material more attractive to project owners, which can have a
positive effect within the construction industry. It should be noted that construction costs
for steel can vary between regions with varying labor costs. However, the section
reusability may be able to offset this aspect for a given design and encourage steel use
outside of typically non-steel-use regions.
Similarly, partial structural system reuse can have the positive financial aspect of
prolonging building service life and reducing construction costs. For example, if and
existing steel frame consisting of six floors were to be partially demolished preserving
the lower three floors for an alternate use, a project could greatly decrease their
construction and labor costs as well as possibly contribute to new construction from the
43
out-of-service elements of the original project. Also, partial structural system reuse can
be achieved through the use of steel as a building material through addition or removal of
members to existing frames. This can be illustrated in two ways. First, if a project were
to convert a braced steel frame to a moment resisting frame, façade improvements, such
as additional storefront window space, may now be possible allowing for a new structural
system use. Also, if a project explored a design alternative that called for the
construction of a new frame that would be connected to an existing frame, minimal
changes may be required to the existing frame that would only be possible in steel
construction. Both of these examples can contribute to the overall sustainability of a
project as well as provide financial incentive by reducing the required amount of new
materials and construction costs relative to new construction.
As referenced earlier, the reuse of steel sections between local projects and the
reuse of partial structural systems can provide environmental advantages to a project.
Two key aspects of new steel section production are the energies required and the
emissions that occur during production. New steel generation can be an intensive process
requiring various types of thermal and electrical energy. Associated with this energy are
any byproducts involved in its generation, most specifically green-house-gasses (GHGs).
With various inputs involved in energy generation for mining of raw materials,
conversion of existing materials into usable materials for new sections and transportation
of materials to production facilities, quantifying the total energy and byproducts
associated with production can be difficult. In addition, the mixing of necessary
materials and the resulting chemical reaction to achieve useable grade steel also has its
own GHGs emissions. These points illustrate that reuse of sections and partial systems
within structures can contribute greatly to reducing the environmental impact of steel as a
construction material.
Reuse of steel between projects requires qualification of existing steel sections for
further use. While the 2009 LEED document rewards the reuse of sections or partial
systems, analysis and testing must be conducted on sections to ensure that there has been
no degradation or compromise of their strength and deformation properties. For example,
if the section or part of the section buckled or yielded, it may not be reusable. Also, the
44
same section or system, while possibly designed following earlier building standards or
codes, must be ensured to perform as required by the current code. For this reason, a
project must take into account that while section reuse may be an option, investment may
be made into requalification of these sections and system. The additional cost associated
with this testing and analysis can hurt a project financially and use of new steel materials
may be advantageous from both financial and sustainable points of view. Therefore, a
project may decrease its overall sustainability if it were to investigate the reuse of
sections or a system to find that new materials were required. Also, a project that
investigated reuse options unsuccessfully would invest time, financial assets and energy
into section testing and analysis that could result in an increase in overall project
environmental impact.
6.2.2 Structural Steel Section Production
Production energy requirements for steel can be difficult to fully quantify as
numerous variables and units of measure exist across the inputs required for new section
production. According to data published by the United States Department of Energy
(USDOE 2009) an estimated 16.3 MBtu/ton were employed in the production of steel.
This publication references data provided to the USDOE from industry and includes only
values associated with electricity, natural gas and coal use relative to the various steel
production methods. The data provided by industry for this publication does not address
the environmental impact from power generation nor the impact of the chemical reactions
associated with the production of steel.
Illustrated by the non-inclusion of other energy requirements, such as those
involved in raw material mining, environmental data provided from industry doe not
provide a full definition of the energies and emissions in steel section production. This
lack of a full definition can limit the use of steel as a construction material as its
advantageous for section reuse over new section production cannot be fully described. In
essence, the sustainable advantages that steel can provide to construction are directly tied
to its ability to be easily reused as well as the financial and environmental cost associated
with its production.
6.2.3 Recycled Materials Content and Structural Steel
45
As outlined in Chapter 4, the 2009 LEED rating system rewards project that
incorporate building materials containing recycled materials into their construction. Steel
provides a project with this option as the percentages of recycled materials included in
new steel production have been increasing over recent decades. Research by both
industry and academia has displayed that recycled materials content has little effect on
strength properties associated with steel sections as well. Also, recycled content has no
significant effect on steel section durability (Horvath 1998).
This recycled material content is an advantage to both projects and producers as it
can minimize the need for additional raw materials for section production. As indicated
by the United States Department of Energy publications, recycled materials content can
increase required production energies relative to the various steel production methods
(USDOE 2009, Eruchan 2002). As noted above though, there exists a lack of fully
defined energies required for recycled materials contents including all energy and
environmental costs associated with section or material recycling. This limits the ability
to fully define the effects recycled materials contents can have on material sustainability.
6.2.4 Other Sustainable Issues of Structural Steel
The use of steel as structural load carrying system choice can provide a project
with advantages that may not be possible with other materials. Its strength and ductility
properties have made it a preferred material choice for many current and past projects. It
also offers other possible sustainable advantages such as streamlined construction
schedules and lower construction waste production. For example, unlike other
construction material types, steel construction does not require formwork, which can
reduce the overall waste produced and energy required for construction. Also, with
planning, construction speed of a project can increase, as steel structural elements do not
require any time between placement and function in steel construction. In essence, in a
steel construction project, as members are placed they can carry load. This means that a
project does not have to wait a period of time for sections to reach their required strength
properties. It should also be noted that each of these advantages might have positive
financial benefits that would encourage owners and project managers to pursue steel
construction and contribute to available funds for other sustainable technologies.
46
Each of the positive sustainable qualities provided above may depend on accurate
predictions of production energy requirements and byproducts. To achieve a clear
understanding of the use of steel as a construction material relative to others, care must be
taken by a project team and industry to assess the impact the steel has. While sustainable
advantages can be achieved through its use, these advantages rely on accurate life-cycle-
analysis (LCA) and life-cycle-cost modeling (LCC). Included in these models should be
accurate forecasts of production energy requirements, byproduct emissions and
operational and maintenance costs.
6.3 Cast-in-Place Concrete
Cast-in-place concrete construction has been employed for a wide range of
construction projects. As a construction material, it offers the opportunity for projects to
achieve complex designs and provides engineers with and opportunity for variations
within structural layouts that other construction materials may not. Regional financial
restrictions and labor costs have driven the use of cast-in-place concrete construction
throughout the United States and the world. Cast-in-place concrete construction and the
concrete production industry are both highly skilled and developed professions with vast
project experience and knowledge. The design and construction of cast-in-place concrete
has been and continues to be governed by the American Concrete Institute with input
from the Portland Cement Institute. This section addresses the LEED 2009 sustainable
qualities, production, recycled materials content and other sustainable issues associated
with cast-in-place concrete construction. Where applicable, examples for these topics will
be provided as well as an outline of the positive and negative sustainable properties that
cast-in-place concrete can provide to a project if selected as the primary building
material.
6.3.1 LEED 2009 and Cast-in-Place Concrete
The LEED 2009 credit applicability to the aforementioned construction materials
often overlaps between points that can be obtained. While this is most often applicable to
MR Credit 4: Recycled Content, MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse becomes more difficult in
cast-in-place concrete construction. The intention of the LEED credit as applied to a
project’s structural system, as provided in Chapter 4, is to encourage the reuse of existing
47
structural elements or systems. For cast-in-place concrete construction, this task can be
very complex. The removal and testing of an element may be possible with cast-in-place
elements provided care is taken during deconstruction. For example, the removal of a
cast-in-place concrete beam would require that beam-column joints be severed between
all adjacent beams and the supporting columns. This would mean that any reinforcing
steel placed through a connection would require either cutting or demolition that would
leave the connection reinforcing intact. If the reinforcing bars were cut, the existing
section would require further design for permanent connections in a frame, which could
lead to either more waste or construction difficulty. If the joint reinforcement were
maintained, a project would be required to ensure that sufficient strength was developed
between the connection of existing member and new construction. This would again
require further design and possible construction issue. Therefore, reuse of cast-in-place
concrete members, as described here, is very unlikely and difficult.
As illustrated in the above example, although difficult, it may be possible to reuse
cast-in-place concrete components. However, to assess the sustainability of this
construction, a project must consider the construction energy required and design time
necessary for the member’s reuse as well as any other sustainable issues related to it.
Also, similar to the reuse of steel sections, design professionals would need to address the
strength and other material properties of the existing member. It is possible that a
member may be tested and determined to no longer be functional for reuse in a new
structural system. This shows that reuse of a cast-in-place concrete component between
two projects may require greater financial assets, construction, demolition and
preparation time and analysis relative to entirely new construction.
Unlike MR Credit 3: Materials Reuse, MR Credit 4: Recycled Content can benefit
the overall sustainability of a cast-in-place concrete project as well as its LEED 2009
ranking. Concrete construction, in general, has similar qualities to that of steel
construction in that new member production can be achieved including recycled
materials. Also, similar to steel, concrete section offers the opportunity for a project at its
end-of-life (demolition phase) to reuse materials from demolished structure to be
employed as recycled content for new elements. This means that a project could increase
48
its overall sustainability by employing members that include recycled materials contents
as well as planning for the reuse of their demolished sections as raw materials for new
construction. While pursuing this opportunity in new construction is possible, the only
reward currently provided to projects in the LEED 2009 rating system is for their use of
recycled materials. With concrete reuse may be viewed as a materials reuse issues and
fall under MR Credit 3 of the LEED 2009 rating system, the current document intention
does not encourage this. Other recycled materials content effects will be discussed in a
later section.
6.3.2 Cast-in-Place Concrete Member Production
The sustainable properties associated with the production of a cast-in-place
concrete member are centered on the production of the concrete, and specifically cement.
Reinforcing steel may also be an important factor contributing to sustainability of the
member. Also, construction methods associated with concrete placement can contribute
to its sustainable properties and are discussed in a later section.
Driving the sustainability of cast-in-place concrete sections are the energy
intensive aspects of cement and concrete production including raw material gathering and
byproduct emissions that are associated with both. While three of the four raw materials
in concrete (water, sand and gravel) are abundant and renewable resources, the fourth
(cement) is the single most critical material affecting the byproduct emissions,
environmental impact and sustainable properties of concrete. The mining and gathering
of raw materials for the production of cement requires various forms of energy. In
addition to this initial energy, additional energy is required to generate usable cement
mixes from these raw materials. Illustrating the energy and raw material requirements of
cement production, it has been shown an average of 1.6 tons of raw materials are required
to produce 1.0 ton of cement (Naik 2008). This high amount of input energy and raw
materials are combined with byproduct outputs that include CO2, NOx and other green
house gasses. Along with this, additional energy input is required for mixing of cement
and other raw materials for concrete production also producing CO2.
Upon review of the production requirements of concrete elements, it becomes
clear that its production requires various energy inputs during its various stages of
49
production. Consequently, production energy associated with concrete members can vary
and are related to their production facilities and raw material availability. The measures
of these focus on cement or concrete production facilities themselves and do not include
the various other energy requirements associated with concrete production (e.g. raw
material mining, transportation and carbon emissions associated with it, etc.). Due to
this, an accurate and normalized required energy value for concrete production per
volume is difficult to obtain.
The concrete industry tries to reduce the energy and environmental impact of
concrete and cement production through the use of pozzolanic and recycled industrial
materials. Materials, including but not limited to, silica fume, slag and fly ash are often
used to replace cement in concrete design mixes in an effort to increase the sustainable
and material properties of concrete. The addition of these pozzolanic materials can
reduce the total amount of raw materials required for cement production and typically
increase the strength of concrete. However, in both cement and concrete, these materials
can affect the required production energies and may lead to higher energy input
requirements.
6.3.3 Recycled Materials Content and Cast-in-Place Concrete
Concrete construction can provide several opportunities for recycled materials
content. Similar to steel, the concrete industry and research institutions have investigated
the use of industrial byproducts, such as fly-ash and slag, in construction and production
(Pentalla 1997). Along with these industrial byproducts, research has been conducted
into the use of demolished concrete sections as aggregates and raw materials for new
production (Petalla 1997). This research has displayed various material properties such
as the possibility to make gains in the mix design strength and construction functionality.
However, this same research has indicated that at higher recycled material
concentrations, concrete mixes can have increased brittleness (Pentalla 1997). As
mentioned earlier, an increase in the recycled materials content of a concrete mix can
yield and increase in the required production energy. While this increase can play a role
is analyzing design alternatives, the use of recycled materials can increase the overall
sustainability of a project.
50
6.3.4 Other Sustainable Issues of Cast-in-Place Concrete
Cast-in-place concrete construction can offer projects unique opportunities in
terms of scheduling. While cast-in-place concrete construction requires time after
placement for initial member strength to be achieved, streamlining of construction
schedules can be achieved. With proper planning, a project may be able to increase its
construction speed and decrease financial costs.
While a streamlined construction schedule can aid a project, the time required
between concrete placement and hardening of cast-in-place concrete elements can be
limiting. Unlike its steel and prestressed/precast counterparts, cast-in-place concrete
sections do not possess the ability to be loaded upon initial placement. This limitation
can have impact throughout all phases of a project. By limiting the load that can be
placed on a section during construction, the design and analysis phase may not be able to
pursue designs that employed these members in temporary use. For example, a project
that employs a partially completed portion of the structural frame as a support for loads
associated with temporary storage on an upper floor may not be able to carry that load
until the cast-in-place section met the required strength.
The volume of construction wastes generated also affect the sustainability of
construction. The required formwork and associated materials necessary for a cast-in-
place concrete frame must also be taken into account during whole project sustainability
assessment. While a project may be able to achieve high sustainable ratings through the
intelligent use of thermal energy in its design, these ratings may not offset the wastes
produced during construction.
6.4 Prestressed/Precast Concrete
Prestressed/precast concrete construction offers projects unique sustainability
opportunities in both design and construction. Among these is the ability to achieve
better material quality control not available in cast-in-place concrete construction due to
greater control during the casting process. This allows for project designers to consider
layouts not possible with other construction materials. As with the other construction
materials discussed in this chapter, research has been conducted by both industry and
academia into the sustainable qualities that prestressed/precast concrete possesses as well
51
as investigations into newer production methods and materials (Deane 2008 and Laefer
2008). As an alternative to cast-in-place and steel construction, prestressed/precast
concrete construction can allow a project to increase its overall sustainability in terms of
both environmental and financial aspects. The design of a prestressed/precast concrete
structure is typically governed by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) and Precast
Concrete Institute with additional information provided by the Portland Cement Institute.
This section addresses the LEED 2009 sustainable qualities, production, recycled
materials content and other sustainable issues associated with prestressed/precast
concrete construction. Where applicable, examples for these topics are provided as well
as an outline of the positive and negative sustainable properties that prestressed/precast
concrete can provide to a project if selected as the primary building material.
6.4.1 LEED 2009 Sustainable Qualities and Prestressed/Precast Concrete
Prestressed/precast concrete construction offers projects the opportunity to
address two of the sections of the LEED 2009 rating system. These two sections are MR
Credit 3: Section Reuse and MR. Credit 4: Recycled Materials Content.
Prestressed/precast concrete construction provides a project with the opportunity
to investigate the reuse of existing members from a previous project under MR Credit 3.
Similar to steel construction, precast/prestressed concrete construction allows for the
possibility of existing section removal during demolition of one project and reuse in a
new project. This is achieved in similar manner to that of steel construction as members
can require little modification before reuse. However, a similar issue as that which
occurs in cast-in-place concrete construction can hinder this because care must be taken
to ensure that an existing section possesses adequate strength properties through testing.
Also, analysis must be conducted on the existing component for its applicability within a
new structural design. These issues also rely heavily on the initial use of the
prestressed/precast member. For example, a project must initially allow for removal of a
component from the structural system with impact or demolition that could affect that
member (a factor for systems that employ spandrel beams with a poured concrete deck)
in its reuse. Similarly, for projects that do allow for the above, the existing member must
be of both usable geometry and strength for the new project. While these hurdles may be
52
difficult for a project to overcome, it is possible for prestressed/precast concrete
construction to achieve the goal intended by MR Credit 3: Section Reuse in the LEED
2009 rating system.
Also, similar to the discussion on cast-in-place concrete sections,
prestressed/precast concrete construction allows for the use of recycled materials in
concrete mix design. The materials involved in prestressed/precast concrete construction
can also be employed as recycled materials after demolition. Prestressed/precast concrete
construction also offers the additional ability to employ higher recycled materials
contents as both concrete design mixtures and the curing process can be controlled in way
not possible in cast-in-place concrete construction. This allows designers to achieve
strengths and material properties not possible in cast-in-place construction while still
meeting and intentions of MR Credit 4: Materials Reuse with the possibility of even
higher recycled materials contents.
6.4.2 Prestressed/Precast Concrete Member Production
The production energies and raw material required for prestressed/precast
concrete are very similar to cast-in-place concrete with the addition of a key element.
While production of cement and concrete for both cast-in-place and prestressed/precast
construction is similar, additional energy can be required for prestressed/precast members
that require specific curing methods. To increase the curing speed and strength gain time
for prestressed/precast concrete section, producers can employ steam curing and other
methods. The addition of these methods increases the energy required during production
and can affect the total required production energy and materials. For accurate
sustainability calculations, the issues discussed above affecting the material production of
cement and concrete are needed to be included with the additional curing energies.
The increased control over section production involved in prestressed/precast
construction can provide a project with the ability to increase section durability and
stiffness. As a result, prestressed/precast concrete construction attempts to include
measures that can decrease the maintenance costs associated with project operation.
However, both of these measures can affect sustainability in negative ways.
While maintenance costs are attempted to be driven down, practice has displayed
53
that project maintenance costs associated with operation can often be higher for
prestressed/precast construction (Naik 2008). Along with this, the addition of durability
and strength increase materials and admixtures can adversely affect section brittleness,
which can account for the additional maintenance costs mentioned previously. However,
prestressed/precast concrete construction offers the opportunity for reinforcement
placement and control. Similarly, prestressed/precast concrete construction has, in
general, much better quality control that traditional reinforced concrete. All of these
issues affect project sustainability and production sustainability by the increase energy
and materials costs associated with section production as well as maintenance. The
increased energy involved in improving concrete strength properties can thus adversely
affect whole project sustainability. Again, as with cast-in-place concrete, the measures
required for determination of production energy requirements can be difficult to fully
quantify and have significant effects on production design alternative selection.
6.4.3 Recycled Materials Content and Prestressed/Precast Concrete
Similar to cast-in-place concrete and steel construction, prestressed/precast
concrete construction allows for the use of recycled materials in its design. These
recycled materials often include fly-ash, silica fume, slag or recycled aggregate as with
cast-in-place concrete mix design. However, due to the control possible in production of
prestressed/precast members, percentages for recycled materials contents can be
increased due to different potentially better curing methods than cast-in-place concrete
members. The recycled materials content included in members vary relative to
application in a project. Prestressed/precast concrete sections can also offer an end-of-
life recycling option, just as cast-in-place construction, of the reuse of demolished
sections as aggregate or fill.
6.4.4 Other Sustainable Qualities of Prestressed/Precast Concrete
As with steel construction, prestressed/precast construction provides a project
with the ability for members to be loaded immediately upon placement. This advantage
can allow for streamlined construction schedules similar to those possible with steel
construction. Additionally, prestressed/precast construction allows for more complex
designs that involve structural system members playing several roles in a project’s
54
systems. For example, available to prestressed/precast construction can be the option for
piping, HVAC or other systems to be included in section design. This inclusion allows
for these additional systems (electrical, plumbing, HVAC, etc.) to be put into place while
structural construction is proceeding. This means that a project can complete multiple
systems during the same time and drive construction time and costs down. In essence,
prestressed/precast concrete sections do not limit additional systems designs as strictly as
steel construction can, and does not require on-site curing time as with cast-in-place
concrete. All of these reasons can add to a project’s overall sustainability.
Similar to transportation of structural steel members and materials for cast-in-
place concrete construction, transportation of elements to project sites can create
limitations. Whereas a project and designer may call for a larger component/member,
site access limitations can reduce the overall project sustainability by requiring that
member to be a single element. This can mean that while the opportunity to be
sustainable is provided in prestressed/precast construction, limitations can also exist.
6.5 Conclusions
Below are the conclusions that have been drawn from this study relative to each
of the material types discussed. Table 6.1 provides a summary of these conclusions.
6.5.1 Sustainable Qualities and Issues for Steel
Many issues surround the use of steel as a construction material and its
relationship to sustainability. However, it can be seen that steel construction offers the
positive attributes to project sustainability of individual or frame section reuse, recycled
materials content possibility, durability, opportunity for streamlined construction
schedules and a short period between placement and ability to resist load. The negative
sustainable attributes associated with structural steel of byproduct emission from
production (most specifically carbon dioxide), operational and maintenance requirements
including fire and corrosion protection, required testing for section or system reuse and
significant (and not fully defined) production energy requirements.
6.5.2 Sustainable Qualities and Issues for Cast-in-Place Concrete
As illustrated, numerous issues surround the use of cast-in-place concrete as a
construction material and its relationship to sustainability. However, it can be seen that
55
cast-in-place construction offers the positive attributes to project sustainability of
abundant raw materials, possibility of recycled materials contents, ability to be recycled
for future construction and unique construction and scheduling opportunities relative to
the other materials discussed herein. The negative sustainable attributes associated with
cast-in-place concrete of byproduct emissions including several GHGs, significant energy
requirements for cement production, additional energy requirements for concrete
production, higher energy requirements for incorporation of pozzolanic or recycled
materials, materials placement limitations and wastes generated during construction.
6.5.3 Sustainable Qualities and Issues for Prestressed/Precast Concrete
Prestressed/precast concrete has many issues surrounding its use as a construction
material and its relationship to sustainability. However, it can be seen that
prestressed/precast construction offers the positive attributes to project sustainability of
abundant raw materials, possibility of recycled materials contents, ability to be recycled
for future construction, possibility for streamlined and multi-system construction, short
period between placement and service and the possibly for more durable and complex
design configurations. Combating these are the negative attributes of byproduct
emissions including several GHGs, significant energy requirements for cement
production, additional energy requirements for concrete production, higher energy
requirements for incorporation of pozzolanic or recycled materials, limitations imposed
by site access and relatively high maintenance costs.
56
Material Benefits Shortcomings
Ability for frame and section
CO2 emissions
reuse
Structural Steel
Recycled materials content
Operational and maintenance
possibility
requirements
Durability
Possibility for streamlined Required testing for
construction schedules requalification
Short period from placement to Significant energy requirements
service for production
Byproduct emissions (Various
Abundant raw materials
GHGS)
C.I.P. Reinforced
Ability for use as a recycled Significant energy requirements

Concrete
material for raw material (cement)

Recycled materials content production and recycled materials
possibility contents
Construction constraints/material
Unique construction/scheduling
placement limitations
properties
Construction Wastes
Byproduct emissions (Various
Abundant raw materials
Prestressed Precast Concrete
GHGS)
Possibility of recycled materials Significant energy requirements
content for raw material (cement)
Ability to be employed as a production and recycled materials
recycled material contents
Possibility for streamlined/multi-
system construction Construction constraints/material
Short period from placement to placement limitations
service
Possibility for high durability and Relatively high maintenance
complex designs costs.
Table 6.1. Structurally applicable sustainable properties of steel, cast-in-place concrete

and prestressed/precast concrete as construction materials
57
Chapter 7: Review of Life Cycle Analysis Computer Programs
7.1 Introduction
Successful sustainable design of any structure relies on the ability of designers to
provide input to a client on design alternatives. Accurate design alternative prediction
requires various measures of energy and environmental impact analysis involving a range
of issues. The issues include but are not limited to the production energies associated
with construction materials as well as an analysis of the environmental impact materials
can have over their lifetime. While the producers of façade and non-structural building
construction materials present designers and engineers with the sustainable properties of
their products, all construction materials involved must be accounted for. This means
that a project must account for the sustainable impact that all materials included in
construction have during all planning and construction phases.
Accurate prediction of energy and environmental measures are what contribute to
the total life-cycle analysis (LCA) of a project. The sustainability of individual materials
contributes to total project sustainability and accurate prediction of sustainable qualities
are required during design alternative analysis. To achieve more accurate predictions and
allow for direct side-by-side comparison of designs’ sustainable properties, the energy
requirements for production/use, environmental impact, and end-of-life options must be
better determined. The construction materials industries and research institutions actively
must actively pursue these material sustainable properties in an effort to achieve
increased accuracy.
Private companies and government entities have created tools, in the form of life-
cycle analysis computer programs, to assist designers in these predictions. These life-
cycle analysis programs vary in capability and address different issues, such as focusing
solely on energy use, environmental impact or other LEED rating point applicable
sustainable properties (e.g., air quality, use of natural light, waste management, etc.),
58
associated with project planning and construction. These programs make calculations
based on data from a variety of industries and attempt to unify the results between
alternative designs.
In this study, three programs (Building for Environmental and Economic
Sustainability (BEES) v4.0, SimaPRO v7.1 and Athena Impact Estimator v4.0) have been
evaluated for their applicability to the life-cycle analysis of buildings alternatives. These
programs employ databases created from information provided by various sectors of the
construction materials production and construction industries and rely on the reported
energy values, environmental impacts, and other sustainable properties of construction
materials and construction processes. Both positive and negative aspects relating to
measurement of sustainable qualities of design alternative of these programs’ use will be
presented. Also, figures displaying program input requirements and output values where
relevant.
7.2 Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) v4.0
The Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) computer
program is a life-cycle analysis tool that performs side-by-side comparison of a single
construction material type involved in project design at a time. The program interface
allows its user to set weighting ratios for various aspects of both environmental and
economic impact resulting from a product’s use and compare it to another product in the
same major group element. Figures 7.1 and 7.2 show the initial program screen and the
option for applying rating ratios:
59
Figure 7.1. Screenshot of initial program screen for BEES v4.0
Figure 7.2. Screenshot of ratio weighting option offered by BEES v4.0
60
An example of the program’s materials comparison options would include
comparison of two concrete beams, made with 100% Portland cement mix and 15% fly-
ash cement mix concrete respectively, from either the same or different locations (input
as distance from manufacturing plant to project site). As described earlier, construction
discount rates for each of these beams can be weighted for user economic and
environmental importance and compared against their performance in both categories.
The ratios calculated for the environmental impact and economic performance of a
product over its life cycle are generated from a database contained within the program of
applicable product properties and uses. The values in these databases are provided by the
program for user review and contain the associated raw material inputs, byproducts of
production, wastes due to installation and maintenance, type of energy employed in
production and land use associated with life-cycle stage of a construction material. The
program’s creators, the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology,
periodically update the values in these tables BEES v4.0 employs these databases to
provide the user with both tabular and graphic representations of the products being
compared.
7.2.1 BEES v4.0 Program Outputs
Outputs from the BEES v4.0 program provide users with comparisons of single
construction material type on both economic and environmental scales. The program
inputs require users to provide distance to project site from supplier, indicating that the
tables employed in generating these outputs consider transportation costs and
environmental impacts. Using the weighting option provided, a user can indicate which
byproduct emissions or energy use issues are most important for comparison as well as
designate the importance of economic or environmental data to a project’s design. Each
of these inputs are applied the material selections made by a user from the provided
program database. The program then assesses each of the materials selected and provides
the user with both graphical and tabular outputs as well as an overall performance
combining economic and environmental outputs relative to user weighting. Provided
below are examples of program graphical output of both economic, environmental and
overall performance for an unweighted material comparison of the three façade materials
61
stucco, aluminum siding and trespa meteon with the same “distance to project site”
values.
The economic performance output provides the us
user
er with both the first and future
costs as well as the sum. As displayed in Figure 7.3, the future cost values can be both
positive and negative and are related to a materials ability to provide a project with a
financially advantageous use. The vertical axis of Figure 7.3 is the present value costs
associated with the previously discussed example while the horizontal axis is the three
design alternatives. It should also be noted that values provided from the
these
se outputs are at
present value costs.
Figure 7.3. Economic performance graphical output for stucco, aluminum siding
s and
trespa meteon
eteon comparison
The environmental performance output, Figure 7.4, provides the user with
measures of several environmental factors including the following; acidification, critical
air pollutants, ecological toxicity, eutrophication, fossil fuel depletion, global warming,
habitat alteration, human health, indoor air quality, ozone depletion, smog and water
62
intake. The measures in this output are gathered from industry data that are provided to
the program in the aforementioned performance tables.
Figure 7.4. Environmental performance graphical ooutput for

or stucco, aluminum siding
s and
trespa meteon
eteon comparison
The program assess the tabular data as well as the user input we
weights
ights and
“distance from producer” data. These values are converted within the program to
percentages of performance that are then converted to a points system. Each of the above
mentioned categories contribute to this point system and the program provides
provid the user
with and overall (with user defined weights where applicable) environmental score for
the materials being compared. The vertical axis of Figure 7.4 is the scores associated
with the previously discussed example while the horizontal axis is the three design
alternatives. As illustrated by Figures 7.3 and 7.4 from the provided example, stucco has
a relatively low economic cost with a high environmental performance (lower scores in
environmental performance as desired). The BEES v4.0 computer program
ogram also provides
the user with and overall performance output
output, displayed in Figure 7.5.
63
Figure 7.5. Overall Performance Graphical Output for Stucco, Aluminum Siding
Sidi and
Trespa Meteon comparison
This output combines the economic and environmental per

performance
formance outputs
considering any weighting ratios that are defined by the user. In the above example, the
program default weighting ratios (a 50%/50% consideration for both economic and
environmental performance) were employed. As displayed in the vertical
al axis of Figure
7.5,, the score values associated with both economic and environmental performance are
combined and presented in a similar manner to Figures 7.3 and 7.4.. The program notes
that lower values are desired in the overall perf
performance measurement.
nt. Figure 7.5
displays that, in the example provided above, aluminum siding is the project’s best
overall choice, unlike what was identified in the economic or environmental performance
graphs separately (i.e. Figure 7.3 and 7.4)
7.4).
7.2.2 BEES v4.0 Sustainable M
Measurement Advantages
The BEES v4.0 computer program offers users the ability to compare construction
materials of the same category side
side-by-side.
side. As illustrated in the example above, the
64
BEES v4.0 program provides users with insight into a specific building material choice
and its relevance to their project’s design. The program also allows users to weight the
importance of these outputs to their overall project goals. These options can have
positive impacts on total project sustainability by allowing its users to consider the
economic and environmental impact of material choice . By comparing different façade
material options (as done in the provided example), a project can determine the effect that
a product with a lower environmental impact located further from the project site can
have over other alternatives. This insight allows a project to determine which material
can best serve their sustainability goals most effectively.
The program output provides its users with both tabular and graphical
representations of material comparisons. The combination of the environmental and
economic performances of a material for the overall performance provides a project with
the ability to consider multiple weighted alternatives. The BEES v4.0 program also
allows for several iterations to be run on the same material type allowing for
consideration of several product suppliers of the same material (although each
investigation requires that a new model be constructed for the same material from
different locations). Similarly, a user can run several iterations considering building
materials in different categories for comparison. While these comparisons across
categories cannot be on the same model, the BEES v4.0 program can provide output on
each individually for visual evaluation. Again, this provides more insight into material
sustainability allowing for a project to better assess design alternatives.
7.2.3 BEES v4.0 Sustainable Measurement Disadvantages
The BEES v4.0 computer program outputs are computed from internal tables.
These tables are generated from industry data as well as other research. While updates to
these tables are made periodically, the BEES v4.0 program does not allow user to change
table values. Also, the data from which these values are obtained are also not provided to
users. Due to this, the results offered from the program analysis may not serve a
particular project, as the values provided from the program may not meet actual values of
a producer or material being considered. Therefore, the program may provide its user
with an incorrect solution for their design alternative considerations.
65
Along with this, the program can only provide a user with comparisons of one
building material type at a time. While multiple alternatives within the building type can
be compared, alternative interactions cannot without running several models. For
example, a user might want to compare façade alternatives considering multiple window
alternatives. Each analysis would need to be run separately and cannot be combined.
This means that output would only provide a project insight about one material on its
own and not data on consideration of alternative materials that may be possible from
multiple suppliers. This can be a major hindrance to total project sustainability as
building materials may be selected that do not produce the most sustainable design.
Included in these limitations is the lack of ability to define material quantities
within the program. While comparisons are made between material types, the BEES v4.0
program cannot consider the effect that larger or smaller quantities of one material
relative to another in a design alternative can have. It can thus be concluded that the
BEES v4.0 program cannot consider if economy of scale or construction advantages were
available between different design alternatives.
These negatives can outweigh the positive program aspects if accurate, and in-
depth comparison is required for a project. It can also limit the ability of project
designers to effectively contribute to project sustainability and effect a project’s overall
sustainable qualities.
7.3 SimaPRO v7.1
The SimaPRO v7.1 computer program is a life cycle analysis tool employed in the
general calculation of a product’s environmental and economic impact. SimaPRO v7.1
bases its calculations off of databases that include inputs from various sectors of the
production industry including, but not limited to, raw materials and energy requirements
for production. The program offers its user the ability to create and change the values in
its databases to better suit a designer’s needs. The SimaPRO v7.1 computer program also
allows the user to select datum input for a life cycle and environmental impact analysis
for a user-defined product generated from a program-defined list of raw materials.
However, detailed investigation into all aspects of production must be conducted prior to
the combination of raw materials for a new, non-program defined product. Figure 7.6 is
66
an example of a program--defined product, 1.0 kilogram
am of cattle feed, and the raw
materials product tree provided by the SimaPRO v7.1 program.
Figure 7.6. SimaPRO v7.1 product tree for 1.0 kilogram of cattle feed
With both the database and user

user-defined
defined products, the program can produce side-
side
by-side comparison
parison of the raw material inputs involved in alternative product designs.
SimaPRO v7.1 also offers its users the ability to select various types of analysis methods
from different regions of the world. Most notable to this study, the program allows for
the use
se of the BEES analysis method (Section 7.2) and the Tool for the Reduction and
Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts (TRACI) produced by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Using these analysis tools, the program
is able to generate both tables and figures that display the distribution of energy,
environmental impact and life
life-cycle
cycle cost associated with a product’s production
following the guidelines explained by the applicable ASTM standards for life cycle
analysis calculation
lculation (ASTM E917
E917-05, ASTM E2204-05).
7.3.1 SimaPRO v7.1 Program Outputs
67
SimaPRO v7.1 provides users with both tabular and graphical outputs of total
environmental outputs for a product. Several raw material input measures are considered
in the program analysis.
sis. These input measures are combined to determine the
contribution that each can have on several program defined environmental factors
including, but not limited to; global warming, acidification, human health-cancer,
health human
health-non-cancer,
cancer, human heal
health criteria-air
air pollutants, eutrophication, smog, natural
resource depletion and ozone depletion.
The applicable raw material impact measures for a product are considered and
employed by the program to illustrate the effect that each has on the environment.
environm Figure
7.7 illustrates a graphical output from the SimaPRO v7.1 program for the example of 1.0
kilogram of cattle feed mentioned in Section 7.3.
Figure 7.7. SimaPRO v7.1 Graphical Output for One (1) Kilogram of Cattle Feed
7.3.2 SimaPRO v7.1 Sustainable M

Measurement Advantages
Many of the features included in the SimaPRO v7.1 program package can be
advantageous to a user in considering design alternatives. The program provides users
68
with numerous defined products that have been compiled and are based off of industry
data. This can allow a user and project to assess the sustainability of a product without
product production investigation.
Along with this, the SimaPRO v7.1 program allows its users to define their own
products from the provided list of input raw materials. Thus, a project can tailor a product
to its specific use and consider its sustainability from that. Similarly, the program also
allows a user to access and change database values. This may require more detailed
investigation into a product, but can allow a project to determine the sustainability of an
option in a more effective manner.
The SimaPRO v7.1 output provides its user with side-by-side comparison of
products based on environmental measures considering their raw materials. This allows
design professionals to assess the sustainability of several design alternatives while
considering each alternative’s raw material inputs effect and availability. The program
also allows for this to be done under multiple comparison measures (the BEES
comparison and TRACI) allowing for a product analysis on two scales providing
designers with more data. The program can provide its user with multiple outputs for
various important project aspects. Most specifically the environmental, energy and
economic values associated with products. This is all done through a program-defined
life cycle cost analysis.
7.3.3 SimaPRO v7.1 Sustainable Measurement Disadvantages
The immediate and effective use of the SimaPRO v7.1 program is to provide a
user with a life cycle cost (LCC) or life cycle analysis (LCA) for product alternatives.
While this can serve comparison of products, the SimaPRO v7.1 program is not tailored
for comparison of building or structural materials. The SimaPRO v7.1 program aims to
compare products, not designs. Its ability for editing and creation of user-defined
products can achieve the goals of a design alternative analysis, but detailed investigations
are required for these product definitions as well as for accurate design alternative
comparison. Due to this, significant time and energy may be required for this program’s
output to be of value to a project assessing its overall sustainability.
Contributing to lack of value in program output are the limitations imposed by the
69
program-defined raw materials. Any user-defined products must be possible from
configurations of program-defined materials and thus can limit the types of products that
can be defined. As the program does not allow for definition of any product, it can
greatly limit the effectiveness that its outputs can have on design alternative comparison.
This relates directly to the limitations imposed by the program from its database. As with
the BEES v4.0 program, SimaPRO v7.1 can only produce results relative to its database.
If there exist errors in the manner in which data was collected or a product being
considered is produced/consists of materials outside the program-defined database, the
outputs may not be relevant to a project’s intended comparisons.
Similar to the BEES v4.0 program, SimaPRO v7.1 also cannot consider quantities
in its calculations. As discussed in Section 7.2.3, this means that alternative designs
could not accurately reflect advantages that one product can provide over another used in
a project.
Each of these limitations contribute to the overall effectiveness of the SimaPRO
v7.1 computer program in comparing alternative design options for a project and affect
the effectiveness that program outputs can have for project material choice.
7.4 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0
The Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 computer program is a building system
environmental effect calculation tool designed to help engineers and designers determine
the summary measures and/or absolute environmental effect of a design alternative by
either life-cycle stage or assembly group embodied effects. The program allows users to
create alternative building systems, based on both provided product details user-defined
products, that are compared against total (as well as by life-cycle stage) environmental
impact. The databases included in the program are generated from industry values
considering various energy use aspects including, but not limited to; electricity, hydro-
power, coal, diesel, feedstock, gasoline, heavy fuel oil, natural gas and nuclear. A
designer would generate a model based on a simple building layout (e.g., number of bays,
length of bays, etc.) for each applicable level of the building. Interior and façade details
can also be specified. The program employs the user-input design data to generate total
quantities of raw materials, which are displayed by a “Bill of Materials” report (an
70
example is provided in Figure 7.8
7.8).
Figure 7.8. Athena impact estimator v4.0 bill of materials report generic example
e
The Athena Impact Est

Estimator v4.0 then applies program-defined
defined constants to
display, in either table or graph form, the total environmental impact relative to a design
over the building product’s life cycle stages. These stages are program
program-defined
defined and
consist of manufacturing, construction, maintenance, end-of-life
life and operating energy.
Along with these individual stages, the program provides an overall energy use
assessment for each energy type combining the values of each life cycle stage. The
Athena Impact Estimator produc
produces
es these tables and graphs for each project but allows for
multiple projects to be analyzed side
side-by-side on separate graphs.
7.4.1 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 Program Outputs
The Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 provides the user with both tabular and
graphical representations
resentations of energy use involved in a building design alternative for the
entire project life cycle.. The program allows for the selection of various project locations
within North America, that alter the database employed by the program in calculating
71
project energy values. This is due to varying energy use by region North America and is
encapsulated in the program
program-defined databases.
The program interface and input requirements are most effectively employed for
projects considering building design alte
alternatives
rnatives not project design alternatives.
alterna
Provided in Figures 7.9 and 7.10 are equivalent tabular and graphical representations of
output data from a generi
genericc building design alternative and illustrate the type of outputs
(ex. electricity, coal, natural ggas, etc.) associated with a building.
Figure 7.9. Athena Impact Estimator v 4.0 tabular output

output-generic example
xample
72
Figure 7.10. Athena Impact Estimator v 4.0 graphical output-generic example
xample
The energies presented in the program outputs are determined from

fro a database.
As a user provides project details, the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 calculates a “bill of
materials” report for each input. The program then totals the materials included in the
project’s building design model and determines energy use along
ng project life cycles from
database entries. Both the tabular and graphical representations include the various units
of measure associated with each energy type. The two areas under which energy use are
calculated for each life cycle stage are material
materialss and transportation. These values are
directly related to the user
user-defined
defined material choices and geometry and the program-
program
defined databases.
Multiple outputs can be generated for design alternatives and displayed on
separate tables and graphs at the same time. However, these tables and graphs cannot be
displayed on one graph or table at the same time. Values from tables can be exported to
Microsoft Excel for further analysis.
7.4.2 Athenaa Impact Estimator v4.0 Sustainable Measurement Advantages
The Athena Impact
ct Estimator v4.0 offers many advantages for sustainable project
73
design. One of the most predominant advantages offered by the program is the ability to
consider multiple design alternatives. This allows a project to present energy and
environmental impact analysis for various layouts or designs and compare them
simultaneously. The designers then can compare design alternatives and make more
informed decisions.
Similar to this, the program can provide users with analysis results from multiple
viewpoints such as by life cycle stage or embodied energy. This means that designers
can consider the impact of their material choices relative to project life cycles as well to
total project energy requirements. Designers can thus make conclusions based on this
data relative to aspects (construction issues, maintenance issues, etc.) important to their
project. This also means that alternative design choices can display what areas of the
project life cycle will require greater energy expenditures and allow a project to plan for
this in their final design decisions.
The databases included in the program are from industry data and other outside
research efforts. It can be assumed that this data was gathered from various regions
within North America and thus can provide a user with accurate input relevant to their
project site. These database and regional considerations can be important to project
design alternative choices as their accuracy can influence the decision of designers.
The Athena Project Estimator v4.0 has the ability to include material quantities in
its calculations. Inclusion of these quantities increases the accuracy with which design
alternatives can be compared. This accuracy can aid users and project designers to
determine what design alternatives meet, exceed or fall short of their sustainability goals.
Another positive sustainable quality of the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 is that
its databases and user interface consist of both interior and exterior structural elements.
This does not mean that the program can analyze a structure for its effectiveness to resist
loads. Rather, it means that the program can consider elements of a projects design rather
than simple architectural or structural aspects separately. The program can also assess a
building design alternative over its life. This allows designers to consider aspects
surrounding material/design choice including end-of-life options.
7.4.3 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 Sustainable Measurement Disadvantages
74
One of the key issues in program use and output, as with the previously discussed
programs, are the reliability of the program defined databases. While the program
employs industry and research data, the applicability of this data to a specific project may
be incorrect. It is difficult to verify the data because it is not clear to the user every input
comes from. This means that a user may assess design alternatives that display energy
values that are not accurate relative to their material choices and product availability
within the project site’s region. This can limit the ability of both the program and
designers to accurately predict the energy expenditures associated with alternative project
designs.
The Athena Impact Estimator program shows that energy requirements increase
as material quantity increase. However, the program does not provide the user with
individual section or member sizes, just an increase in energy relative to span length.
Parametric studies employing the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 are provided in Chapter
8. These studies display program use and output more accurately, and depict that the
increases in energy are general comparison of design alternative.
The final negative sustainable quality associated with the Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0 is that its use for design alternatives can require extensive input and data.
Geometry, layout and initial design are required to achieve an accurate design alternative
comparison from the program. This means that both design time and energy must be
employed to first determine the various design alternatives as well as enter their required
data for program analysis. While this may not be difficult on relatively small projects, as
size and complexity increase, design time will increase. This can harm overall project
sustainability, as program results may not be accurate. This can lead to modeling that
detracts from design alternative decisions choices rather than adds to their effectiveness.
7.5 Conclusions and Program Highlights
Review and analysis of the three computer programs presented (Building for
Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) v4.0, SimaPRO v7.1 and Athena
Impact Estimator v4.0) led to the following program specific and general conclusions.
7.5.1 BEES v4.0 Program Conclusions
The BEES v4.0 program allows for the side-by-side comparison of building
75
materials and can integrate location from supplier to site. Simultaneous economic and
environmental analyses can be conducted including weighting ratios relative to their
importance within a project decisions making process. The program also relies heavily
on a product materials database.
One shortcoming of the BEES v4.0 program is that it compares only materials and
not project design alternatives directly. As a result only general product conclusions can
be drawn. In addition, there is uncertainty about the products database and what
information is employed to generate it. Thus, program outputs may not accurately reflect
desired project design alternatives. Finally, the program does not allow for material
quantity comparison.
7.5.2 SimaPRO v7.1 Program Conclusions
The SimaPRO v7.1 program offers a user an extensive database of predefined
materials as well as the ability to edit these materials to generate new product as required
for design alternatives. It also provides a user with side-by-side product comparison as
well as visual raw material inputs to the project under analysis. The program also allows
the user to perform environmental, energy and life cycle analyses using various analysis
methods including the BEES and TRACI methods.
SimaPRO v7.1 falls short as it only allows for comparison of product alternatives
and not design alternatives. As a result, limited raw material inputs can hinder the ability
of a user to clearly define new products leading to limitations in the results and their
effectiveness in project design alternative decision-making. Similar to the BEES v4.0
program, the program database can limit comparison effectiveness as well as its inability
to consider material quantities.
7.5.3 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 Program Conclusions
The Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 program includes environmental and energy
analysis measures. The program also allows for alternative design comparison by life
cycle stage or embodied energy effect. The values for which are determined from an
industry-generated database that includes both interior and exterior building components.
It can provide insight into energy expenditures and environmental impact at each step
along building life. Unlike the other programs discussed, the Athena Impact Estimator
76
considers material quantities in its analyses.
The Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 falls short on its effectiveness as a sustainable
design alternative comparison tool because of the trends it applies to its output data.
Energy requirements are shown to increase relative to material quantity increase and
measurements do not indicate changes in section size (this is depicted in more depth in
the studies contained in Chapter 8). Also, the program has difficulty in accurately
comparing varying structural design layouts and focuses on general architectural and
quantity comparisons. Similar to the previous programs discussed, it also relies heavily
on an industry-defined database that may not always be accurate.
7.5.4 General Life Cycle Analysis Computer Program Conclusions
In general, the three life cycle analysis programs reviewed rely heavily on
databases for analysis. These databases can distort outputs in a manner not helpful to
design alternative decision-making. The reviewed programs also lack the ability to fully
define a project’s building envelope and/or structural system. This limits how a project
can compare design alternatives. Care must also be taken in program use to address
aspects of project sustainability in effective and meaningful ways. Each of the programs
reviewed only provide general comparisons for design alternatives. This limits the
accuracy with which conclusions about design alternative can be made. Also, none of the
programs reviewed relate material strength, durability and other properties with their
program-defined sustainable properties. This limits the type of comparisons that can be
made as well as the effectiveness of any research based on these programs’ use.
The programs reviewed are not effective for structural system or whole project
modeling on their own. Use of multiple programs may lead to more effective design
results, but this is unclear as their shortcomings are often overlapping and may not
provide all the necessary solutions for accurate design alternative comparisons at this
point in time.
77
Chapter 8: Modeling and Analysis with the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0
8.1 Introduction
This chapter presents sustainability analysis of beams, columns and concrete slabs
using the Athena Impact Software v4.0. It was concluded from the review of available
computer programs that the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 would best serve in parametric
studies to assess the relationship between structural members and energy consumption.
This modeling was conducted to evaluate the energy consumption values associated with
the following structural elements and properties:
• Wide Flange (WF), Concrete and Glulam columns’ energy consumption relative to
column height
• Wide Flange, Concrete and Glulam columns’ energy consumption relative to live
load
• Wide Flange, Concrete and Glulam beams’ energy consumption relative to span
length
• Wide Flange, Concrete and Glulam beams’ energy consumption relative to live load
• Concrete Suspended Slabs’ energy consumption relative to span length
• Concrete Suspended Slabs’ energy consumption relative to live load
• Concrete Suspended Slabs’ energy consumption relative to concrete strength
• The concrete strength of Concrete Suspended Slabs’ energy consumption relative to
live load
• The fly-ash percentage of Concrete Suspend Slabs’ energy consumption relative to
gross floor area
• The fly-ash percentage of Concrete Suspend Slabs’ energy consumption relative to
live load
This modeling assesses the output energy values associated with varying widths
and lengths of the columns, beams and slabs displayed in Figure 8.1.
78
Figure 8.1. Illustration of structure employed as generic model for Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0 energy consumption assessment
For each of the studies, the values for height, span, live load, concrete strength
and concrete fly-ash percentage were varied individually holding other values constant to
determine the effect that each had on energy consumption as predicted by the Athena
Impact Estimator v4.0. The manner in which each value was varied is presented in the
next section
8.2 Modeling Parameters
Figure 8.2 displays the initial input screen when starting a new project in the
Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 computer program.
79
Figure 8.2.. Screenshot of initial input interface for a “New” project in Athena
Athe Impact
Estimator v4.0
In all modeling, the “Project Location” dropdown window was set to “USA.”
Also, the “Building Type” was maintained as “Comm
“Commercial.”
ercial.” Displayed on Figure 8.2
are two highlighted inputs. These inputs are “Gross Floor Area” and “Building
Building Life
Expectancy”.. All studies were conducted in “Imperial” units. The “Project Number” and
“Project Description” input fields were left blank.
Figure 8.3 displays the input screen obtained after completing the initial input
screen parameter inputs
ts and clicking the “Edit” dropdown tab in the program interface
and selecting “Add Assembly”, “Floor” and “Concrete Suspended Slab”.
80
Figure 8.3.. Screenshot of iinterface
nterface for “Concrete Suspended Slab” in Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0
Displayed on Figure 8.3 are five highlighted inputs: “Floor Width”,

Width” “Span”,
“Concrete Flyash %”, “Concrete” and “Live Load”. Figure 8.4 displays the input screen
obtained by clicking on the “Edit” dropdown tab in the program interfa
interface
ce and selecting
“Add Assembly” and “Mixed Columns and Beams”.
81
Figure 8.4. Screenshot of iinterface
nterface for “Mixed Columns and Beam” in Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0
In all modeling, the “Number of Columns” and “Number of Beams” were set to 4.
Displayed on the figure are six highlighted inputs: “Bay Size”, “Supported Span”, “Floor
to Floor Height”,, “Live Loa
Load”, “Column Type” and “Beam Type”.. Table 8.1 provides a
list of all highlighted input
inputs for reference.
Highlighted Input Label Reference to Figure Name Reference
Input 1 Figure 14 Gross
ross Floor Area
Input 2 Figure 14 Building Life Expectancy
Input 3 Figure 15 Floor Width
Input 4 Figure 15 Span
Input 5 Figure 15 Concrete Flyash %
Input 6 Figure 15 Concrete
Input 7 Figure 15 Live Load
Input 8 Figure 16 Bay Size
Input 9 Figure 16 Supported Span
Input 10 Figure 16 Floor to Floor Height
Input 11 Figure 16 Live Load
Input 12 Figure 16 Column Type
Input 13 Figure 16 Beam Type
Table 8.1. List of highlighted input labels and references

82
For each study, individual models were built
built.. After model construction, the
project heading, displayed in Figure 8.5
8.5, was highlighted.
Figure 8.5. Screenshot of project assembly tree with project heading highlighted
ighlighted
With the project heading highlighted, the “Report

“Reports…”
s…” tab was selected. Figure
Figur
8.6 displays the interface window associated with the “Reports…” tab and highlights the
four areas of importance.
83
Figure 8.6. Screenshot of “Reports” interface
nterface window with highlighted areas
Figure 8.6 displays the “Report Format” as “Table

“Table”, the “Format”
mat” as “Absolute Value”,
the “Type” as “By Life C
Cycle Stages” and that the “Absolute Values” box for “Energy” is
checked. These same sele
selections were made for all models.
Once thesee selections were made, the “Show Reports” button was pressed.
Pressing this
is button produced the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 output table of “Energy
Consumption Absolute Value By Life Cycle Stages” for each model. This table includes
the life cycle stages; “Manufacturing”, “Construction”, Maintenance”, “End – Of – Life”,
“Operating
ating Energy” and “Total”. The measured energies provided in these tables
include; Electricity (kWh), Hydro (MJ), Coal (MJ), Diesel (MJ), Feedstock (MJ),
Gasoline (MJ), Heavy Fuel Oil (MJ), LPG (MJ), Natural Gas (MJ), Nuclear (MJ) and
Wood (MJ). It shouldd be noted that not all measured energy outputs, as listed in the
previous sentence, are included in all model output tables. The measured values are
dependent on the materials being assessed. However, measured energy outputs are
generally included in all the models employed in this study with the exception of Wood
84
(MJ), which varies with the selection of Glulam for Inputs 12 and 13.
The values from these tables were exported from the Athena Impact Estimator
v4.0 to Microsoft Excel. From there, all units were converted to MJ (the conversion unit
of 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ was employed in converting the Electricity output) and summed for a
total energy consumption value for each model. These total energy consumption values
were then compared via the parameters varied in each study. All exported tables are
provided in Appendix A.
8.3 Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 Parametric Studies
This section provides the information relevant to the parametric studies that were
conducted.
8.3.1 Study 1: Column Energy Consumption
The intention of this study was to assess the required energy consumption per
length of three column types (Wide Flange, Concrete and Glulam) as predicted by the
Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 computer program. In this study, all values associated
with the slab and beams lengths and widths (as illustrated in Figure 8.1) were held
constant while the floor-to-floor height, column type and live load were varied.
8.3.1.1 Study 1: Input Values
Table 8.2 displays all input labels included in this study along with their constant
or varied value, a reference to their name and a reference to their applicable figure. Table
8.2 also displays the values for the parameters that were varied as applicable.
85
Input Reference to Name Reference Value Unit
Label Figure
Input 1 Figure 14 Gross Floor Area 400 ft2
Input 2 Figure 14 Building Life Expectancy 50 Years
Input 3 Figure 15 Floor Width 20 ft
Input 4 Figure 15 Span 20 ft
Input 5 Figure 15 Concrete Flyash % average %
Input 6 Figure 15 Concrete 4000 psi
Input 7 Figure 15 Live Load 45 psf
Input 8 Figure 16 Bay Size 20 ft
Input 9 Figure 16 Supported Span 20 ft
Input 10 Figure 16 Floor to Floor Height Varied (10-15) ft
Input 11 Figure 16 Live Load Varied (45, 75, 100) psf
Input 12 Figure 16 Column Type Varied (WF, Concrete, Glulam) --
Input 13 Figure 16 Beam Type WF --
Table 8.2. Values employed for inputs in study 1
8.3.2 Study 1: Analysis

The values provided in Table 8.2 were employed to generate models for each of
the varied parameters. The “Energy Consumption Absolute Value By Life Cycle Stages”
output tables for each model from the Athena Impact Estimator were generated and are
provided in Appendix A1.
Table 8.3 provides the total energy consumption values as tabulated from the
values provided in Appendix A1 for each varied “Column Type” and “Live Load” by the
applicable “Floor to Floor Height”. Table 8.3 was employed to generate Figures 8.7
through 8.10.
86
Live 45 psf Live 75 psf Live 100 psf
Column Column Column

WF WF WF
Type Type Type
Energy Energy Energy
Height Height Height
(MJ) (MJ) (MJ)
(ft) (ft) (ft)
10 95966.2 10 116149.5 10 152774.1
11 97002.9 11 117186.2 11 154433.6
12 98039.6 12 118222.9 12 156093.1
13 99076.3 13 119259.6 13 157752.7
14 100113.1 14 120296.3 14 159412.2
15 101149.8 15 121333.1 15 161071.8

Concrete Concrete Concrete
Type Type Type
(MJ) (MJ) (MJ)
(ft) (ft) (ft)
10 135071.1 10 157405.2 10 189196.3
11 140018.2 11 162567.4 11 194498.0
12 144965.3 12 167729.6 12 199799.8
13 149912.4 13 172891.8 13 205101.6
14 154859.7 14 178054.0 14 210403.3
15 159806.9 15 183216.5 15 215705.1

Glulam Glulam Glulam
Type Type Type
(MJ) (MJ) (MJ)
(ft) (ft) (ft)
10 87824.2 10 107844.7 10 140016.5
11 88028.1 11 108048.6 11 140379.5
12 88232.0 12 108252.5 12 140742.5
13 88435.9 13 108456.4 13 141105.4
14 88639.8 14 108660.3 14 141468.4
15 88843.7 15 108864.2 15 141831.4
Estimator v4.0 for the applicable input variations
87
y = 5162.3x + 105783
195.0 R² = 1
185.0
175.0
Energy Consumption (MJ x 103)
165.0
155.0
145.0
135.0
y = 1036.7x + 105782
R² = 1
125.0
y = 203.91x + 105806
115.0 R² = 1
105.0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Column Height (ft.)
WF Con crete Glulam
Figure 8.7. Column height vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 45 psf
y = 4947.2x + 85599
165.0 R² = 1
155.0
145.0
135.0
125.0
115.0
y = 1036.7x + 85599
105.0 R² = 1
95.0 y = 203.91x + 85785

R² = 1
85.0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Column Height (ft.)
WF Con crete Glulam
88
y = 5301.8x + 136179
R² = 1
225.0
215.0
205.0
195.0
185.0
175.0
y = 1659.5x + 136179
R² = 1
165.0
155.0
y = 362.97x + 136387
R² = 1
145.0
135.0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Column Height (ft.)
WF Con crete Glulam
220.0
200.0
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Live Load (psf)
WF Co ncrete Glulam
Figure 8.10. Live load vs. total energy consumption for columns
89
Figures 8.7 through 8.9 display the relationship between Column Height and
Total Energy Consumption that the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 output tables provide
for the three column types investigated (WF, Concrete and Glulam) at the live loads
investigated (45 psf, 75 psf, and 100 psf). Figure 8.10 displays the relationship between
Live Load and Total Energy Consumption for the three column types investigated.
Along with this, trendlines have been calculated in Microsoft Excel to determine the best-
fit linear equation where applicable.
8.3.3 Study 1: Conclusions
The following conclusions have been drawn from the graphs generated in this
study:
• Energy consumption is highest with concrete as the column type devoid of
column height
• Energy consumption increases linearly as volume of material of a column
increases
• Steel columns are approximately 3-5 times more energy conservative than
Concrete columns depending on live load
• Glulam columns are approximately 14-25 times more energy conservative
than Concrete columns depending on live load
• Glulam columns are approximately 4.5-5.5 times more energy conservative
than steel columns depending on live load
• Energy consumption increases as live load on columns increases
• Energy consumption is highest with Concrete as the column type devoid of
live load choice
8.4 Study 2: Beam Energy Consumption
The intention of this study was to assess the required energy consumption per
length of a beam as predicted by the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 computer program.
In this study, the values associated with the columns height, slab length, beam length and
slab width (as illustrated in Figure 8.1) were held constant, while the values for beam
span, beam type and live load were varied.
8.4.1 Study 2: Input Values
90
Table 8 displays all input labels included in this study along with their constant or
varied value, a reference to their name and a reference to their applicable figure. Table 8
also displays which parameters were varied as applicable.
Input Reference Name Reference Value Unit
Label to Figure
Input 5 Figure 15 Concrete Flyash % average %
Input 8 Figure 16 Bay Size Varied (15, 20, 25, 30) ft
Input 10 Figure 16 Floor to Floor Height 12 ft
Input 12 Figure 16 Column Type WF --
Input 13 Figure 16 Beam Type Varied (WF, Concrete, Glulam) --

The values provided in Table 8.4 were employed to generate models for each of the
varied parameters. The “Energy Consumption Absolute Value By Life Cycle Stages”
output tables for each model from the Athena Impact Estimator are provided in Appendix
A2. Table 8.5 provides the total energy consumption values as tabulated from the values
provided in Appendix A2 for each varied “Beam Type” and “Live Load” by the
applicable “Bay Size”. This table was employed to generate the graphs in Figures 8.11
through 8.14.
91
Live Live Live
45 psf 75 psf 100 psf
Load Load Load
Beam Beam Beam

WF WF WF
Type Type Type
Beam Beam Beam
Length Length Length
(MJ) (MJ) (MJ)
(ft) (ft) (ft)
15 85541.5 15 100678.8 15 130950.0
20 98039.6 20 118222.9 20 156093.1
25 174317.0 25 203038.0 25 263157.8
30 199571.2 30 234036.2 30 304685.4
40 381310.9 40 419694.5 40 530049.6
Beam Beam Type

Type Type Beam
Beam Beam Beam
(MJ) (MJ) (MJ)
(ft) (ft) (ft)
15 71600.5 15 81220.9 15 90877.4
20 82802.2 20 95996.6 20 106813.5
25 94003.9 25 110772.0 25 122750.0
30 105205.6 30 125547.7 30 138686.2
40 127608.9 40 155098.8 40 170558.8
Beam Beam Beam

Glulam Glulam Glulam
Type Type Type
Beam Beam Beam
(MJ) (MJ) (MJ)
(ft) (ft) (ft)
15 64090.7 15 65869.5 15 84006.3
20 69520.6 20 71892.3 20 93632.4
25 91968.9 25 94011.2 25 127028.1
30 100802.4 30 103253.2 30 141408.1
40 148239.7 40 148310.2 40 209857.4
92
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Live Load (psf)
WF Concrete Glulam
Figure 8.11. Beam length vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 45 psf
420.0
400.0
380.0
360.0
340.0
320.0
300.0
280.0
260.0
240.0
220.0
200.0
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
Beam Length (ft.)
WF Concrete Glulam
93
540.0
520.0
500.0
480.0
460.0
440.0
420.0
400.0
380.0
360.0
340.0
320.0
300.0
280.0
260.0
240.0
220.0
200.0
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
Beam Length (ft.)
WF Concrete Glulam
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Live Load (psf)
WF Concrete Glulam
Figure 8.14. Live load vs. total energy consumption for beams
94
Figures 8.11 through 8.13 display the relationship between Beam Length and
Total Energy Consumption that the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 output tables provide
for the three beam types investigated (WF, Concrete and Glulam) at the live loads
investigated (45 psf, 75 psf, and 100 psf). Figure 8.14 displays the relationship between
Live Load and Total Energy Consumption for the three beam types investigated.
study:
• Energy consumption is highest with Wide Flange as the beam type devoid of
beam length
• Energy consumption increase as volume of material of a beam increases
• Energy consumption for Wide Flange beams increase at a greater rate as span
length increases as compared to Concrete and Glulam beams
• At beams lengths of 20 – 30 ft, energy consumption is similar for Concrete
and Glulam beams with live loads of 45 psf and 100 psf
• Energy consumption increases as live load on beams increases
• Energy consumption is highest with Wide Flange as the beam type devoid of
live load choice
• Energy consumption for Wide Flange beams increase at a greater rate as live
load increases as compared to Concrete and Glulam beams
8.5 Study 3: Concrete Suspended Slab Span Energy Consumption
The intention of this study was to assess the required energy consumption
associated with span length of a slab as predicted by the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0
computer program. In this study, the values associated with the columns height, slab
width, beam length and beam width (as illustrated in Figure 8.1) were held constant,
while the values for slab length and live load were varied.
or varied value, a reference to their name and a reference to their applicable figure. Table
8.6 also displays which parameters were varied as applicable.
95
Label to Figure
Input 4 Figure 15 Span Varied (15, 20, 25, 28, 30) ft
Input 5 Figure 15 Concrete Flyash % Average %

A3.
Table 8.7 provides the total energy consumption values as tabulated from the values
provided in Appendix A3 for each varied “Span” and “Live Load” by the applicable “Bay
Size”. This table was employed to generate the graphs in Figures 8.15 and 8.16.
96
Live Live Live
Load Load Load
Span Span Span
(MJ) (MJ) (MJ)
(ft) (ft) (ft)
15 84803.8 15 84560.0 15 87448.7
20 98039.6 20 98099.2 20 104681.8
25 117948.8 25 118010.4 25 126864.3
28 134041.7 28 133836.9 28 142674.7
30 146801.3 30 146267.8 30 154297.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Span Length (ft.)
45 PSF 75 PSF 100 PSF
Figure 8.15. Concrete suspended slab span length vs. total energy consumption
97
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Live Load (psf)
15 ft. Span 20 ft. Span 25 ft. Span 28 ft. Span 30 ft. Span
Figure 8.16. Live load vs. total energy consumption for concrete suspended slab at span
lengths of 15, 20, 25, 28 and 30-ft
Figures 8.15 displays the relationship between Concrete Suspended Slab span
length and Total Energy Consumption that the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 output
tables provide for the three live loads investigated (45 psf, 75 psf, and 100 psf). Figure
8.16 displays the relationship between Live Load and Total Energy Consumption at each
the three live loads investigated (45 psf, 75 psf, and 100 psf) for five span lengths (15-ft.,
20-ft., 25-ft., 28-ft. and 30-ft.) investigated.
study:
• Energy consumption is highest at a live load of 100 psf devoid of slab span
length
• Energy consumption increase as volume of material of a slab increases
• Energy consumption for live loads of 45 and 75 psf are nearly identical for
98
increased span
• Energy consumption increases as slab span length increases
• Energy consumption increases as live load on slab increases
8.6 Study 4: Concrete Strength Energy Consumption
The intention of this study was to assess the required energy consumption
associated with the concrete strength of a slab as predicted by the Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0 computer program. In this study, the values associated with the columns
height, slab length, slab width, beam length and beam width (as illustrated in Figure 8.1)
were held constant, while the values for concrete strength and live load were varied.
or varied value, a reference to their name and a reference to their applicable figure Table
8.8 also displays which parameters were varied as applicable.
Label to Figure
Input 5 Figure 15 Concrete Flyash % Average %
Input 6 Figure 15 Concrete Varied (3000, 4000, 9000) psi

A4.
99
values provided in Appendix A4 for each varied “Span” and “Live Load” by the
applicable “Bay Size”. This table was employed to generate the graphs in Figures 8.17
and 8.18.
Live Live Live

Load Load Load
Strength Strength Strength
(MJ) (MJ) (MJ)
(psi) (psi) (psi)
3000 78535.6 3000 78480.2 3000 80470.5
4000 84803.8 4000 84560.0 4000 87448.7
9000 86093.4 9000 85810.7 9000 88884.3
90.0
87.5
85.0
82.5
80.0
77.5
75.0
2500 3500 4500 5500 6500 7500 8500 9500
Concrete Strength (psi)
45 PSF 75 PSF 100 PSF
Figure 8.17. Concrete suspended slab concrete strength vs. total energy consumption
100
90.0
87.5
85.0
82.5
80.0
77.5
75.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Live Load (psf)
3000 psi 4000 psi 9000 psi
Figure 8.18. Live load vs. total energy consumption for concrete suspended slab at
concrete strengths of 3000, 4000 and 9000 psi
Figures 8.17 displays the relationship between Concrete Suspended Slab concrete
strength and Total Energy Consumption that the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 output
tables provide for the three live loads investigated (45 psf, 75 psf, and 100 psf). Figure
8.18 displays the relationship between Live Load and Total Energy Consumption for
each the three live loads investigated (45 psf, 75 psf, and 100 psf) at the three concrete
strengths (3000 psi, 4000 psi and 9000 psi) investigated.
study:
• Energy consumption increase as concrete strength increases
• Energy consumption increases are similar for live loads of 45 and 75 psf
• Energy consumption increases as slab material increases
101
• Energy consumption for 100 psf live load is the most energy intensive devoid
of concrete strength
• Energy consumption is lower at lower live loads
• The range between energy consumption relative to concrete strength decreases
with higher concrete strength.
8.7 Study 5: Concrete Fly-Ash Percentage Effect on Energy Consumption
The intention of this study was to assess the required energy consumption for a
slab area relative to concrete fly-ash percentage as predicted by the Athena Impact
Estimator v4.0 computer program. In this study, the values associated with the column
height, beam width and slab width (as illustrated in Figure 8.1) were held constant. The
values for the slab length and beam length were varied to achieve the same floor area for
the slab and between the beams. This floor area was also set equal in the initial project
parameters interface (see Figure 8.2). The concrete fly-ash percentage was also varied.
It should be noted that this is the only study in which beam and slab lengths were varied
to match gross floor area.
Table 8.10 displays the input labels that were held constant in this study as well as
their value. Table 8.10 also displays which parameters were varied as applicable.
Input Reference to Figure Reference Value Unit
Label
Input 1 Figure 14 Gross Floor Area Varied (300, 400, 500, 600) ft2
Input 4 Figure 15 Span Varied (15, 20, 25, 30) ft
Input 5 Figure 15 Concrete Flyash % Varied (average, 25%, 35%) %
Input 8 Figure 16 Bay Size Varied (15, 20, 25, 30) ft
102
A5.
values provided in Appendix A5 for each varied “Concrete Flyash %” and “Live Load”
by the applicable “Gross Floor Area”. This table was employed to generate the graphs in
Figures 8.19 through 8.22.
103
Live 45 psf Live 75 psf Live 100 psf
Load Load Load
Flyash % Average Flyash % Average Flyash % Average

Floor Energy Floor Energy Floor Energy
2 2 2
Area (ft ) (MJ) Area (ft ) (MJ) Area (ft ) (MJ)
300 72305.7 300 72061.8 300 74950.6
400 98039.6 400 98099.2 400 104681.8
500 194226.2 500 194287.8 500 203141.7
600 248332.9 600 247799.4 600 255828.6
Flyash % 25% Flyash % 25% Flyash % 25%

2 2 2
300 70970.5 300 70766.8 300 73464.1
400 95840.5 400 95942.0 400 102100.2
500 190762.6 500 190895.3 500 199204.5
600 243090.0 600 242703.5 600 250299.2
Flyash % 35% Flyash % 35% Flyash % 35%

2 2 2
300 69635.3 300 69471.7 300 71977.7
400 93641.2 400 93784.8 400 99518.5
500 187299.0 500 187502.7 500 195267.3
600 237847.0 600 237607.5 600 244769.8
Table 8.11. Total energy consumption values for study 3 as provided by the Athena
Impact Estimator v4.0 for the applicable input variations
104
250.0
240.0
230.0
220.0
210.0
200.0
190.0
180.0
170.0
160.0
150.0
140.0
130.0
120.0
110.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Gross Floor Area (ft2)
25% 35%
Figure 8.19. Gross floor area vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 45 psf
260.0
250.0
240.0
230.0
220.0
210.0
200.0
190.0
180.0
170.0
160.0
150.0
140.0
130.0
120.0
110.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
25% 35%
Figure 8.20. Gross floor area vs.total energy consumption at a live load of 75 psf
105
250.0
240.0
230.0
220.0
210.0
200.0
190.0
180.0
170.0
160.0
150.0
140.0
130.0
120.0
110.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
25% 35%
Figure 8.21. Gross floor area vs. total energy consumption at a live load of 100 psf
75.0
74.0
73.0
72.0
71.0
70.0
69.0
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110
Live Load (psf)
25% 35%
Figure 8.22. Live load vs. total energy consumption for concrete suspended slab fly-ash
percentages
106
Figures 8.19 through 8.21 display the relationship between gross floor area and
total energy consumption that the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 output tables provide for
the three concrete fly-ash percentages investigated (average, 25%, 35%) at the live loads
investigated (45 psf, 75 psf, and 100 psf) for a Concrete Suspended Slab. Figure 8.22
displays the relationship between live load and total energy consumption for a Concrete
Suspended Slab.
study:
• Energy consumption decreases as fly-ash percentage increases devoid of live
load amount
• The energy consumption decrease relative to fly-ash percentage is greater at
larger floor areas
• Energy consumption decreases for all fly-ash percentages as when live load is
increased
• Energy consumption for 100 psf live load is the most energy intensive devoid
of fly-ash percentage
8.8 Concluding Remarks
All studies conducted in this chapter employed output data from The Athena
Impact Estimator. Microsoft excel was employed for data manipulation. No other
computer program was employed in this analysis. Due to this, all finding and
conclusions made in these studies are subject to any inherent limitations included in The
Athena Impact Estimator. Conclusions about beams, columns, slabs, spans, concrete
strengths, live loads, fly-ash percentages lengths and heights all refer to The Athena
Impact Estimator inputs and any and all definitions associated with them.
107
Chapter 9: Conclusions, Limitations and Recommendations
9.1 Summary and Concluding Remarks
Sustainability, as defined by the World Commission on Environment and
Development of the United Nations (1987), is achieved by “meeting the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own
needs”. In response to this, the engineering community has been working to develop
accurate methods for determining and comparing the sustainability of design alternatives.
This study investigated the issues involved in achieving sustainable designs for projects’
structural systems and assessed some of the measurement methods currently in use.
Five potential sustainable structural design methodologies are presented:
Minimizing Material Use, Minimizing Material Production Energy, Minimizing
Embodied Energy, Life-Cycle Analysis/Inventory/Assessment and Maximizing
Structural Reuse. Each design methodology reviewed in Chapter 3 defines sustainability
in structural design in a unique way and looks to employ that unique definition in
assessing and achieving the most sustainable design. However, use of any single design
methodology can limit project sustainability, as outline in Table 3.1. Review of these
five potential solutions for the problem of achieving a sustainable structural design, and
their positive and negative sustainable qualities, displays that no one methodology can
guarantee the most sustainable design. It is suggested that the use of two or more design
methodologies is more advantageous to sustainable design as the positive qualities of one
methodology can offset the negative qualities of another.
The categories of the 2009 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) rating system are reviewed to see which points could be awarded to a project to
improve sustainability of its structural frame. Chapter 4 describes the aspects of design
related to its structural system for which a project can receive up to 10 rating points.
These points account for ten percent of the total possible points that can be awarded in
108
the LEED rating system. Illustrated by the low percentage of points that can be earned
by a structural system in LEED is the lack of weight that this rating systems give to this
aspect of design. It can be inferred from this that were more importance to be placed on
the sustainable design of structural frames in the LEED rating system, more efficient
designs and thus overall higher project sustainability would result. Thus, the LEED
rating system has little effect on structural system sustainability and can negatively affect
overall project sustainability. Also, demolition, maintenance and durability requirements
are not considered in LEED.
The role that project size and structural system-type play on aspects of sustainable
design are presented. Design and analysis phase, land use, investments in sustainable
technologies, use of wood as a primary load bearing material are some of the critical
issues discussed in Chapter 5. Reviews of the effect that project size and structural
system-type can have on these aspects of design displays that they are closely tied to
overall project sustainability. During initial project design, attention to the impact that
increased project size has on structural system material requirements as well as overall
project sustainable is important. Designers and owners should consider the implications
that selection of one design alternative over another can have relative to its ability to
achieve a successful sustainable design.
Structurally applicable sustainable properties associated with structural steel, cast-
in-place and prestessed/precast concrete are reviewed. Each material presents unique
sustainable qualities that can be advantageous to sustainable design. However, each
material also presents unique construction requirements, by-product emissions and
impact of project operation and maintenance. It was concluded that no single
construction material discussed in Chapter 6 guarantees that the most sustainable design
will be achieved. Use of different materials for a structural system can contribute to
overall project sustainability but the combination can prove to be less sustainable. It is
suggested that designers consider multiple design alternatives paying close attention to
project location and material availability.
A review of life-cycle analysis computer programs (e.g. Building for
Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) v4.0, SimaPRO v7.1 and Athena
109
Impact Estimator v4.0) was conducted to assess the sustainability of design alternatives.
This review displays that the reviewed life-cycle analysis programs do not provide users
with definite conclusions about design alternative sustainability. Potential inaccuracy
included in internal program tables, limiting raw material input choices and analysis
methods that do not accurately changes in design alternatives all contribute to this. It can
thus be concluded that current design alternative comparison programs do not meet the
basic needs of engineers in determining structural sustainability.
Structural system sustainability has many issues that can be affected by all aspects
of project design. Accurate prediction of the sustainability of design alternatives relies
heavily on accuracy of the data provided by industry. Thus the current analysis tools and
methodologies may be inaccurate. To increase overall project and structural system
sustainability, consideration to the role that structural systems play and the impact that
they can on overall project sustainable properties must be given. More accurate and
encompassing industry data is required to assess design alternative’s sustainability.
Current sustainable rating systems should also include the role that a project’s structural
system plays in sustainability as well as how raw material requirements and material
production energies contribute to the overall sustainable properties of a project.
Parametric studies using the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 can be employed to
investigate relationships between energy consumption and structural systems. Energy
consumption of structural members varies depending on their material type and length.
The energy consumption associated with columns, beams, slabs, concrete strength and
fly-ash percentage are unique in their response to changes in live load and system
geometry. The program’s internal analysis tools limit any conclusions drawn from use of
the Athena Impact Estimator.
9.2 Conclusions
This study has concluded the following:
• No single current sustainable design methodology can address all project
sustainability issues at this time.
• The LEED 2009 rating system does not reward projects for sustainable design of
their structural systems in the same manner it does other aspects of design.
110
• Construction type and project size can have significant impact on sustainable
opportunities for a project.
• No single construction material is the most sustainable compared to others for all
design types at this time.
• Existing sustainability analysis software does not meet the current needs of its
users in assessing design alternative sustainable properties.
• Use of the Athena Impact Estimator can provide insights into the relationship
between energy consumption and structural system member types but is limited
by the internal program analysis methods and definitions.
9.3 Limitations
This study has been limited by the following:
• Lack of previous research involving the application of each of the aforementioned
design methodologies simultaneously.
• Lack and difficultly of the development of equations and methods for completing
each of the proposed methodologies within a structural design.
• Lack of research providing quantitative values on the effect that project size and 3
• Inaccurate or limiting data on total production inputs and energy requirements for
construction materials.
• The limited number and accuracy of tools and computer programs to assess
sustainable design alternative.
9.4 Recommendations
The following suggestions were outside the scope of this thesis and suggested as
recommendations for future research:
• The analysis of various structures of different size and material choice to
determine the overall production energies inputs and values associated with each.
• Investigation of use of each of the design methodologies suggested for
comparative structures separately as well as in combination.
• Careful review of the LEED rating system’s importance and impact on
sustainable designs from a structural perspective be conducted including
investigation into what LEED ratings can be achieved following the any (or any
111
combination of the mentioned design methodologies.
• The development of a more accurate sustainable design alternative assessment
computer program or other tools that can be used by engineers.
112
References
ASTM International. ASTM E 917-05: Standard Practice for Measuring Life Cycle of
Building and Building Systems. Book of ASTM Standards, 2005.
ASTM International. ASTM E 1057-06: Internal Rate of Return and Adjusted Internal
Rate of Return for Investments. Book of ASTM Standards, 2006.
ASTM International. ASTM E 1074-06: Net Benefits and Net Savings for Investments.
Book of ASTM Standards, 2006.
ASTM International. ASTM E 1121-07: Measuring Payback. Book of ASTM Standards,

2007.
ASTM International. ASTM E 1185-07: Economic Methods for Evaluating Investments.

Book of ASTM Standards, 2007.
ASTM International. ASTM E 2204-05: Standard Guide for Summarizing the Economic
Impacts of Building-Related Project. Book of ASTM Standards, 2005.
Beheiry, S. M. A., Chong, W. K., and Haas, C. T. Examining the Business Impact of
Owner Commitment to Sustainability. Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, Vol. 132, No. 4, 2006, pp. 384-392.
Deane, M. The Builder’s Role in Delivering Sustainable Tall Buildings. The Structural
Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 17, No. 5, 2008, pp. 869-880.
Elnimeri, M. and Gupta, P. Sustainable Structure of Tall Buildings. The Structural

Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 17, No. 5, 2008, pp. 881-894.
Fruehan, R.J., Fortinti, O., Paxton, H.W. and Brindle, R. Theoretical Minimum Energies
to Produce Steel for Selected Conditions. U.S. Department of Energy. 2002.
Horvath, A. and Hendrickson, C. Steel versus Steel-Reinforced Concrete Bridges:

Environmental Assessment. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Vol. 4, No. 3,
1998, pp. 111-117.
Kestner, D. M. Sustainable Design. Structure Magazine, 2007, pp. 7
Laefer, D. and Manke, J. Building Reuse Assessment for Sustainable Urban

Reconstruction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 134,
No. 3, 2008, pp. 217-227
113
Moon, K. Material-Saving Design Strategies for Tall Building Structures. Proceedings:
Tall & Green: Typology for a Sustainable Urban Future: CTBUH 8th World
Congress, Dubai, March 3-5 2008.
Moon, K. S. Sustainable Structural Engineering Strategies for Tall Buildings. The

Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 17, No. 5, 2008, pp. 895-
914.
Naik, T. Sustainability of Concrete Construction. Practice Periodical on Structural Design

and Construction, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2008, pp. 98-103.
National Institute of Standards and Technology. Building for Environmental and

Economic Sustainability Technical Manual and User Guide, 2007.
Penttala, V. Concrete and Sustainable Development. ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 94, No.
5, 1997, pp. 409-416.
Price, L., Sinton, J., Worrell, E., Phylipsen, D., Xiulian, H. and Ji, L. Energy Use and
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Steel Production in China. Lawrence Berkley
National Laboratory, 2001, pp. 1-20.
Shi, J. and Han, T. Conceiving Methods and Innovative Approaches for Tall Building
Structure Systems. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 2009,
Early View.
Szekely, J. Steelmaking and Industrial Ecology-Is Steel a Green Material. ISIJ

International, V. 36, No. 1, 1996, pp. 121-132.
Trabucco, D. An Analysis of the Relationship between Service Cores and the

Embodied/Running Energy of Tall Buildings. The Structural Design of Tall and
Special Buildings, Vol. 17, No. 5, 2008, pp. 941-952.
The United States Department of Energy. “Building Energy Software Tools Directory,”
Building Technologies Program,
<http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/tools_directory/subjects.cfm/pagename=s
ubjects/pagename_menu=materials_components/pagename_submenu=hvac_syste
ms>, September 2009.
The United State Department of Energy. Energy Use in Manufacturing. Energy

Information Administration, October 2009.
The United State Green Building Council, <http://www.usgbc.org>, March 2009.
The United States Green Building Council, LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major
Renovations. 2008.
114
VanGeem, M. Designer’s Notebook: Sustainable Design. Ascent Magazine, 2006, pp. 1-
19.
Wood, A. Sustainability: A New High-Rise Vernacular? The Structural Design of Tall

and Special Buildings, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2007, pp. 401-410.
Worrell, E., Price, L. and Martin, N. Energy Efficiency and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Reduction Opportunities in the US Iron and Steel Sector. Lawrence Berkley
National Laboratory, 1999.
115
Appendix A1: Athena Impact Estimator Output Tables for Study 1
116
Energy Consumption Absolute Value Table By Life Cycle Stages
Project Column Type = Concrete, PSF = 45, Column Height = 10
Manufacturing Construction Maintenance End - Of - Life Operating Energy Total

Material Transportation Total Material Transportation Total Material Transportation Total Material Transportation Total Annual Total Material Transportation Total
Electricity kWh 3132.956 0 3132.956 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3163.6309 0 3163.631
Hydro MJ 1246.3433 0.025372704 1246.369 11.892894 0.04939676 11.94229 0 0 0 0.0010035 0.009626731 0.01063 0 0 1258.2372 0.084396196 1258.322
Coal MJ 30697.27 0.370246848 30697.64 173.62918 0.720813776 174.35 0 0 0 0.0146427 0.14047643 0.155119 0 0 30870.914 1.231537053 30872.15
Diesel MJ 2653.112 2269.000938 4922.113 1803.5399 4322.904572 6126.444 0 0 0 2.2137356 842.4730865 844.6868 0 0 4458.8656 7434.378597 11893.24
Feedstock MJ 36820.504 0 36820.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36820.504 0 36820.5
Gasoline MJ 2.3559435 0 2.355943 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.3559435 0 2.355943
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3143.4503 1.223020457 3144.673 0.5588362 2.381033076 2.939869 0 0 0 0.0481869 0.464029735 0.512217 0 0 3144.0574 4.068083267 3148.125
LPG MJ 46.918098 0.055386942 46.97349 0.1932435 0.107829875 0.301073 0 0 0 0.0021822 0.02101452 0.023197 0 0 47.113524 0.184231338 47.29776
Natural Gas MJ 34929.72 2.261319537 34931.98 79.25682 4.402441982 83.65926 0 0 0 0.0891194 0.857973795 0.947093 0 0 35009.066 7.521735315 35016.59
Nuclear MJ 4579.3841 0.097740833 4579.482 43.697386 0.190053745 43.88744 0 0 0 0.0036911 0.037038792 0.04073 0 0 4623.0852 0.32483337 4623.41
117


Electricity kWh 3249.6622 0 3249.662 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3280.337 0 3280.337
Hydro MJ 1292.6668 0.026237045 1292.693 11.892894 0.050584254 11.94348 0 0 0 0.0010403 0.009938899 0.010979 0 0 1304.5607 0.086760199 1304.648
Coal MJ 31746.581 0.382859596 31746.96 173.62918 0.738142078 174.3673 0 0 0 0.0151801 0.145031688 0.160212 0 0 31920.226 1.266033361 31921.49
Diesel MJ 2756.5842 2346.318117 5102.902 1803.5399 4426.826832 6230.367 0 0 0 2.294977 869.7921347 872.0871 0 0 4562.419 7642.937084 12205.36
Feedstock MJ 38299.757 0 38299.76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38299.757 0 38299.76
Gasoline MJ 2.4181235 0 2.418123 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4181235 0 2.418123
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3236.1653 1.264683604 3237.43 0.5588362 2.438272909 2.997109 0 0 0 0.0499553 0.479076922 0.529032 0 0 3236.7741 4.182033435 3240.956
LPG MJ 48.576252 0.057273742 48.63353 0.1932435 0.110422096 0.303666 0 0 0 0.0022623 0.021695963 0.023958 0 0 48.771757 0.1893918 48.96115
Natural Gas MJ 36304.654 2.338353153 36306.99 79.25682 4.508276314 83.7651 0 0 0 0.09239 0.885795488 0.978185 0 0 36384.003 7.732424956 36391.74
Nuclear MJ 4749.5886 0.101069778 4749.69 43.697386 0.194622621 43.89201 0 0 0 0.0038265 0.038239856 0.042066 0 0 4793.2899 0.333932255 4793.624

Electricity kWh 3366.3688 0 3366.369 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3397.0436 0 3397.044
Hydro MJ 1338.9905 0.027101387 1339.018 11.892894 0.051771751 11.94467 0 0 0 0.0010771 0.010251067 0.011328 0 0 1350.8845 0.089124205 1350.974
Coal MJ 32795.895 0.395472356 32796.29 173.62918 0.75547042 174.3846 0 0 0 0.0157175 0.149586949 0.165304 0 0 32969.54 1.300529725 32970.84
Diesel MJ 2860.0566 2423.635372 5283.692 1803.5399 4530.749329 6334.289 0 0 0 2.3762187 897.1112024 899.4874 0 0 4665.9727 7851.495903 12517.47
Feedstock MJ 39779.018 0 39779.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39779.018 0 39779.02
Gasoline MJ 2.4803044 0 2.480304 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4803044 0 2.480304
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3328.8805 1.306346791 3330.187 0.5588362 2.495512874 3.054349 0 0 0 0.0517237 0.494124121 0.545848 0 0 3329.491 4.295983786 3333.787
LPG MJ 50.23441 0.059160543 50.29357 0.1932435 0.113014323 0.306258 0 0 0 0.0023424 0.022377405 0.02472 0 0 50.429996 0.194552271 50.62455
Natural Gas MJ 37679.593 2.415386844 37682.01 79.25682 4.614110888 83.87093 0 0 0 0.0956605 0.913617201 1.009278 0 0 37758.946 7.943114933 37766.89
Nuclear MJ 4919.7939 0.104398726 4919.898 43.697386 0.199191507 43.89658 0 0 0 0.003962 0.039440922 0.043403 0 0 4963.4952 0.343031155 4963.838
118


Electricity kWh 3483.0749 0 3483.075 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3513.7498 0 3513.75
Hydro MJ 1385.314 0.027965728 1385.342 11.892894 0.052959245 11.94585 0 0 0 0.0011139 0.010563235 0.011677 0 0 1397.208 0.091488208 1397.3
Coal MJ 33845.206 0.408085104 33845.61 173.62918 0.772798722 174.402 0 0 0 0.0162548 0.154142207 0.170397 0 0 34018.852 1.335026033 34020.19
Diesel MJ 2963.5287 2500.952552 5464.481 1803.5399 4634.671588 6438.211 0 0 0 2.4574601 924.4302506 926.8877 0 0 4769.5261 8060.05439 12829.58
Feedstock MJ 41258.271 0 41258.27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41258.271 0 41258.27
Gasoline MJ 2.5424844 0 2.542484 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5424844 0 2.542484
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3421.5954 1.348009938 3422.943 0.5588362 2.552752707 3.111589 0 0 0 0.0534921 0.509171309 0.562663 0 0 3422.2077 4.409933954 3426.618
LPG MJ 51.892563 0.061047342 51.95361 0.1932435 0.115606544 0.30885 0 0 0 0.0024225 0.023058847 0.025481 0 0 52.088229 0.199712734 52.28794
Natural Gas MJ 39054.527 2.49242046 39057.02 79.25682 4.71994522 83.97676 0 0 0 0.0989311 0.941438894 1.04037 0 0 39133.882 8.153804574 39142.04
Nuclear MJ 5089.9984 0.107727671 5090.106 43.697386 0.203760383 43.90115 0 0 0 0.0040974 0.040641986 0.044739 0 0 5133.6999 0.35213004 5134.052

Electricity kWh 3599.7878 0 3599.788 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3630.4626 0 3630.463
Hydro MJ 1431.6401 0.02883009 1431.669 11.892894 0.054146787 11.94704 0 0 0 0.0011508 0.010875407 0.012026 0 0 1443.5342 0.093852284 1443.628
Coal MJ 34894.556 0.420698153 34894.98 173.62918 0.79012773 174.4193 0 0 0 0.0167922 0.158697519 0.17549 0 0 35068.202 1.369523403 35069.57
Diesel MJ 3067.0065 2578.271584 5645.278 1803.5399 4738.598085 6542.138 0 0 0 2.5387048 951.7496237 954.2883 0 0 4873.0851 8268.619293 13141.7
Feedstock MJ 42737.628 0 42737.63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42737.628 0 42737.63
Gasoline MJ 2.6046692 0 2.604669 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.6046692 0 2.604669
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3514.3117 1.389674079 3515.701 0.5588362 2.609994874 3.168831 0 0 0 0.0552605 0.524218675 0.579479 0 0 3514.9258 4.523887629 3519.45
LPG MJ 53.550786 0.062934187 53.61372 0.1932435 0.118198871 0.311442 0 0 0 0.0025026 0.023740298 0.026243 0 0 53.746532 0.204873355 53.95141
Natural Gas MJ 40429.543 2.569455914 40432.11 79.25682 4.825783868 84.0826 0 0 0 0.1022018 0.969260918 1.071463 0 0 40508.902 8.364500699 40517.27
Nuclear MJ 5260.2126 0.111056695 5260.324 43.697386 0.208329445 43.90572 0 0 0 0.0042329 0.041843065 0.046076 0 0 5303.9142 0.361229205 5304.275
119


Electricity kWh 3716.4944 0 3716.494 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3747.1693 0 3747.169
Hydro MJ 1477.9638 0.029694432 1477.994 11.892894 0.055334284 11.94823 0 0 0 0.0011876 0.011187575 0.012375 0 0 1489.8579 0.096216291 1489.954
Coal MJ 35943.87 0.433310913 35944.3 173.62918 0.807456072 174.4366 0 0 0 0.0173296 0.163252781 0.180582 0 0 36117.517 1.404019766 36118.92
Diesel MJ 3170.479 2655.588839 5826.068 1803.5399 4842.520582 6646.06 0 0 0 2.6199464 979.0686914 981.6886 0 0 4976.6388 8477.178113 13453.82
Feedstock MJ 44216.889 0 44216.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44216.889 0 44216.89
Gasoline MJ 2.6668501 0 2.66685 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.6668501 0 2.66685
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3607.0269 1.431337266 3608.458 0.5588362 2.667234839 3.226071 0 0 0 0.057029 0.539265874 0.596295 0 0 3607.6427 4.637837979 3612.281
LPG MJ 55.208945 0.064820988 55.27377 0.1932435 0.120791098 0.314035 0 0 0 0.0025827 0.02442174 0.027004 0 0 55.404771 0.210033826 55.6148
Natural Gas MJ 41804.483 2.646489605 41807.13 79.25682 4.931618442 84.18844 0 0 0 0.1054724 0.99708263 1.102555 0 0 41883.845 8.575190677 41892.42
Nuclear MJ 5430.4178 0.114385643 5430.532 43.697386 0.212898332 43.91028 0 0 0 0.0043684 0.043044131 0.047412 0 0 5474.1196 0.370328105 5474.49
Project Column Type = WF, PSF = 45, Column Height = 10

Electricity kWh 2224.1233 0 2224.123 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2254.7981 0 2254.798
Hydro MJ 884.35706 0.017307395 884.3744 11.892894 0.042614927 11.93551 0 0 0 0.0006799 0.006565729 0.007246 0 0 896.25063 0.066488051 896.3171
Coal MJ 21683.271 0.252555197 21683.52 173.62918 0.62185103 174.251 0 0 0 0.009922 0.095809283 0.105731 0 0 21856.91 0.97021551 21857.88
Diesel MJ 1808.0219 1547.947708 3355.97 1803.5399 3729.399677 5532.94 0 0 0 1.5000382 574.5927792 576.0928 0 0 3613.0618 5851.940164 9465.002
Feedstock MJ 25857.162 0 25857.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25857.162 0 25857.16
Gasoline MJ 2.0651586 0 2.065159 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.0651586 0 2.065159
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2302.9167 0.834254699 2303.751 0.5588362 2.054133705 2.61297 0 0 0 0.0326517 0.316482674 0.349134 0 0 2303.5082 3.204871077 2306.713
LPG MJ 32.89917 0.037780903 32.93695 0.1932435 0.093025579 0.286269 0 0 0 0.0014787 0.014332555 0.015811 0 0 33.093892 0.145139036 33.23903
Natural Gas MJ 24052.042 1.542506047 24053.58 79.25682 3.798017151 83.05484 0 0 0 0.0603877 0.585164744 0.645552 0 0 24131.359 5.925687941 24137.28
Nuclear MJ 3249.3531 0.066684208 3249.42 43.697386 0.16396068 43.86135 0 0 0 0.0025011 0.025261605 0.027763 0 0 3293.053 0.255906493 3293.309
120


Electricity kWh 2249.948 0 2249.948 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2280.6228 0 2280.623
Hydro MJ 894.48266 0.017365211 894.5 11.892894 0.043124251 11.93602 0 0 0 0.0006844 0.006571798 0.007256 0 0 906.37624 0.06706126 906.4433
Coal MJ 21831.193 0.253398867 21831.45 173.62918 0.629283258 174.2585 0 0 0 0.0099873 0.095897841 0.105885 0 0 22004.832 0.978579966 22005.81
Diesel MJ 1826.9866 1553.160098 3380.147 1803.5399 3773.972647 5577.513 0 0 0 1.5099108 575.1238883 576.6338 0 0 3632.0364 5902.256633 9534.293
Feedstock MJ 26240.11 0 26240.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26240.11 0 26240.11
Gasoline MJ 2.0982613 0 2.098261 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.0982613 0 2.098261
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2311.5786 0.837041556 2312.416 0.5588362 2.078684262 2.63752 0 0 0 0.0328666 0.316775206 0.349642 0 0 2312.1703 3.232501024 2315.403
LPG MJ 33.15545 0.037907111 33.19336 0.1932435 0.0941374 0.287381 0 0 0 0.0014884 0.014345803 0.015834 0 0 33.350181 0.146390314 33.49657
Natural Gas MJ 24339.23 1.547658843 24340.78 79.25682 3.843410222 83.10023 0 0 0 0.0607852 0.585705625 0.646491 0 0 24418.548 5.976774689 24424.52
Nuclear MJ 3286.5572 0.066907513 3286.624 43.697386 0.165920303 43.86331 0 0 0 0.0025175 0.025284955 0.027802 0 0 3330.2571 0.25811277 3330.515

Electricity kWh 2275.7732 0 2275.773 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2306.4481 0 2306.448
Hydro MJ 904.60846 0.017423028 904.6259 11.892894 0.043633578 11.93653 0 0 0 0.0006889 0.006577867 0.007267 0 0 916.50205 0.067634473 916.5697
Coal MJ 21979.118 0.254242548 21979.37 173.62918 0.636715525 174.2659 0 0 0 0.0100526 0.095986403 0.106039 0 0 22152.757 0.986944477 22153.74
Diesel MJ 1845.9517 1558.372563 3404.324 1803.5399 3818.545855 5622.086 0 0 0 1.5197836 575.6550169 577.1748 0 0 3651.0113 5952.573435 9603.585
Feedstock MJ 26623.066 0 26623.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26623.066 0 26623.07
Gasoline MJ 2.1313649 0 2.131365 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1313649 0 2.131365
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2320.2407 0.839828454 2321.081 0.5588362 2.10323495 2.662071 0 0 0 0.0330815 0.317067749 0.350149 0 0 2320.8327 3.260131152 2324.093
LPG MJ 33.411735 0.038033321 33.44977 0.1932435 0.095249228 0.288493 0 0 0 0.0014982 0.014359051 0.015857 0 0 33.606476 0.1476416 33.75412
Natural Gas MJ 24626.425 1.552811713 24627.98 79.25682 3.888803535 83.14562 0 0 0 0.0611826 0.586246525 0.647429 0 0 24705.743 6.027861773 24711.77
Nuclear MJ 3323.7621 0.067130821 3323.829 43.697386 0.167879935 43.86527 0 0 0 0.002534 0.025308306 0.027842 0 0 3367.462 0.260319062 3367.722
121


Electricity kWh 2301.5979 0 2301.598 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2332.2728 0 2332.273
Hydro MJ 914.73406 0.017480843 914.7515 11.892894 0.044142902 11.93704 0 0 0 0.0006934 0.006583936 0.007277 0 0 926.62765 0.068207682 926.6959
Coal MJ 22127.039 0.255086218 22127.29 173.62918 0.644147753 174.2733 0 0 0 0.0101179 0.096074962 0.106193 0 0 22300.679 0.995308933 22301.67
Diesel MJ 1864.9164 1563.584953 3428.501 1803.5399 3863.118824 5666.659 0 0 0 1.5296562 576.186126 577.7158 0 0 3669.9859 6002.889903 9672.876
Feedstock MJ 27006.014 0 27006.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27006.014 0 27006.01
Gasoline MJ 2.1644675 0 2.164468 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1644675 0 2.164468
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2328.9026 0.842615311 2329.745 0.5588362 2.127785507 2.686622 0 0 0 0.0332964 0.317360281 0.350657 0 0 2329.4948 3.287761099 2332.783
LPG MJ 33.668014 0.03815953 33.70617 0.1932435 0.096361049 0.289605 0 0 0 0.0015079 0.014372299 0.01588 0 0 33.862766 0.148892878 34.01166
Natural Gas MJ 24913.613 1.557964509 24915.17 79.25682 3.934196606 83.19102 0 0 0 0.0615801 0.586787406 0.648367 0 0 24992.932 6.078948521 24999.01
Nuclear MJ 3360.9661 0.067354126 3361.034 43.697386 0.169839557 43.86723 0 0 0 0.0025505 0.025331656 0.027882 0 0 3404.6661 0.262525339 3404.929

Electricity kWh 2327.4231 0 2327.423 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2358.098 0 2358.098
Hydro MJ 924.85987 0.01753866 924.8774 11.892894 0.044652229 11.93755 0 0 0 0.0006978 0.006590005 0.007288 0 0 936.75346 0.068780895 936.8222
Coal MJ 22274.964 0.2559299 22275.22 173.62918 0.65158002 174.2808 0 0 0 0.0101832 0.096163524 0.106347 0 0 22448.604 1.003673444 22449.61
Diesel MJ 1883.8814 1568.797418 3452.679 1803.5399 3907.692032 5711.232 0 0 0 1.539529 576.7172546 578.2568 0 0 3688.9608 6053.206705 9742.168
Feedstock MJ 27388.969 0 27388.97 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27388.969 0 27388.97
Gasoline MJ 2.1975711 0 2.197571 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1975711 0 2.197571
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2337.5648 0.845402209 2338.41 0.5588362 2.152336195 2.711172 0 0 0 0.0335113 0.317652824 0.351164 0 0 2338.1571 3.315391227 2341.473
LPG MJ 33.924299 0.03828574 33.96259 0.1932435 0.097472876 0.290716 0 0 0 0.0015176 0.014385547 0.015903 0 0 34.119061 0.150144164 34.2692
Natural Gas MJ 25200.808 1.56311738 25202.37 79.25682 3.979589919 83.23641 0 0 0 0.0619775 0.587328307 0.649306 0 0 25280.127 6.130035606 25286.26
Nuclear MJ 3398.171 0.067577434 3398.239 43.697386 0.17179919 43.86919 0 0 0 0.0025669 0.025355006 0.027922 0 0 3441.8709 0.264731631 3442.136
122


Electricity kWh 2353.2484 0 2353.248 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2383.9232 0 2383.923
Hydro MJ 934.98567 0.017596477 935.0033 11.892894 0.045161556 11.93806 0 0 0 0.0007023 0.006596074 0.007298 0 0 946.87927 0.069354108 946.9486
Coal MJ 22422.889 0.256773581 22423.15 173.62918 0.659012287 174.2882 0 0 0 0.0102485 0.096252086 0.106501 0 0 22596.528 1.012037955 22597.54
Diesel MJ 1902.8465 1574.009883 3476.856 1803.5399 3952.26524 5755.805 0 0 0 1.5494018 577.2483832 578.7978 0 0 3707.9357 6103.523506 9811.459
Feedstock MJ 27771.925 0 27771.92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27771.925 0 27771.92
Gasoline MJ 2.2306747 0 2.230675 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.2306747 0 2.230675
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2346.2269 0.848189106 2347.075 0.5588362 2.176886883 2.735723 0 0 0 0.0337262 0.317945366 0.351672 0 0 2346.8195 3.343021356 2350.163
LPG MJ 34.180585 0.03841195 34.219 0.1932435 0.098584704 0.291828 0 0 0 0.0015274 0.014398796 0.015926 0 0 34.375355 0.15139545 34.52675
Natural Gas MJ 25488.003 1.568270251 25489.57 79.25682 4.024983232 83.2818 0 0 0 0.062375 0.587869208 0.650244 0 0 25567.322 6.18112269 25573.5
Nuclear MJ 3435.3758 0.067800743 3435.444 43.697386 0.173758823 43.87115 0 0 0 0.0025834 0.025378357 0.027962 0 0 3479.0758 0.266937922 3479.343
Project Column Type = Glulam, PSF = 45, Column Height = 10

Electricity kWh 2013.4017 0 2013.402 43.78318 0 43.78318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2057.1849 0 2057.185
Hydro MJ 839.56057 0.017234256 839.5778 16.975103 0.038859 17.01396 0 0 0 0.0006718 0.006525975 0.007198 0 0 856.53635 0.062619231 856.599
Coal MJ 20394.884 0.251487929 20395.14 247.82639 0.567043307 248.3934 0 0 0 0.0098032 0.095229179 0.105032 0 0 20642.72 0.913760415 20643.63
Diesel MJ 1723.9529 1540.292325 3264.245 1810.0643 3458.567078 5268.631 0 0 0 1.4820779 571.1137468 572.5958 0 0 3535.4992 5569.97315 9105.472
Feedstock MJ 22367.616 0 22367.62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22367.616 0 22367.62
Gasoline MJ 268.18147 0 268.1815 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 268.18147 0 268.1815
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2226.2344 0.830729238 2227.065 0.7976445 1.873089714 2.670734 0 0 0 0.0322607 0.314566441 0.346827 0 0 2227.0643 3.018385393 2230.083
LPG MJ 34.84218 0.037621245 34.8798 0.2758225 0.084826638 0.360649 0 0 0 0.001461 0.014245774 0.015707 0 0 35.119463 0.136693657 35.25616
Natural Gas MJ 21658.393 1.5359876 21659.93 113.12576 3.463273518 116.589 0 0 0 0.0596647 0.5816217 0.641286 0 0 21771.578 5.580882818 21777.16
Nuclear MJ 2927.1666 0.066395239 2927.233 62.370657 0.149517821 62.52017 0 0 0 0.0024711 0.025108652 0.02758 0 0 2989.5398 0.241021711 2989.781
Wood MJ 144.51067 0 144.5107 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 144.51067 0 144.5107
123


Electricity kWh 2018.1542 0 2018.154 43.78318 0 43.78318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2061.9374 0 2061.937
Hydro MJ 845.20653 0.017284758 845.2238 16.975103 0.038992731 17.0141 0 0 0 0.0006755 0.006528069 0.007204 0 0 862.1823 0.062805558 862.2451
Coal MJ 20413.967 0.252224872 20414.22 247.82639 0.568994762 248.3954 0 0 0 0.0098566 0.095259727 0.105116 0 0 20661.803 0.916479361 20662.72
Diesel MJ 1734.5107 1544.739177 3279.25 1810.0643 3476.056788 5286.121 0 0 0 1.4901545 571.2969526 572.7871 0 0 3546.0651 5592.092918 9138.158
Feedstock MJ 22401.609 0 22401.61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22401.609 0 22401.61
Gasoline MJ 294.8262 0 294.8262 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 294.8262 0 294.8262
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2227.2281 0.833163549 2228.061 0.7976445 1.879535872 2.67718 0 0 0 0.0324365 0.31466735 0.347104 0 0 2228.0582 3.027366771 2231.086
LPG MJ 35.29276 0.037731488 35.33049 0.2758225 0.085118565 0.360941 0 0 0 0.001469 0.014250344 0.015719 0 0 35.570052 0.137100397 35.70715
Natural Gas MJ 21706.216 1.540488551 21707.76 113.12576 3.475192225 116.6009 0 0 0 0.0599898 0.581808277 0.641798 0 0 21819.402 5.597489053 21825
Nuclear MJ 2932.1521 0.066589647 2932.219 62.370657 0.150033158 62.52069 0 0 0 0.0024846 0.025116706 0.027601 0 0 2994.5252 0.24173951 2994.767
Wood MJ 158.96173 0 158.9617 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 158.96173 0 158.9617

Electricity kWh 2022.9073 0 2022.907 43.78318 0 43.78318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2066.6905 0 2066.69
Hydro MJ 850.85268 0.017335261 850.87 16.975103 0.039126465 17.01423 0 0 0 0.0006791 0.006530162 0.007209 0 0 867.82846 0.062991889 867.8915
Coal MJ 20433.053 0.252961827 20433.31 247.82639 0.570946257 248.3973 0 0 0 0.00991 0.095290278 0.1052 0 0 20680.889 0.919198362 20681.81
Diesel MJ 1745.0688 1549.186104 3294.255 1810.0643 3493.546736 5303.611 0 0 0 1.4982313 571.480178 572.9784 0 0 3556.6313 5614.213018 9170.844
Feedstock MJ 22435.61 0 22435.61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22435.61 0 22435.61
Gasoline MJ 321.47094 0 321.4709 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 321.47094 0 321.4709
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2228.222 0.835597901 2229.058 0.7976445 1.885982161 2.683627 0 0 0 0.0326123 0.314768269 0.347381 0 0 2229.0523 3.036348331 2232.089
LPG MJ 35.743347 0.037841732 35.78119 0.2758225 0.085410498 0.361233 0 0 0 0.0014769 0.014254915 0.015732 0 0 36.020646 0.137507145 36.15815
Natural Gas MJ 21754.046 1.544989577 21755.59 113.12576 3.487111175 116.6129 0 0 0 0.060315 0.581994873 0.64231 0 0 21867.232 5.614095625 21872.85
Nuclear MJ 2937.1383 0.066784058 2937.205 62.370657 0.150548504 62.52121 0 0 0 0.0024981 0.025124761 0.027623 0 0 2999.5114 0.242457324 2999.754
Wood MJ 173.4128 0 173.4128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 173.4128 0 173.4128
124


Electricity kWh 2027.6598 0 2027.66 43.78318 0 43.78318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2071.443 0 2071.443
Hydro MJ 856.49863 0.017385763 856.516 16.975103 0.039260197 17.01436 0 0 0 0.0006828 0.006532256 0.007215 0 0 873.47442 0.063178216 873.5376
Coal MJ 20452.136 0.253698769 20452.39 247.82639 0.572897713 248.3993 0 0 0 0.0099635 0.095320827 0.105284 0 0 20699.973 0.921917309 20700.89
Diesel MJ 1755.6266 1553.632955 3309.26 1810.0643 3511.036446 5321.101 0 0 0 1.5063079 571.6633838 573.1697 0 0 3567.1972 5636.332785 9203.53
Feedstock MJ 22469.603 0 22469.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22469.603 0 22469.6
Gasoline MJ 348.11567 0 348.1157 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 348.11567 0 348.1157
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2229.2157 0.838032212 2230.054 0.7976445 1.892428319 2.690073 0 0 0 0.0327881 0.314869178 0.347657 0 0 2230.0461 3.045329709 2233.091
LPG MJ 36.193927 0.037951975 36.23188 0.2758225 0.085702425 0.361525 0 0 0 0.0014849 0.014259484 0.015744 0 0 36.471235 0.137913885 36.60915
Natural Gas MJ 21801.87 1.549490529 21803.42 113.12576 3.499029882 116.6248 0 0 0 0.0606401 0.58218145 0.642822 0 0 21915.056 5.630701861 21920.69
Nuclear MJ 2942.1237 0.066978466 2942.191 62.370657 0.151063841 62.52172 0 0 0 0.0025115 0.025132816 0.027644 0 0 3004.4969 0.243175123 3004.74
Wood MJ 187.86387 0 187.8639 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 187.86387 0 187.8639

Electricity kWh 2032.4129 0 2032.413 43.78318 0 43.78318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2076.1961 0 2076.196
Hydro MJ 862.14479 0.017436266 862.1622 16.975103 0.039393931 17.0145 0 0 0 0.0006864 0.00653435 0.007221 0 0 879.12058 0.063364547 879.1839
Coal MJ 20471.222 0.254435724 20471.48 247.82639 0.574849208 248.4012 0 0 0 0.0100169 0.095351378 0.105368 0 0 20719.059 0.92463631 20719.98
Diesel MJ 1766.1847 1558.079882 3324.265 1810.0643 3528.526394 5338.591 0 0 0 1.5143846 571.8466091 573.361 0 0 3577.7634 5658.452885 9236.216
Feedstock MJ 22503.604 0 22503.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22503.604 0 22503.6
Gasoline MJ 374.7604 0 374.7604 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 374.7604 0 374.7604
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2230.2096 0.840466563 2231.05 0.7976445 1.898874608 2.696519 0 0 0 0.0329639 0.314970098 0.347934 0 0 2231.0402 3.054311269 2234.095
LPG MJ 36.644513 0.038062219 36.68258 0.2758225 0.085994359 0.361817 0 0 0 0.0014928 0.014264055 0.015757 0 0 36.921829 0.138320633 37.06015
Natural Gas MJ 21849.699 1.553991554 21851.25 113.12576 3.510948832 116.6367 0 0 0 0.0609653 0.582368046 0.643333 0 0 21962.886 5.647308433 21968.53
Nuclear MJ 2947.1099 0.067172878 2947.177 62.370657 0.151579188 62.52224 0 0 0 0.002525 0.025140871 0.027666 0 0 3009.4831 0.243892937 3009.727
Wood MJ 202.31493 0 202.3149 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 202.31493 0 202.3149
125


Electricity kWh 2037.166 0 2037.166 43.78318 0 43.78318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2080.9492 0 2080.949
Hydro MJ 867.79094 0.017486769 867.8084 16.975103 0.039527666 17.01463 0 0 0 0.0006901 0.006536443 0.007227 0 0 884.76674 0.063550877 884.8303
Coal MJ 20490.308 0.255172679 20490.56 247.82639 0.576800703 248.4032 0 0 0 0.0100703 0.09538193 0.105452 0 0 20738.145 0.927355312 20739.07
Diesel MJ 1776.7429 1562.526809 3339.27 1810.0643 3546.016342 5356.081 0 0 0 1.5224614 572.0298345 573.5523 0 0 3588.3296 5680.572985 9268.903
Feedstock MJ 22537.605 0 22537.61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22537.605 0 22537.61
Gasoline MJ 401.40514 0 401.4051 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 401.40514 0 401.4051
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2231.2035 0.842900915 2232.046 0.7976445 1.905320897 2.702965 0 0 0 0.0331398 0.315071017 0.348211 0 0 2232.0343 3.06329283 2235.098
LPG MJ 37.095099 0.038172464 37.13327 0.2758225 0.086286292 0.362109 0 0 0 0.0015008 0.014268625 0.015769 0 0 37.372423 0.138727381 37.51115
Natural Gas MJ 21897.529 1.55849258 21899.09 113.12576 3.522867782 116.6486 0 0 0 0.0612904 0.582554643 0.643845 0 0 22010.716 5.663915005 22016.38
Nuclear MJ 2952.0961 0.067367289 2952.163 62.370657 0.152094534 62.52275 0 0 0 0.0025385 0.025148927 0.027687 0 0 3014.4693 0.24461075 3014.714
Wood MJ 216.766 0 216.766 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 216.766 0 216.766

Electricity kWh 3687.2219 0 3687.222 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3716.446 0 3716.446
Hydro MJ 1463.8786 0.026845953 1463.905 11.330417 0.059821432 11.39024 0 0 0 0.0011061 0.009865414 0.010972 0 0 1475.2101 0.0965328 1475.307
Coal MJ 34013.701 0.391744983 34014.09 165.41735 0.872934021 166.2903 0 0 0 0.0161406 0.143959374 0.1601 0 0 34179.134 1.408638378 34180.54
Diesel MJ 3067.7601 2401.588336 5469.348 1802.8178 5235.208592 7038.026 0 0 0 2.440183 863.3611966 865.8014 0 0 4873.018 8500.158124 13373.18
Feedstock MJ 44951.254 0 44951.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44951.254 0 44951.25
Gasoline MJ 3.0282873 0 3.028287 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0282873 0 3.028287
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3347.9598 1.294034319 3349.254 0.5324059 2.883525326 3.415931 0 0 0 0.053116 0.475534796 0.528651 0 0 3348.5454 4.653094441 3353.198
LPG MJ 52.607902 0.058602948 52.6665 0.184104 0.130586248 0.31469 0 0 0 0.0024055 0.02153555 0.023941 0 0 52.794411 0.210724746 53.00514
Natural Gas MJ 41131.572 2.392621541 41133.97 75.508351 5.331531544 80.83988 0 0 0 0.0982356 0.879246227 0.977482 0 0 41207.179 8.603399312 41215.78
Nuclear MJ 5378.6652 0.103427247 5378.769 41.630709 0.23016261 41.86087 0 0 0 0.0040686 0.037957124 0.042026 0 0 5420.3 0.371546981 5420.672
126


Electricity kWh 3809.026 0 3809.026 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3838.25 0 3838.25
Hydro MJ 1512.2223 0.027744945 1512.25 11.330417 0.061058794 11.39148 0 0 0 0.0011445 0.010189624 0.011334 0 0 1523.5538 0.098993363 1523.653
Coal MJ 35106.377 0.404863368 35106.78 165.41735 0.890990015 166.3083 0 0 0 0.0167005 0.14869034 0.165391 0 0 35271.811 1.444543723 35273.26
Diesel MJ 3175.7376 2482.006142 5657.744 1802.8178 5343.495006 7146.313 0 0 0 2.524829 891.7340084 894.2588 0 0 4981.0802 8717.235156 13698.32
Feedstock MJ 46497.272 0 46497.27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46497.272 0 46497.27
Gasoline MJ 3.0931886 0 3.093189 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0931886 0 3.093189
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3444.2447 1.337367714 3445.582 0.5324059 2.943168913 3.475575 0 0 0 0.0549585 0.491162391 0.546121 0 0 3444.8321 4.771699018 3449.604
LPG MJ 54.335583 0.060565388 54.39615 0.184104 0.133287328 0.317391 0 0 0 0.0024889 0.022243277 0.024732 0 0 54.522176 0.216095993 54.73827
Natural Gas MJ 42567.002 2.472743383 42569.47 75.508351 5.441810328 80.95016 0 0 0 0.1016432 0.908141072 1.009784 0 0 42642.612 8.822694782 42651.43
Nuclear MJ 5556.2924 0.106889647 5556.399 41.630709 0.234923353 41.86563 0 0 0 0.0042098 0.039204517 0.043414 0 0 5597.9273 0.381017517 5598.308

Electricity kWh 3930.8305 0 3930.831 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3960.0546 0 3960.055
Hydro MJ 1560.5661 0.028643938 1560.595 11.330417 0.062296159 11.39271 0 0 0 0.0011828 0.010513833 0.011697 0 0 1571.8977 0.10145393 1571.999
Coal MJ 36199.055 0.417981764 36199.47 165.41735 0.909046049 166.3264 0 0 0 0.0172603 0.153421309 0.170682 0 0 36364.49 1.480449122 36365.97
Diesel MJ 3283.7155 2562.424023 5846.14 1802.8178 5451.781658 7254.599 0 0 0 2.6094751 920.1068396 922.7163 0 0 5089.1428 8934.312521 14023.46
Feedstock MJ 48043.298 0 48043.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48043.298 0 48043.3
Gasoline MJ 3.1580909 0 3.158091 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.1580909 0 3.158091
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3540.5299 1.380701149 3541.911 0.5324059 3.002812631 3.535219 0 0 0 0.056801 0.506789997 0.563591 0 0 3541.1191 4.890303777 3546.009
LPG MJ 56.06327 0.06252783 56.1258 0.184104 0.135988413 0.320092 0 0 0 0.0025724 0.022951005 0.025523 0 0 56.249946 0.221467248 56.47141
Natural Gas MJ 44002.438 2.5528653 44004.99 75.508351 5.552089353 81.06044 0 0 0 0.1050509 0.937035936 1.042087 0 0 44078.051 9.041990589 44087.09
Nuclear MJ 5733.9203 0.110352051 5734.031 41.630709 0.239684107 41.87039 0 0 0 0.0043509 0.04045191 0.044803 0 0 5775.5554 0.390488067 5775.946
127


Electricity kWh 4052.6346 0 4052.635 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4081.8587 0 4081.859
Hydro MJ 1608.9098 0.02954293 1608.939 11.330417 0.063533521 11.39395 0 0 0 0.0012212 0.010838042 0.012059 0 0 1620.2415 0.103914493 1620.345
Coal MJ 37291.731 0.431100149 37292.16 165.41735 0.927102043 166.3444 0 0 0 0.0178202 0.158152275 0.175973 0 0 37457.166 1.516354467 37458.68
Diesel MJ 3391.6931 2642.841829 6034.535 1802.8178 5560.068073 7362.886 0 0 0 2.6941211 948.4796514 951.1738 0 0 5197.2049 9151.389553 14348.59
Feedstock MJ 49589.316 0 49589.32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49589.316 0 49589.32
Gasoline MJ 3.2229922 0 3.222992 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2229922 0 3.222992
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3636.8148 1.424034544 3638.239 0.5324059 3.062456218 3.594862 0 0 0 0.0586435 0.522417592 0.581061 0 0 3637.4058 5.008908354 3642.415
LPG MJ 57.790951 0.06449027 57.85544 0.184104 0.138689493 0.322793 0 0 0 0.0026558 0.023658732 0.026315 0 0 57.977711 0.226838495 58.20455
Natural Gas MJ 45437.868 2.632987142 45440.5 75.508351 5.662368137 81.17072 0 0 0 0.1084585 0.965930781 1.074389 0 0 45513.484 9.26128606 45522.75
Nuclear MJ 5911.5475 0.113814451 5911.661 41.630709 0.24444485 41.87515 0 0 0 0.004492 0.041699303 0.046191 0 0 5953.1827 0.399958603 5953.583

Electricity kWh 4174.4392 0 4174.439 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4203.6633 0 4203.663
Hydro MJ 1657.2537 0.030441922 1657.284 11.330417 0.064770886 11.39519 0 0 0 0.0012596 0.011162251 0.012422 0 0 1668.5854 0.10637506 1668.692
Coal MJ 38384.41 0.444218546 38384.85 165.41735 0.945158077 166.3625 0 0 0 0.0183801 0.162883244 0.181263 0 0 38549.846 1.552259866 38551.4
Diesel MJ 3499.671 2723.25971 6222.931 1802.8178 5668.354725 7471.172 0 0 0 2.7787672 976.8524826 979.6312 0 0 5305.2675 9368.466918 14673.73
Feedstock MJ 51135.342 0 51135.34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51135.342 0 51135.34
Gasoline MJ 3.2878945 0 3.287894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2878945 0 3.287894
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3733.0999 1.467367979 3734.567 0.5324059 3.122099936 3.654506 0 0 0 0.060486 0.538045198 0.598531 0 0 3733.6928 5.127513113 3738.82
LPG MJ 59.518637 0.066452711 59.58509 0.184104 0.141390579 0.325495 0 0 0 0.0027392 0.02436646 0.027106 0 0 59.705481 0.23220975 59.93769
Natural Gas MJ 46873.304 2.713109059 46876.02 75.508351 5.772647163 81.281 0 0 0 0.1118661 0.994825645 1.106692 0 0 46948.924 9.480581867 46958.4
Nuclear MJ 6089.1754 0.117276854 6089.293 41.630709 0.249205603 41.87991 0 0 0 0.0046332 0.042946696 0.04758 0 0 6130.8108 0.409429154 6131.22
128


Electricity kWh 4296.25 0 4296.25 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4325.4741 0 4325.474
Hydro MJ 1705.6 0.031340935 1705.631 11.330417 0.066008296 11.39643 0 0 0 0.0012979 0.011486464 0.012784 0 0 1716.9317 0.108835695 1717.041
Coal MJ 39477.124 0.457337232 39477.58 165.41735 0.963214777 166.3806 0 0 0 0.01894 0.167614263 0.186554 0 0 39642.56 1.588166273 39644.15
Diesel MJ 3607.6542 2803.679369 6411.334 1802.8178 5776.645377 7579.463 0 0 0 2.8634164 1005.225619 1008.089 0 0 5413.3354 9585.550366 14998.89
Feedstock MJ 52681.464 0 52681.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52681.464 0 52681.46
Gasoline MJ 3.3528006 0 3.352801 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.3528006 0 3.352801
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3829.3862 1.510702368 3830.897 0.5324059 3.181745857 3.714152 0 0 0 0.0623286 0.553672972 0.616002 0 0 3829.9809 5.246121197 3835.227
LPG MJ 61.246389 0.068415196 61.3148 0.184104 0.144091765 0.328196 0 0 0 0.0028227 0.025074195 0.027897 0 0 61.433315 0.237581156 61.6709
Natural Gas MJ 48308.816 2.793232739 48311.61 75.508351 5.882930261 81.39128 0 0 0 0.1152739 1.023720821 1.138995 0 0 48384.44 9.699883821 48394.14
Nuclear MJ 6266.8123 0.120739334 6266.933 41.630709 0.253966533 41.88468 0 0 0 0.0047743 0.044194103 0.048968 0 0 6308.4478 0.41889997 6308.867

Electricity kWh 2727.4159 0 2727.416 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2756.64 0 2756.64
Hydro MJ 1081.6929 0.018434155 1081.711 11.330417 0.052540963 11.38296 0 0 0 0.0007672 0.006684005 0.007451 0 0 1093.0241 0.077659124 1093.102
Coal MJ 24566.09 0.268997254 24566.36 165.41735 0.766695023 166.184 0 0 0 0.0111946 0.097535202 0.10873 0 0 24731.518 1.133227479 24732.65
Diesel MJ 2177.6209 1649.53062 3827.152 1802.8178 4598.066146 6400.884 0 0 0 1.6924434 584.943559 586.636 0 0 3982.1311 6832.540324 10814.67
Feedstock MJ 33320.358 0 33320.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33320.358 0 33320.36
Gasoline MJ 2.7102931 0 2.710293 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.7102931 0 2.710293
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2471.7276 0.888567038 2472.616 0.5324059 2.532590622 3.064997 0 0 0 0.0368398 0.322183829 0.359024 0 0 2472.2968 3.743341489 2476.04
LPG MJ 37.893757 0.040240546 37.934 0.184104 0.114693463 0.298797 0 0 0 0.0016684 0.014590743 0.016259 0 0 38.079529 0.169524753 38.24905
Natural Gas MJ 29649.007 1.642927552 29650.65 75.508351 4.682666272 80.19102 0 0 0 0.0681335 0.595705968 0.663839 0 0 29724.584 6.921299791 29731.5
Nuclear MJ 3974.4163 0.071036142 3974.487 41.630709 0.202151048 41.83286 0 0 0 0.0028219 0.02571667 0.028539 0 0 4016.0498 0.298903861 4016.349
129


Electricity kWh 2753.2406 0 2753.241 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2782.4647 0 2782.465
Hydro MJ 1091.8185 0.018491971 1091.837 11.330417 0.053050288 11.38347 0 0 0 0.0007716 0.006690074 0.007462 0 0 1103.1497 0.078232333 1103.228
Coal MJ 24714.012 0.269840924 24714.28 165.41735 0.77412725 166.1915 0 0 0 0.01126 0.097623761 0.108884 0 0 24879.44 1.141591935 24880.58
Diesel MJ 2196.5856 1654.74301 3851.329 1802.8178 4642.639115 6445.457 0 0 0 1.7023161 585.4746681 587.177 0 0 4001.1057 6882.856793 10883.96
Feedstock MJ 33703.306 0 33703.31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33703.306 0 33703.31
Gasoline MJ 2.7433958 0 2.743396 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.7433958 0 2.743396
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2480.3895 0.891353895 2481.281 0.5324059 2.557141179 3.089547 0 0 0 0.0370547 0.322476361 0.359531 0 0 2480.959 3.770971435 2484.73
LPG MJ 38.150037 0.040366755 38.1904 0.184104 0.115805285 0.299909 0 0 0 0.0016781 0.014603991 0.016282 0 0 38.335819 0.17077603 38.50659
Natural Gas MJ 29936.195 1.648080348 29937.84 75.508351 4.728059343 80.23641 0 0 0 0.0685309 0.596246849 0.664778 0 0 30011.772 6.972386539 30018.74
Nuclear MJ 4011.6204 0.071259447 4011.692 41.630709 0.20411067 41.83482 0 0 0 0.0028383 0.02574002 0.028578 0 0 4053.2539 0.301110138 4053.555

Electricity kWh 2779.0659 0 2779.066 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2808.2899 0 2808.29
Hydro MJ 1101.9443 0.018549788 1101.963 11.330417 0.053559615 11.38398 0 0 0 0.0007761 0.006696143 0.007472 0 0 1113.2755 0.078805545 1113.354
Coal MJ 24861.936 0.270684606 24862.21 165.41735 0.781559518 166.1989 0 0 0 0.0113253 0.097712323 0.109038 0 0 25027.365 1.149956446 25028.52
Diesel MJ 2215.5507 1659.955475 3875.506 1802.8178 4687.212323 6490.03 0 0 0 1.7121889 586.0057967 587.718 0 0 4020.0806 6933.173594 10953.25
Feedstock MJ 34086.262 0 34086.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34086.262 0 34086.26
Gasoline MJ 2.7764994 0 2.776499 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.7764994 0 2.776499
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2489.0516 0.894140793 2489.946 0.5324059 2.581691867 3.114098 0 0 0 0.0372696 0.322768904 0.360038 0 0 2489.6213 3.798601564 2493.42
LPG MJ 38.406322 0.040492965 38.44681 0.184104 0.116917112 0.301021 0 0 0 0.0016878 0.014617239 0.016305 0 0 38.592114 0.172027316 38.76414
Natural Gas MJ 30223.39 1.653233218 30225.04 75.508351 4.773452656 80.2818 0 0 0 0.0689284 0.59678775 0.665716 0 0 30298.968 7.023473624 30305.99
Nuclear MJ 4048.8252 0.071482756 4048.897 41.630709 0.206070303 41.83678 0 0 0 0.0028548 0.025763371 0.028618 0 0 4090.4588 0.30331643 4090.762
130


Electricity kWh 2804.8906 0 2804.891 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2834.1146 0 2834.115
Hydro MJ 1112.0699 0.018607604 1112.089 11.330417 0.054068939 11.38449 0 0 0 0.0007806 0.006702212 0.007483 0 0 1123.4011 0.079378755 1123.48
Coal MJ 25009.858 0.271528275 25010.13 165.41735 0.788991745 166.2063 0 0 0 0.0113906 0.097800881 0.109191 0 0 25175.287 1.158320902 25176.45
Diesel MJ 2234.5153 1665.167865 3899.683 1802.8178 4731.785293 6534.603 0 0 0 1.7220615 586.5369058 588.259 0 0 4039.0552 6983.490063 11022.55
Feedstock MJ 34469.21 0 34469.21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34469.21 0 34469.21
Gasoline MJ 2.8096021 0 2.809602 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.8096021 0 2.809602
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2497.7136 0.89692765 2498.61 0.5324059 2.606242424 3.138648 0 0 0 0.0374845 0.323061436 0.360546 0 0 2498.2834 3.82623151 2502.11
LPG MJ 38.662602 0.040619173 38.70322 0.184104 0.118028933 0.302133 0 0 0 0.0016976 0.014630487 0.016328 0 0 38.848403 0.173278594 39.02168
Natural Gas MJ 30510.579 1.658386014 30512.24 75.508351 4.818845726 80.3272 0 0 0 0.0693258 0.597328631 0.666654 0 0 30586.156 7.074560371 30593.23
Nuclear MJ 4086.0293 0.071706061 4086.101 41.630709 0.208029925 41.83874 0 0 0 0.0028713 0.025786721 0.028658 0 0 4127.6629 0.305522707 4127.968

Electricity kWh 2830.7158 0 2830.716 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2859.9399 0 2859.94
Hydro MJ 1122.1957 0.018665421 1122.214 11.330417 0.054578266 11.385 0 0 0 0.0007851 0.006708281 0.007493 0 0 1133.5269 0.079951967 1133.607
Coal MJ 25157.783 0.272371957 25158.06 165.41735 0.796424013 166.2138 0 0 0 0.0114559 0.097889443 0.109345 0 0 25323.212 1.166685413 25324.38
Diesel MJ 2253.4804 1670.38033 3923.861 1802.8178 4776.3585 6579.176 0 0 0 1.7319343 587.0680344 588.8 0 0 4058.0301 7033.806865 11091.84
Feedstock MJ 34852.165 0 34852.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34852.165 0 34852.17
Gasoline MJ 2.8427057 0 2.842706 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.8427057 0 2.842706
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2506.3757 0.899714548 2507.275 0.5324059 2.630793112 3.163199 0 0 0 0.0376994 0.323353978 0.361053 0 0 2506.9458 3.853861639 2510.8
LPG MJ 38.918887 0.040745384 38.95963 0.184104 0.119140761 0.303245 0 0 0 0.0017073 0.014643736 0.016351 0 0 39.104698 0.17452988 39.27923
Natural Gas MJ 30797.773 1.663538885 30799.44 75.508351 4.864239039 80.37259 0 0 0 0.0697233 0.597869532 0.667593 0 0 30873.351 7.125647456 30880.48
Nuclear MJ 4123.2341 0.071929369 4123.306 41.630709 0.209989558 41.8407 0 0 0 0.0028877 0.025810072 0.028698 0 0 4164.8677 0.307728999 4165.175
131


Electricity kWh 2856.541 0 2856.541 29.224076 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2885.7651 0 2885.765
Hydro MJ 1132.3215 0.018723237 1132.34 11.330417 0.055087593 11.3855 0 0 0 0.0007895 0.00671435 0.007504 0 0 1143.6527 0.08052518 1143.733
Coal MJ 25305.708 0.273215639 25305.98 165.41735 0.80385628 166.2212 0 0 0 0.0115212 0.097978005 0.109499 0 0 25471.137 1.175049924 25472.31
Diesel MJ 2272.4455 1675.592795 3948.038 1802.8178 4820.931708 6623.749 0 0 0 1.7418071 587.5991629 589.341 0 0 4077.005 7084.123666 11161.13
Feedstock MJ 35235.121 0 35235.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35235.121 0 35235.12
Gasoline MJ 2.8758093 0 2.875809 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.8758093 0 2.875809
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2515.0378 0.902501446 2515.94 0.5324059 2.6553438 3.18775 0 0 0 0.0379143 0.323646521 0.361561 0 0 2515.6082 3.881491767 2519.49
LPG MJ 39.175172 0.040871594 39.21604 0.184104 0.120252588 0.304357 0 0 0 0.001717 0.014656984 0.016374 0 0 39.360993 0.175781166 39.53677
Natural Gas MJ 31084.968 1.668691755 31086.64 75.508351 4.909632353 80.41798 0 0 0 0.0701207 0.598410432 0.668531 0 0 31160.547 7.17673454 31167.72
Nuclear MJ 4160.439 0.072152677 4160.511 41.630709 0.21194919 41.84266 0 0 0 0.0029042 0.025833422 0.028738 0 0 4202.0726 0.30993529 4202.382

Electricity kWh 2516.6943 0 2516.694 30.853884 0 30.85388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2547.5482 0 2547.548
Hydro MJ 1036.8964 0.018361016 1036.915 11.962307 0.048785036 12.01109 0 0 0 0.000759 0.006644251 0.007403 0 0 1048.8595 0.073790303 1048.933
Coal MJ 23277.703 0.267929986 23277.97 174.64257 0.7118873 175.3545 0 0 0 0.0110759 0.096955098 0.108031 0 0 23452.356 1.076772384 23453.43
Diesel MJ 2093.5519 1641.875237 3735.427 1803.629 4327.233547 6130.863 0 0 0 1.6744832 581.4645265 583.139 0 0 3898.8553 6550.57331 10449.43
Feedstock MJ 29830.812 0 29830.81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29830.812 0 29830.81
Gasoline MJ 268.8266 0 268.8266 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 268.8266 0 268.8266
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2395.0453 0.885041577 2395.93 0.5620978 2.351546631 2.913644 0 0 0 0.0364488 0.320267596 0.356716 0 0 2395.6439 3.556855804 2399.201
LPG MJ 39.836767 0.040080889 39.87685 0.1943713 0.106494522 0.300866 0 0 0 0.0016507 0.014503963 0.016155 0 0 40.032789 0.161079373 40.19387
Natural Gas MJ 27255.358 1.636409105 27256.99 79.719404 4.347922638 84.06733 0 0 0 0.0674104 0.592162924 0.659573 0 0 27335.145 6.576494668 27341.72
Nuclear MJ 3652.2298 0.070747173 3652.301 43.952427 0.187708189 44.14014 0 0 0 0.0027919 0.025563717 0.028356 0 0 3696.185 0.284019079 3696.469
Wood MJ 144.51067 0 144.5107 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 144.51067 0 144.5107
132


Electricity kWh 2521.4469 0 2521.447 30.853884 0 30.85388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2552.3008 0 2552.301
Hydro MJ 1042.5424 0.018411518 1042.561 11.962307 0.048918768 12.01123 0 0 0 0.0007627 0.006646345 0.007409 0 0 1054.5054 0.073976631 1054.579
Coal MJ 23296.786 0.268666929 23297.05 174.64257 0.713838755 175.3564 0 0 0 0.0111293 0.096985646 0.108115 0 0 23471.44 1.07949133 23472.52
Diesel MJ 2104.1096 1646.322089 3750.432 1803.629 4344.723257 6148.352 0 0 0 1.6825598 581.6477324 583.3303 0 0 3909.4212 6572.693078 10482.11
Feedstock MJ 29864.805 0 29864.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29864.805 0 29864.8
Gasoline MJ 295.47134 0 295.4713 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 295.47134 0 295.4713
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2396.039 0.887475888 2396.926 0.5620978 2.357992789 2.920091 0 0 0 0.0366246 0.320368505 0.356993 0 0 2396.6377 3.565837182 2400.204
LPG MJ 40.287348 0.040191131 40.32754 0.1943713 0.106786449 0.301158 0 0 0 0.0016586 0.014508532 0.016167 0 0 40.483378 0.161486113 40.64486
Natural Gas MJ 27303.181 1.640910056 27304.82 79.719404 4.359841346 84.07925 0 0 0 0.0677356 0.592349501 0.660085 0 0 27382.969 6.593100903 27389.56
Nuclear MJ 3657.2152 0.070941581 3657.286 43.952427 0.188223525 44.14065 0 0 0 0.0028054 0.025571772 0.028377 0 0 3701.1705 0.284736878 3701.455
Wood MJ 158.96173 0 158.9617 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 158.96173 0 158.9617

Electricity kWh 2526.1999 0 2526.2 30.853884 0 30.85388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2557.0538 0 2557.054
Hydro MJ 1048.1885 0.018462021 1048.207 11.962307 0.049052502 12.01136 0 0 0 0.0007663 0.006648438 0.007415 0 0 1060.1516 0.074162961 1060.226
Coal MJ 23315.872 0.269403884 23316.14 174.64257 0.71579025 175.3584 0 0 0 0.0111827 0.097016198 0.108199 0 0 23490.526 1.082210331 23491.61
Diesel MJ 2114.6678 1650.769015 3765.437 1803.629 4362.213204 6165.842 0 0 0 1.6906366 581.8309577 583.5216 0 0 3919.9874 6594.813178 10514.8
Feedstock MJ 29898.806 0 29898.81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29898.806 0 29898.81
Gasoline MJ 322.11607 0 322.1161 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 322.11607 0 322.1161
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2397.0329 0.88991024 2397.923 0.5620978 2.364439078 2.926537 0 0 0 0.0368005 0.320469424 0.35727 0 0 2397.6318 3.574818743 2401.207
LPG MJ 40.737934 0.040301376 40.77824 0.1943713 0.107078383 0.30145 0 0 0 0.0016666 0.014513103 0.01618 0 0 40.933972 0.161892861 41.09586
Natural Gas MJ 27351.011 1.645411082 27352.66 79.719404 4.371760296 84.09116 0 0 0 0.0680607 0.592536098 0.660597 0 0 27430.799 6.609707475 27437.41
Nuclear MJ 3662.2014 0.071135993 3662.273 43.952427 0.188738872 44.14117 0 0 0 0.0028189 0.025579827 0.028399 0 0 3706.1567 0.285454692 3706.442
Wood MJ 173.4128 0 173.4128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 173.4128 0 173.4128
133


Electricity kWh 2530.9525 0 2530.952 30.853884 0 30.85388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2561.8064 0 2561.806
Hydro MJ 1053.8345 0.018512523 1053.853 11.962307 0.049186234 12.01149 0 0 0 0.00077 0.006650532 0.007421 0 0 1065.7975 0.074349288 1065.872
Coal MJ 23334.955 0.270140827 23335.23 174.64257 0.717741705 175.3603 0 0 0 0.0112361 0.097046746 0.108283 0 0 23509.609 1.084929278 23510.69
Diesel MJ 2125.2256 1655.215867 3780.441 1803.629 4379.702914 6183.332 0 0 0 1.6987132 582.0141636 583.7129 0 0 3930.5533 6616.932945 10547.49
Feedstock MJ 29932.799 0 29932.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29932.799 0 29932.8
Gasoline MJ 348.7608 0 348.7608 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 348.7608 0 348.7608
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2398.0266 0.892344551 2398.919 0.5620978 2.370885236 2.932983 0 0 0 0.0369763 0.320570333 0.357547 0 0 2398.6257 3.583800121 2402.209
LPG MJ 41.188514 0.040411618 41.22893 0.1943713 0.10737031 0.301742 0 0 0 0.0016745 0.014517673 0.016192 0 0 41.38456 0.162299601 41.54686
Natural Gas MJ 27398.835 1.649912034 27400.48 79.719404 4.383679003 84.10308 0 0 0 0.0683859 0.592722674 0.661109 0 0 27478.623 6.626313711 27485.25
Nuclear MJ 3667.1868 0.071330401 3667.258 43.952427 0.189254208 44.14168 0 0 0 0.0028323 0.025587881 0.02842 0 0 3711.1421 0.286172491 3711.428
Wood MJ 187.86387 0 187.8639 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 187.86387 0 187.8639

Electricity kWh 2535.7056 0 2535.706 30.853884 0 30.85388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2566.5594 0 2566.559
Hydro MJ 1059.4806 0.018563026 1059.499 11.962307 0.049319968 12.01163 0 0 0 0.0007737 0.006652625 0.007426 0 0 1071.4437 0.074535619 1071.518
Coal MJ 23354.041 0.270877782 23354.31 174.64257 0.7196932 175.3623 0 0 0 0.0112895 0.097077298 0.108367 0 0 23528.695 1.087648279 23529.78
Diesel MJ 2135.7837 1659.662794 3795.447 1803.629 4397.192862 6200.822 0 0 0 1.7067899 582.1973889 583.9042 0 0 3941.1195 6639.053045 10580.17
Feedstock MJ 29966.8 0 29966.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29966.8 0 29966.8
Gasoline MJ 375.40554 0 375.4055 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 375.40554 0 375.4055
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2399.0205 0.894778903 2399.915 0.5620978 2.377331525 2.939429 0 0 0 0.0371521 0.320671253 0.357823 0 0 2399.6198 3.592781681 2403.213
LPG MJ 41.6391 0.040521863 41.67962 0.1943713 0.107662243 0.302034 0 0 0 0.0016825 0.014522243 0.016205 0 0 41.835154 0.162706349 41.99786
Natural Gas MJ 27446.665 1.654413059 27448.32 79.719404 4.395597953 84.115 0 0 0 0.068711 0.592909271 0.66162 0 0 27526.453 6.642920283 27533.1
Nuclear MJ 3672.173 0.071524812 3672.245 43.952427 0.189769555 44.1422 0 0 0 0.0028458 0.025595937 0.028442 0 0 3716.1283 0.286890305 3716.415
Wood MJ 202.31493 0 202.3149 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 202.31493 0 202.3149
134


Electricity kWh 2540.4586 0 2540.459 30.853884 0 30.85388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2571.3125 0 2571.313
Hydro MJ 1065.1268 0.018613529 1065.145 11.962307 0.049453702 12.01176 0 0 0 0.0007773 0.006654719 0.007432 0 0 1077.0899 0.07472195 1077.165
Coal MJ 23373.127 0.271614737 23373.4 174.64257 0.721644695 175.3642 0 0 0 0.011343 0.097107849 0.108451 0 0 23547.781 1.090367281 23548.87
Diesel MJ 2146.3419 1664.109721 3810.452 1803.629 4414.68281 6218.312 0 0 0 1.7148667 582.3806142 584.0955 0 0 3951.6857 6661.173145 10612.86
Feedstock MJ 30000.801 0 30000.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30000.801 0 30000.8
Gasoline MJ 402.05027 0 402.0503 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 402.05027 0 402.0503
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2400.0144 0.897213254 2400.912 0.5620978 2.383777814 2.945876 0 0 0 0.0373279 0.320772172 0.3581 0 0 2400.6138 3.601763241 2404.216
LPG MJ 42.089687 0.040632107 42.13032 0.1943713 0.107954176 0.302326 0 0 0 0.0016905 0.014526813 0.016217 0 0 42.285748 0.163113097 42.44886
Natural Gas MJ 27494.495 1.658914085 27496.15 79.719404 4.407516902 84.12692 0 0 0 0.0690362 0.593095867 0.662132 0 0 27574.283 6.659526855 27580.94
Nuclear MJ 3677.1592 0.071719224 3677.231 43.952427 0.190284902 44.14271 0 0 0 0.0028593 0.025603992 0.028463 0 0 3721.1145 0.287608118 3721.402
Wood MJ 216.766 0 216.766 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 216.766 0 216.766

Electricity kWh 4474.4198 0 4474.42 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4511.3164 0 4511.316
Hydro MJ 1772.7422 0.028813761 1772.771 14.305129 0.075048906 14.38018 0 0 0 0.0012475 0.010154385 0.011402 0 0 1787.0486 0.114017052 1787.163
Coal MJ 38668.571 0.420459875 38668.99 208.84637 1.095138327 209.9415 0 0 0 0.0182039 0.14817613 0.16638 0 0 38877.435 1.663774332 38879.1
Diesel MJ 3650.0225 2578.777169 6228.8 1806.6366 6567.824645 8374.461 0 0 0 2.7521295 888.6501625 891.4023 0 0 5459.4113 10035.25198 15494.66
Feedstock MJ 56513.67 0 56513.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56513.67 0 56513.67
Gasoline MJ 4.0219946 0 4.021995 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.0219946 0 4.021995
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3636.7716 1.388886984 3638.16 0.6721849 3.617523232 4.289708 0 0 0 0.0599062 0.489463825 0.54937 0 0 3637.5036 5.495874041 3643
LPG MJ 60.60641 0.062898542 60.66931 0.232439 0.16382682 0.396266 0 0 0 0.002713 0.022166354 0.024879 0 0 60.841562 0.248891716 61.09045
Natural Gas MJ 49900.712 2.568000606 49903.28 95.332477 6.68866649 102.0211 0 0 0 0.1107938 0.905000486 1.015794 0 0 49996.155 10.16166758 50006.32
Nuclear MJ 6513.5104 0.111024937 6513.621 52.560526 0.288750225 52.84928 0 0 0 0.0045887 0.039068938 0.043658 0 0 6566.0755 0.438844099 6566.514
135


Electricity kWh 4599.4969 0 4599.497 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4636.3936 0 4636.394
Hydro MJ 1822.3904 0.029740626 1822.42 14.305129 0.076321027 14.38145 0 0 0 0.0012869 0.010489762 0.011777 0 0 1836.6968 0.116551414 1836.813
Coal MJ 39794.581 0.433985 39795.02 208.84637 1.11370153 209.9601 0 0 0 0.0187794 0.153070051 0.171849 0 0 40003.446 1.700756581 40005.15
Diesel MJ 3760.8213 2661.686056 6422.507 1806.6366 6679.152924 8485.79 0 0 0 2.8391275 918.0002581 920.8394 0 0 5570.297 10258.83924 15829.14
Feedstock MJ 58097.151 0 58097.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58097.151 0 58097.15
Gasoline MJ 4.0895561 0 4.089556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.0895561 0 4.089556
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3736.6316 1.433563947 3738.065 0.6721849 3.678842261 4.351027 0 0 0 0.0617999 0.505629703 0.56743 0 0 3737.3656 5.618035911 3742.984
LPG MJ 62.385223 0.064921828 62.45014 0.232439 0.166603776 0.399043 0 0 0 0.0027987 0.022898459 0.025697 0 0 62.62046 0.254424062 62.87488
Natural Gas MJ 51374.036 2.650606655 51376.69 95.332477 6.802043105 102.1345 0 0 0 0.1142961 0.934890596 1.049187 0 0 51469.483 10.38754036 51479.87
Nuclear MJ 6695.9306 0.114594728 6696.045 52.560526 0.293644702 52.85417 0 0 0 0.0047338 0.040359296 0.045093 0 0 6748.4958 0.448598726 6748.944

Electricity kWh 4724.5746 0 4724.575 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4761.4712 0 4761.471
Hydro MJ 1872.0388 0.030667492 1872.069 14.305129 0.07759315 14.38272 0 0 0 0.0013264 0.010825138 0.012152 0 0 1886.3452 0.11908578 1886.464
Coal MJ 40920.594 0.447510137 40921.04 208.84637 1.132264774 209.9786 0 0 0 0.0193548 0.157963975 0.177319 0 0 41129.46 1.737738886 41131.2
Diesel MJ 3871.6204 2744.595018 6616.215 1806.6366 6790.48144 8597.118 0 0 0 2.9261257 947.3503732 950.2765 0 0 5681.1831 10482.42683 16163.61
Feedstock MJ 59680.639 0 59680.64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59680.639 0 59680.64
Gasoline MJ 4.1571185 0 4.157119 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1571185 0 4.157119
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3836.4919 1.478240949 3837.97 0.6721849 3.740161422 4.412346 0 0 0 0.0636936 0.521795591 0.585489 0 0 3837.2278 5.740197963 3842.968
LPG MJ 64.164041 0.066945116 64.23099 0.232439 0.169380737 0.40182 0 0 0 0.0028845 0.023630563 0.026515 0 0 64.399364 0.259956417 64.65932
Natural Gas MJ 52847.368 2.733212779 52850.1 95.332477 6.915419962 102.2479 0 0 0 0.1177984 0.964780725 1.082579 0 0 52942.818 10.61341347 52953.43
Nuclear MJ 6878.3515 0.118164523 6878.47 52.560526 0.298539189 52.85906 0 0 0 0.0048789 0.041649655 0.046529 0 0 6930.9169 0.458353368 6931.375
136


Electricity kWh 4849.6522 0 4849.652 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4886.5489 0 4886.549
Hydro MJ 1921.6871 0.031594359 1921.719 14.305129 0.078865273 14.38399 0 0 0 0.0013658 0.011160515 0.012526 0 0 1935.9936 0.121620147 1936.115
Coal MJ 42046.608 0.461035274 42047.07 208.84637 1.150828017 209.9972 0 0 0 0.0199303 0.1628579 0.182788 0 0 42255.474 1.77472119 42257.25
Diesel MJ 3982.4195 2827.50398 6809.923 1806.6366 6901.809957 8708.447 0 0 0 3.0131239 976.7004883 979.7136 0 0 5792.0693 10706.01443 16498.08
Feedstock MJ 61264.128 0 61264.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61264.128 0 61264.13
Gasoline MJ 4.2246809 0 4.224681 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.2246809 0 4.224681
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3936.3522 1.522917952 3937.875 0.6721849 3.801480583 4.473665 0 0 0 0.0655873 0.53796148 0.603549 0 0 3937.09 5.862360015 3942.952
LPG MJ 65.942859 0.068968404 66.01183 0.232439 0.172157699 0.404597 0 0 0 0.0029703 0.024362668 0.027333 0 0 66.178268 0.265488771 66.44376
Natural Gas MJ 54320.699 2.815818902 54323.51 95.332477 7.028796819 102.3613 0 0 0 0.1213007 0.994670854 1.115972 0 0 54416.153 10.83928658 54426.99
Nuclear MJ 7060.7725 0.121734318 7060.894 52.560526 0.303433677 52.86396 0 0 0 0.0050239 0.042940014 0.047964 0 0 7113.338 0.468108009 7113.806

Electricity kWh 4974.7299 0 4974.73 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5011.6265 0 5011.627
Hydro MJ 1971.3355 0.032521225 1971.368 14.305129 0.080137397 14.38527 0 0 0 0.0014052 0.011495891 0.012901 0 0 1985.642 0.124154513 1985.766
Coal MJ 43172.621 0.474560411 43173.1 208.84637 1.16939126 210.0158 0 0 0 0.0205057 0.167751824 0.188258 0 0 43381.488 1.811703494 43383.3
Diesel MJ 4093.2186 2910.412943 7003.632 1806.6366 7013.138473 8819.775 0 0 0 3.100122 1006.050603 1009.151 0 0 5902.9554 10929.60202 16832.56
Feedstock MJ 62847.617 0 62847.62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62847.617 0 62847.62
Gasoline MJ 4.2922433 0 4.292243 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.2922433 0 4.292243
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4036.2125 1.567594954 4037.78 0.6721849 3.862799744 4.534985 0 0 0 0.067481 0.554127369 0.621608 0 0 4036.9522 5.984522066 4042.937
LPG MJ 67.721677 0.070991692 67.79267 0.232439 0.17493466 0.407374 0 0 0 0.003056 0.025094773 0.028151 0 0 67.957172 0.271021125 68.22819
Natural Gas MJ 55794.03 2.898425025 55796.93 95.332477 7.142173677 102.4747 0 0 0 0.1248031 1.024560984 1.149364 0 0 55889.488 11.06515969 55900.55
Nuclear MJ 7243.1935 0.125304114 7243.319 52.560526 0.308328164 52.86885 0 0 0 0.005169 0.044230373 0.049399 0 0 7295.7591 0.477862651 7296.237
137


Electricity kWh 5099.807 0 5099.807 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5136.7037 0 5136.704
Hydro MJ 2020.9837 0.03344809 2021.017 14.305129 0.081409517 14.38654 0 0 0 0.0014447 0.011831267 0.013276 0 0 2035.2902 0.126688875 2035.417
Coal MJ 44298.631 0.488085536 44299.12 208.84637 1.187954463 210.0343 0 0 0 0.0210812 0.172645745 0.193727 0 0 44507.498 1.848685743 44509.35
Diesel MJ 4204.0174 2993.32183 7197.339 1806.6366 7124.466752 8931.103 0 0 0 3.1871201 1035.400699 1038.588 0 0 6013.8411 11153.18928 17167.03
Feedstock MJ 64431.098 0 64431.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64431.098 0 64431.1
Gasoline MJ 4.3598048 0 4.359805 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.3598048 0 4.359805
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4136.0726 1.612271916 4137.685 0.6721849 3.924118773 4.596304 0 0 0 0.0693747 0.570293247 0.639668 0 0 4136.8141 6.106683936 4142.921
LPG MJ 69.50049 0.073014978 69.5735 0.232439 0.177711616 0.410151 0 0 0 0.0031418 0.025826877 0.028969 0 0 69.736071 0.276553471 70.01262
Natural Gas MJ 57267.355 2.981031074 57270.34 95.332477 7.255550292 102.588 0 0 0 0.1283054 1.054451094 1.182756 0 0 57362.816 11.29103246 57374.11
Nuclear MJ 7425.6137 0.128873905 7425.743 52.560526 0.313222641 52.87375 0 0 0 0.005314 0.045520731 0.050835 0 0 7478.1795 0.487617277 7478.667

Electricity kWh 3637.0487 0 3637.049 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3673.9453 0 3673.945
Hydro MJ 1438.3505 0.020470621 1438.371 14.305129 0.070480918 14.37561 0 0 0 0.0009248 0.006897773 0.007823 0 0 1452.6565 0.097849312 1452.754
Coal MJ 29776.391 0.298714028 29776.69 208.84637 1.028480752 209.8749 0 0 0 0.0134948 0.100654566 0.114149 0 0 29985.251 1.427849345 29986.68
Diesel MJ 2845.6206 1833.127863 4678.748 1806.6366 6168.062116 7974.699 0 0 0 2.0401897 603.6511821 605.6914 0 0 4654.2974 8604.841161 13259.14
Feedstock MJ 46809.066 0 46809.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46809.066 0 46809.07
Gasoline MJ 3.8762857 0 3.876286 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.8762857 0 3.876286
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2776.8303 0.986729176 2777.817 0.6721849 3.397336136 4.069521 0 0 0 0.0444093 0.332487889 0.376897 0 0 2777.5469 4.7165532 2782.263
LPG MJ 46.920792 0.044686016 46.96548 0.232439 0.153855204 0.386294 0 0 0 0.0020112 0.015057383 0.017069 0 0 47.155242 0.213598603 47.36884
Natural Gas MJ 39764.758 1.82442571 39766.58 95.332477 6.281548703 101.614 0 0 0 0.0821329 0.614757793 0.696891 0 0 39860.172 8.720732207 39868.89
Nuclear MJ 5284.8689 0.07890167 5284.948 52.560526 0.27117492 52.8317 0 0 0 0.0034017 0.026539139 0.029941 0 0 5337.4329 0.37661573 5337.809
138


Electricity kWh 3678.3887 0 3678.389 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3715.2853 0 3715.285
Hydro MJ 1454.5595 0.020563172 1454.58 14.305129 0.07129624 14.37643 0 0 0 0.000932 0.006907488 0.007839 0 0 1468.8655 0.0987669 1468.964
Coal MJ 30013.184 0.300064568 30013.48 208.84637 1.040378197 209.8868 0 0 0 0.0135993 0.10079633 0.114396 0 0 30222.044 1.441239096 30223.48
Diesel MJ 2875.9792 1841.471819 4717.451 1806.6366 6239.414142 8046.051 0 0 0 2.0559937 604.5013796 606.5574 0 0 4684.6718 8685.38734 13370.06
Feedstock MJ 47422.086 0 47422.09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47422.086 0 47422.09
Gasoline MJ 3.9292763 0 3.929276 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.9292763 0 3.929276
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2790.6962 0.991190357 2791.687 0.6721849 3.436636456 4.108821 0 0 0 0.0447533 0.332956173 0.377709 0 0 2791.4132 4.760782986 2796.174
LPG MJ 47.331043 0.04488805 47.37593 0.232439 0.155634998 0.388074 0 0 0 0.0020267 0.01507859 0.017105 0 0 47.565509 0.215601638 47.78111
Natural Gas MJ 40224.487 1.83267427 40226.32 95.332477 6.354213539 101.6867 0 0 0 0.0827691 0.615623634 0.698393 0 0 40319.903 8.802511443 40328.71
Nuclear MJ 5344.425 0.079259135 5344.504 52.560526 0.274311867 52.83484 0 0 0 0.003428 0.026576518 0.030005 0 0 5396.9889 0.38014752 5397.369

Electricity kWh 3719.7293 0 3719.729 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3756.6259 0 3756.626
Hydro MJ 1470.7687 0.020655724 1470.789 14.305129 0.072111565 14.37724 0 0 0 0.0009391 0.006917203 0.007856 0 0 1485.0748 0.099684492 1485.174
Coal MJ 30249.979 0.30141512 30250.28 208.84637 1.052275683 209.8987 0 0 0 0.0137039 0.100938098 0.114642 0 0 30458.839 1.454628901 30460.29
Diesel MJ 2906.3381 1849.815851 4756.154 1806.6366 6310.766405 8117.403 0 0 0 2.0717979 605.3515967 607.4234 0 0 4715.0465 8765.933853 13480.98
Feedstock MJ 48035.115 0 48035.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48035.115 0 48035.11
Gasoline MJ 3.9822678 0 3.982268 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.9822678 0 3.982268
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2804.5624 0.995651579 2805.558 0.6721849 3.475936907 4.148122 0 0 0 0.0450973 0.333424468 0.378522 0 0 2805.2797 4.805012954 2810.085
LPG MJ 47.741299 0.045090085 47.78639 0.232439 0.157414798 0.389854 0 0 0 0.0020423 0.015099798 0.017142 0 0 47.975781 0.217604681 48.19339
Natural Gas MJ 40684.223 1.840922903 40686.06 95.332477 6.426878618 101.7594 0 0 0 0.0834053 0.616489494 0.699895 0 0 40779.639 8.884291015 40788.52
Nuclear MJ 5403.9818 0.079616604 5404.061 52.560526 0.277448824 52.83797 0 0 0 0.0034544 0.026613897 0.030068 0 0 5456.5458 0.383679324 5456.929
139


Electricity kWh 3761.0698 0 3761.07 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3797.9664 0 3797.966
Hydro MJ 1486.9779 0.020748276 1486.999 14.305129 0.07292689 14.37806 0 0 0 0.0009463 0.006926918 0.007873 0 0 1501.284 0.100602084 1501.385
Coal MJ 30486.774 0.302765673 30487.08 208.84637 1.064173168 209.9105 0 0 0 0.0138084 0.101079866 0.114888 0 0 30695.634 1.468018707 30697.1
Diesel MJ 2936.697 1858.159883 4794.857 1806.6366 6382.118669 8188.755 0 0 0 2.0876021 606.2018137 608.2894 0 0 4745.4213 8846.480365 13591.9
Feedstock MJ 48648.143 0 48648.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48648.143 0 48648.14
Gasoline MJ 4.0352594 0 4.035259 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.0352594 0 4.035259
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2818.4286 1.000112801 2819.429 0.6721849 3.515237358 4.187422 0 0 0 0.0454413 0.333892763 0.379334 0 0 2819.1462 4.849242922 2823.995
LPG MJ 48.151556 0.04529212 48.19685 0.232439 0.159194598 0.391634 0 0 0 0.0020579 0.015121006 0.017179 0 0 48.386053 0.219607724 48.60566
Natural Gas MJ 41143.959 1.849171537 41145.81 95.332477 6.499543697 101.832 0 0 0 0.0840416 0.617355354 0.701397 0 0 41239.376 8.966070588 41248.34
Nuclear MJ 5463.5386 0.079974072 5463.619 52.560526 0.28058578 52.84111 0 0 0 0.0034807 0.026651276 0.030132 0 0 5516.1026 0.387211129 5516.49

Electricity kWh 3802.4104 0 3802.41 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3839.307 0 3839.307
Hydro MJ 1503.1871 0.020840829 1503.208 14.305129 0.073742214 14.37887 0 0 0 0.0009534 0.006936633 0.00789 0 0 1517.4932 0.101519676 1517.595
Coal MJ 30723.57 0.304116225 30723.87 208.84637 1.076070654 209.9224 0 0 0 0.013913 0.101221633 0.115135 0 0 30932.43 1.481408512 30933.91
Diesel MJ 2967.056 1866.503914 4833.56 1806.6366 6453.470932 8260.108 0 0 0 2.1034063 607.0520308 609.1554 0 0 4775.796 8927.026877 13702.82
Feedstock MJ 49261.171 0 49261.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49261.171 0 49261.17
Gasoline MJ 4.0882509 0 4.088251 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.0882509 0 4.088251
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2832.2947 1.004574022 2833.299 0.6721849 3.554537809 4.226723 0 0 0 0.0457853 0.334361058 0.380146 0 0 2833.0127 4.893472889 2837.906
LPG MJ 48.561812 0.045494156 48.60731 0.232439 0.160974398 0.393413 0 0 0 0.0020735 0.015142213 0.017216 0 0 48.796324 0.221610768 49.01794
Natural Gas MJ 41603.695 1.857420171 41605.55 95.332477 6.572208775 101.9047 0 0 0 0.0846778 0.618221215 0.702899 0 0 41699.112 9.04785016 41708.16
Nuclear MJ 5523.0954 0.080331541 5523.176 52.560526 0.283722737 52.84425 0 0 0 0.0035071 0.026688655 0.030196 0 0 5575.6595 0.390742933 5576.05
140


Electricity kWh 3843.7504 0 3843.75 36.896628 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3880.647 0 3880.647
Hydro MJ 1519.3961 0.02093338 1519.417 14.305129 0.074557536 14.37969 0 0 0 0.0009606 0.006946348 0.007907 0 0 1533.7022 0.102437264 1533.805
Coal MJ 30960.362 0.305466766 30960.67 208.84637 1.0879681 209.9343 0 0 0 0.0140175 0.101363398 0.115381 0 0 31169.222 1.494798263 31170.72
Diesel MJ 2997.4145 1874.847871 4872.262 1806.6366 6524.822958 8331.46 0 0 0 2.1192104 607.9022283 610.0214 0 0 4806.1703 9007.573057 13813.74
Feedstock MJ 49874.192 0 49874.19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49874.192 0 49874.19
Gasoline MJ 4.1412415 0 4.141242 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1412415 0 4.141242
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2846.1607 1.009035204 2847.17 0.6721849 3.593838129 4.266023 0 0 0 0.0461293 0.334829343 0.380959 0 0 2846.879 4.937702675 2851.817
LPG MJ 48.972063 0.045696189 49.01776 0.232439 0.162754192 0.395193 0 0 0 0.0020891 0.015163421 0.017252 0 0 49.206591 0.223613802 49.4302
Natural Gas MJ 42063.424 1.86566873 42065.29 95.332477 6.644873611 101.9774 0 0 0 0.085314 0.619087055 0.704401 0 0 42158.842 9.129629396 42167.97
Nuclear MJ 5582.6515 0.080689006 5582.732 52.560526 0.286859684 52.84739 0 0 0 0.0035335 0.026726034 0.030259 0 0 5635.2156 0.394274723 5635.61

Electricity kWh 3307.9721 0 3307.972 51.578942 0 51.57894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3359.551 0 3359.551
Hydro MJ 1379.7604 0.020478847 1379.781 19.997585 0.064796185 20.06238 0 0 0 0.0009208 0.006837814 0.007759 0 0 1399.7589 0.092112847 1399.851
Coal MJ 27739.858 0.298834075 27740.16 291.95283 0.945527253 292.8984 0 0 0 0.013436 0.099779636 0.113216 0 0 28031.825 1.344140965 28033.17
Diesel MJ 2735.5991 1831.895299 4567.494 1813.9445 5778.324472 7592.269 0 0 0 2.0313036 598.404006 600.4353 0 0 4551.5748 8208.623777 12760.2
Feedstock MJ 41250.597 0 41250.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41250.597 0 41250.6
Gasoline MJ 499.52914 0 499.5291 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 499.52914 0 499.5291
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2654.7868 0.987125723 2655.774 0.9396681 3.123319419 4.062988 0 0 0 0.0442158 0.329597772 0.373814 0 0 2655.7707 4.440042914 2660.211
LPG MJ 51.165566 0.044703974 51.21027 0.3249337 0.141445806 0.46638 0 0 0 0.0020024 0.014926498 0.016929 0 0 51.492502 0.201076279 51.69358
Natural Gas MJ 36006.26 1.825158912 36008.09 133.26823 5.774901943 139.0431 0 0 0 0.0817751 0.609414074 0.691189 0 0 36139.61 8.209474929 36147.82
Nuclear MJ 4776.1177 0.078921228 4776.197 73.47599 0.24931793 73.72531 0 0 0 0.0033869 0.02630845 0.029695 0 0 4849.5971 0.354547608 4849.952
Wood MJ 269.11425 0 269.1143 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 269.11425 0 269.1143
141


Electricity kWh 3316.4044 0 3316.404 51.578942 0 51.57894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3367.9834 0 3367.983
Hydro MJ 1390.1104 0.020572221 1390.131 19.997585 0.065043034 20.06263 0 0 0 0.0009275 0.006841534 0.007769 0 0 1410.1089 0.092456789 1410.201
Coal MJ 27772.997 0.30019662 27773.3 291.95283 0.949129349 292.902 0 0 0 0.0135347 0.099833908 0.113369 0 0 28064.964 1.349159878 28066.31
Diesel MJ 2754.9555 1840.115999 4595.071 1813.9445 5810.702733 7624.647 0 0 0 2.0462191 598.729486 600.7757 0 0 4570.9461 8249.548218 12820.49
Feedstock MJ 41307.771 0 41307.77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41307.771 0 41307.77
Gasoline MJ 549.14742 0 549.1474 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 549.14742 0 549.1474
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2656.4484 0.99162656 2657.44 0.9396681 3.135218067 4.074886 0 0 0 0.0445405 0.329777045 0.374318 0 0 2657.4326 4.456621672 2661.889
LPG MJ 52.000294 0.044907804 52.0452 0.3249337 0.141984661 0.466918 0 0 0 0.0020171 0.014934617 0.016952 0 0 52.327245 0.201827082 52.52907
Natural Gas MJ 36090.14 1.833480791 36091.97 133.26823 5.796902103 139.0651 0 0 0 0.0823756 0.609745543 0.692121 0 0 36223.491 8.240128437 36231.73
Nuclear MJ 4784.7986 0.079280648 4784.878 73.47599 0.250269178 73.72626 0 0 0 0.0034117 0.02632276 0.029735 0 0 4858.278 0.355872586 4858.634
Wood MJ 296.02568 0 296.0257 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 296.02568 0 296.0257

Electricity kWh 3324.8373 0 3324.837 51.578942 0 51.57894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3376.4163 0 3376.416
Hydro MJ 1400.4606 0.020665596 1400.481 19.997585 0.065289885 20.06287 0 0 0 0.0009343 0.006845253 0.00778 0 0 1420.4591 0.092800734 1420.552
Coal MJ 27806.139 0.301559178 27806.44 291.95283 0.952731485 292.9056 0 0 0 0.0136334 0.099888183 0.113522 0 0 28098.106 1.354178845 28099.46
Diesel MJ 2774.3122 1848.336774 4622.649 1813.9445 5843.081232 7657.026 0 0 0 2.0611346 599.0549855 601.1161 0 0 4590.3178 8290.472992 12880.79
Feedstock MJ 41364.952 0 41364.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41364.952 0 41364.95
Gasoline MJ 598.7657 0 598.7657 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 598.7657 0 598.7657
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2658.1103 0.996127436 2659.106 0.9396681 3.147116847 4.086785 0 0 0 0.0448652 0.329956328 0.374821 0 0 2659.0948 4.473200611 2663.568
LPG MJ 52.835028 0.045111635 52.88014 0.3249337 0.142523521 0.467457 0 0 0 0.0020318 0.014942736 0.016975 0 0 53.161993 0.202577892 53.36457
Natural Gas MJ 36174.026 1.841802745 36175.87 133.26823 5.818902506 139.0871 0 0 0 0.0829761 0.610077031 0.693053 0 0 36307.377 8.270782282 36315.65
Nuclear MJ 4793.4803 0.079640073 4793.56 73.47599 0.251220436 73.72721 0 0 0 0.0034366 0.02633707 0.029774 0 0 4866.9598 0.357197579 4867.317
Wood MJ 322.9371 0 322.9371 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 322.9371 0 322.9371
142


Electricity kWh 3333.2702 0 3333.27 51.578942 0 51.57894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3384.8492 0 3384.849
Hydro MJ 1410.8108 0.020758971 1410.832 19.997585 0.065536736 20.06312 0 0 0 0.000941 0.006848972 0.00779 0 0 1430.8093 0.09314468 1430.902
Coal MJ 27839.281 0.302921735 27839.58 291.95283 0.956333621 292.9092 0 0 0 0.013732 0.099942457 0.113674 0 0 28131.248 1.359197813 28132.61
Diesel MJ 2793.669 1856.55755 4650.227 1813.9445 5875.459732 7689.404 0 0 0 2.0760502 599.3804849 601.4565 0 0 4609.6895 8331.397766 12941.09
Feedstock MJ 41422.133 0 41422.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41422.133 0 41422.13
Gasoline MJ 648.38397 0 648.384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 648.38397 0 648.384
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2659.7721 1.000628312 2660.773 0.9396681 3.159015626 4.098684 0 0 0 0.0451898 0.330135611 0.375325 0 0 2660.7569 4.48977955 2665.247
LPG MJ 53.669762 0.045315466 53.71508 0.3249337 0.143062381 0.467996 0 0 0 0.0020465 0.014950856 0.016997 0 0 53.996742 0.203328703 54.20007
Natural Gas MJ 36257.912 1.850124699 36259.76 133.26823 5.840902909 139.1091 0 0 0 0.0835765 0.61040852 0.693985 0 0 36391.264 8.301436127 36399.57
Nuclear MJ 4802.162 0.079999497 4802.242 73.47599 0.252171693 73.72816 0 0 0 0.0034615 0.026351381 0.029813 0 0 4875.6415 0.358522571 4876
Wood MJ 349.84853 0 349.8485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 349.84853 0 349.8485

Electricity kWh 3341.7031 0 3341.703 51.578942 0 51.57894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3393.2821 0 3393.282
Hydro MJ 1421.1609 0.020852346 1421.182 19.997585 0.065783588 20.06337 0 0 0 0.0009478 0.006852692 0.0078 0 0 1441.1595 0.093488625 1441.253
Coal MJ 27872.423 0.304284292 27872.73 291.95283 0.959935756 292.9128 0 0 0 0.0138307 0.099996732 0.113827 0 0 28164.39 1.36421678 28165.75
Diesel MJ 2813.0258 1864.778325 4677.804 1813.9445 5907.838231 7721.783 0 0 0 2.0909658 599.7059843 601.797 0 0 4629.0612 8372.32254 13001.38
Feedstock MJ 41479.315 0 41479.31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41479.315 0 41479.31
Gasoline MJ 698.00225 0 698.0023 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 698.00225 0 698.0023
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2661.4339 1.005129189 2662.439 0.9396681 3.170914406 4.110583 0 0 0 0.0455145 0.330314895 0.375829 0 0 2662.4191 4.506358489 2666.925
LPG MJ 54.504495 0.045519298 54.55001 0.3249337 0.143601241 0.468535 0 0 0 0.0020612 0.014958975 0.01702 0 0 54.83149 0.204079514 55.03557
Natural Gas MJ 36341.798 1.858446652 36343.66 133.26823 5.862903311 139.1311 0 0 0 0.084177 0.610740008 0.694917 0 0 36475.151 8.332089972 36483.48
Nuclear MJ 4810.8437 0.080358921 4810.924 73.47599 0.253122951 73.72911 0 0 0 0.0034864 0.026365691 0.029852 0 0 4884.3232 0.359847563 4884.683
Wood MJ 376.75995 0 376.76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 376.75995 0 376.76
143


Electricity kWh 3350.1355 0 3350.135 51.578942 0 51.57894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3401.7144 0 3401.714
Hydro MJ 1431.5109 0.02094572 1431.532 19.997585 0.066030436 20.06362 0 0 0 0.0009546 0.006856411 0.007811 0 0 1451.5095 0.093832567 1451.603
Coal MJ 27905.562 0.305646837 27905.87 291.95283 0.963537852 292.9164 0 0 0 0.0139293 0.100051003 0.11398 0 0 28197.529 1.369235693 28198.9
Diesel MJ 2832.3822 1872.999025 4705.381 1813.9445 5940.216492 7754.161 0 0 0 2.1058813 600.0314643 602.1373 0 0 4648.4325 8413.246982 13061.68
Feedstock MJ 41536.488 0 41536.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41536.488 0 41536.49
Gasoline MJ 747.62053 0 747.6205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 747.62053 0 747.6205
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2663.0955 1.009630025 2664.105 0.9396681 3.182813054 4.122481 0 0 0 0.0458392 0.330494167 0.376333 0 0 2664.081 4.522937246 2668.604
LPG MJ 55.339224 0.045723127 55.38495 0.3249337 0.144140095 0.469074 0 0 0 0.0020759 0.014967094 0.017043 0 0 55.666233 0.204830316 55.87106
Natural Gas MJ 36425.678 1.866768532 36427.54 133.26823 5.884903472 139.1531 0 0 0 0.0847774 0.611071476 0.695849 0 0 36559.031 8.36274348 36567.39
Nuclear MJ 4819.5247 0.080718342 4819.605 73.47599 0.254074199 73.73006 0 0 0 0.0035112 0.026380001 0.029891 0 0 4893.0042 0.361172541 4893.365
Wood MJ 403.67138 0 403.6714 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 403.67138 0 403.6714
144
Project Beam Type = WF, Live Load = 45 PSF, Beam Length = 15

Electricity kWh 1967.145 0 1967.145 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1990.15113 0 1990.15113
Hydro MJ 783.5985 0.016732078 783.6153 8.919671 0.037546751 8.957217 0 0 0 0.000635414 0.006505338 0.007141 0 0 792.5188396 0.060784167 792.5796237
Coal MJ 20211.32 0.244159979 20211.56 130.2219 0.54789455 130.7698 0 0 0 0.009272173 0.094928038 0.1042 0 0 20341.55169 0.886982568 20342.43868
Diesel MJ 1619.307 1496.080071 3115.387 1799.723 3285.86375 5085.587 0 0 0 1.401797175 569.3077302 570.7095 0 0 3420.43154 5351.251551 8771.683092
Feedstock MJ 22046.5 0 22046.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22046.49831 0 22046.49831
Gasoline MJ 1.735757 0 1.735757 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.735756626 0 1.735756626
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2216.723 0.806523137 2217.529 0.419127 1.809836452 2.228964 0 0 0 0.030513228 0.313571697 0.344085 0 0 2217.172456 2.929931286 2220.102387
LPG MJ 30.34896 0.036525023 30.38549 0.144933 0.081962086 0.226895 0 0 0 0.001381854 0.014200725 0.015583 0 0 30.49527722 0.132687835 30.62796506
Natural Gas MJ 21194.26 1.491231417 21195.76 59.44261 3.346320577 62.78894 0 0 0 0.056432801 0.579782455 0.636215 0 0 21253.76305 5.417334448 21259.18039
Nuclear MJ 2879.14 0.064462135 2879.205 32.77304 0.144460906 32.9175 0 0 0 0.002337277 0.025029251 0.027367 0 0 2911.915517 0.233952292 2912.149469
145


Electricity kWh 2275.773 0 2275.773 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2306.448063 0 2306.448063
Hydro MJ 904.6085 0.017423028 904.6259 11.89289 0.043633578 11.93653 0 0 0 0.000688896 0.006577867 0.007267 0 0 916.502047 0.067634473 916.5696815
Coal MJ 21979.12 0.254242548 21979.37 173.6292 0.636715525 174.2659 0 0 0 0.010052593 0.095986403 0.106039 0 0 22152.75681 0.986944477 22153.74375
Diesel MJ 1845.952 1558.372563 3404.324 1803.54 3818.545855 5622.086 0 0 0 1.519783592 575.6550169 577.1748 0 0 3651.011313 5952.573435 9603.584748
Feedstock MJ 26623.07 0 26623.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26623.0659 0 26623.0659
Gasoline MJ 2.131365 0 2.131365 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.131364863 0 2.131364863
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2320.241 0.839828454 2321.081 0.558836 2.10323495 2.662071 0 0 0 0.033081464 0.317067749 0.350149 0 0 2320.832657 3.260131152 2324.092788
LPG MJ 33.41173 0.038033321 33.44977 0.193243 0.095249228 0.288493 0 0 0 0.001498162 0.014359051 0.015857 0 0 33.60647629 0.1476416 33.75411789
Natural Gas MJ 24626.43 1.552811713 24627.98 79.25682 3.888803535 83.14562 0 0 0 0.061182635 0.586246525 0.647429 0 0 24705.74304 6.027861773 24711.7709
Nuclear MJ 3323.762 0.067130821 3323.829 43.69739 0.167879935 43.86527 0 0 0 0.002534001 0.025308306 0.027842 0 0 3367.461983 0.260319062 3367.722302

Electricity kWh 4173.188 0 4173.188 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4211.531895 0 4211.531895
Hydro MJ 1648.565 0.021670918 1648.587 14.86612 0.081054772 14.94717 0 0 0 0.001017695 0.007023767 0.008041 0 0 1663.432427 0.109749458 1663.542177
Coal MJ 32847.36 0.316229164 32847.67 217.0365 1.182777907 218.2192 0 0 0 0.014850536 0.102493125 0.117344 0 0 33064.40651 1.601500197 33066.00801
Diesel MJ 3239.341 1941.340512 5180.682 1807.357 7093.421619 8900.778 0 0 0 2.245152163 614.6774945 616.9226 0 0 5048.94316 9649.439626 14698.38279
Feedstock MJ 54759.34 0 54759.34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54759.34112 0 54759.34112
Gasoline MJ 4.563524 0 4.563524 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.563524342 0 4.563524342
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2956.658 1.044586172 2957.703 0.698545 3.907019278 4.605564 0 0 0 0.048870722 0.338561124 0.387432 0 0 2957.405894 5.290166573 2962.69606
LPG MJ 52.24135 0.047306186 52.28865 0.241554 0.176937231 0.418492 0 0 0 0.002213211 0.015332422 0.017546 0 0 52.4851144 0.239575839 52.72469024
Natural Gas MJ 45727 1.931401154 45728.94 99.07102 7.223933958 106.295 0 0 0 0.090384134 0.62598698 0.716371 0 0 45826.16574 9.781322092 45835.94706
Nuclear MJ 6057.253 0.083537631 6057.336 54.62173 0.311857761 54.93359 0 0 0 0.00374344 0.027023904 0.030767 0 0 6111.878204 0.422419296 6112.300623
146


Electricity kWh 4799.579 0 4799.579 46.01227 0 46.01227 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4845.59123 0 4845.59123
Hydro MJ 1894.167 0.023073267 1894.19 17.83934 0.093408572 17.93275 0 0 0 0.001126241 0.007170972 0.008297 0 0 1912.007039 0.123652811 1912.130691
Coal MJ 36435.27 0.336692707 36435.61 260.4438 1.363048609 261.8068 0 0 0 0.016434473 0.104641179 0.121076 0 0 36695.72932 1.804382495 36697.5337
Diesel MJ 3699.339 2067.769109 5767.108 1811.174 8174.551126 9985.725 0 0 0 2.48461693 627.5599228 630.0445 0 0 5512.997038 10869.88016 16382.8772
Feedstock MJ 64047.92 0 64047.92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64047.92473 0 64047.92473
Gasoline MJ 5.366449 0 5.366449 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.366449267 0 5.366449267
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3166.758 1.112182511 3167.87 0.838254 4.502499717 5.340754 0 0 0 0.054083204 0.345656697 0.39974 0 0 3167.650387 5.960338925 3173.610726
LPG MJ 58.45754 0.050367423 58.5079 0.289865 0.203904761 0.49377 0 0 0 0.002449269 0.015653759 0.018103 0 0 58.74985113 0.269925943 59.01977707
Natural Gas MJ 52692.9 2.056384282 52694.96 118.8852 8.324955238 127.2102 0 0 0 0.100024379 0.639106432 0.739131 0 0 52811.89013 11.02044595 52822.91058
Nuclear MJ 6959.656 0.088953985 6959.745 65.54608 0.359388931 65.90547 0 0 0 0.00414271 0.027590272 0.031733 0 0 7025.205858 0.475933188 7025.681791

Electricity kWh 9321.427 0 9321.427 61.3497 0 61.3497 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9382.776232 0 9382.776232
Hydro MJ 3667.136 0.033196679 3667.169 23.78579 0.18258934 23.96838 0 0 0 0.001909822 0.008233624 0.010143 0 0 3690.923897 0.224019642 3691.147917
Coal MJ 62336.04 0.484416854 62336.52 347.2584 2.664403716 349.9228 0 0 0 0.027868748 0.120147752 0.148016 0 0 62683.32603 3.268968322 62686.595
Diesel MJ 7020.012 2980.443765 10000.46 1818.808 15979.11054 17797.92 0 0 0 4.21328773 720.5568079 724.7701 0 0 8843.032557 19680.11112 28523.14368
Feedstock MJ 131101.2 0 131101.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 131101.2261 0 131101.2261
Gasoline MJ 11.16268 0 11.16268 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.16267927 0 11.16267927
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4683.445 1.600153321 4685.045 1.117672 8.80120995 9.918882 0 0 0 0.091711562 0.396878891 0.48859 0 0 4684.653992 10.79824216 4695.452234
LPG MJ 103.3316 0.072466162 103.404 0.386487 0.398580506 0.785067 0 0 0 0.004153347 0.017973459 0.022127 0 0 103.7221929 0.489020127 104.211213
Natural Gas MJ 102979 2.958624245 102982 158.5136 16.27311127 174.7868 0 0 0 0.169616283 0.733814372 0.903431 0 0 103137.6865 19.96554989 103157.652
Nuclear MJ 13474.01 0.12805407 13474.13 87.39477 0.702511413 88.09728 0 0 0 0.007024997 0.03167882 0.038704 0 0 13561.40846 0.862244303 13562.27071
147

Project Beam Type = Concrete, Live Load = 45 PSF, Beam Length = 15

Electricity kWh 1513.012 0 1513.012 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1536.018259 0 1536.018259
Hydro MJ 617.8265 0.027937848 617.8544 8.919671 0.030662517 8.950333 0 0 0 0.000842594 0.012414636 0.013257 0 0 626.7469793 0.071015002 626.8179943
Coal MJ 26637.28 0.407678275 26637.69 130.2219 0.447437542 130.6693 0 0 0 0.012295409 0.181158451 0.193454 0 0 26767.51554 1.036274269 26768.55182
Diesel MJ 1431.82 2494.06379 3925.884 1799.723 2683.397379 4483.12 0 0 0 1.85885982 1086.453578 1088.312 0 0 3233.402243 6263.914748 9497.316991
Feedstock MJ 7971.195 0 7971.195 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7971.194883 0 7971.194883
Gasoline MJ 0.512197 0 0.512197 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.512197446 0 0.512197446
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3671.659 1.346666077 3673.005 0.419127 1.478001147 1.897128 0 0 0 0.040462211 0.598412903 0.638875 0 0 3672.118243 3.423080127 3675.541324
LPG MJ 36.64876 0.060986483 36.70975 0.144933 0.066934257 0.211867 0 0 0 0.001832415 0.027100333 0.028933 0 0 36.7955266 0.155021072 36.95054767
Natural Gas MJ 15125.05 2.489935709 15127.54 59.44261 2.732769387 62.17538 0 0 0 0.074832984 1.106443298 1.181276 0 0 15184.57143 6.329148393 15190.90058
Nuclear MJ 2270.046 0.107585108 2270.153 32.77304 0.117973856 32.89101 0 0 0 0.003099358 0.047765239 0.050865 0 0 2302.821742 0.273324203 2303.095066

Electricity kWh 1747.919 0 1747.919 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1778.594009 0 1778.594009
Hydro MJ 714.6026 0.033124711 714.6358 11.89289 0.035363316 11.92826 0 0 0 0.000993486 0.014760702 0.015754 0 0 726.4965367 0.083248729 726.5797854
Coal MJ 31394.33 0.483366674 31394.82 173.6292 0.516033142 174.1452 0 0 0 0.014497274 0.21539302 0.22989 0 0 31567.97863 1.214792836 31569.19343
Diesel MJ 1665.546 2956.996627 4622.542 1803.54 3094.782734 4898.323 0 0 0 2.191744959 1291.767047 1293.959 0 0 3471.277134 7343.546408 10814.82354
Feedstock MJ 8709.825 0 8709.825 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8709.824598 0 8709.824598
Gasoline MJ 0.542304 0 0.542304 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5423038 0 0.5423038
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4351.102 1.596684303 4352.699 0.558836 1.704590035 2.263426 0 0 0 0.047708195 0.711498479 0.759207 0 0 4351.708372 4.012772817 4355.721144
LPG MJ 43.08997 0.072309062 43.16228 0.193243 0.07719579 0.270439 0 0 0 0.002160564 0.032221641 0.034382 0 0 43.28537643 0.181726493 43.46710292
Natural Gas MJ 17422.72 2.952210151 17425.67 79.25682 3.151723849 82.40854 0 0 0 0.088234096 1.31553434 1.403768 0 0 17502.06031 7.419468339 17509.47978
Nuclear MJ 2625.625 0.127557759 2625.752 43.69739 0.136060151 43.83345 0 0 0 0.003654391 0.056791714 0.060446 0 0 2669.325715 0.320409624 2669.646125
148


Electricity kWh 1982.826 0 1982.826 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2021.169759 0 2021.169759
Hydro MJ 811.3788 0.038311573 811.4171 14.86612 0.040064115 14.90618 0 0 0 0.001144378 0.017106768 0.018251 0 0 826.2460941 0.095482456 826.3415766
Coal MJ 36151.39 0.559055073 36151.95 217.0365 0.584628741 217.6211 0 0 0 0.016699139 0.249627589 0.266327 0 0 36368.44172 1.393311404 36369.83504
Diesel MJ 1899.271 3419.929464 5319.2 1807.357 3506.16809 5313.525 0 0 0 2.524630098 1497.080515 1499.605 0 0 3709.152026 8423.178069 12132.33009
Feedstock MJ 9448.454 0 9448.454 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9448.454314 0 9448.454314
Gasoline MJ 0.57241 0 0.57241 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.572410153 0 0.572410153
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5030.545 1.846702529 5032.392 0.698545 1.931178922 2.629724 0 0 0 0.05495418 0.824584055 0.879538 0 0 5031.2985 4.602465506 5035.900965
LPG MJ 49.53118 0.08363164 49.61481 0.241554 0.087457324 0.329012 0 0 0 0.002488713 0.037342948 0.039832 0 0 49.77522625 0.208431913 49.98365816
Natural Gas MJ 19720.38 3.414484593 19723.79 99.07102 3.570678311 102.6417 0 0 0 0.101635207 1.524625382 1.626261 0 0 19819.54919 8.509788286 19828.05898
Nuclear MJ 2981.204 0.147530409 2981.351 54.62173 0.154146446 54.77588 0 0 0 0.004209425 0.06581819 0.070028 0 0 3035.829688 0.367495045 3036.197183

Electricity kWh 2217.733 0 2217.733 46.01227 0 46.01227 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2263.745509 0 2263.745509
Hydro MJ 908.155 0.043498435 908.1985 17.83934 0.044764913 17.88411 0 0 0 0.00129527 0.019452834 0.020748 0 0 925.9956515 0.107716182 926.1033677
Coal MJ 40908.44 0.634743472 40909.08 260.4438 0.653224341 261.097 0 0 0 0.018901005 0.283862158 0.302763 0 0 41168.90482 1.571829971 41170.47665
Diesel MJ 2132.996 3882.862301 6015.858 1811.174 3917.553445 5728.727 0 0 0 2.857515237 1702.393983 1705.251 0 0 3947.026917 9502.80973 13449.83665
Feedstock MJ 10187.08 0 10187.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10187.08403 0 10187.08403
Gasoline MJ 0.602517 0 0.602517 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.602516507 0 0.602516507
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5709.988 2.096720755 5712.085 0.838254 2.15776781 2.996022 0 0 0 0.062200164 0.937669631 0.99987 0 0 5710.888628 5.192158196 5716.080786
LPG MJ 55.97239 0.094954219 56.06735 0.289865 0.097718858 0.387584 0 0 0 0.002816863 0.042464256 0.045281 0 0 56.26507608 0.235137333 56.50021341
Natural Gas MJ 22018.04 3.876759035 22021.91 118.8852 3.989632773 122.8749 0 0 0 0.115036319 1.733716424 1.848753 0 0 22137.03807 9.600108232 22146.63818
Nuclear MJ 3336.783 0.167503059 3336.95 65.54608 0.172232741 65.71831 0 0 0 0.004764459 0.074844666 0.079609 0 0 3402.333661 0.414580466 3402.748242
149

Electricity kWh 2687.547 0 2687.547 61.3497 0 61.3497 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2748.897008 0 2748.897008
Hydro MJ 1101.707 0.053872159 1101.761 23.78579 0.05416651 23.83995 0 0 0 0.001597054 0.024144967 0.025742 0 0 1125.494766 0.132183636 1125.62695
Coal MJ 50422.55 0.78612027 50423.34 347.2584 0.79041554 348.0488 0 0 0 0.023304735 0.352331296 0.375636 0 0 50769.831 1.928867106 50771.75986
Diesel MJ 2600.446 4808.727975 7409.174 1818.808 4740.324156 6559.132 0 0 0 3.523285515 2113.020919 2116.544 0 0 4422.776699 11662.07305 16084.84975
Feedstock MJ 11664.34 0 11664.34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11664.34346 0 11664.34346
Gasoline MJ 0.662729 0 0.662729 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.662729213 0 0.662729213
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 7068.875 2.596757207 7071.471 1.117672 2.610945585 3.728618 0 0 0 0.076692132 1.163840783 1.240533 0 0 7070.068884 6.371543576 7076.440427
LPG MJ 68.85482 0.117599376 68.97242 0.386487 0.118241926 0.504729 0 0 0 0.003473161 0.052706872 0.05618 0 0 69.24477573 0.288548173 69.5333239
Natural Gas MJ 26613.36 4.801307919 26618.16 158.5136 4.827541697 163.3412 0 0 0 0.141838543 2.151898508 2.293737 0 0 26772.01583 11.78074812 26783.79658
Nuclear MJ 4047.941 0.20744836 4048.148 87.39477 0.208405331 87.60318 0 0 0 0.005874527 0.092897617 0.098772 0 0 4135.341608 0.508751308 4135.850359
Project Beam Type = Glulam, Live Load = 45 PSF, Beam Length = 15

Electricity kWh 1373.458 0 1373.458 32.83738 0 32.83738 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1406.295306 0 1406.295306
Hydro MJ 936.4785 0.019560025 936.498 12.73133 0.033166279 12.76449 0 0 0 0.000833755 0.006435917 0.00727 0 0 949.2106218 0.059162222 949.269784
Coal MJ 15979.51 0.285426326 15979.79 185.8698 0.483973263 186.3538 0 0 0 0.012166432 0.093915022 0.106081 0 0 16165.38892 0.863314612 16166.25224
Diesel MJ 1911.251 1739.966898 3651.218 1804.616 3492.591807 5297.208 0 0 0 1.839360636 563.2324154 565.0718 0 0 3717.706314 5795.79112 9513.497434
Feedstock MJ 10424.59 0 10424.59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10424.5914 0 10424.5914
Gasoline MJ 2717.649 0 2717.649 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2717.649219 0 2717.649219
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1982.797 0.942836481 1983.739 0.598233 1.598688012 2.196921 0 0 0 0.040037768 0.310225445 0.350263 0 0 1983.43487 2.851749938 1986.28662
LPG MJ 65.52087 0.042698247 65.56357 0.206867 0.072399807 0.279267 0 0 0 0.001813193 0.014049184 0.015862 0 0 65.72954797 0.129147238 65.85869521
Natural Gas MJ 13760.01 1.743269741 13761.76 84.84432 2.955914938 87.80023 0 0 0 0.074047996 0.57359536 0.647643 0 0 13844.93286 5.272780038 13850.20564
Nuclear MJ 1833.758 0.075317257 1833.834 46.77799 0.127689141 46.90568 0 0 0 0.003066846 0.024762154 0.027829 0 0 1880.539506 0.227768552 1880.767275
Wood MJ 1473.695 0 1473.695 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1473.694984 0 1473.694984
150


Electricity kWh 1488.1 0 1488.1 43.78318 0 43.78318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1531.883057 0 1531.883057
Hydro MJ 1109.982 0.021200242 1110.004 16.9751 0.03772642 17.01283 0 0 0 0.000953368 0.006486975 0.00744 0 0 1126.958451 0.065413636 1127.023865
Coal MJ 16359.11 0.309360899 16359.42 247.8264 0.550516329 248.3769 0 0 0 0.013911864 0.094660076 0.108572 0 0 16606.95117 0.954537304 16607.90571
Diesel MJ 2237.528 1884.17721 4121.705 1810.064 4088.361046 5898.425 0 0 0 2.103240775 567.7006924 569.8039 0 0 4049.695714 6540.238949 10589.93466
Feedstock MJ 11111.22 0 11111.22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11111.21798 0 11111.21798
Gasoline MJ 3623.341 0 3623.341 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3623.340627 0 3623.340627
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2006.412 1.021898524 2007.434 0.797644 1.81849685 2.616141 0 0 0 0.045781705 0.312686549 0.358468 0 0 2007.255322 3.153081923 2010.408404
LPG MJ 80.34824 0.046278731 80.39452 0.275822 0.082354293 0.358177 0 0 0 0.002073319 0.01416064 0.016234 0 0 80.6261352 0.142793664 80.76892887
Natural Gas MJ 14773.04 1.88945253 14774.93 113.1258 3.362333342 116.4881 0 0 0 0.084671142 0.578145849 0.662817 0 0 14886.25213 5.829931721 14892.08206
Nuclear MJ 1935.556 0.081629668 1935.638 62.37066 0.145261613 62.51592 0 0 0 0.003506825 0.024958599 0.028465 0 0 1997.930402 0.25184988 1998.182252
Wood MJ 1964.927 0 1964.927 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1964.926646 0 1964.926646

Electricity kWh 1964.353 0 1964.353 54.72897 0 54.72897 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2019.082412 0 2019.082412
Hydro MJ 1812.965 0.027810379 1812.992 21.21888 0.056676707 21.27556 0 0 0 0.001439121 0.006698865 0.008138 0 0 1834.184978 0.091185951 1834.276164
Coal MJ 17974.75 0.405818198 17975.15 309.783 0.827045157 310.61 0 0 0 0.021000122 0.097752047 0.118752 0 0 18284.55246 1.330615402 18285.88308
Diesel MJ 3562.728 2465.214181 6027.942 1815.512 6536.632612 8352.145 0 0 0 3.174866673 586.2440343 589.4189 0 0 5381.414795 9588.090827 14969.50562
Feedstock MJ 14568.4 0 14568.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14568.39934 0 14568.39934
Gasoline MJ 7260.433 0 7260.433 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7260.432954 0 7260.432954
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2131.947 1.340521762 2133.287 0.997056 2.731942597 3.728998 0 0 0 0.069108022 0.322900124 0.392008 0 0 2133.012739 4.395364482 2137.408103
LPG MJ 140.0571 0.060708226 140.1178 0.344778 0.123721526 0.4685 0 0 0 0.003129699 0.014623182 0.017753 0 0 140.4050017 0.199052934 140.6040546
Natural Gas MJ 18970.86 2.478575098 18973.34 141.4072 5.051260712 146.4585 0 0 0 0.127812084 0.597030371 0.724842 0 0 19112.39918 8.126866181 19120.52605
Nuclear MJ 2367.294 0.107072006 2367.401 77.96332 0.218282595 78.1816 0 0 0 0.005293593 0.025773845 0.031067 0 0 2445.262907 0.351128446 2445.614036
Wood MJ 3937.555 0 3937.555 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3937.554524 0 3937.554524
151


Electricity kWh 2151.318 0 2151.318 65.67477 0 65.67477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2216.992605 0 2216.992605
Hydro MJ 2092.364 0.030444579 2092.395 25.46265 0.064114881 25.52677 0 0 0 0.001631962 0.00678209 0.008414 0 0 2117.828595 0.10134155 2117.929936
Coal MJ 18601.56 0.444257318 18602 371.7396 0.935585447 372.6752 0 0 0 0.023814121 0.098966485 0.122781 0 0 18973.32322 1.47880925 18974.80203
Diesel MJ 4088.79 2696.78984 6785.579 1820.96 7502.902744 9323.863 0 0 0 3.600296055 593.5273289 597.1276 0 0 5913.350244 10793.21991 16706.57016
Feedstock MJ 15809.14 0 15809.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15809.14222 0 15809.14222
Gasoline MJ 8712.405 0 8712.405 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8712.404546 0 8712.404546
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2175.946 1.467496053 2177.413 1.196467 3.090479051 4.286946 0 0 0 0.078368438 0.326911724 0.40528 0 0 2177.220818 4.884886828 2182.105705
LPG MJ 163.8608 0.066458512 163.9272 0.413734 0.139958572 0.553692 0 0 0 0.003549076 0.014804855 0.018354 0 0 164.278046 0.22122194 164.499268
Natural Gas MJ 20620.85 2.713345859 20623.56 169.6886 5.714181343 175.4028 0 0 0 0.144938792 0.604447671 0.749386 0 0 20790.685 9.031974874 20799.71698
Nuclear MJ 2535.08 0.117210404 2535.198 93.55598 0.246944787 93.80293 0 0 0 0.00600293 0.02609405 0.032097 0 0 2628.6423 0.390249241 2629.03255
Wood MJ 4725.065 0 4725.065 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4725.065429 0 4725.065429

Electricity kWh 3150.969 0 3150.969 87.56636 0 87.56636 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3238.535544 0 3238.535544
Hydro MJ 3552.319 0.044140629 3552.363 33.95021 0.103896806 34.0541 0 0 0 0.002641778 0.007226654 0.009868 0 0 3586.271373 0.155264088 3586.426637
Coal MJ 22026.65 0.644114578 22027.29 495.6528 1.516096381 497.1689 0 0 0 0.038549691 0.105453712 0.144003 0 0 22522.33721 2.265664671 22524.60287
Diesel MJ 6843.865 3900.561555 10744.43 1831.857 12618.38936 14450.25 0 0 0 5.828067456 632.4328895 638.261 0 0 8681.549699 17151.3838 25832.9335
Feedstock MJ 23595.69 0 23595.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23595.68604 0 23595.68604
Gasoline MJ 16236.74 0 16236.74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16236.73882 0 16236.73882
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2463.48 2.127675924 2465.608 1.595289 5.008055776 6.603345 0 0 0 0.126860829 0.348340701 0.475202 0 0 2465.201987 7.484072401 2472.686059
LPG MJ 287.5345 0.096356086 287.6309 0.551645 0.226799901 0.778445 0 0 0 0.005745154 0.01577531 0.02152 0 0 288.0918963 0.338931297 288.4308276
Natural Gas MJ 29422.78 3.933993994 29426.71 226.2515 9.259709716 235.5112 0 0 0 0.234623221 0.644069057 0.878692 0 0 29649.26528 13.83777277 29663.10305
Nuclear MJ 3449.043 0.169929098 3449.213 124.7413 0.400232787 125.1415 0 0 0 0.00971739 0.027804509 0.037522 0 0 3573.794075 0.597966394 3574.392041
Wood MJ 8805.93 0 8805.93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8805.930482 0 8805.930482
152


Electricity kWh 2344.61 0 2344.61 21.91806 0 21.91806 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2366.528348 0 2366.528348
Hydro MJ 931.5988 0.017577138 931.6163 8.497813 0.044991196 8.542804 0 0 0 0.000700824 0.006594044 0.007295 0 0 940.0972835 0.069162379 940.1664459
Coal MJ 22373.41 0.256491385 22373.67 124.063 0.65652634 124.7195 0 0 0 0.010226659 0.096222463 0.106449 0 0 22497.48393 1.009240189 22498.49317
Diesel MJ 1896.503 1572.26641 3468.769 1799.181 3937.356376 5736.538 0 0 0 1.546099527 577.0707289 578.6168 0 0 3697.230435 6086.693515 9783.92395
Feedstock MJ 27643.83 0 27643.83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27643.83303 0 27643.83303
Gasoline MJ 2.219602 0 2.219602 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.219602145 0 2.219602145
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2343.33 0.84725694 2344.177 0.399304 2.16867516 2.56798 0 0 0 0.033654289 0.317847515 0.351502 0 0 2343.762551 3.333779616 2347.09633
LPG MJ 34.09486 0.038369735 34.13323 0.138078 0.098212819 0.236291 0 0 0 0.001524104 0.014394364 0.015918 0 0 34.23446375 0.150976919 34.38544066
Natural Gas MJ 25391.94 1.56654671 25393.51 56.63126 4.009800059 60.64106 0 0 0 0.062242047 0.587688285 0.64993 0 0 25448.63486 6.164035055 25454.7989
Nuclear MJ 3422.931 0.06772605 3422.999 31.22303 0.173103364 31.39613 0 0 0 0.002577879 0.025370547 0.027948 0 0 3454.157068 0.266199961 3454.423268

Electricity kWh 2779.066 0 2779.066 29.22408 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2808.289935 0 2808.289935
Hydro MJ 1101.944 0.018549788 1101.963 11.33042 0.053559615 11.38398 0 0 0 0.00077611 0.006696143 0.007472 0 0 1113.275494 0.078805545 1113.3543
Coal MJ 24861.94 0.270684606 24862.21 165.4173 0.781559518 166.1989 0 0 0 0.011325255 0.097712323 0.109038 0 0 25027.3651 1.149956446 25028.51505
Diesel MJ 2215.551 1659.955475 3875.506 1802.818 4687.212323 6490.03 0 0 0 1.712188862 586.0057967 587.718 0 0 4020.080607 6933.173594 10953.2542
Feedstock MJ 34086.26 0 34086.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34086.26163 0 34086.26163
Gasoline MJ 2.776499 0 2.776499 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.776499377 0 2.776499377
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2489.052 0.894140793 2489.946 0.532406 2.581691867 3.114098 0 0 0 0.037269592 0.322768904 0.360038 0 0 2489.621322 3.798601564 2493.419924
LPG MJ 38.40632 0.040492965 38.44681 0.184104 0.116917112 0.301021 0 0 0 0.00168783 0.014617239 0.016305 0 0 38.59211371 0.172027316 38.76414103
Natural Gas MJ 30223.39 1.653233218 30225.04 75.50835 4.773452656 80.2818 0 0 0 0.068928383 0.59678775 0.665716 0 0 30298.96752 7.023473624 30305.99099
Nuclear MJ 4048.825 0.071482756 4048.897 41.63071 0.206070303 41.83678 0 0 0 0.002854807 0.025763371 0.028618 0 0 4090.458759 0.30331643 4090.762076
153


Electricity kWh 4889.288 0 4889.288 36.53009 0 36.53009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4925.818282 0 4925.818282
Hydro MJ 1929.341 0.023274106 1929.364 14.16302 0.095177835 14.2582 0 0 0 0.001141786 0.007192054 0.008334 0 0 1943.504795 0.125643995 1943.630439
Coal MJ 36949.12 0.339623416 36949.46 206.7717 1.388866278 208.1605 0 0 0 0.016661318 0.104948815 0.12161 0 0 37155.90455 1.833438509 37157.73799
Diesel MJ 3765.218 2085.875722 5851.093 1806.454 8329.386293 10135.84 0 0 0 2.518912144 629.4048941 631.9238 0 0 5574.190807 11044.66691 16618.85772
Feedstock MJ 65378.2 0 65378.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65378.19957 0 65378.19957
Gasoline MJ 5.481441 0 5.481441 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.481441054 0 5.481441054
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3196.848 1.121863396 3197.97 0.665507 4.587782112 5.253289 0 0 0 0.054829716 0.346672898 0.401503 0 0 3197.568031 6.056318405 3203.624349
LPG MJ 59.3478 0.050805841 59.3986 0.23013 0.207766946 0.437897 0 0 0 0.002483077 0.01569978 0.018183 0 0 59.58040825 0.274272567 59.85468082
Natural Gas MJ 53690.53 2.07428388 53692.61 94.38544 8.482639228 102.8681 0 0 0 0.101405017 0.640985349 0.74239 0 0 53785.02093 11.19790846 53796.21883
Nuclear MJ 7088.894 0.089729694 7088.984 52.03839 0.366196161 52.40458 0 0 0 0.004199891 0.027671385 0.031871 0 0 7140.936859 0.483597239 7141.420456

Electricity kWh 5658.895 0 5658.895 43.83611 0 43.83611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5702.731546 0 5702.731546
Hydro MJ 2231.096 0.024997086 2231.121 16.99563 0.11035618 17.10598 0 0 0 0.00127515 0.007372915 0.008648 0 0 2248.092567 0.142726181 2248.235293
Coal MJ 41357.36 0.364765699 41357.73 248.126 1.610353691 249.7364 0 0 0 0.018607403 0.107587995 0.126195 0 0 41605.50778 2.082707385 41607.59049
Diesel MJ 4330.388 2241.210685 6571.599 1810.091 9657.702954 11467.79 0 0 0 2.813127628 645.2327333 648.0459 0 0 6143.291755 12544.14637 18687.43813
Feedstock MJ 76790.51 0 76790.51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76790.50521 0 76790.50521
Gasoline MJ 6.467945 0 6.467945 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.467945029 0 6.467945029
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3454.984 1.204914818 3456.189 0.798609 5.319411935 6.118021 0 0 0 0.061233969 0.355390788 0.416625 0 0 3455.843828 6.87971754 3462.723545
LPG MJ 66.98524 0.054566992 67.03981 0.276156 0.240900275 0.517056 0 0 0 0.002773107 0.016094587 0.018868 0 0 67.26417051 0.311561854 67.57573237
Natural Gas MJ 62249.1 2.227842885 62251.33 113.2625 9.835395676 123.0979 0 0 0 0.113249387 0.657104406 0.770354 0 0 62362.47911 12.72034297 62375.19946
Nuclear MJ 8197.621 0.096384432 8197.717 62.44606 0.424594756 62.87066 0 0 0 0.00469045 0.028367246 0.033058 0 0 8260.07142 0.549346433 8260.620766
154


Electricity kWh 10278.62 0 10278.62 58.44815 0 58.44815 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10337.06339 0 10337.06339
Hydro MJ 4042.44 0.035339611 4042.475 22.66083 0.201467204 22.8623 0 0 0 0.002075691 0.008458567 0.010534 0 0 4065.102891 0.245265382 4065.348157
Coal MJ 67818.74 0.515687232 67819.25 330.8347 2.939875719 333.7746 0 0 0 0.030289165 0.123430197 0.153719 0 0 68149.60288 3.578993148 68153.18188
Diesel MJ 7722.935 3173.639545 10896.57 1817.363 17631.1866 19448.55 0 0 0 4.579214297 740.2424709 744.8217 0 0 9544.877284 21545.06862 31089.9459
Feedstock MJ 145295.1 0 145295.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 145295.1284 0 145295.1284
Gasoline MJ 12.38963 0 12.38963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.38963037 0 12.38963037
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5004.498 1.703447415 5006.202 1.064812 9.711164743 10.77598 0 0 0 0.099676767 0.407721651 0.507398 0 0 5005.662651 11.82233381 5017.484985
LPG MJ 112.8305 0.077144043 112.9077 0.368208 0.43978964 0.807998 0 0 0 0.004514068 0.018464496 0.022979 0 0 113.2032461 0.535398178 113.7386442
Natural Gas MJ 113623.6 3.1496112 113626.8 151.0167 17.95558398 168.9723 0 0 0 0.184347559 0.753862233 0.93821 0 0 113774.8102 21.85905741 113796.6692
Nuclear MJ 14852.97 0.136330811 14853.11 83.26142 0.775143884 84.03656 0 0 0 0.007635123 0.032544288 0.040179 0 0 14936.23932 0.944018983 14937.18334

Electricity kWh 1740.416 0 1740.416 21.91806 0 21.91806 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1762.333803 0 1762.333803
Hydro MJ 708.0674 0.029606796 708.097 8.497813 0.032969493 8.530782 0 0 0 0.000914172 0.013013259 0.013927 0 0 716.5661467 0.075589548 716.6417362
Coal MJ 28666.38 0.432032106 28666.81 124.063 0.48110169 124.5441 0 0 0 0.013339895 0.189893755 0.203234 0 0 28790.45834 1.10302755 28791.56136
Diesel MJ 1633.691 2643.363361 4277.054 1799.181 2885.289881 4684.471 0 0 0 2.016768671 1138.841429 1140.858 0 0 3434.88918 6667.494671 10102.38385
Feedstock MJ 10869.1 0 10869.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10869.10239 0 10869.10239
Gasoline MJ 0.630315 0 0.630315 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.630315396 0 0.630315396
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3848.586 1.427113034 3850.013 0.399304 1.589202474 1.988507 0 0 0 0.043899448 0.627267855 0.671167 0 0 3849.029285 3.643583364 3852.672869
LPG MJ 39.86136 0.064629686 39.92599 0.138078 0.071970232 0.210048 0 0 0 0.001988077 0.028407087 0.030395 0 0 40.00142754 0.165007005 40.16643454
Natural Gas MJ 17806.79 2.638679155 17809.43 56.63126 2.938376523 59.56964 0 0 0 0.081189994 1.159795035 1.240985 0 0 17863.50028 6.736850712 17870.23714
Nuclear MJ 2601.614 0.114012807 2601.728 31.22303 0.126849931 31.34988 0 0 0 0.003362646 0.050068437 0.053431 0 0 2632.840608 0.290931175 2633.131539
155


Electricity kWh 2060.531 0 2060.531 29.22408 0 29.22408 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2089.755541 0 2089.755541
Hydro MJ 838.559 0.035323528 838.5943 11.33042 0.03847081 11.36889 0 0 0 0.001089762 0.015535989 0.016626 0 0 849.8905074 0.089330326 849.9798377
Coal MJ 34110.37 0.515452536 34110.88 165.4173 0.561378711 165.9787 0 0 0 0.015902167 0.226706261 0.242608 0 0 34275.7998 1.303537508 34277.10334
Diesel MJ 1942.363 3153.726419 5096.089 1802.818 3366.73171 5169.549 0 0 0 2.404141289 1359.615447 1362.02 0 0 3747.584711 7880.073576 11627.65829
Feedstock MJ 12755.76 0 12755.76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12755.76441 0 12755.76441
Gasoline MJ 0.707215 0 0.707215 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.707215245 0 0.707215245
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4580.628 1.702672147 4582.331 0.532406 1.854378098 2.386784 0 0 0 0.052331473 0.748869021 0.8012 0 0 4581.213085 4.305919266 4585.519004
LPG MJ 47.42023 0.077108935 47.49734 0.184104 0.083979244 0.268083 0 0 0 0.002369939 0.033914041 0.036284 0 0 47.60670823 0.195002219 47.80171045
Natural Gas MJ 21122.33 3.14817775 21125.48 75.50835 3.428676431 78.93703 0 0 0 0.096784633 1.384631087 1.481416 0 0 21197.93727 7.961485269 21205.89875
Nuclear MJ 3081.072 0.136026274 3081.208 41.63071 0.148016214 41.77872 0 0 0 0.004008529 0.059774626 0.063783 0 0 3122.707143 0.343817114 3123.05096

Electricity kWh 2380.641 0 2380.641 36.53009 0 36.53009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2417.171076 0 2417.171076
Hydro MJ 969.0481 0.04104024 969.0892 14.16302 0.04397208 14.20699 0 0 0 0.001265351 0.018058715 0.019324 0 0 983.2124334 0.103071036 983.3155044
Coal MJ 39554.32 0.598872678 39554.91 206.7717 0.641655065 207.4133 0 0 0 0.018464419 0.263518717 0.281983 0 0 39761.1057 1.50404646 39762.60975
Diesel MJ 2251.029 3664.087698 5915.117 1806.454 3848.169539 5654.624 0 0 0 2.791510861 1580.38916 1583.181 0 0 4060.274921 9092.646398 13152.92132
Feedstock MJ 14642.33 0 14642.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14642.33065 0 14642.33065
Gasoline MJ 0.784111 0 0.784111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.78411119 0 0.78411119
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5312.669 1.978230306 5314.648 0.665507 2.11955152 2.785059 0 0 0 0.060763432 0.870470018 0.931233 0 0 5313.395749 4.968251844 5318.364001
LPG MJ 54.97904 0.08958814 55.06863 0.23013 0.095988156 0.326118 0 0 0 0.002751797 0.039420987 0.042173 0 0 55.2119245 0.224997283 55.43692178
Natural Gas MJ 24437.8 3.657674582 24441.46 94.38544 3.918972267 98.30441 0 0 0 0.11237915 1.609466828 1.721846 0 0 24532.2976 9.186113677 24541.48372
Nuclear MJ 3560.522 0.158039664 3560.68 52.03839 0.169182322 52.20757 0 0 0 0.004654407 0.069480801 0.074135 0 0 3612.564732 0.396702787 3612.961435
156


Electricity kWh 2700.757 0 2700.757 43.83611 0 43.83611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2744.592814 0 2744.592814
Hydro MJ 1099.54 0.046756971 1099.586 16.99563 0.049473397 17.0451 0 0 0 0.001440941 0.020581445 0.022022 0 0 1116.536794 0.116811814 1116.653606
Coal MJ 44998.3 0.682293108 44998.98 248.126 0.721932086 248.8479 0 0 0 0.021026692 0.300331223 0.321358 0 0 45246.44717 1.704556418 45248.15173
Diesel MJ 2559.701 4174.450756 6734.152 1810.091 4329.611367 6139.702 0 0 0 3.178883479 1801.163179 1804.342 0 0 4372.970453 10305.2253 14678.19576
Feedstock MJ 16528.99 0 16528.99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16528.99267 0 16528.99267
Gasoline MJ 0.861011 0 0.861011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.86101104 0 0.86101104
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 6044.712 2.253789419 6046.966 0.798609 2.384727144 3.183336 0 0 0 0.069195457 0.992071184 1.061267 0 0 6045.579549 5.630587746 6051.210136
LPG MJ 62.53792 0.102067389 62.63998 0.276156 0.107997168 0.384153 0 0 0 0.003133659 0.04492794 0.048062 0 0 62.81720519 0.254992497 63.07219769
Natural Gas MJ 27753.34 4.167173178 27757.51 113.2625 4.409272176 117.6718 0 0 0 0.12797379 1.83430288 1.962277 0 0 27866.73459 10.41074823 27877.14534
Nuclear MJ 4039.98 0.180053131 4040.16 62.44606 0.190348605 62.63641 0 0 0 0.00530029 0.07918699 0.084487 0 0 4102.431267 0.449588726 4102.880856

Electricity kWh 3340.982 0 3340.982 58.44815 0 58.44815 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3399.430087 0 3399.430087
Hydro MJ 1360.52 0.058190415 1360.579 22.66083 0.060475984 22.72131 0 0 0 0.001792121 0.025626902 0.027419 0 0 1383.183081 0.144293302 1383.327374
Coal MJ 55886.23 0.84913368 55887.08 330.8347 0.882485462 331.7172 0 0 0 0.026151216 0.373956185 0.400107 0 0 56217.09454 2.105575327 56219.20011
Diesel MJ 3177.039 5195.175093 8372.214 1817.363 5292.491025 7109.855 0 0 0 3.953625669 2242.710911 2246.665 0 0 4998.356195 12730.37703 17728.73322
Feedstock MJ 20302.22 0 20302.22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20302.22093 0 20302.22093
Gasoline MJ 1.014807 0 1.014807 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.014806834 0 1.014806834
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 7508.795 2.80490669 7511.6 1.064812 2.915076189 3.979888 0 0 0 0.086059441 1.235273346 1.321333 0 0 7509.946012 6.955256226 7516.901269
LPG MJ 77.6556 0.127025844 77.78262 0.368208 0.132015092 0.500223 0 0 0 0.003897379 0.05594184 0.059839 0 0 78.02770215 0.314982775 78.34268492
Natural Gas MJ 34384.36 5.186168605 34389.54 151.0167 5.389867921 156.4066 0 0 0 0.159162946 2.283974672 2.443138 0 0 34535.53191 12.8600112 34548.39192
Nuclear MJ 4998.887 0.224079988 4999.111 83.26142 0.232680995 83.4941 0 0 0 0.006592052 0.098599355 0.105191 0 0 5082.155392 0.555360338 5082.710752
157


Electricity kWh 1411.404 0 1411.404 23.14041 0 23.14041 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1434.544091 0 1434.544091
Hydro MJ 985.9426 0.020011753 985.9627 8.971731 0.034678447 9.006409 0 0 0 0.000868356 0.00645272 0.007321 0 0 994.9152436 0.06114292 994.9763865
Coal MJ 16122.45 0.292018088 16122.74 130.9819 0.506039317 131.488 0 0 0 0.012671342 0.094160206 0.106832 0 0 16253.44675 0.892217611 16254.33897
Diesel MJ 2005.713 1779.622454 3785.336 1799.79 3677.834323 5477.624 0 0 0 1.915694561 564.7028473 566.6185 0 0 3807.418797 6022.159625 9829.578422
Feedstock MJ 10922.46 0 10922.46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10922.45528 0 10922.45528
Gasoline MJ 2961.32 0 2961.32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2961.319959 0 2961.319959
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2002.887 0.964610764 2003.851 0.421573 1.671577853 2.093151 0 0 0 0.041699346 0.311035351 0.352735 0 0 2003.35009 2.947223968 2006.297314
LPG MJ 69.58383 0.04368434 69.62752 0.145778 0.07570077 0.221479 0 0 0 0.001888441 0.014085862 0.015974 0 0 69.73149784 0.133470972 69.86496881
Natural Gas MJ 14090.59 1.783529582 14092.38 59.78955 3.090685557 62.88024 0 0 0 0.077121007 0.575092846 0.652214 0 0 14150.45923 5.449307985 14155.90854
Nuclear MJ 1871.409 0.077057113 1871.487 32.96432 0.133514558 33.09783 0 0 0 0.003194121 0.0248268 0.028021 0 0 1904.377002 0.235398471 1904.6124
Wood MJ 1605.827 0 1605.827 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1605.826842 0 1605.826842

Electricity kWh 1538.694 0 1538.694 30.85388 0 30.85388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1569.548238 0 1569.548238
Hydro MJ 1175.935 0.021802546 1175.956 11.96231 0.039742649 12.00205 0 0 0 0.000999503 0.006509378 0.007509 0 0 1187.898 0.068054573 1187.966054
Coal MJ 16549.71 0.318149917 16550.02 174.6426 0.579937813 175.2225 0 0 0 0.014585078 0.094986989 0.109572 0 0 16724.36239 0.993074719 16725.35546
Diesel MJ 2363.478 1937.051303 4300.53 1803.629 4335.351542 6138.981 0 0 0 2.205019444 569.6612734 571.8663 0 0 4169.312484 6842.064118 11011.3766
Feedstock MJ 11775.04 0 11775.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11775.04243 0 11775.04243
Gasoline MJ 3948.235 0 3948.235 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3948.234947 0 3948.234947
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2033.199 1.05093091 2034.25 0.562098 1.915683566 2.477781 0 0 0 0.047997144 0.313766426 0.361764 0 0 2033.809209 3.280380903 2037.08959
LPG MJ 85.76552 0.047593521 85.81312 0.194371 0.08675559 0.281127 0 0 0 0.00217365 0.014209544 0.016383 0 0 85.96206978 0.148558655 86.11062843
Natural Gas MJ 15213.81 1.943132336 15215.76 79.7194 3.542027983 83.26143 0 0 0 0.088768493 0.580142503 0.668911 0 0 15293.62173 6.065302822 15299.68704
Nuclear MJ 1985.758 0.083949477 1985.842 43.95243 0.153028855 44.10546 0 0 0 0.003676525 0.025044795 0.028721 0 0 2029.713925 0.262023127 2029.975948
Wood MJ 2141.102 0 2141.102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2141.102456 0 2141.102456
158


Electricity kWh 2005.581 0 2005.581 38.56736 0 38.56736 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2044.147888 0 2044.147888
Hydro MJ 1857.854 0.028199836 1857.882 14.95288 0.05832274 15.01121 0 0 0 0.001471168 0.006717012 0.008188 0 0 1872.808469 0.093239588 1872.901709
Coal MJ 18149.28 0.411501279 18149.69 218.3032 0.851064621 219.1543 0 0 0 0.021467762 0.098016851 0.119485 0 0 18367.60603 1.360582751 18368.96662
Diesel MJ 3650.317 2499.321635 6149.639 1807.468 6724.608433 8532.077 0 0 0 3.245565946 587.8321299 591.0777 0 0 5461.031263 9811.762197 15272.79346
Feedstock MJ 15410.07 0 15410.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15410.06709 0 15410.06709
Gasoline MJ 7462.815 0 7462.815 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7462.814751 0 7462.814751
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2167.416 1.35929444 2168.775 0.702622 2.811285057 3.513907 0 0 0 0.070646949 0.323774838 0.394422 0 0 2168.188904 4.494354335 2172.683258
LPG MJ 143.5324 0.061558384 143.594 0.242964 0.127314709 0.370279 0 0 0 0.003199393 0.014662795 0.017862 0 0 143.7786113 0.203535888 143.9821472
Natural Gas MJ 19324.77 2.513285084 19327.29 99.64925 5.197961983 104.8472 0 0 0 0.130658257 0.598647686 0.729306 0 0 19424.55438 8.309894753 19432.86427
Nuclear MJ 2412.599 0.108573852 2412.707 54.94053 0.224621809 55.16516 0 0 0 0.005411473 0.025843665 0.031255 0 0 2467.544698 0.359039326 2467.903738
Wood MJ 4047.255 0 4047.255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4047.254801 0 4047.254801

Electricity kWh 2200.79 0 2200.79 46.28083 0 46.28083 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2247.071095 0 2247.071095
Hydro MJ 2146.232 0.030911927 2146.263 17.94346 0.066090118 18.00955 0 0 0 0.001670418 0.006803866 0.008474 0 0 2164.176752 0.103805912 2164.280558
Coal MJ 18811 0.451077014 18811.45 261.9638 0.964408756 262.9283 0 0 0 0.024375288 0.099284249 0.12366 0 0 19072.98704 1.514770019 19074.50181
Diesel MJ 4193.897 2737.718775 6931.616 1811.307 7728.473444 9539.781 0 0 0 3.685135121 595.4330406 599.1182 0 0 6008.88993 11061.62526 17070.51519
Feedstock MJ 16819.14 0 16819.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16819.13996 0 16819.13996
Gasoline MJ 8955.263 0 8955.263 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8955.262703 0 8955.262703
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2218.509 1.49002326 2219.999 0.843147 3.185689847 4.028837 0 0 0 0.080215148 0.32796138 0.408177 0 0 2219.43206 5.003674487 2224.435734
LPG MJ 168.0312 0.067478702 168.0987 0.291557 0.144270385 0.435827 0 0 0 0.003632708 0.014852391 0.018485 0 0 168.3263767 0.226601478 168.5529782
Natural Gas MJ 21045.54 2.754997832 21048.3 119.5791 5.890222579 125.4693 0 0 0 0.148354198 0.606388446 0.754743 0 0 21165.27057 9.251608857 21174.52218
Nuclear MJ 2589.446 0.119012619 2589.565 65.92864 0.254551832 66.18319 0 0 0 0.006144386 0.026177834 0.032322 0 0 2655.380333 0.399742284 2655.780075
Wood MJ 4856.706 0 4856.706 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4856.705761 0 4856.705761
159


Electricity kWh 3147.466 0 3147.466 61.70777 0 61.70777 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3209.17368 0 3209.17368
Hydro MJ 3519.053 0.043770397 3519.097 23.92461 0.103767253 24.02838 0 0 0 0.002620602 0.007224751 0.009845 0 0 3542.980307 0.154762401 3543.135069
Coal MJ 22075.78 0.63871203 22076.42 349.2851 1.51420591 350.7993 0 0 0 0.038240693 0.105425945 0.143667 0 0 22425.1051 2.258343885 22427.36344
Diesel MJ 6786.38 3867.795838 10654.18 1818.986 12558.21549 14377.2 0 0 0 5.781352022 632.2663644 638.0477 0 0 8611.146953 17058.27769 25669.42464
Feedstock MJ 24524.76 0 24524.76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24524.76419 0 24524.76419
Gasoline MJ 16012.07 0 16012.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16012.0691 0 16012.0691
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2505.851 2.10982992 2507.961 1.124196 5.001811065 6.126007 0 0 0 0.125843963 0.34824898 0.474093 0 0 2507.101292 7.459889966 2514.561182
LPG MJ 284.1153 0.095547894 284.2108 0.388743 0.226517097 0.61526 0 0 0 0.005699103 0.015771156 0.02147 0 0 284.5097404 0.337836146 284.8475766
Natural Gas MJ 29375.22 3.900997394 29379.13 159.4388 9.248163477 168.687 0 0 0 0.232742576 0.643899468 0.876642 0 0 29534.896 13.79306034 29548.68906
Nuclear MJ 3459.824 0.168509062 3459.992 87.90485 0.399727542 88.30458 0 0 0 0.009639499 0.027797187 0.037437 0 0 3547.738482 0.596033792 3548.334515
Wood MJ 8683.965 0 8683.965 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8683.96453 0 8683.96453

Material Transport-ation Total Material Transport-ation Total Material Transport-ation Total Material Transport-ation Total Annual Total Material Transport-ation Total
Electricity kWh 3096.654 0 3096.654 27.67247 0 27.67247 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3124.326549 0 3124.326549
Hydro MJ 1226.467 0.019260797 1226.487 10.72885 0.059823154 10.78867 0 0 0 0.000831144 0.006770778 0.007602 0 0 1237.197032 0.085854728 1237.282887
Coal MJ 26681.06 0.28105989 26681.34 156.6348 0.872959138 157.5077 0 0 0 0.012128332 0.098801414 0.11093 0 0 26837.70251 1.252820442 26838.95533
Diesel MJ 2448.775 1724.056429 4172.832 1802.045 5235.359225 7037.405 0 0 0 1.833600632 592.537354 594.371 0 0 4252.654451 7551.953008 11804.60746
Feedstock MJ 38795.69 0 38795.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38795.69473 0 38795.69473
Gasoline MJ 3.183593 0 3.183593 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.183592736 0 3.183592736
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2595.575 0.928413022 2596.503 0.504139 2.883608294 3.387747 0 0 0 0.039912389 0.326366451 0.366279 0 0 2596.118909 4.138387767 2600.257297
LPG MJ 41.55801 0.042045052 41.60006 0.174329 0.130590005 0.304919 0 0 0 0.001807515 0.014780162 0.016588 0 0 41.73414797 0.187415218 41.92156319
Natural Gas MJ 33755.19 1.716601301 33756.91 71.49936 5.331684949 76.83104 0 0 0 0.073816113 0.603439482 0.677256 0 0 33826.76574 7.651725731 33834.41746
Nuclear MJ 4506.355 0.074228918 4506.429 39.42039 0.230169232 39.65056 0 0 0 0.003057242 0.026050527 0.029108 0 0 4545.778695 0.330448677 4546.109143
160


Electricity kWh 3719.729 0 3719.729 36.89663 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3756.625897 0 3756.625897
Hydro MJ 1470.769 0.020655724 1470.789 14.30513 0.072111565 14.37724 0 0 0 0.000939116 0.006917203 0.007856 0 0 1485.074755 0.099684492 1485.17444
Coal MJ 30249.98 0.30141512 30250.28 208.8464 1.052275683 209.8987 0 0 0 0.013703886 0.100938098 0.114642 0 0 30458.83908 1.454628901 30460.29371
Diesel MJ 2906.338 1849.815851 4756.154 1806.637 6310.766405 8117.403 0 0 0 2.071797933 605.3515967 607.4234 0 0 4715.046527 8765.933853 13480.98038
Feedstock MJ 48035.11 0 48035.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48035.11465 0 48035.11465
Gasoline MJ 3.982268 0 3.982268 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.982267848 0 3.982267848
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2804.562 0.995651579 2805.558 0.672185 3.475936907 4.148122 0 0 0 0.045097282 0.333424468 0.378522 0 0 2805.279673 4.805012954 2810.084686
LPG MJ 47.7413 0.045090085 47.78639 0.232439 0.157414798 0.389854 0 0 0 0.002042323 0.015099798 0.017142 0 0 47.97578058 0.217604681 48.19338526
Natural Gas MJ 40684.22 1.840922903 40686.06 95.33248 6.426878618 101.7594 0 0 0 0.083405333 0.616489494 0.699895 0 0 40779.63907 8.884291015 40788.52336
Nuclear MJ 5403.982 0.079616604 5404.061 52.56053 0.277448824 52.83797 0 0 0 0.003454399 0.026613897 0.030068 0 0 5456.54579 0.383679324 5456.929469

Electricity kWh 6383.528 0 6383.528 46.12079 0 46.12079 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6429.649083 0 6429.649083
Hydro MJ 2515.217 0.026619378 2515.243 17.88141 0.124647534 18.00606 0 0 0 0.00140072 0.007543206 0.008944 0 0 2533.099524 0.158810118 2533.258335
Coal MJ 45508 0.388438717 45508.39 261.058 1.818897824 262.8769 0 0 0 0.020439763 0.110072947 0.130513 0 0 45769.07896 2.317409487 45771.39637
Diesel MJ 4862.531 2387.468176 7249.999 1811.228 10908.39546 12719.62 0 0 0 3.090149728 660.135622 663.2258 0 0 6676.848754 13955.99926 20632.84801
Feedstock MJ 87535.9 0 87535.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87535.89748 0 87535.89748
Gasoline MJ 7.3968 0 7.3968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.396799538 0 7.396799538
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3698.035 1.283112876 3699.318 0.840231 6.008286781 6.848518 0 0 0 0.06726397 0.363599221 0.430863 0 0 3698.942766 7.654998877 3706.597765
LPG MJ 74.17637 0.058108348 74.23448 0.290549 0.272097359 0.562646 0 0 0 0.003046188 0.016466322 0.019513 0 0 74.46996481 0.346672029 74.81663684
Natural Gas MJ 70307.53 2.3724282 70309.9 119.1656 11.10909976 130.2747 0 0 0 0.124401594 0.672281494 0.796683 0 0 70426.81598 14.15380945 70440.96979
Nuclear MJ 9241.555 0.102650279 9241.658 65.70066 0.479580655 66.18024 0 0 0 0.005152341 0.029022442 0.034175 0 0 9307.261011 0.611253376 9307.872264
161


Electricity kWh 7414.753 0 7414.753 55.34494 0 55.34494 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7470.098222 0 7470.098222
Hydro MJ 2919.549 0.028928061 2919.578 21.45769 0.144985556 21.60268 0 0 0 0.001579418 0.007785548 0.009365 0 0 2941.008627 0.181699165 2941.190326
Coal MJ 51414.77 0.422127785 51415.19 313.2696 2.115676933 315.3852 0 0 0 0.023047394 0.113609281 0.136657 0 0 51728.06497 2.651413999 51730.71639
Diesel MJ 5619.823 2595.607192 8215.43 1815.819 12688.25568 14504.07 0 0 0 3.484379849 681.3439245 684.8283 0 0 7439.126552 15965.2068 23404.33335
Feedstock MJ 102827.7 0 102827.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102827.6645 0 102827.6645
Gasoline MJ 8.718652 0 8.718652 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.718652405 0 8.718652405
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4043.922 1.394396523 4045.316 1.008277 6.988624421 7.996902 0 0 0 0.075845264 0.375280642 0.451126 0 0 4045.005681 8.758301586 4053.763982
LPG MJ 84.41006 0.063148052 84.47321 0.348659 0.316493922 0.665152 0 0 0 0.003434809 0.016995339 0.02043 0 0 84.76215759 0.396637313 85.15879491
Natural Gas MJ 81775.47 2.578187543 81778.05 142.9987 12.92170775 155.9204 0 0 0 0.140272299 0.693880009 0.834152 0 0 81918.6059 16.1937753 81934.79967
Nuclear MJ 10727.18 0.111567206 10727.29 78.84079 0.557831076 79.39862 0 0 0 0.005809658 0.029954851 0.035765 0 0 10806.02497 0.699353133 10806.72432

Electricity kWh 13022.22 0 13022.22 73.79326 0 73.79326 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13096.01395 0 13096.01395
Hydro MJ 5118.179 0.041481934 5118.221 28.61026 0.255577132 28.86584 0 0 0 0.002551124 0.009103326 0.011654 0 0 5146.792092 0.306162392 5147.098254
Coal MJ 83533.88 0.605318024 83534.49 417.6927 3.729465597 421.4222 0 0 0 0.037226847 0.132838723 0.170066 0 0 83951.61409 4.467622343 83956.08171
Diesel MJ 9737.734 3727.39974 13465.13 1825.001 22366.55905 24191.56 0 0 0 5.628075543 796.6678035 802.2959 0 0 11568.36341 26890.62659 38458.99001
Feedstock MJ 185979.3 0 185979.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 185979.34 0 185979.34
Gasoline MJ 15.90646 0 15.90646 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.90646011 0 15.90646011
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5924.739 1.999520949 5926.739 1.34437 12.31938295 13.66375 0 0 0 0.122507561 0.438800426 0.561308 0 0 5926.206024 14.75770433 5940.963728
LPG MJ 140.0576 0.090552328 140.1481 0.464878 0.557908051 1.022786 0 0 0 0.005548008 0.01987196 0.02542 0 0 140.5280056 0.668332339 141.1963379
Natural Gas MJ 144134.4 3.697040204 144138.1 190.665 22.77808286 213.443 0 0 0 0.226572053 0.811325738 1.037898 0 0 144325.3064 27.28644881 144352.5929
Nuclear MJ 18805.52 0.160054567 18805.68 105.1211 0.983331516 106.1044 0 0 0 0.009383934 0.035024992 0.044409 0 0 18910.64637 1.178411075 18911.82478
162


Electricity kWh 1970.211 0 1970.211 27.67247 0 27.67247 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1997.883392 0 1997.883392
Hydro MJ 799.1287 0.031097291 799.1598 10.72885 0.037600577 10.76645 0 0 0 0.000977505 0.013540254 0.014518 0 0 809.8585321 0.082238122 809.9407702
Coal MJ 30687.04 0.453781904 30687.49 156.6348 0.548679986 157.1835 0 0 0 0.01426408 0.197583838 0.211848 0 0 30843.68689 1.200045729 30844.88694
Diesel MJ 1815.964 2776.771657 4592.735 1802.045 3290.574212 5092.62 0 0 0 2.156489915 1184.960828 1187.117 0 0 3620.165485 7252.306697 10872.47218
Feedstock MJ 13715.88 0 13715.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13715.88354 0 13715.88354
Gasoline MJ 0.858874 0 0.858874 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.858873687 0 0.858873687
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4047.342 1.498958205 4048.84 0.504139 1.812430949 2.31657 0 0 0 0.046940791 0.652670177 0.699611 0 0 4047.892603 3.964059332 4051.856663
LPG MJ 42.98766 0.067883339 43.05555 0.174329 0.082079583 0.256409 0 0 0 0.002125811 0.029557483 0.031683 0 0 43.16411957 0.179520404 43.34363997
Natural Gas MJ 20290.88 2.771518215 20293.65 71.49936 3.351117706 74.85048 0 0 0 0.086814817 1.206762987 1.293578 0 0 20362.46247 7.329398909 20369.79187
Nuclear MJ 2936.197 0.119756449 2936.316 39.42039 0.144667998 39.56506 0 0 0 0.003595609 0.052096047 0.055692 0 0 2975.62067 0.316520494 2975.937191

Electricity kWh 2316.307 0 2316.307 36.89663 0 36.89663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2353.203755 0 2353.203755
Hydro MJ 940.0315 0.037103309 940.0686 14.30513 0.043431463 14.34856 0 0 0 0.001163465 0.016180575 0.017344 0 0 954.3377718 0.096715347 954.4344871
Coal MJ 36438.62 0.54142369 36439.16 208.8464 0.633766192 209.4801 0 0 0 0.01697766 0.236112274 0.25309 0 0 36647.48449 1.411302156 36648.89579
Diesel MJ 2148.416 3312.982994 5461.399 1806.637 3800.85795 5607.495 0 0 0 2.566737783 1416.02571 1418.592 0 0 3957.619426 8529.866654 12487.48608
Feedstock MJ 15869.41 0 15869.41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15869.41399 0 15869.41399
Gasoline MJ 0.946651 0 0.946651 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.946651023 0 0.946651023
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4813.741 1.788461541 4815.53 0.672185 2.093492545 2.765677 0 0 0 0.055870747 0.779939496 0.83581 0 0 4814.469409 4.661893583 4819.131302
LPG MJ 51.00249 0.08099408 51.08349 0.232439 0.094808023 0.327247 0 0 0 0.002530222 0.03532113 0.037851 0 0 51.23746331 0.211123233 51.44858655
Natural Gas MJ 23899.35 3.306799164 23902.65 95.33248 3.870790189 99.20327 0 0 0 0.103330356 1.442079245 1.54541 0 0 23994.78299 8.619668598 24003.40266
Nuclear MJ 3453.908 0.142883949 3454.051 52.56053 0.167102298 52.72763 0 0 0 0.004279633 0.062254667 0.066534 0 0 3506.473058 0.372240914 3506.845299
163


Electricity kWh 2662.41 0 2662.41 46.12079 0 46.12079 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2708.530321 0 2708.530321
Hydro MJ 1080.937 0.043109347 1080.98 17.88141 0.049262394 17.93067 0 0 0 0.001349425 0.0188209 0.02017 0 0 1098.819446 0.11119264 1098.930639
Coal MJ 42190.24 0.629065766 42190.87 261.058 0.718853065 261.7768 0 0 0 0.019691261 0.27464076 0.294332 0 0 42451.31766 1.62255959 42452.94022
Diesel MJ 2480.874 3849.196109 6330.07 1811.228 4311.145687 6122.373 0 0 0 2.976988696 1647.090898 1650.068 0 0 4295.07869 9807.432694 14102.51138
Feedstock MJ 18023.04 0 18023.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18023.04022 0 18023.04022
Gasoline MJ 1.034432 0 1.034432 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.034432264 0 1.034432264
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5580.142 2.077965831 5582.22 0.840231 2.374556344 3.214787 0 0 0 0.064800769 0.907208983 0.97201 0 0 5581.047349 5.359731159 5586.407081
LPG MJ 59.01739 0.094104864 59.11149 0.290549 0.107536563 0.398085 0 0 0 0.002934636 0.041084785 0.044019 0 0 59.31087148 0.242726212 59.55359769
Natural Gas MJ 27507.89 3.842081876 27511.74 119.1656 4.390466745 123.5561 0 0 0 0.119846018 1.677395814 1.797242 0 0 27627.18017 9.909944434 27637.09011
Nuclear MJ 3971.629 0.166011526 3971.795 65.70066 0.189536773 65.89019 0 0 0 0.004963662 0.072413301 0.077377 0 0 4037.334391 0.4279616 4037.762353

Electricity kWh 3008.506 0 3008.506 55.34494 0 55.34494 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3063.850685 0 3063.850685
Hydro MJ 1221.839 0.049115364 1221.889 21.45769 0.05509328 21.51279 0 0 0 0.001535385 0.021461221 0.022997 0 0 1243.298686 0.125669865 1243.424356
Coal MJ 47941.82 0.716707552 47942.54 313.2696 0.803939271 314.0735 0 0 0 0.022404841 0.313169195 0.335574 0 0 48255.11525 1.833816017 48256.94907
Diesel MJ 2813.326 4385.407446 7198.734 1815.819 4821.429425 6637.248 0 0 0 3.387236564 1878.15578 1881.543 0 0 4632.532631 11084.99265 15717.52528
Feedstock MJ 20176.57 0 20176.57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20176.57067 0 20176.57067
Gasoline MJ 1.12221 0 1.12221 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1222096 0 1.1222096
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 6346.542 2.367469168 6348.91 1.008277 2.65561794 3.663895 0 0 0 0.073730725 1.034478302 1.108209 0 0 6347.624155 6.05756541 6353.68172
LPG MJ 67.03222 0.107215605 67.13943 0.348659 0.120265003 0.468924 0 0 0 0.003339048 0.046848432 0.050187 0 0 67.38421523 0.27432904 67.65854427
Natural Gas MJ 31116.37 4.377362824 31120.74 142.9987 4.910139227 147.9089 0 0 0 0.136361557 1.912712072 2.049074 0 0 31259.50069 11.20021412 31270.70091
Nuclear MJ 4489.34 0.189139027 4489.529 78.84079 0.211971072 79.05276 0 0 0 0.005647686 0.082571921 0.08822 0 0 4568.186779 0.48368202 4568.670461
164

Electricity kWh 3700.704 0 3700.704 73.79326 0 73.79326 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3774.497614 0 3774.497614
Hydro MJ 1503.647 0.061127419 1503.709 28.61026 0.066755098 28.67701 0 0 0 0.001907305 0.026741867 0.028649 0 0 1532.2596 0.154624384 1532.414224
Coal MJ 59445.03 0.891991414 59445.92 417.6927 0.974112349 418.6669 0 0 0 0.027832022 0.390226116 0.418058 0 0 59862.74602 2.256329879 59865.00235
Diesel MJ 3478.237 5457.831897 8936.069 1825.001 5842.0009 7667.002 0 0 0 4.207735345 2340.28585 2344.494 0 0 5307.445836 13640.11865 18947.56448
Feedstock MJ 24483.73 0 24483.73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24483.72734 0 24483.72734
Gasoline MJ 1.297768 0 1.297768 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.297768177 0 1.297768177
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 7879.343 2.946476794 7882.289 1.34437 3.217743335 4.562113 0 0 0 0.091590702 1.289017109 1.380608 0 0 7880.778901 7.453237238 7888.232138
LPG MJ 83.06194 0.133437131 83.19538 0.464878 0.145721983 0.6106 0 0 0 0.004147874 0.058375734 0.062524 0 0 83.53096715 0.337534848 83.86850199
Natural Gas MJ 38333.38 5.447926485 38338.83 190.665 5.949488265 196.6144 0 0 0 0.169392758 2.383344898 2.552738 0 0 38524.21839 13.78075965 38537.99915
Nuclear MJ 5524.772 0.235394104 5525.008 105.1211 0.256839847 105.3779 0 0 0 0.00701574 0.102889175 0.109905 0 0 5629.900501 0.595123126 5630.495624

Electricity kWh 1821.464 0 1821.464 38.68421 0 38.68421 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1860.148517 0 1860.148517
Hydro MJ 1407.268 0.023738875 1407.292 14.99819 0.047655 15.04584 0 0 0 0.001142525 0.006596328 0.007739 0 0 1422.267802 0.077990203 1422.345792
Coal MJ 17909.66 0.346405479 17910.01 218.9646 0.695397439 219.66 0 0 0 0.016672106 0.096255786 0.112928 0 0 18128.64242 1.138058704 18129.78048
Diesel MJ 2798.2 2108.187165 4906.388 1807.526 5212.115093 7019.641 0 0 0 2.520543084 577.2705733 579.7911 0 0 4608.247359 7897.572831 12505.82019
Feedstock MJ 15040.45 0 15040.45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15040.4482 0 15040.4482
Gasoline MJ 4797.188 0 4797.188 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4797.187599 0 4797.187599
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2113.891 1.144266291 2115.036 0.704751 2.297076369 3.001827 0 0 0 0.054865217 0.317957589 0.372823 0 0 2114.650907 3.759300249 2118.410208
LPG MJ 101.3948 0.051820402 101.4467 0.2437 0.104027731 0.347728 0 0 0 0.002484684 0.014399349 0.016884 0 0 101.6410337 0.170247482 101.8112812
Natural Gas MJ 18096.36 2.115705999 18098.48 99.95117 4.247209155 104.1984 0 0 0 0.101470675 0.587891807 0.689362 0 0 18196.41293 6.95080696 18203.36373
Nuclear MJ 2333.73 0.091406719 2333.821 55.10699 0.183497216 55.29049 0 0 0 0.004202611 0.025379333 0.029582 0 0 2388.840957 0.300283268 2389.141241
Wood MJ 2601.439 0 2601.439 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2601.438661 0 2601.438661
165


Electricity kWh 2025.726 0 2025.726 51.57894 0 51.57894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2077.304614 0 2077.304614
Hydro MJ 1714.289 0.026637067 1714.316 19.99758 0.055780694 20.05337 0 0 0 0.001354317 0.006687273 0.008042 0 0 1734.288009 0.089105035 1734.377114
Coal MJ 18590.61 0.38869685 18591 291.9528 0.813970243 292.7668 0 0 0 0.019762645 0.097582894 0.117346 0 0 18882.58482 1.300249986 18883.88507
Diesel MJ 3375.942 2362.984414 5738.927 1813.944 6270.439458 8084.384 0 0 0 2.987780756 585.2295803 588.2174 0 0 5192.874717 9218.653452 14411.52817
Feedstock MJ 16335.76 0 16335.76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16335.76186 0 16335.76186
Gasoline MJ 6395.974 0 6395.974 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6395.973692 0 6395.973692
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2159.23 1.283965551 2160.514 0.939668 2.688752797 3.628421 0 0 0 0.065035682 0.322341368 0.387377 0 0 2160.234695 4.295059716 2164.529754
LPG MJ 127.5887 0.058146964 127.6469 0.324934 0.121765588 0.446699 0 0 0 0.002945275 0.014597878 0.017543 0 0 127.9165837 0.194510429 128.1110941
Natural Gas MJ 19900.05 2.374004758 19902.42 133.2682 4.971404369 138.2396 0 0 0 0.120280479 0.595997252 0.716278 0 0 20033.43621 7.941406379 20041.37762
Nuclear MJ 2516.158 0.102560846 2516.261 73.47599 0.214809072 73.6908 0 0 0 0.004981656 0.025729245 0.030711 0 0 2589.638956 0.343099163 2589.982055
Wood MJ 3468.585 0 3468.585 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3468.584881 0 3468.584881

Electricity kWh 2737.535 0 2737.535 64.47368 0 64.47368 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2802.00848 0 2802.00848
Hydro MJ 2769.945 0.036573573 2769.982 24.99698 0.084102071 25.08108 0 0 0 0.002083442 0.007004026 0.009087 0 0 2794.944373 0.12767967 2795.072053
Coal MJ 20994.53 0.53369361 20995.07 364.941 1.227245101 366.1683 0 0 0 0.030402277 0.102205048 0.132607 0 0 21359.50519 1.863143759 21361.36833
Diesel MJ 5365.046 3236.451465 8601.497 1820.363 9937.100279 11757.46 0 0 0 4.596314943 612.9498183 617.5461 0 0 7190.004641 13786.50156 20976.5062
Feedstock MJ 21333.74 0 21333.74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21333.7373 0 21333.7373
Gasoline MJ 11867.05 0 11867.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11867.04534 0 11867.04534
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2339.183 1.7629271 2340.946 1.174585 4.053905806 5.228491 0 0 0 0.100049 0.337609529 0.437659 0 0 2340.45738 6.154442434 2346.611823
LPG MJ 217.3577 0.079837701 217.4375 0.406167 0.183589295 0.589756 0 0 0 0.004530925 0.015289327 0.01982 0 0 217.7683599 0.278716323 218.0470762
Natural Gas MJ 26177.07 3.259586925 26180.33 166.5853 7.495521743 174.0808 0 0 0 0.185035987 0.624227516 0.809264 0 0 26343.84328 11.37933618 26355.22262
Nuclear MJ 3158.961 0.140805452 3159.102 91.84499 0.323940667 92.16893 0 0 0 0.007663635 0.026947948 0.034612 0 0 3250.813803 0.491694067 3251.305498
Wood MJ 6435.917 0 6435.917 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6435.917144 0 6435.917144
166


Electricity kWh 3043.306 0 3043.306 77.36841 0 77.36841 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3120.674252 0 3120.674252
Hydro MJ 3226.693 0.040879428 3226.734 29.99638 0.096266907 30.09264 0 0 0 0.002398701 0.007140133 0.009539 0 0 3256.691859 0.144286468 3256.836146
Coal MJ 22020.08 0.596526061 22020.68 437.9292 1.404758387 439.334 0 0 0 0.035002635 0.104191166 0.139194 0 0 22458.04387 2.105475613 22460.14935
Diesel MJ 6225.06 3614.982689 9840.043 1826.781 11517.09236 13343.87 0 0 0 5.291812009 624.861076 630.1529 0 0 8057.132626 15756.93613 23814.06875
Feedstock MJ 23369.59 0 23369.59 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23369.58865 0 23369.58865
Gasoline MJ 14240.29 0 14240.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14240.28855 0 14240.28855
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2411.444 1.970478826 2413.415 1.409502 4.640277784 6.04978 0 0 0 0.115188038 0.344170187 0.459358 0 0 2412.969182 6.954926797 2419.924109
LPG MJ 256.2665 0.089237099 256.3558 0.487401 0.210144333 0.697545 0 0 0 0.005216528 0.01558644 0.020803 0 0 256.7591564 0.314967871 257.0741243
Natural Gas MJ 28875.43 3.643342382 28879.07 199.9023 8.579701824 208.482 0 0 0 0.213034936 0.636357929 0.849393 0 0 29075.54431 12.85940214 29088.40371
Nuclear MJ 3433.465 0.157377676 3433.622 110.214 0.370816489 110.5848 0 0 0 0.008823268 0.027471619 0.036295 0 0 3543.687347 0.555665784 3544.243013
Wood MJ 7723.101 0 7723.101 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7723.100573 0 7723.100573

Electricity kWh 4467.28 0 4467.28 206.7637 0 206.7637 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4674.043313 0 4674.043313
Hydro MJ 5330.475 0.06066516 5330.536 80.164 0.15292663 80.31693 0 0 0 0.003852267 0.007773697 0.011626 0 0 5410.642798 0.221365487 5410.864163
Coal MJ 26846.62 0.885245977 26847.51 1170.347 2.231555722 1172.578 0 0 0 0.056213544 0.113436341 0.16965 0 0 28017.02774 3.230238039 28020.25798
Diesel MJ 10190.57 5354.181233 15544.75 1891.185 18840.15195 20731.34 0 0 0 8.498546019 680.3067578 688.8053 0 0 12090.25167 24874.63994 36964.89161
Feedstock MJ 33641.8 0 33641.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33641.80299 0 33641.80299
Gasoline MJ 25128.4 0 25128.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25128.39937 0 25128.39937
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2783.857 2.92419488 2786.782 3.766833 7.371401747 11.13823 0 0 0 0.184989724 0.374709376 0.559699 0 0 2787.809299 10.670306 2798.479605
LPG MJ 434.9946 0.13242805 435.127 1.302557 0.333828789 1.636385 0 0 0 0.008377641 0.016969468 0.025347 0 0 436.3055184 0.483226307 436.7887447
Natural Gas MJ 41427.83 5.406728048 41433.24 534.2302 13.62944892 547.8597 0 0 0 0.342129918 0.692823759 1.034954 0 0 41962.40408 19.72900073 41982.13308
Nuclear MJ 4723.395 0.233532381 4723.628 294.542 0.589143334 295.1312 0 0 0 0.014169994 0.029909253 0.044079 0 0 5017.951143 0.852584968 5018.803728
Wood MJ 13628.43 0 13628.43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13628.42738 0 13628.42738
167
168
Project Floor Type = Concrete Suspended Slab, Live Load = 45 PSF, Span Length = 15

Electricity kWh 2007.825 0 2007.825 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2038.500302 0 2038.500302
Hydro MJ 794.7256 0.011998437 794.7376 11.89289 0.038600774 11.9315 0 0 0 0.00052771 0.0041472 0.004675 0 0 806.6189914 0.054746411 806.6737378
Coal MJ 16930.9 0.175085144 16931.08 173.6292 0.563275191 174.1925 0 0 0 0.007700513 0.060517307 0.068218 0 0 17104.54139 0.798877641 17105.34027
Diesel MJ 1582.93 1074.17174 2657.102 1059.145 3378.105384 4437.25 0 0 0 1.16418849 362.9377737 364.102 0 0 2643.239529 4815.214898 7458.454427
Feedstock MJ 25460.28 0 25460.28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25460.28207 0 25460.28207
Gasoline MJ 2.08397 0 2.08397 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.083970099 0 2.083970099
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1615.774 0.57835121 1616.352 0.558836 1.860642658 2.419479 0 0 0 0.025341147 0.199904212 0.225245 0 0 1616.358074 2.638898081 1618.996972
LPG MJ 26.50804 0.026191798 26.53423 0.193243 0.084262947 0.277506 0 0 0 0.001147626 0.009053065 0.010201 0 0 26.70243321 0.11950781 26.82194102
Natural Gas MJ 21938.47 1.069349973 21939.54 79.25682 3.440259371 82.69708 0 0 0 0.046867277 0.369615486 0.416483 0 0 22017.77368 4.879224829 22022.6529
Nuclear MJ 2920.026 0.046242592 2920.072 43.69739 0.148516251 43.8459 0 0 0 0.001941102 0.015956328 0.017897 0 0 2963.724867 0.21071517 2963.935583
169


Electricity kWh 2275.773 0 2275.773 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2306.448063 0 2306.448063
Hydro MJ 904.6085 0.017423028 904.6259 11.89289 0.043633578 11.93653 0 0 0 0.000688896 0.006577867 0.007267 0 0 916.502047 0.067634473 916.5696815
Coal MJ 21979.12 0.254242548 21979.37 173.6292 0.636715525 174.2659 0 0 0 0.010052593 0.095986403 0.106039 0 0 22152.75681 0.986944477 22153.74375
Diesel MJ 1845.952 1558.372563 3404.324 1803.54 3818.545855 5622.086 0 0 0 1.519783592 575.6550169 577.1748 0 0 3651.011313 5952.573435 9603.584748
Feedstock MJ 26623.07 0 26623.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26623.0659 0 26623.0659
Gasoline MJ 2.131365 0 2.131365 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.131364863 0 2.131364863
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2320.241 0.839828454 2321.081 0.558836 2.10323495 2.662071 0 0 0 0.033081464 0.317067749 0.350149 0 0 2320.832657 3.260131152 2324.092788
LPG MJ 33.41173 0.038033321 33.44977 0.193243 0.095249228 0.288493 0 0 0 0.001498162 0.014359051 0.015857 0 0 33.60647629 0.1476416 33.75411789
Natural Gas MJ 24626.43 1.552811713 24627.98 79.25682 3.888803535 83.14562 0 0 0 0.061182635 0.586246525 0.647429 0 0 24705.74304 6.027861773 24711.7709
Nuclear MJ 3323.762 0.067130821 3323.829 43.69739 0.167879935 43.86527 0 0 0 0.002534001 0.025308306 0.027842 0 0 3367.461983 0.260319062 3367.722302

Electricity kWh 2684.629 0 2684.629 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2715.303937 0 2715.303937
Hydro MJ 1071.983 0.025415011 1072.009 11.89289 0.051122085 11.94402 0 0 0 0.000928506 0.010144436 0.011073 0 0 1083.877199 0.086681532 1083.96388
Coal MJ 29462.85 0.370864195 29463.23 173.6292 0.745990288 174.3752 0 0 0 0.013549071 0.148030951 0.16158 0 0 29636.49717 1.264885434 29637.76205
Diesel MJ 2245.215 2271.77173 4516.987 2746.153 4473.894557 7220.047 0 0 0 2.048392598 887.7794833 889.8279 0 0 4993.415864 7633.44577 12626.86163
Feedstock MJ 28583.1 0 28583.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28583.10238 0 28583.10238
Gasoline MJ 2.211255 0 2.211255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.211255436 0 2.211255436
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3354.253 1.225059711 3355.478 0.558836 2.464197565 3.023034 0 0 0 0.044587813 0.488984259 0.533572 0 0 3354.856715 4.178241535 3359.034957
LPG MJ 43.68868 0.055479294 43.74416 0.193243 0.111596146 0.30484 0 0 0 0.002019251 0.022144636 0.024164 0 0 43.88394215 0.189220076 44.07316222
Natural Gas MJ 28766.85 2.265090044 28769.12 79.25682 4.556210042 83.81303 0 0 0 0.082463093 0.904113787 0.986577 0 0 28846.19025 7.725413873 28853.91566
Nuclear MJ 3938.738 0.097905308 3938.836 43.69739 0.196691923 43.89408 0 0 0 0.003415374 0.039030659 0.042446 0 0 3982.439198 0.33362789 3982.772826
170


Electricity kWh 3018.582 0 3018.582 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3049.25665 0 3049.25665
Hydro MJ 1208.509 0.031761664 1208.541 11.89289 0.057117417 11.95001 0 0 0 0.001120194 0.012967206 0.014087 0 0 1220.402761 0.101846287 1220.504608
Coal MJ 35436.33 0.463476644 35436.79 173.6292 0.833476138 174.4627 0 0 0 0.016346235 0.189221743 0.205568 0 0 35609.97278 1.486174524 35611.45895
Diesel MJ 2570.014 2838.322602 5408.337 3406.865 4998.569573 8405.435 0 0 0 2.471276916 1134.8112 1137.282 0 0 5979.350232 8971.703375 14951.05361
Feedstock MJ 30302.04 0 30302.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30302.03769 0 30302.03769
Gasoline MJ 2.281319 0 2.281319 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.281318789 0 2.281318789
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4172.846 1.530982423 4174.377 0.558836 2.753185801 3.312022 0 0 0 0.053792829 0.625048027 0.678841 0 0 4173.458153 4.909216251 4178.36737
LPG MJ 51.91949 0.06933362 51.98882 0.193243 0.12468356 0.317927 0 0 0 0.002436119 0.028306558 0.030743 0 0 52.11516651 0.222323737 52.33749024
Natural Gas MJ 32173.47 2.83072981 32176.3 79.25682 5.090538589 84.34736 0 0 0 0.099487344 1.155690654 1.255178 0 0 32252.82475 9.076959053 32261.90171
Nuclear MJ 4440.366 0.122344247 4440.488 43.69739 0.219758926 43.91715 0 0 0 0.004120467 0.049891251 0.054012 0 0 4484.067568 0.391994424 4484.459562

Electricity kWh 3284.888 0 3284.888 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3315.562455 0 3315.562455
Hydro MJ 1317.296 0.036741508 1317.332 11.89289 0.061843958 11.95474 0 0 0 0.001271247 0.01517767 0.016449 0 0 1329.189687 0.113763136 1329.30345
Coal MJ 40137.39 0.536144166 40137.92 173.6292 0.902447383 174.5316 0 0 0 0.018550461 0.221477552 0.240028 0 0 40311.03498 1.660069101 40312.69505
Diesel MJ 2828.43 3282.871317 6111.301 3886.983 5412.207768 9299.191 0 0 0 2.804518955 1328.257543 1331.062 0 0 6718.217595 10023.33663 16741.55422
Feedstock MJ 31725.66 0 31725.66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31725.65523 0 31725.65523
Gasoline MJ 2.339345 0 2.339345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.339345066 0 2.339345066
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4813.973 1.771021917 4815.744 0.558836 2.981015541 3.539852 0 0 0 0.061046582 0.731597252 0.792644 0 0 4814.59299 5.48363471 4820.076624
LPG MJ 58.4098 0.080204291 58.49001 0.193243 0.135001288 0.328245 0 0 0 0.00276462 0.033131854 0.035896 0 0 58.60580954 0.248337433 58.85414698
Natural Gas MJ 34901.11 3.274553945 34904.38 79.25682 5.51178734 84.76861 0 0 0 0.112902823 1.352696226 1.465599 0 0 34980.47794 10.13903751 34990.61698
Nuclear MJ 4840.075 0.141520074 4840.217 43.69739 0.237944266 43.93533 0 0 0 0.004676096 0.058395996 0.063072 0 0 4883.777426 0.437860335 4884.215286
171


Electricity kWh 2003.581 0 2003.581 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2034.256201 0 2034.256201
Hydro MJ 792.8413 0.01177258 792.8531 11.89289 0.038427398 11.93132 0 0 0 0.000522047 0.004038883 0.004561 0 0 804.7347533 0.054238862 804.7889922
Coal MJ 16743.41 0.171789363 16743.58 173.6292 0.560745237 174.1899 0 0 0 0.00761788 0.058936711 0.066555 0 0 16917.04878 0.791471311 16917.84025
Diesel MJ 1577.746 1054.027334 2631.774 1059.145 3362.932606 4422.078 0 0 0 1.151695787 353.458533 354.6102 0 0 2638.042883 4770.418473 7408.461356
Feedstock MJ 25532.99 0 25532.99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25532.986 0 25532.986
Gasoline MJ 2.086933 0 2.086933 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.086933492 0 2.086933492
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1584.545 0.5674644 1585.112 0.558836 1.852285572 2.411122 0 0 0 0.025069216 0.194683097 0.219752 0 0 1585.128537 2.614433069 1587.74297
LPG MJ 26.27251 0.025698767 26.29821 0.193243 0.08388448 0.277128 0 0 0 0.001135311 0.008816616 0.009952 0 0 26.46688511 0.118399863 26.58528497
Natural Gas MJ 21914.99 1.049220664 21916.04 79.25682 3.424807428 82.68163 0 0 0 0.046364353 0.359961836 0.406326 0 0 21994.29425 4.833989928 21999.12824
Nuclear MJ 2913.102 0.045372949 2913.148 43.69739 0.147849189 43.84524 0 0 0 0.001920272 0.015539579 0.01746 0 0 2956.801783 0.208761717 2957.010544

Electricity kWh 2279.007 0 2279.007 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2309.682145 0 2309.682145
Hydro MJ 905.6498 0.01721114 905.667 11.89289 0.043508684 11.9364 0 0 0 0.000684678 0.006468823 0.007154 0 0 917.5433564 0.067188647 917.610545
Coal MJ 21826.91 0.251150621 21827.16 173.6292 0.634893028 174.2641 0 0 0 0.009991041 0.094395199 0.104386 0 0 22000.55155 0.980438847 22001.53199
Diesel MJ 1847.108 1539.490505 3386.599 1803.54 3807.61587 5611.156 0 0 0 1.510477945 566.1121587 567.6226 0 0 3652.15872 5913.218534 9565.377254
Feedstock MJ 26817.71 0 26817.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26817.70935 0 26817.70935
Gasoline MJ 2.139298 0 2.139298 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.139298479 0 2.139298479
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2288.961 0.829615022 2289.791 0.558836 2.097214772 2.656051 0 0 0 0.032878906 0.311811593 0.34469 0 0 2289.553203 3.238641387 2292.791844
LPG MJ 33.24495 0.037570786 33.28252 0.193243 0.094976592 0.28822 0 0 0 0.001488989 0.014121016 0.01561 0 0 33.43968422 0.146668393 33.58635261
Natural Gas MJ 24696.72 1.533927456 24698.25 79.25682 3.877672449 83.13449 0 0 0 0.060808013 0.576528088 0.637336 0 0 24776.03603 5.988127993 24782.02415
Nuclear MJ 3327.588 0.066315026 3327.655 43.69739 0.167399405 43.86479 0 0 0 0.002518485 0.02488876 0.027407 0 0 3371.288136 0.258603191 3371.546739
172


Electricity kWh 2689.146 0 2689.146 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2719.821242 0 2719.821242
Hydro MJ 1073.371 0.025053628 1073.396 11.89289 0.050903848 11.9438 0 0 0 0.000921161 0.009959485 0.010881 0 0 1085.264465 0.08591696 1085.350382
Coal MJ 29199.98 0.365590777 29200.35 173.6292 0.742805691 174.372 0 0 0 0.013441882 0.14533208 0.158774 0 0 29373.62599 1.253728548 29374.87972
Diesel MJ 2246.354 2239.56529 4485.92 2746.153 4454.795714 7200.948 0 0 0 2.032187294 871.593665 873.6259 0 0 4994.539357 7565.954669 12560.49403
Feedstock MJ 28897.58 0 28897.58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28897.57798 0 28897.57798
Gasoline MJ 2.224073 0 2.224073 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.224073379 0 2.224073379
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3301.179 1.207640257 3302.387 0.558836 2.453678023 3.012514 0 0 0 0.044235069 0.480069196 0.524304 0 0 3301.782462 4.141387476 3305.92385
LPG MJ 43.39673 0.054690419 43.45142 0.193243 0.111119747 0.304363 0 0 0 0.002003276 0.0217409 0.023744 0 0 43.59197219 0.187551066 43.77952326
Natural Gas MJ 28873.96 2.232882118 28876.2 79.25682 4.536759798 83.79358 0 0 0 0.081810709 0.887630165 0.969441 0 0 28953.302 7.657272081 28960.95928
Nuclear MJ 3943.836 0.096513926 3943.932 43.69739 0.195852255 43.89324 0 0 0 0.003388354 0.03831906 0.041707 0 0 3987.536562 0.33068524 3987.867248

Electricity kWh 3018.244 0 3018.244 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3048.918849 0 3048.918849
Hydro MJ 1207.78 0.031180195 1207.811 11.89289 0.056726469 11.94962 0 0 0 0.001107221 0.012677446 0.013785 0 0 1219.673859 0.10058411 1219.774443
Coal MJ 34988.39 0.454991656 34988.85 173.6292 0.827771295 174.4569 0 0 0 0.016156932 0.184993467 0.20115 0 0 35162.03755 1.467756418 35163.50531
Diesel MJ 2565.502 2786.484836 5351.987 3406.865 4964.356173 8371.221 0 0 0 2.442657386 1109.453149 1111.896 0 0 5974.809368 8860.294157 14835.10353
Feedstock MJ 30674.75 0 30674.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30674.75306 0 30674.75306
Gasoline MJ 2.296511 0 2.296511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.29651057 0 2.29651057
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4089.538 1.502954329 4091.041 0.558836 2.73434124 3.293177 0 0 0 0.053169862 0.611080946 0.664251 0 0 4090.149885 4.848376515 4094.998262
LPG MJ 51.39261 0.068064311 51.46068 0.193243 0.123830146 0.317074 0 0 0 0.002407907 0.02767403 0.030082 0 0 51.58826421 0.219568488 51.8078327
Natural Gas MJ 32248.5 2.778906901 32251.28 79.25682 5.055695694 84.31252 0 0 0 0.098335194 1.129866039 1.228201 0 0 32327.85212 8.964468634 32336.81659
Nuclear MJ 4437.688 0.120105437 4437.808 43.69739 0.218254756 43.91564 0 0 0 0.004072749 0.0487764 0.052849 0 0 4481.38967 0.387136592 4481.776807
173


Electricity kWh 3278.116 0 3278.116 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3308.790626 0 3308.790626
Hydro MJ 1313.838 0.035942331 1313.874 11.89289 0.06127363 11.95417 0 0 0 0.001252461 0.014785913 0.016038 0 0 1325.732399 0.112001874 1325.844401
Coal MJ 39501.03 0.524482322 39501.56 173.6292 0.894124966 174.5233 0 0 0 0.018276321 0.215760905 0.234037 0 0 39674.67984 1.634368192 39676.31421
Diesel MJ 2816.965 3211.610718 6028.576 3886.983 5362.296104 9249.28 0 0 0 2.76307352 1293.973343 1296.736 0 0 6706.711935 9867.880165 16574.5921
Feedstock MJ 32127.39 0 32127.39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32127.3947 0 32127.3947
Gasoline MJ 2.35572 0 2.35572 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.355719862 0 2.355719862
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4701.207 1.73249985 4702.939 0.558836 2.953524459 3.512361 0 0 0 0.06014443 0.712713696 0.772858 0 0 4701.825512 5.398738005 4707.22425
LPG MJ 57.6383 0.078459742 57.71676 0.193243 0.133756299 0.327 0 0 0 0.002723765 0.032276674 0.035 0 0 57.83426312 0.244492715 58.07875583
Natural Gas MJ 34923.53 3.20332807 34926.73 79.25682 5.460957348 84.71778 0 0 0 0.111234335 1.317781231 1.429016 0 0 35002.89496 9.982066648 35012.87702
Nuclear MJ 4827.373 0.138442982 4827.511 43.69739 0.235749931 43.93314 0 0 0 0.004606992 0.056888713 0.061496 0 0 4871.074815 0.431081626 4871.505897
174
Project Floor Type = Concrete Suspended Slab, Live Load = 45 PSF, Concrete Strength = 3000

Electricity kWh 1860.759 0 1860.759 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1891.434245 0 1891.434245
Hydro MJ 733.9285 0.009042409 733.9375 11.89289 0.038600774 11.9315 0 0 0 0.00052771 0.0041472 0.004675 0 0 745.8218787 0.051790382 745.8736691
Coal MJ 13249.91 0.131949799 13250.05 173.6292 0.563275191 174.1925 0 0 0 0.007700513 0.060517307 0.068218 0 0 13423.55125 0.755742297 13424.30699
Diesel MJ 1429.687 808.3422168 2238.029 1059.145 3378.105384 4437.25 0 0 0 1.16418849 362.9377737 364.102 0 0 2489.995726 4549.385375 7039.381101
Feedstock MJ 25460.28 0 25460.28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25460.28207 0 25460.28207
Gasoline MJ 2.08397 0 2.08397 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.083970099 0 2.083970099
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1527.547 0.435864085 1527.982 0.558836 1.860642658 2.419479 0 0 0 0.025341147 0.199904212 0.225245 0 0 1528.130723 2.496410956 1530.627134
LPG MJ 22.10184 0.019738982 22.12158 0.193243 0.084262947 0.277506 0 0 0 0.001147626 0.009053065 0.010201 0 0 22.29623278 0.113054994 22.40928778
Natural Gas MJ 20677.01 0.805896554 20677.82 79.25682 3.440259371 82.69708 0 0 0 0.046867277 0.369615486 0.416483 0 0 20756.31656 4.615771411 20760.93233
Nuclear MJ 2696.642 0.034856413 2696.677 43.69739 0.148516251 43.8459 0 0 0 0.001941102 0.015956328 0.017897 0 0 2740.341046 0.199328992 2740.540375
175


Electricity kWh 2007.825 0 2007.825 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2038.500302 0 2038.500302
Hydro MJ 794.7256 0.011998437 794.7376 11.89289 0.038600774 11.9315 0 0 0 0.00052771 0.0041472 0.004675 0 0 806.6189914 0.054746411 806.6737378
Coal MJ 16930.9 0.175085144 16931.08 173.6292 0.563275191 174.1925 0 0 0 0.007700513 0.060517307 0.068218 0 0 17104.54139 0.798877641 17105.34027
Diesel MJ 1582.93 1074.17174 2657.102 1059.145 3378.105384 4437.25 0 0 0 1.16418849 362.9377737 364.102 0 0 2643.239529 4815.214898 7458.454427
Feedstock MJ 25460.28 0 25460.28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25460.28207 0 25460.28207
Gasoline MJ 2.08397 0 2.08397 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.083970099 0 2.083970099
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1615.774 0.57835121 1616.352 0.558836 1.860642658 2.419479 0 0 0 0.025341147 0.199904212 0.225245 0 0 1616.358074 2.638898081 1618.996972
LPG MJ 26.50804 0.026191798 26.53423 0.193243 0.084262947 0.277506 0 0 0 0.001147626 0.009053065 0.010201 0 0 26.70243321 0.11950781 26.82194102
Natural Gas MJ 21938.47 1.069349973 21939.54 79.25682 3.440259371 82.69708 0 0 0 0.046867277 0.369615486 0.416483 0 0 22017.77368 4.879224829 22022.6529
Nuclear MJ 2920.026 0.046242592 2920.072 43.69739 0.148516251 43.8459 0 0 0 0.001941102 0.015956328 0.017897 0 0 2963.724867 0.21071517 2963.935583

Electricity kWh 2039.34 0 2039.34 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2070.014687 0 2070.014687
Hydro MJ 807.7536 0.012019764 807.7656 11.89289 0.038600774 11.9315 0 0 0 0.00052771 0.0041472 0.004675 0 0 819.647025 0.054767737 819.7017928
Coal MJ 17719.68 0.175396344 17719.85 173.6292 0.563275191 174.1925 0 0 0 0.007700513 0.060517307 0.068218 0 0 17893.3156 0.799188842 17894.11479
Diesel MJ 1615.768 1077.567176 2693.335 1059.145 3378.105384 4437.25 0 0 0 1.16418849 362.9377737 364.102 0 0 2676.077317 4818.610334 7494.687651
Feedstock MJ 25460.28 0 25460.28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25460.28207 0 25460.28207
Gasoline MJ 2.08397 0 2.08397 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.083970099 0 2.083970099
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1634.68 0.579379184 1635.26 0.558836 1.860642658 2.419479 0 0 0 0.025341147 0.199904212 0.225245 0 0 1635.264316 2.639926055 1637.904242
LPG MJ 27.45222 0.026238352 27.47846 0.193243 0.084262947 0.277506 0 0 0 0.001147626 0.009053065 0.010201 0 0 27.64661019 0.119554364 27.76616456
Natural Gas MJ 22208.78 1.071250659 22209.85 79.25682 3.440259371 82.69708 0 0 0 0.046867277 0.369615486 0.416483 0 0 22288.08507 4.881125516 22292.9662
Nuclear MJ 2967.894 0.046327404 2967.94 43.69739 0.148516251 43.8459 0 0 0 0.001941102 0.015956328 0.017897 0 0 3011.593126 0.210799982 3011.803926
176


Electricity kWh 1860.937 0 1860.937 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1891.611482 0 1891.611482
Hydro MJ 733.872 0.00890542 733.8809 11.89289 0.038427398 11.93132 0 0 0 0.000522047 0.004038883 0.004561 0 0 745.7654217 0.051371702 745.8167934
Coal MJ 13173.09 0.129950823 13173.22 173.6292 0.560745237 174.1899 0 0 0 0.00761788 0.058936711 0.066555 0 0 13346.72252 0.749632771 13347.47215
Diesel MJ 1429.109 796.1896071 2225.299 1059.145 3362.932606 4422.078 0 0 0 1.151695787 353.458533 354.6102 0 0 2489.406144 4512.580746 7001.98689
Feedstock MJ 25532.99 0 25532.99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25532.986 0 25532.986
Gasoline MJ 2.086933 0 2.086933 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.086933492 0 2.086933492
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1498.97 0.429260953 1499.399 0.558836 1.852285572 2.411122 0 0 0 0.025069216 0.194683097 0.219752 0 0 1499.553619 2.476229622 1502.029849
LPG MJ 21.99877 0.019439946 22.01821 0.193243 0.08388448 0.277128 0 0 0 0.001135311 0.008816616 0.009952 0 0 22.193151 0.112141042 22.30529204
Natural Gas MJ 20691.46 0.793687608 20692.25 79.25682 3.424807428 82.68163 0 0 0 0.046364353 0.359961836 0.406326 0 0 20770.7611 4.578456872 20775.33956
Nuclear MJ 2696.434 0.03432908 2696.469 43.69739 0.147849189 43.84524 0 0 0 0.001920272 0.015539579 0.01746 0 0 2740.133687 0.197717848 2740.331405

Electricity kWh 2003.581 0 2003.581 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2034.256201 0 2034.256201
Hydro MJ 792.8413 0.01177258 792.8531 11.89289 0.038427398 11.93132 0 0 0 0.000522047 0.004038883 0.004561 0 0 804.7347533 0.054238862 804.7889922
Coal MJ 16743.41 0.171789363 16743.58 173.6292 0.560745237 174.1899 0 0 0 0.00761788 0.058936711 0.066555 0 0 16917.04878 0.791471311 16917.84025
Diesel MJ 1577.746 1054.027334 2631.774 1059.145 3362.932606 4422.078 0 0 0 1.151695787 353.458533 354.6102 0 0 2638.042883 4770.418473 7408.461356
Feedstock MJ 25532.99 0 25532.99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25532.986 0 25532.986
Gasoline MJ 2.086933 0 2.086933 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.086933492 0 2.086933492
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1584.545 0.5674644 1585.112 0.558836 1.852285572 2.411122 0 0 0 0.025069216 0.194683097 0.219752 0 0 1585.128537 2.614433069 1587.74297
LPG MJ 26.27251 0.025698767 26.29821 0.193243 0.08388448 0.277128 0 0 0 0.001135311 0.008816616 0.009952 0 0 26.46688511 0.118399863 26.58528497
Natural Gas MJ 21914.99 1.049220664 21916.04 79.25682 3.424807428 82.68163 0 0 0 0.046364353 0.359961836 0.406326 0 0 21994.29425 4.833989928 21999.12824
Nuclear MJ 2913.102 0.045372949 2913.148 43.69739 0.147849189 43.84524 0 0 0 0.001920272 0.015539579 0.01746 0 0 2956.801783 0.208761717 2957.010544
177


Electricity kWh 2034.148 0 2034.148 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2064.823149 0 2064.823149
Hydro MJ 805.4777 0.011793265 805.4895 11.89289 0.038427398 11.93132 0 0 0 0.000522047 0.004038883 0.004561 0 0 817.3711171 0.054259547 817.4253767
Coal MJ 17508.47 0.172091207 17508.64 173.6292 0.560745237 174.1899 0 0 0 0.00761788 0.058936711 0.066555 0 0 17682.10958 0.791773155 17682.90136
Diesel MJ 1609.597 1057.32069 2666.917 1059.145 3362.932606 4422.078 0 0 0 1.151695787 353.458533 354.6102 0 0 2669.893449 4773.71183 7443.605278
Feedstock MJ 25532.99 0 25532.99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25532.986 0 25532.986
Gasoline MJ 2.086933 0 2.086933 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.086933492 0 2.086933492
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1602.882 0.56846147 1603.451 0.558836 1.852285572 2.411122 0 0 0 0.025069216 0.194683097 0.219752 0 0 1603.466389 2.615430138 1606.081819
LPG MJ 27.1883 0.025743921 27.21404 0.193243 0.08388448 0.277128 0 0 0 0.001135311 0.008816616 0.009952 0 0 27.38267672 0.118445017 27.50112173
Natural Gas MJ 22177.18 1.051064209 22178.23 79.25682 3.424807428 82.68163 0 0 0 0.046364353 0.359961836 0.406326 0 0 22256.47911 4.835833473 22261.31494
Nuclear MJ 2959.532 0.045455211 2959.577 43.69739 0.147849189 43.84524 0 0 0 0.001920272 0.015539579 0.01746 0 0 3003.230949 0.208843979 3003.439793

Electricity kWh 1902.182 0 1902.182 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1932.85645 0 1932.85645
Hydro MJ 750.6644 0.009692795 750.6741 11.89289 0.039564078 11.93246 0 0 0 0.000558412 0.004578956 0.005137 0 0 762.5578134 0.053835829 762.6116492
Coal MJ 13780.75 0.141440459 13780.89 173.6292 0.577332038 174.2065 0 0 0 0.008148525 0.066817629 0.074966 0 0 13954.38618 0.785590126 13955.17177
Diesel MJ 1467.954 866.1938296 2334.148 1059.145 3462.407894 4521.553 0 0 0 1.231920472 400.7224168 401.9543 0 0 2528.33131 4729.32414 7257.65545
Feedstock MJ 25836.45 0 25836.45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25836.44585 0 25836.44585
Gasoline MJ 2.099302 0 2.099302 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.099302436 0 2.099302436
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1642.91 0.467214173 1643.377 0.558836 1.907076037 2.465912 0 0 0 0.026815484 0.220715795 0.247531 0 0 1643.495777 2.595006004 1646.090783
LPG MJ 22.92731 0.021158734 22.94847 0.193243 0.086365776 0.279609 0 0 0 0.001214395 0.009995559 0.01121 0 0 23.12177071 0.117520069 23.23929078
Natural Gas MJ 21142.78 0.863861706 21143.64 79.25682 3.526112968 82.78293 0 0 0 0.049593995 0.408095331 0.457689 0 0 21222.08621 4.798070005 21226.88428
Nuclear MJ 2758.134 0.037360505 2758.171 43.69739 0.152222557 43.84961 0 0 0 0.002054034 0.017617505 0.019672 0 0 2801.832989 0.207200567 2802.040189
178


Electricity kWh 2065.904 0 2065.904 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2096.579327 0 2096.579327
Hydro MJ 818.3474 0.012983626 818.3604 11.89289 0.039564078 11.93246 0 0 0 0.000558412 0.004578956 0.005137 0 0 830.2408563 0.05712666 830.2979829
Coal MJ 17878.65 0.189461348 17878.84 173.6292 0.577332038 174.2065 0 0 0 0.008148525 0.066817629 0.074966 0 0 18052.28825 0.833611015 18053.12186
Diesel MJ 1638.555 1162.13142 2800.686 1059.145 3462.407894 4521.553 0 0 0 1.231920472 400.7224168 401.9543 0 0 2698.93163 5025.261731 7724.193361
Feedstock MJ 25836.45 0 25836.45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25836.44585 0 25836.44585
Gasoline MJ 2.099302 0 2.099302 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.099302436 0 2.099302436
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1741.13 0.625839506 1741.756 0.558836 1.907076037 2.465912 0 0 0 0.026815484 0.220715795 0.247531 0 0 1741.71583 2.753631337 1744.469462
LPG MJ 27.83256 0.028342401 27.86091 0.193243 0.086365776 0.279609 0 0 0 0.001214395 0.009995559 0.01121 0 0 28.02702097 0.124703737 28.15172471
Natural Gas MJ 22547.11 1.157154072 22548.27 79.25682 3.526112968 82.78293 0 0 0 0.049593995 0.408095331 0.457689 0 0 22626.41698 5.091362371 22631.50834
Nuclear MJ 3006.818 0.050036291 3006.868 43.69739 0.152222557 43.84961 0 0 0 0.002054034 0.017617505 0.019672 0 0 3050.517442 0.219876353 3050.737319

Electricity kWh 2100.988 0 2100.988 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2131.663057 0 2131.663057
Hydro MJ 832.851 0.013007368 832.864 11.89289 0.039564078 11.93246 0 0 0 0.000558412 0.004578956 0.005137 0 0 844.7444556 0.057150402 844.801606
Coal MJ 18756.76 0.189807795 18756.95 173.6292 0.577332038 174.2065 0 0 0 0.008148525 0.066817629 0.074966 0 0 18930.39966 0.833957462 18931.23362
Diesel MJ 1675.112 1165.911426 2841.023 1059.145 3462.407894 4521.553 0 0 0 1.231920472 400.7224168 401.9543 0 0 2735.488652 5029.041737 7764.530389
Feedstock MJ 25836.45 0 25836.45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25836.44585 0 25836.44585
Gasoline MJ 2.099302 0 2.099302 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.099302436 0 2.099302436
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1762.178 0.626983909 1762.805 0.558836 1.907076037 2.465912 0 0 0 0.026815484 0.220715795 0.247531 0 0 1762.763408 2.754775741 1765.518184
LPG MJ 28.88368 0.028394228 28.91207 0.193243 0.086365776 0.279609 0 0 0 0.001214395 0.009995559 0.01121 0 0 29.0781362 0.124755563 29.20289177
Natural Gas MJ 22848.04 1.159270032 22849.2 79.25682 3.526112968 82.78293 0 0 0 0.049593995 0.408095331 0.457689 0 0 22927.34406 5.093478331 22932.43754
Nuclear MJ 3060.108 0.050130709 3060.158 43.69739 0.152222557 43.84961 0 0 0 0.002054034 0.017617505 0.019672 0 0 3103.807299 0.219970771 3104.02727
179
180
Project Concrete Flyash % = Average, PSF = 45, Gross Floor Area = 300

Electricity kWh 1699.197 0 1699.197 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1722.203369 0 1722.203369
Hydro MJ 673.7156 0.011307487 673.7269 8.919671 0.032513947 8.952185 0 0 0 0.000474228 0.004074671 0.004549 0 0 682.6357839 0.047896106 682.68368
Coal MJ 15163.11 0.165002575 15163.27 130.2219 0.474454216 130.6963 0 0 0 0.006920093 0.059458942 0.066379 0 0 15293.33628 0.698915732 15294.03519
Diesel MJ 1356.286 1011.879248 2368.165 1055.328 2845.42328 3900.751 0 0 0 1.046202073 356.590487 357.6367 0 0 2412.659756 4213.893015 6626.552771
Feedstock MJ 20883.71 0 20883.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20883.71448 0 20883.71448
Gasoline MJ 1.688362 0 1.688362 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.688361862 0 1.688361862
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1512.256 0.545045894 1512.801 0.419127 1.56724416 1.986371 0 0 0 0.022772911 0.19640816 0.219181 0 0 1512.697873 2.308698214 1515.006571
LPG MJ 23.44527 0.0246835 23.46995 0.144933 0.070975806 0.215908 0 0 0 0.001031318 0.008894739 0.009926 0 0 23.59123415 0.104554045 23.69578819
Natural Gas MJ 18506.31 1.007769676 18507.32 59.44261 2.897776413 62.34039 0 0 0 0.042117443 0.363151415 0.405269 0 0 18565.79369 4.268697504 18570.06239
Nuclear MJ 2475.404 0.043573906 2475.447 32.77304 0.125097221 32.89814 0 0 0 0.001744378 0.015677273 0.017422 0 0 2508.178401 0.184348401 2508.36275
181


Electricity kWh 2275.773 0 2275.773 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2306.448063 0 2306.448063
Hydro MJ 904.6085 0.017423028 904.6259 11.89289 0.043633578 11.93653 0 0 0 0.000688896 0.006577867 0.007267 0 0 916.502047 0.067634473 916.5696815
Coal MJ 21979.12 0.254242548 21979.37 173.6292 0.636715525 174.2659 0 0 0 0.010052593 0.095986403 0.106039 0 0 22152.75681 0.986944477 22153.74375
Diesel MJ 1845.952 1558.372563 3404.324 1803.54 3818.545855 5622.086 0 0 0 1.519783592 575.6550169 577.1748 0 0 3651.011313 5952.573435 9603.584748
Feedstock MJ 26623.07 0 26623.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26623.0659 0 26623.0659
Gasoline MJ 2.131365 0 2.131365 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.131364863 0 2.131364863
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2320.241 0.839828454 2321.081 0.558836 2.10323495 2.662071 0 0 0 0.033081464 0.317067749 0.350149 0 0 2320.832657 3.260131152 2324.092788
LPG MJ 33.41173 0.038033321 33.44977 0.193243 0.095249228 0.288493 0 0 0 0.001498162 0.014359051 0.015857 0 0 33.60647629 0.1476416 33.75411789
Natural Gas MJ 24626.43 1.552811713 24627.98 79.25682 3.888803535 83.14562 0 0 0 0.061182635 0.586246525 0.647429 0 0 24705.74304 6.027861773 24711.7709
Nuclear MJ 3323.762 0.067130821 3323.829 43.69739 0.167879935 43.86527 0 0 0 0.002534001 0.025308306 0.027842 0 0 3367.461983 0.260319062 3367.722302

Electricity kWh 4582.044 0 4582.044 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4620.387769 0 4620.387769
Hydro MJ 1815.94 0.029662901 1815.97 14.86612 0.08854328 14.95466 0 0 0 0.001257305 0.010590336 0.011848 0 0 1830.807579 0.128796517 1830.936375
Coal MJ 40331.09 0.432850811 40331.52 217.0365 1.29205267 218.3285 0 0 0 0.018347014 0.154537673 0.172885 0 0 40548.14687 1.879441153 40550.02631
Diesel MJ 3638.604 2654.739678 6293.344 2749.97 7748.770322 10498.74 0 0 0 2.773761168 926.8019609 929.5757 0 0 6391.34771 11330.31196 17721.65967
Feedstock MJ 56719.38 0 56719.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56719.37759 0 56719.37759
Gasoline MJ 4.643415 0 4.643415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.643414914 0 4.643414914
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3990.671 1.42981743 3992.101 0.698545 4.267981892 4.966527 0 0 0 0.060377071 0.510477634 0.570855 0 0 3991.429952 6.208276956 3997.638228
LPG MJ 62.51829 0.064752159 62.58304 0.241554 0.19328415 0.434838 0 0 0 0.0027343 0.023118007 0.025852 0 0 62.76258025 0.281154316 63.04373457
Natural Gas MJ 49867.43 2.643679485 49870.07 99.07102 7.891340465 106.9624 0 0 0 0.111664593 0.943854241 1.055519 0 0 49966.61295 11.47887419 49978.09182
Nuclear MJ 6672.229 0.114312118 6672.343 54.62173 0.340669749 54.9624 0 0 0 0.004624812 0.040746257 0.045371 0 0 6726.855419 0.495728125 6727.351147
182


Electricity kWh 5808.693 0 5808.693 46.01227 0 46.01227 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5854.705623 0 5854.705623
Hydro MJ 2306.854 0.042391748 2306.896 17.83934 0.111618952 17.95096 0 0 0 0.001708592 0.015770774 0.017479 0 0 2324.694678 0.169781474 2324.86446
Coal MJ 54593.54 0.618594324 54594.16 260.4438 1.628780466 262.0725 0 0 0 0.024932341 0.230132328 0.255065 0 0 54854.00749 2.477507119 54856.485
Diesel MJ 4681.817 3792.267863 8474.084 3894.617 9768.213039 13662.83 0 0 0 3.769352293 1380.162448 1383.932 0 0 8580.203321 14940.64335 23520.84667
Feedstock MJ 69150.51 0 69150.51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69150.51405 0 69150.51405
Gasoline MJ 5.574429 0 5.574429 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.57442947 0 5.57442947
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5660.49 2.043375974 5662.534 0.838254 5.380280308 6.218535 0 0 0 0.082048322 0.760186201 0.842235 0 0 5661.410719 8.183842483 5669.594562
LPG MJ 83.4556 0.092538392 83.54814 0.289865 0.243656822 0.533522 0 0 0 0.003715727 0.034426562 0.038142 0 0 83.74918438 0.370621776 84.11980615
Natural Gas MJ 62967.59 3.778126514 62971.37 118.8852 9.947939044 128.8332 0 0 0 0.151744568 1.405556134 1.557301 0 0 63086.62503 15.13162169 63101.75666
Nuclear MJ 8475.969 0.163343238 8476.132 65.54608 0.429453262 65.97553 0 0 0 0.006284805 0.060677962 0.066963 0 0 8541.5213 0.653474461 8542.174775
Project Concrete Flyash % = 25%, PSF = 45, Gross Floor Area = 300

Electricity kWh 1666.283 0 1666.283 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1689.289152 0 1689.289152
Hydro MJ 660.1089 0.011417656 660.1203 8.919671 0.032513947 8.952185 0 0 0 0.000474228 0.004074671 0.004549 0 0 669.0290244 0.048006275 669.0770307
Coal MJ 14339.27 0.166610196 14339.44 130.2219 0.474454216 130.6963 0 0 0 0.006920093 0.059458942 0.066379 0 0 14469.4989 0.700523354 14470.19943
Diesel MJ 1321.988 1019.9235 2341.912 1055.328 2845.42328 3900.751 0 0 0 1.046202073 356.590487 357.6367 0 0 2378.362608 4221.937267 6600.299875
Feedstock MJ 20883.71 0 20883.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20883.71448 0 20883.71448
Gasoline MJ 1.688362 0 1.688362 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.688361862 0 1.688361862
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1492.51 0.550356282 1493.06 0.419127 1.56724416 1.986371 0 0 0 0.022772911 0.19640816 0.219181 0 0 1492.951501 2.314008602 1495.265509
LPG MJ 22.45912 0.024923992 22.48405 0.144933 0.070975806 0.215908 0 0 0 0.001031318 0.008894739 0.009926 0 0 22.60508562 0.104794536 22.70988015
Natural Gas MJ 18223.98 1.017588386 18225 59.44261 2.897776413 62.34039 0 0 0 0.042117443 0.363151415 0.405269 0 0 18283.46802 4.278516214 18287.74654
Nuclear MJ 2425.409 0.043994899 2425.453 32.77304 0.125097221 32.89814 0 0 0 0.001744378 0.015677273 0.017422 0 0 2458.183759 0.184769394 2458.368528
183


Electricity kWh 2221.562 0 2221.562 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2252.236574 0 2252.236574
Hydro MJ 882.1974 0.017604482 882.215 11.89289 0.043633578 11.93653 0 0 0 0.000688896 0.006577867 0.007267 0 0 894.0909815 0.067815927 894.1587974
Coal MJ 20622.21 0.256890388 20622.47 173.6292 0.636715525 174.2659 0 0 0 0.010052593 0.095986403 0.106039 0 0 20795.85229 0.989592317 20796.84188
Diesel MJ 1789.462 1571.621879 3361.084 1803.54 3818.545855 5622.086 0 0 0 1.519783592 575.6550169 577.1748 0 0 3594.522063 5965.822751 9560.344814
Feedstock MJ 26623.07 0 26623.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26623.0659 0 26623.0659
Gasoline MJ 2.131365 0 2.131365 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.131364863 0 2.131364863
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2287.717 0.848574948 2288.566 0.558836 2.10323495 2.662071 0 0 0 0.033081464 0.317067749 0.350149 0 0 2288.309318 3.268877647 2291.578196
LPG MJ 31.78749 0.038429424 31.82592 0.193243 0.095249228 0.288493 0 0 0 0.001498162 0.014359051 0.015857 0 0 31.98223656 0.148037703 32.13027426
Natural Gas MJ 24161.42 1.568983657 24162.99 79.25682 3.888803535 83.14562 0 0 0 0.061182635 0.586246525 0.647429 0 0 24240.73746 6.044033718 24246.7815
Nuclear MJ 3241.418 0.067824219 3241.486 43.69739 0.167879935 43.86527 0 0 0 0.002534001 0.025308306 0.027842 0 0 3285.118115 0.26101246 3285.379127

Electricity kWh 4496.665 0 4496.665 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4535.00883 0 4535.00883
Hydro MJ 1780.644 0.029948678 1780.674 14.86612 0.08854328 14.95466 0 0 0 0.001257305 0.010590336 0.011848 0 0 1795.511868 0.129082294 1795.64095
Coal MJ 38194.07 0.437020955 38194.51 217.0365 1.29205267 218.3285 0 0 0 0.018347014 0.154537673 0.172885 0 0 38411.12626 1.883611298 38413.00987
Diesel MJ 3549.638 2675.606336 6225.244 2749.97 7748.770322 10498.74 0 0 0 2.773761168 926.8019609 929.5757 0 0 6302.381472 11351.17862 17653.56009
Feedstock MJ 56719.38 0 56719.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56719.37759 0 56719.37759
Gasoline MJ 4.643415 0 4.643415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.643414914 0 4.643414914
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3939.449 1.443592488 3940.893 0.698545 4.267981892 4.966527 0 0 0 0.060377071 0.510477634 0.570855 0 0 3940.208186 6.222052015 3946.430238
LPG MJ 59.96024 0.06537599 60.02561 0.241554 0.19328415 0.434838 0 0 0 0.0027343 0.023118007 0.025852 0 0 60.20452717 0.281778147 60.48630532
Natural Gas MJ 49135.08 2.669149057 49137.75 99.07102 7.891340465 106.9624 0 0 0 0.111664593 0.943854241 1.055519 0 0 49234.2648 11.50434376 49245.76915
Nuclear MJ 6542.544 0.115404167 6542.659 54.62173 0.340669749 54.9624 0 0 0 0.004624812 0.040746257 0.045371 0 0 6597.170137 0.496820173 6597.666957
184


Electricity kWh 5679.452 0 5679.452 46.01227 0 46.01227 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5725.464706 0 5725.464706
Hydro MJ 2253.425 0.042824337 2253.468 17.83934 0.111618952 17.95096 0 0 0 0.001708592 0.015770774 0.017479 0 0 2271.266397 0.170214063 2271.436611
Coal MJ 51358.66 0.62490681 51359.29 260.4438 1.628780466 262.0725 0 0 0 0.024932341 0.230132328 0.255065 0 0 51619.12888 2.483819604 51621.6127
Diesel MJ 4547.145 3823.854412 8371 3894.617 9768.213039 13662.83 0 0 0 3.769352293 1380.162448 1383.932 0 0 8445.53219 14972.2299 23417.76209
Feedstock MJ 69150.51 0 69150.51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69150.51405 0 69150.51405
Gasoline MJ 5.574429 0 5.574429 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.57442947 0 5.57442947
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5582.954 2.064227735 5585.019 0.838254 5.380280308 6.218535 0 0 0 0.082048322 0.760186201 0.842235 0 0 5583.874643 8.204694243 5592.079337
LPG MJ 79.58339 0.093482706 79.67688 0.289865 0.243656822 0.533522 0 0 0 0.003715727 0.034426562 0.038142 0 0 79.87697502 0.37156609 80.24854111
Natural Gas MJ 61859.01 3.816680646 61862.83 118.8852 9.947939044 128.8332 0 0 0 0.151744568 1.405556134 1.557301 0 0 61978.04548 15.17017582 61993.21566
Nuclear MJ 8279.66 0.164996308 8279.825 65.54608 0.429453262 65.97553 0 0 0 0.006284805 0.060677962 0.066963 0 0 8345.212411 0.655127531 8345.867538

Electricity kWh 1633.367 0 1633.367 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1656.373097 0 1656.373097
Hydro MJ 646.5014 0.011527834 646.513 8.919671 0.032513947 8.952185 0 0 0 0.000474228 0.004074671 0.004549 0 0 655.4215682 0.048116452 655.4696847
Coal MJ 13515.42 0.168217939 13515.59 130.2219 0.474454216 130.6963 0 0 0 0.006920093 0.059458942 0.066379 0 0 13645.65136 0.702131097 13646.35349
Diesel MJ 1287.69 1027.968476 2315.659 1055.328 2845.42328 3900.751 0 0 0 1.046202073 356.590487 357.6367 0 0 2344.06457 4229.982243 6574.046813
Feedstock MJ 20883.71 0 20883.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20883.71448 0 20883.71448
Gasoline MJ 1.688362 0 1.688362 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.688361862 0 1.688361862
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1472.763 0.555667069 1473.319 0.419127 1.56724416 1.986371 0 0 0 0.022772911 0.19640816 0.219181 0 0 1473.205313 2.31931939 1475.524633
LPG MJ 21.47297 0.025164501 21.49813 0.144933 0.070975806 0.215908 0 0 0 0.001031318 0.008894739 0.009926 0 0 21.61893169 0.105035046 21.72396673
Natural Gas MJ 17941.65 1.027407835 17942.68 59.44261 2.897776413 62.34039 0 0 0 0.042117443 0.363151415 0.405269 0 0 18001.13965 4.288335663 18005.42799
Nuclear MJ 2375.412 0.044415924 2375.456 32.77304 0.125097221 32.89814 0 0 0 0.001744378 0.015677273 0.017422 0 0 2408.186556 0.185190418 2408.371746
185

Electricity kWh 2167.347 0 2167.347 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2198.022059 0 2198.022059
Hydro MJ 859.7852 0.01778595 859.803 11.89289 0.043633578 11.93653 0 0 0 0.000688896 0.006577867 0.007267 0 0 871.6787683 0.067997395 871.7467657
Coal MJ 19265.29 0.259538427 19265.55 173.6292 0.636715525 174.2659 0 0 0 0.010052593 0.095986403 0.106039 0 0 19438.93102 0.992240356 19439.92326
Diesel MJ 1732.972 1584.872388 3317.844 1803.54 3818.545855 5622.086 0 0 0 1.519783592 575.6550169 577.1748 0 0 3538.031347 5979.073259 9517.104607
Feedstock MJ 26623.07 0 26623.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26623.0659 0 26623.0659
Gasoline MJ 2.131365 0 2.131365 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.131364863 0 2.131364863
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2255.194 0.857322101 2256.052 0.558836 2.10323495 2.662071 0 0 0 0.033081464 0.317067749 0.350149 0 0 2255.786285 3.2776248 2259.063909
LPG MJ 30.16325 0.038825556 30.20207 0.193243 0.095249228 0.288493 0 0 0 0.001498162 0.014359051 0.015857 0 0 30.35798793 0.148433835 30.50642177
Natural Gas MJ 23696.41 1.585156819 23697.99 79.25682 3.888803535 83.14562 0 0 0 0.061182635 0.586246525 0.647429 0 0 23775.72743 6.060206879 23781.78764
Nuclear MJ 3159.07 0.068517669 3159.139 43.69739 0.167879935 43.86527 0 0 0 0.002534001 0.025308306 0.027842 0 0 3202.77003 0.26170591 3203.031735

Electricity kWh 4411.282 0 4411.282 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4449.625124 0 4449.625124
Hydro MJ 1745.347 0.030234476 1745.377 14.86612 0.08854328 14.95466 0 0 0 0.001257305 0.010590336 0.011848 0 0 1760.21435 0.129368092 1760.343718
Coal MJ 36057.02 0.441191414 36057.47 217.0365 1.29205267 218.3285 0 0 0 0.018347014 0.154537673 0.172885 0 0 36274.07927 1.887781756 36275.96705
Diesel MJ 3460.67 2696.474871 6157.144 2749.97 7748.770322 10498.74 0 0 0 2.773761168 926.8019609 929.5757 0 0 6213.412924 11372.04715 17585.46008
Feedstock MJ 56719.38 0 56719.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56719.37759 0 56719.37759
Gasoline MJ 4.643415 0 4.643415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.643414914 0 4.643414914
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3888.228 1.457368584 3889.685 0.698545 4.267981892 4.966527 0 0 0 0.060377071 0.510477634 0.570855 0 0 3888.986901 6.23582811 3895.222729
LPG MJ 57.40217 0.065999869 57.46817 0.241554 0.19328415 0.434838 0 0 0 0.0027343 0.023118007 0.025852 0 0 57.64646008 0.282402025 57.92886211
Natural Gas MJ 48402.73 2.694620547 48405.42 99.07102 7.891340465 106.9624 0 0 0 0.111664593 0.943854241 1.055519 0 0 48501.90965 11.52981525 48513.43947
Nuclear MJ 6412.852 0.116496298 6412.968 54.62173 0.340669749 54.9624 0 0 0 0.004624812 0.040746257 0.045371 0 0 6467.478215 0.497912304 6467.976127
186


Electricity kWh 5550.204 0 5550.204 46.01227 0 46.01227 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5596.216572 0 5596.216572
Hydro MJ 2199.994 0.043256959 2200.038 17.83934 0.111618952 17.95096 0 0 0 0.001708592 0.015770774 0.017479 0 0 2217.835379 0.170646685 2218.006026
Coal MJ 48123.74 0.63121977 48124.37 260.4438 1.628780466 262.0725 0 0 0 0.024932341 0.230132328 0.255065 0 0 48384.21033 2.490132565 48386.70046
Diesel MJ 4412.471 3855.443802 8267.915 3894.617 9768.213039 13662.83 0 0 0 3.769352293 1380.162448 1383.932 0 0 8310.857563 15003.81929 23314.67685
Feedstock MJ 69150.51 0 69150.51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69150.51405 0 69150.51405
Gasoline MJ 5.574429 0 5.574429 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.57442947 0 5.57442947
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5505.419 2.085081065 5507.504 0.838254 5.380280308 6.218535 0 0 0 0.082048322 0.760186201 0.842235 0 0 5506.339293 8.225547573 5514.56484
LPG MJ 75.71116 0.094427091 75.80559 0.289865 0.243656822 0.533522 0 0 0 0.003715727 0.034426562 0.038142 0 0 76.00474445 0.372510475 76.37725493
Natural Gas MJ 60750.42 3.855237681 60754.27 118.8852 9.947939044 128.8332 0 0 0 0.151744568 1.405556134 1.557301 0 0 60869.45532 15.20873286 60884.66406
Nuclear MJ 8083.341 0.166649503 8083.508 65.54608 0.429453262 65.97553 0 0 0 0.006284805 0.060677962 0.066963 0 0 8148.893468 0.656780726 8149.550249

Electricity kWh 1694.953 0 1694.953 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1717.959269 0 1717.959269
Hydro MJ 671.8314 0.01108163 671.8425 8.919671 0.032340572 8.952011 0 0 0 0.000468565 0.003966354 0.004435 0 0 680.7515458 0.047388556 680.7989344
Coal MJ 14975.61 0.161706794 14975.78 130.2219 0.471924262 130.6938 0 0 0 0.00683746 0.057878346 0.064716 0 0 15105.84367 0.691509402 15106.53518
Diesel MJ 1351.101 991.7348416 2342.836 1055.328 2830.250502 3885.579 0 0 0 1.03370937 347.1112462 348.145 0 0 2407.46311 4169.09659 6576.5597
Feedstock MJ 20956.42 0 20956.42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20956.41841 0 20956.41841
Gasoline MJ 1.691325 0 1.691325 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.691325255 0 1.691325255
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1481.027 0.534159084 1481.561 0.419127 1.558887074 1.978014 0 0 0 0.02250098 0.191187045 0.213688 0 0 1481.468336 2.284233202 1483.752569
LPG MJ 23.20973 0.024190469 23.23392 0.144933 0.070597338 0.21553 0 0 0 0.001019003 0.00865829 0.009677 0 0 23.35568605 0.103446097 23.45913214
Natural Gas MJ 18482.83 0.987640367 18483.82 59.44261 2.88232447 62.32494 0 0 0 0.041614519 0.353497765 0.395112 0 0 18542.31427 4.223462602 18546.53773
Nuclear MJ 2468.481 0.042704264 2468.523 32.77304 0.12443016 32.89747 0 0 0 0.001723548 0.015260525 0.016984 0 0 2501.255316 0.182394948 2501.437711
187


Electricity kWh 2279.007 0 2279.007 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2309.682145 0 2309.682145
Hydro MJ 905.6498 0.01721114 905.667 11.89289 0.043508684 11.9364 0 0 0 0.000684678 0.006468823 0.007154 0 0 917.5433564 0.067188647 917.610545
Coal MJ 21826.91 0.251150621 21827.16 173.6292 0.634893028 174.2641 0 0 0 0.009991041 0.094395199 0.104386 0 0 22000.55155 0.980438847 22001.53199
Diesel MJ 1847.108 1539.490505 3386.599 1803.54 3807.61587 5611.156 0 0 0 1.510477945 566.1121587 567.6226 0 0 3652.15872 5913.218534 9565.377254
Feedstock MJ 26817.71 0 26817.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26817.70935 0 26817.70935
Gasoline MJ 2.139298 0 2.139298 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.139298479 0 2.139298479
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2288.961 0.829615022 2289.791 0.558836 2.097214772 2.656051 0 0 0 0.032878906 0.311811593 0.34469 0 0 2289.553203 3.238641387 2292.791844
LPG MJ 33.24495 0.037570786 33.28252 0.193243 0.094976592 0.28822 0 0 0 0.001488989 0.014121016 0.01561 0 0 33.43968422 0.146668393 33.58635261
Natural Gas MJ 24696.72 1.533927456 24698.25 79.25682 3.877672449 83.13449 0 0 0 0.060808013 0.576528088 0.637336 0 0 24776.03603 5.988127993 24782.02415
Nuclear MJ 3327.588 0.066315026 3327.655 43.69739 0.167399405 43.86479 0 0 0 0.002518485 0.02488876 0.027407 0 0 3371.288136 0.258603191 3371.546739

Electricity kWh 4586.562 0 4586.562 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4624.905074 0 4624.905074
Hydro MJ 1817.327 0.029301518 1817.357 14.86612 0.088325042 14.95444 0 0 0 0.00124996 0.010405385 0.011655 0 0 1832.194845 0.128031945 1832.322877
Coal MJ 40068.22 0.427577393 40068.65 217.0365 1.288868073 218.3253 0 0 0 0.018239824 0.151838802 0.170079 0 0 40285.27569 1.868284268 40287.14398
Diesel MJ 3639.744 2622.533239 6262.277 2749.97 7729.671479 10479.64 0 0 0 2.757555864 910.6161426 913.3737 0 0 6392.471204 11262.82086 17655.29206
Feedstock MJ 57033.85 0 57033.85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57033.85319 0 57033.85319
Gasoline MJ 4.656233 0 4.656233 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.656232857 0 4.656232857
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3937.597 1.412397976 3939.01 0.698545 4.25746235 4.956008 0 0 0 0.060024326 0.501562571 0.561587 0 0 3938.355699 6.171422897 3944.527122
LPG MJ 62.22634 0.063963284 62.2903 0.241554 0.192807751 0.434362 0 0 0 0.002718325 0.02271427 0.025433 0 0 62.4706103 0.279485305 62.7500956
Natural Gas MJ 49974.54 2.611471559 49977.15 99.07102 7.871890221 106.9429 0 0 0 0.111012208 0.927370619 1.038383 0 0 50073.7247 11.4107324 50085.13543
Nuclear MJ 6677.326 0.112920736 6677.439 54.62173 0.339830081 54.96156 0 0 0 0.004597792 0.040034658 0.044632 0 0 6731.952783 0.492785475 6732.445569
188


Electricity kWh 5801.922 0 5801.922 46.01227 0 46.01227 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5847.933794 0 5847.933794
Hydro MJ 2303.396 0.041592571 2303.438 17.83934 0.111048623 17.95039 0 0 0 0.001689806 0.015379017 0.017069 0 0 2321.237391 0.168020212 2321.405411
Coal MJ 53957.18 0.60693248 53957.79 260.4438 1.620458049 262.0642 0 0 0 0.024658201 0.224415681 0.249074 0 0 54217.65235 2.45180621 54220.10415
Diesel MJ 4670.352 3721.007264 8391.36 3894.617 9718.301376 13612.92 0 0 0 3.727906858 1345.878249 1349.606 0 0 8568.697661 14785.18689 23353.88455
Feedstock MJ 69552.25 0 69552.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69552.25352 0 69552.25352
Gasoline MJ 5.590804 0 5.590804 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.590804265 0 5.590804265
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5547.724 2.004853907 5549.729 0.838254 5.352789226 6.191043 0 0 0 0.08114617 0.741302645 0.822449 0 0 5548.643242 8.098945778 5556.742188
LPG MJ 82.6841 0.090793843 82.77489 0.289865 0.242411833 0.532277 0 0 0 0.003674872 0.033571382 0.037246 0 0 82.97763795 0.366777058 83.34441501
Natural Gas MJ 62990.01 3.706900639 62993.71 118.8852 9.897109052 128.7823 0 0 0 0.150076079 1.370641138 1.520717 0 0 63109.04205 14.97465083 63124.0167
Nuclear MJ 8463.266 0.160266146 8463.427 65.54608 0.427258927 65.97334 0 0 0 0.006215701 0.059170679 0.065386 0 0 8528.81869 0.646695752 8529.465386

Electricity kWh 1663.028 0 1663.028 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1686.034571 0 1686.034571
Hydro MJ 658.6337 0.011188487 658.6449 8.919671 0.032340572 8.952011 0 0 0 0.000468565 0.003966354 0.004435 0 0 667.5538547 0.047495413 667.6013502
Coal MJ 14176.55 0.163266085 14176.71 130.2219 0.471924262 130.6938 0 0 0 0.00683746 0.057878346 0.064716 0 0 14306.77382 0.693068693 14307.46689
Diesel MJ 1317.835 999.5372543 2317.373 1055.328 2830.250502 3885.579 0 0 0 1.03370937 347.1112462 348.145 0 0 2374.197059 4176.899002 6551.096061
Feedstock MJ 20956.42 0 20956.42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20956.41841 0 20956.41841
Gasoline MJ 1.691325 0 1.691325 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.691325255 0 1.691325255
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1461.874 0.539309822 1462.413 0.419127 1.558887074 1.978014 0 0 0 0.02250098 0.191187045 0.213688 0 0 1462.315611 2.28938394 1464.604995
LPG MJ 22.25323 0.02442373 22.27766 0.144933 0.070597338 0.21553 0 0 0 0.001019003 0.00865829 0.009677 0 0 22.39918471 0.103679359 22.50286407
Natural Gas MJ 18208.99 0.997163891 18209.99 59.44261 2.88232447 62.32494 0 0 0 0.041614519 0.353497765 0.395112 0 0 18268.47633 4.232986127 18272.70932
Nuclear MJ 2419.989 0.0431126 2420.032 32.77304 0.12443016 32.89747 0 0 0 0.001723548 0.015260525 0.016984 0 0 2452.763694 0.182803284 2452.946497
189


Electricity kWh 2225.831 0 2225.831 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2256.506278 0 2256.506278
Hydro MJ 883.6668 0.017389128 883.6842 11.89289 0.043508684 11.9364 0 0 0 0.000684678 0.006468823 0.007154 0 0 895.5604177 0.067366635 895.6277843
Coal MJ 20495.93 0.253747878 20496.18 173.6292 0.634893028 174.2641 0 0 0 0.009991041 0.094395199 0.104386 0 0 20669.56849 0.983036104 20670.55152
Diesel MJ 1791.698 1552.486714 3344.185 1803.54 3807.61587 5611.156 0 0 0 1.510477945 566.1121587 567.6226 0 0 3596.748606 5926.214744 9522.963349
Feedstock MJ 26817.71 0 26817.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26817.70935 0 26817.70935
Gasoline MJ 2.139298 0 2.139298 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.139298479 0 2.139298479
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2257.059 0.838194429 2257.898 0.558836 2.097214772 2.656051 0 0 0 0.032878906 0.311811593 0.34469 0 0 2257.651169 3.247220794 2260.89839
LPG MJ 31.65174 0.037959321 31.6897 0.193243 0.094976592 0.28822 0 0 0 0.001488989 0.014121016 0.01561 0 0 31.84647294 0.147056928 31.99352987
Natural Gas MJ 24240.6 1.549790461 24242.15 79.25682 3.877672449 83.13449 0 0 0 0.060808013 0.576528088 0.637336 0 0 24319.91362 6.003990998 24325.91761
Nuclear MJ 3246.817 0.066995177 3246.884 43.69739 0.167399405 43.86479 0 0 0 0.002518485 0.02488876 0.027407 0 0 3290.517313 0.259283343 3290.776596

Electricity kWh 4502.934 0 4502.934 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4541.277584 0 4541.277584
Hydro MJ 1782.756 0.029581432 1782.785 14.86612 0.088325042 14.95444 0 0 0 0.00124996 0.010405385 0.011655 0 0 1797.623184 0.128311859 1797.751496
Coal MJ 37975.04 0.431661992 37975.47 217.0365 1.288868073 218.3253 0 0 0 0.018239824 0.151838802 0.170079 0 0 38192.09355 1.872368867 38193.96592
Diesel MJ 3552.603 2642.971841 6195.575 2749.97 7729.671479 10479.64 0 0 0 2.757555864 910.6161426 913.3737 0 0 6305.330004 11283.25946 17588.58947
Feedstock MJ 57033.85 0 57033.85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57033.85319 0 57033.85319
Gasoline MJ 4.656233 0 4.656233 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.656232857 0 4.656232857
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3887.426 1.425890455 3888.852 0.698545 4.25746235 4.956008 0 0 0 0.060024326 0.501562571 0.561587 0 0 3888.184688 6.184915376 3894.369603
LPG MJ 59.72076 0.064574318 59.78533 0.241554 0.192807751 0.434362 0 0 0 0.002718325 0.02271427 0.025433 0 0 59.96503268 0.28009634 60.24512902
Natural Gas MJ 49257.22 2.636418653 49259.85 99.07102 7.871890221 106.9429 0 0 0 0.111012208 0.927370619 1.038383 0 0 49356.39982 11.43567949 49367.8355
Nuclear MJ 6550.302 0.113990382 6550.416 54.62173 0.339830081 54.96156 0 0 0 0.004597792 0.040034658 0.044632 0 0 6604.927843 0.493855121 6605.421698
190


Electricity kWh 5676.305 0 5676.305 46.01227 0 46.01227 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5722.316834 0 5722.316834
Hydro MJ 2251.466 0.042013031 2251.508 17.83934 0.111048623 17.95039 0 0 0 0.001689806 0.015379017 0.017069 0 0 2269.307255 0.168440671 2269.475696
Coal MJ 50813.01 0.613067962 50813.63 260.4438 1.620458049 262.0642 0 0 0 0.024658201 0.224415681 0.249074 0 0 51073.48078 2.457941691 51075.93872
Diesel MJ 4539.458 3751.708115 8291.166 3894.617 9718.301376 13612.92 0 0 0 3.727906858 1345.878249 1349.606 0 0 8437.802753 14815.88774 23253.69049
Feedstock MJ 69552.25 0 69552.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69552.25352 0 69552.25352
Gasoline MJ 5.590804 0 5.590804 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.590804265 0 5.590804265
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5472.362 2.025120977 5474.387 0.838254 5.352789226 6.191043 0 0 0 0.08114617 0.741302645 0.822449 0 0 5473.281302 8.119212848 5481.400515
LPG MJ 78.92047 0.091711678 79.01218 0.289865 0.242411833 0.532277 0 0 0 0.003674872 0.033571382 0.037246 0 0 79.2140066 0.367694893 79.58170149
Natural Gas MJ 61912.51 3.744373701 61916.26 118.8852 9.897109052 128.7823 0 0 0 0.150076079 1.370641138 1.520717 0 0 62031.54743 15.01212389 62046.55955
Nuclear MJ 8272.462 0.161872863 8272.624 65.54608 0.427258927 65.97334 0 0 0 0.006215701 0.059170679 0.065386 0 0 8338.014365 0.648302469 8338.662667

Electricity kWh 1631.102 0 1631.102 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1654.108092 0 1654.108092
Hydro MJ 645.4353 0.011295352 645.4466 8.919671 0.032340572 8.952011 0 0 0 0.000468565 0.003966354 0.004435 0 0 654.3554879 0.047602278 654.4030901
Coal MJ 13377.47 0.164825493 13377.63 130.2219 0.471924262 130.6938 0 0 0 0.00683746 0.057878346 0.064716 0 0 13507.69411 0.694628101 13508.38874
Diesel MJ 1284.568 1007.340369 2291.909 1055.328 2830.250502 3885.579 0 0 0 1.03370937 347.1112462 348.145 0 0 2340.930143 4184.702117 6525.632261
Feedstock MJ 20956.42 0 20956.42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20956.41841 0 20956.41841
Gasoline MJ 1.691325 0 1.691325 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.691325255 0 1.691325255
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1442.721 0.544460948 1443.266 0.419127 1.558887074 1.978014 0 0 0 0.02250098 0.191187045 0.213688 0 0 1443.163066 2.294535066 1445.457601
LPG MJ 21.29673 0.02465701 21.32138 0.144933 0.070597338 0.21553 0 0 0 0.001019003 0.00865829 0.009677 0 0 21.44267813 0.103912638 21.54659077
Natural Gas MJ 17935.15 1.006688133 17936.16 59.44261 2.88232447 62.32494 0 0 0 0.041614519 0.353497765 0.395112 0 0 17994.63577 4.242510368 17998.87828
Nuclear MJ 2371.495 0.043520967 2371.538 32.77304 0.12443016 32.89747 0 0 0 0.001723548 0.015260525 0.016984 0 0 2404.269588 0.183211651 2404.452799
191

Electricity kWh 2172.653 0 2172.653 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2203.327443 0 2203.327443
Hydro MJ 861.6828 0.017567129 861.7003 11.89289 0.043508684 11.9364 0 0 0 0.000684678 0.006468823 0.007154 0 0 873.5763533 0.067544636 873.6438979
Coal MJ 19164.93 0.25634533 19165.19 173.6292 0.634893028 174.2641 0 0 0 0.009991041 0.094395199 0.104386 0 0 19338.56898 0.985633557 19339.55462
Diesel MJ 1736.287 1565.484094 3301.771 1803.54 3807.61587 5611.156 0 0 0 1.510477945 566.1121587 567.6226 0 0 3541.337052 5939.212123 9480.549175
Feedstock MJ 26817.71 0 26817.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26817.70935 0 26817.70935
Gasoline MJ 2.139298 0 2.139298 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.139298479 0 2.139298479
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2225.158 0.846774481 2226.004 0.558836 2.097214772 2.656051 0 0 0 0.032878906 0.311811593 0.34469 0 0 2225.749435 3.255800847 2229.005236
LPG MJ 30.05852 0.038347886 30.09687 0.193243 0.094976592 0.28822 0 0 0 0.001488989 0.014121016 0.01561 0 0 30.25325293 0.147445493 30.40069843
Natural Gas MJ 23784.47 1.565654661 23786.03 79.25682 3.877672449 83.13449 0 0 0 0.060808013 0.576528088 0.637336 0 0 23863.78685 6.019855198 23869.80671
Nuclear MJ 3166.042 0.06767538 3166.11 43.69739 0.167399405 43.86479 0 0 0 0.002518485 0.02488876 0.027407 0 0 3209.742354 0.259963546 3210.002317

Electricity kWh 4419.302 0 4419.302 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4457.645424 0 4457.645424
Hydro MJ 1748.182 0.029861368 1748.212 14.86612 0.088325042 14.95444 0 0 0 0.00124996 0.010405385 0.011655 0 0 1763.049754 0.128591795 1763.178346
Coal MJ 35881.83 0.435746898 35882.27 217.0365 1.288868073 218.3253 0 0 0 0.018239824 0.151838802 0.170079 0 0 36098.88557 1.876453773 36100.76203
Diesel MJ 3465.459 2663.412283 6128.872 2749.97 7729.671479 10479.64 0 0 0 2.757555864 910.6161426 913.3737 0 0 6218.186541 11303.6999 17521.88645
Feedstock MJ 57033.85 0 57033.85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57033.85319 0 57033.85319
Gasoline MJ 4.656233 0 4.656233 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.656232857 0 4.656232857
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 3837.256 1.43938395 3838.695 0.698545 4.25746235 4.956008 0 0 0 0.060024326 0.501562571 0.561587 0 0 3838.014147 6.198408871 3844.212556
LPG MJ 57.21517 0.065185398 57.28035 0.241554 0.192807751 0.434362 0 0 0 0.002718325 0.02271427 0.025433 0 0 57.45944133 0.28070742 57.74014875
Natural Gas MJ 48539.89 2.661367626 48542.55 99.07102 7.871890221 106.9429 0 0 0 0.111012208 0.927370619 1.038383 0 0 48639.06808 11.46062847 48650.52871
Nuclear MJ 6423.27 0.11506011 6423.385 54.62173 0.339830081 54.96156 0 0 0 0.004597792 0.040034658 0.044632 0 0 6477.896399 0.494924848 6478.391324
192


Electricity kWh 5550.681 0 5550.681 46.01227 0 46.01227 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5596.69286 0 5596.69286
Hydro MJ 2199.533 0.042433522 2199.576 17.83934 0.111048623 17.95039 0 0 0 0.001689806 0.015379017 0.017069 0 0 2217.374461 0.168861162 2217.543322
Coal MJ 47668.8 0.619203905 47669.42 260.4438 1.620458049 262.0642 0 0 0 0.024658201 0.224415681 0.249074 0 0 47929.27039 2.464077634 47931.73446
Diesel MJ 4408.559 3782.411729 8190.971 3894.617 9718.301376 13612.92 0 0 0 3.727906858 1345.878249 1349.606 0 0 8306.904445 14846.59135 23153.4958
Feedstock MJ 69552.25 0 69552.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69552.25352 0 69552.25352
Gasoline MJ 5.590804 0 5.590804 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.590804265 0 5.590804265
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5397.001 2.045389574 5399.046 0.838254 5.352789226 6.191043 0 0 0 0.08114617 0.741302645 0.822449 0 0 5397.920068 8.139481444 5406.05955
LPG MJ 75.15681 0.092629582 75.24944 0.289865 0.242411833 0.532277 0 0 0 0.003674872 0.033571382 0.037246 0 0 75.45035463 0.368612797 75.81896742
Natural Gas MJ 60835.01 3.781849584 60838.79 118.8852 9.897109052 128.7823 0 0 0 0.150076079 1.370641138 1.520717 0 0 60954.04249 15.04959977 60969.09209
Nuclear MJ 8081.648 0.163479702 8081.811 65.54608 0.427258927 65.97334 0 0 0 0.006215701 0.059170679 0.065386 0 0 8147.200269 0.649909308 8147.850179

Electricity kWh 1757.276 0 1757.276 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1780.282395 0 1780.282395
Hydro MJ 697.3375 0.012292676 697.3498 8.919671 0.033477251 8.953148 0 0 0 0.00050493 0.004506427 0.005011 0 0 706.2576488 0.050276355 706.3079251
Coal MJ 16110.85 0.179378779 16111.03 130.2219 0.488511063 130.7104 0 0 0 0.007368105 0.065759264 0.073127 0 0 16241.08313 0.733649106 16241.81678
Diesel MJ 1411.91 1099.838928 2511.749 1055.328 2929.72579 3985.054 0 0 0 1.113934055 394.37513 395.4891 0 0 2468.351857 4423.939848 6892.291705
Feedstock MJ 21259.88 0 21259.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21259.87826 0 21259.87826
Gasoline MJ 1.703694 0 1.703694 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.703694199 0 1.703694199
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1637.612 0.592534189 1638.205 0.419127 1.613677539 2.032805 0 0 0 0.024247248 0.217219743 0.241467 0 0 1638.055629 2.423431471 1640.479061
LPG MJ 24.76979 0.026834103 24.79663 0.144933 0.073078635 0.218011 0 0 0 0.001098087 0.009837233 0.010935 0 0 24.91582191 0.109749971 25.02557188
Natural Gas MJ 19114.95 1.095573776 19116.05 59.44261 2.98363001 62.42624 0 0 0 0.044844161 0.40163126 0.446475 0 0 19174.43699 4.480835046 19178.91783
Nuclear MJ 2562.196 0.047367606 2562.243 32.77304 0.128803527 32.90184 0 0 0 0.001857311 0.017338451 0.019196 0 0 2594.970976 0.193509584 2595.164486
193


Electricity kWh 2421.516 0 2421.516 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2452.191209 0 2452.191209
Hydro MJ 963.901 0.019910905 963.9209 11.89289 0.046061362 11.93896 0 0 0 0.000766287 0.007669121 0.008435 0 0 975.7946874 0.073641388 975.8683288
Coal MJ 24369.41 0.290546479 24369.7 173.6292 0.672142543 174.3013 0 0 0 0.011181907 0.111910333 0.123092 0 0 24543.05322 1.074599355 24544.12782
Diesel MJ 1985.649 1780.493233 3766.142 1803.54 4031.010741 5834.551 0 0 0 1.690517062 671.1548971 672.8454 0 0 3790.879355 6482.65887 10273.53822
Feedstock MJ 27556.82 0 27556.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27556.81801 0 27556.81801
Gasoline MJ 2.169424 0 2.169424 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.169424354 0 2.169424354
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2637.054 0.959749664 2638.013 0.558836 2.220259491 2.779096 0 0 0 0.036797857 0.369668579 0.406466 0 0 2637.649373 3.549677734 2641.19905
LPG MJ 36.74959 0.043464195 36.79306 0.193243 0.100548919 0.293792 0 0 0 0.001666467 0.016741186 0.018408 0 0 36.94450191 0.1607543 37.10525621
Natural Gas MJ 26151.61 1.774541591 26153.38 79.25682 4.105177577 83.362 0 0 0 0.068055931 0.683503513 0.751559 0 0 26230.93308 6.563222681 26237.4963
Nuclear MJ 3541.618 0.076710964 3541.694 43.69739 0.177220819 43.87461 0 0 0 0.002818672 0.029506897 0.032326 0 0 3585.317804 0.28343868 3585.601242

Electricity kWh 4779.356 0 4779.356 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4817.699666 0 4817.699666
Hydro MJ 1895.972 0.032797497 1896.005 14.86612 0.09167376 14.95779 0 0 0 0.001356889 0.011951175 0.013308 0 0 1910.839943 0.136422432 1910.976366
Coal MJ 43387.66 0.478591859 43388.14 217.0365 1.337733668 218.3742 0 0 0 0.019800175 0.174395482 0.194196 0 0 43604.71947 1.99072101 43606.71019
Diesel MJ 3826.032 2934.6311 6760.663 2749.97 8022.730954 10772.7 0 0 0 2.993454746 1045.894323 1048.888 0 0 6578.994892 12003.25638 18582.25127
Feedstock MJ 58135.62 0 58135.62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58135.61937 0 58135.61937
Gasoline MJ 4.701141 0 4.701141 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.701140558 0 4.701140558
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4386.081 1.580911865 4387.662 0.698545 4.418877966 5.117423 0 0 0 0.065159189 0.576073079 0.641232 0 0 4386.84476 6.57586291 4393.420623
LPG MJ 66.82657 0.071594775 66.89816 0.241554 0.200117782 0.441672 0 0 0 0.002950868 0.026088629 0.029039 0 0 67.0710725 0.297801185 67.36887368
Natural Gas MJ 51964.15 2.923047501 51967.07 99.07102 8.170341717 107.2414 0 0 0 0.120508899 1.06513779 1.185647 0 0 52063.3403 12.15852701 52075.49883
Nuclear MJ 6966.287 0.126382705 6966.414 54.62173 0.352714254 54.97445 0 0 0 0.004991117 0.045982077 0.050973 0 0 7020.914223 0.525079036 7021.439302
194


Electricity kWh 5979.324 0 5979.324 46.01227 0 46.01227 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6025.336142 0 6025.336142
Hydro MJ 2375.394 0.0444512 2375.439 17.83934 0.113890216 17.95323 0 0 0 0.001780237 0.016622662 0.018403 0 0 2393.235605 0.174964078 2393.410569
Coal MJ 56736.32 0.64864653 56736.97 260.4438 1.66192351 262.1057 0 0 0 0.025977809 0.242563351 0.268541 0 0 56996.79312 2.55313339 56999.34626
Diesel MJ 4839.161 3976.251551 8815.413 3894.617 9966.980348 13861.6 0 0 0 3.927409477 1454.714471 1458.642 0 0 8737.705867 15397.94637 24135.65224
Feedstock MJ 70799.33 0 70799.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70799.33175 0 70799.33175
Gasoline MJ 5.641635 0 5.641635 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.641634847 0 5.641634847
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5909.019 2.14264613 5911.162 0.838254 5.489760295 6.328015 0 0 0 0.085488788 0.801249062 0.886738 0 0 5909.943188 8.433655486 5918.376843
LPG MJ 86.59402 0.097034041 86.69105 0.289865 0.248614843 0.53848 0 0 0 0.003871536 0.036286176 0.040158 0 0 86.88775227 0.381935061 87.26968733
Natural Gas MJ 64869.65 3.961673356 64873.62 118.8852 10.15036349 129.0356 0 0 0 0.158107549 1.481479843 1.639587 0 0 64988.69829 15.59351668 65004.2918
Nuclear MJ 8727.805 0.171274029 8727.977 65.54608 0.43819194 65.98427 0 0 0 0.00654834 0.063955594 0.070504 0 0 8793.35801 0.673421563 8794.031432

Electricity kWh 1720.634 0 1720.634 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1743.640286 0 1743.640286
Hydro MJ 682.1896 0.012415323 682.202 8.919671 0.033477251 8.953148 0 0 0 0.00050493 0.004506427 0.005011 0 0 691.1097767 0.050399001 691.1601757
Coal MJ 15193.71 0.181168481 15193.89 130.2219 0.488511063 130.7104 0 0 0 0.007368105 0.065759264 0.073127 0 0 15323.93727 0.735438808 15324.67271
Diesel MJ 1373.728 1108.794279 2482.523 1055.328 2929.72579 3985.054 0 0 0 1.113934055 394.37513 395.4891 0 0 2430.170186 4432.895199 6863.065385
Feedstock MJ 21259.88 0 21259.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21259.87826 0 21259.87826
Gasoline MJ 1.703694 0 1.703694 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.703694199 0 1.703694199
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1615.629 0.598446036 1616.228 0.419127 1.613677539 2.032805 0 0 0 0.024247248 0.217219743 0.241467 0 0 1616.072767 2.429343317 1618.50211
LPG MJ 23.67195 0.027101833 23.69905 0.144933 0.073078635 0.218011 0 0 0 0.001098087 0.009837233 0.010935 0 0 23.8179814 0.110017701 23.9279991
Natural Gas MJ 18800.65 1.106504561 18801.75 59.44261 2.98363001 62.42624 0 0 0 0.044844161 0.40163126 0.446475 0 0 18860.13489 4.491765831 18864.62666
Nuclear MJ 2506.539 0.04783628 2506.587 32.77304 0.128803527 32.90184 0 0 0 0.001857311 0.017338451 0.019196 0 0 2539.3139 0.193978259 2539.507878
195


Electricity kWh 2357.877 0 2357.877 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2388.552034 0 2388.552034
Hydro MJ 937.5925 0.020123915 937.6127 11.89289 0.046061362 11.93896 0 0 0 0.000766287 0.007669121 0.008435 0 0 949.48621 0.073854398 949.5600644
Coal MJ 22776.53 0.293654793 22776.83 173.6292 0.672142543 174.3013 0 0 0 0.011181907 0.111910333 0.123092 0 0 22950.17529 1.077707669 22951.253
Diesel MJ 1919.336 1796.04668 3715.383 1803.54 4031.010741 5834.551 0 0 0 1.690517062 671.1548971 672.8454 0 0 3724.566303 6498.212318 10222.77862
Feedstock MJ 27556.82 0 27556.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27556.81801 0 27556.81801
Gasoline MJ 2.169424 0 2.169424 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.169424354 0 2.169424354
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2598.874 0.970017224 2599.844 0.558836 2.220259491 2.779096 0 0 0 0.036797857 0.369668579 0.406466 0 0 2599.47004 3.559945294 2603.029986
LPG MJ 34.84289 0.043929182 34.88682 0.193243 0.100548919 0.293792 0 0 0 0.001666467 0.016741186 0.018408 0 0 35.03779764 0.161219287 35.19901693
Natural Gas MJ 25605.74 1.793525929 25607.53 79.25682 4.105177577 83.362 0 0 0 0.068055931 0.683503513 0.751559 0 0 25685.06039 6.582207018 25691.64259
Nuclear MJ 3444.954 0.077524948 3445.031 43.69739 0.177220819 43.87461 0 0 0 0.002818672 0.029506897 0.032326 0 0 3488.653868 0.284252663 3488.93812

Electricity kWh 4682.302 0 4682.302 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4720.645822 0 4720.645822
Hydro MJ 1855.85 0.033122351 1855.883 14.86612 0.09167376 14.95779 0 0 0 0.001356889 0.011951175 0.013308 0 0 1870.71782 0.136747286 1870.854567
Coal MJ 40958.42 0.483332239 40958.91 217.0365 1.337733668 218.3742 0 0 0 0.019800175 0.174395482 0.194196 0 0 41175.47795 1.995461389 41177.47342
Diesel MJ 3724.9 2958.35111 6683.251 2749.97 8022.730954 10772.7 0 0 0 2.993454746 1045.894323 1048.888 0 0 6477.863214 12026.97639 18504.8396
Feedstock MJ 58135.62 0 58135.62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58135.61937 0 58135.61937
Gasoline MJ 4.701141 0 4.701141 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.701140558 0 4.701140558
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4327.855 1.596570555 4329.452 0.698545 4.418877966 5.117423 0 0 0 0.065159189 0.576073079 0.641232 0 0 4328.618818 6.591521601 4335.210339
LPG MJ 63.91872 0.07230391 63.99102 0.241554 0.200117782 0.441672 0 0 0 0.002950868 0.026088629 0.029039 0 0 64.1632256 0.298510321 64.46173592
Natural Gas MJ 51131.66 2.951999839 51134.61 99.07102 8.170341717 107.2414 0 0 0 0.120508899 1.06513779 1.185647 0 0 51230.84926 12.18747935 51243.03674
Nuclear MJ 6818.869 0.127624083 6818.996 54.62173 0.352714254 54.97445 0 0 0 0.004991117 0.045982077 0.050973 0 0 6873.495491 0.526320414 6874.021811
196


Electricity kWh 1683.99 0 1683.99 23.00614 0 23.00614 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1706.996132 0 1706.996132
Hydro MJ 667.041 0.012537979 667.0535 8.919671 0.033477251 8.953148 0 0 0 0.00050493 0.004506427 0.005011 0 0 675.961129 0.050521657 676.0116506
Coal MJ 14276.55 0.182958318 14276.73 130.2219 0.488511063 130.7104 0 0 0 0.007368105 0.065759264 0.073127 0 0 14406.78009 0.737228645 14407.51731
Diesel MJ 1335.546 1117.750435 2453.296 1055.328 2929.72579 3985.054 0 0 0 1.113934055 394.37513 395.4891 0 0 2391.987524 4441.851355 6833.838879
Feedstock MJ 21259.88 0 21259.88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21259.87826 0 21259.87826
Gasoline MJ 1.703694 0 1.703694 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.703694199 0 1.703694199
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 1593.647 0.604358328 1594.251 0.419127 1.613677539 2.032805 0 0 0 0.024247248 0.217219743 0.241467 0 0 1594.09011 2.435255609 1596.525366
LPG MJ 22.5741 0.027369583 22.60147 0.144933 0.073078635 0.218011 0 0 0 0.001098087 0.009837233 0.010935 0 0 22.72013487 0.110285451 22.83042032
Natural Gas MJ 18486.34 1.117436169 18487.46 59.44261 2.98363001 62.42624 0 0 0 0.044844161 0.40163126 0.446475 0 0 18545.82978 4.502697439 18550.33248
Nuclear MJ 2450.879 0.048304991 2450.927 32.77304 0.128803527 32.90184 0 0 0 0.001857311 0.017338451 0.019196 0 0 2483.653973 0.194446969 2483.84842

Electricity kWh 2294.234 0 2294.234 30.67485 0 30.67485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2324.909306 0 2324.909306
Hydro MJ 911.2827 0.020336942 911.3031 11.89289 0.046061362 11.93896 0 0 0 0.000766287 0.007669121 0.008435 0 0 923.1763854 0.074067424 923.2504529
Coal MJ 21183.64 0.296763341 21183.93 173.6292 0.672142543 174.3013 0 0 0 0.011181907 0.111910333 0.123092 0 0 21357.27769 1.080816217 21358.3585
Diesel MJ 1853.021 1811.601528 3664.623 1803.54 4031.010741 5834.551 0 0 0 1.690517062 671.1548971 672.8454 0 0 3658.25153 6513.767166 10172.0187
Feedstock MJ 27556.82 0 27556.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27556.81801 0 27556.81801
Gasoline MJ 2.169424 0 2.169424 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.169424354 0 2.169424354
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 2560.695 0.980285557 2561.676 0.558836 2.220259491 2.779096 0 0 0 0.036797857 0.369668579 0.406466 0 0 2561.291066 3.570213626 2564.861279
LPG MJ 32.93617 0.044394204 32.98057 0.193243 0.100548919 0.293792 0 0 0 0.001666467 0.016741186 0.018408 0 0 33.13108294 0.161684309 33.29276724
Natural Gas MJ 25059.86 1.812511695 25061.67 79.25682 4.105177577 83.362 0 0 0 0.068055931 0.683503513 0.751559 0 0 25139.18247 6.601192785 25145.78366
Nuclear MJ 3348.285 0.078338993 3348.363 43.69739 0.177220819 43.87461 0 0 0 0.002818672 0.029506897 0.032326 0 0 3391.984982 0.285066709 3392.270049
197

Electricity kWh 4585.243 0 4585.243 38.34356 0 38.34356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4623.58656 0 4623.58656
Hydro MJ 1815.726 0.03344723 1815.76 14.86612 0.09167376 14.95779 0 0 0 0.001356889 0.011951175 0.013308 0 0 1830.593641 0.137072165 1830.730714
Coal MJ 38529.15 0.488072975 38529.64 217.0365 1.337733668 218.3742 0 0 0 0.019800175 0.174395482 0.194196 0 0 38746.20644 2.000202125 38748.20665
Diesel MJ 3623.766 2982.073255 6605.839 2749.97 8022.730954 10772.7 0 0 0 2.993454746 1045.894323 1048.888 0 0 6376.728911 12050.69853 18427.42744
Feedstock MJ 58135.62 0 58135.62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58135.61937 0 58135.61937
Gasoline MJ 4.701141 0 4.701141 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.701140558 0 4.701140558
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 4269.63 1.612230424 4271.242 0.698545 4.418877966 5.117423 0 0 0 0.065159189 0.576073079 0.641232 0 0 4270.393421 6.60718147 4277.000602
LPG MJ 61.01086 0.073013099 61.08387 0.241554 0.200117782 0.441672 0 0 0 0.002950868 0.026088629 0.029039 0 0 61.25536278 0.299219509 61.55458229
Natural Gas MJ 50299.16 2.980954356 50302.14 99.07102 8.170341717 107.2414 0 0 0 0.120508899 1.06513779 1.185647 0 0 50398.35025 12.21643386 50410.56669
Nuclear MJ 6671.442 0.128865554 6671.571 54.62173 0.352714254 54.97445 0 0 0 0.004991117 0.045982077 0.050973 0 0 6726.069209 0.527561885 6726.596771

Electricity kWh 5706.713 0 5706.713 46.01227 0 46.01227 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5752.724999 0 5752.724999
Hydro MJ 2262.697 0.04536368 2262.742 17.83934 0.113890216 17.95323 0 0 0 0.001780237 0.016622662 0.018403 0 0 2280.538237 0.175876559 2280.714114
Coal MJ 49913.06 0.661961745 49913.72 260.4438 1.66192351 262.1057 0 0 0 0.025977809 0.242563351 0.268541 0 0 50173.53005 2.566448605 50176.0965
Diesel MJ 4555.1 4042.878995 8597.979 3894.617 9966.980348 13861.6 0 0 0 3.927409477 1454.714471 1458.642 0 0 8453.644881 15464.57381 23918.21869
Feedstock MJ 70799.33 0 70799.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70799.33175 0 70799.33175
Gasoline MJ 5.641635 0 5.641635 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.641634847 0 5.641634847
Heavy Fuel Oil MJ 5745.476 2.186629704 5747.663 0.838254 5.489760295 6.328015 0 0 0 0.085488788 0.801249062 0.886738 0 0 5746.399708 8.477639061 5754.877347
LPG MJ 78.42647 0.099025926 78.5255 0.289865 0.248614843 0.53848 0 0 0 0.003871536 0.036286176 0.040158 0 0 78.72020859 0.383926946 79.10413553
Natural Gas MJ 62531.35 4.042997355 62535.4 118.8852 10.15036349 129.0356 0 0 0 0.158107549 1.481479843 1.639587 0 0 62650.39744 15.67484068 62666.07228
Nuclear MJ 8313.727 0.174760926 8313.902 65.54608 0.43819194 65.98427 0 0 0 0.00654834 0.063955594 0.070504 0 0 8379.279652 0.67690846 8379.95656
198

Osu1275406390 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Osu1275406390 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sustainable Structural Design

Graduate Program in Civil Engineering

The Ohio State University

Dr. Halil Sezen, Advisor

Dr. Shive K. Chaturvedi

they taught me:

engineering, career pursuits and opportunities, education and on this study:

Dr. Halil Sezen, P.E.

Dr. Shive K. Chaturvedi

Dr. Hojat Adeli

Dr. Caroline Merry

Dr. Steven J. Kurtz, P.E.

John C. Inglese A.I.A., P.E., LEED AP

Assistant/Project Drafter, Inglese

Architecture and Engineering (East

2005................................................................Civil Engineering Intern, Pennsylvania

Department of Transportation (Allentown,

2006................................................................Civil Engineering Intern, Perini Corporation

– Civil Division (Newark, NJ)

2006 to 2007 ..................................................Independent Study – Lafayette College Steel

Bridge Design Team, Lafayette College

2006 to 2007 ..................................................Design Engineering Intern, Bohler

Engineering (Warren, NJ)

2007................................................................B.S. Civil Engineering (Minor: English),

Lafayette College (Easton, PA)

and Engineering (East Rutherford, NJ)

2007 to 2008 ..................................................Structural Engineer I, Washington Group

International (Currently URS – Washington

Division) (Princeton, NJ)

2008................................................................Consulting Structural Engineer, CDI

Corporation (Contracted by URS –

Washington Division) (Princeton, NJ)

2008 to 2009 ..................................................Graduate Research Assistant, Department of

Civil and Environmental Engineering and

Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University

2008 to 2009 ..................................................National Student Steel Bridge Team

Graduate Advisor, Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering and Geodetic

Science, The Ohio State University

2009 to 2010 ..................................................French Fellowship Recipient, Department of

Civil and Environmental Engineering and

Geodetic Science, The Ohio State University

Major Field: Civil Engineering

Specialization: Structural Engineering

List of Tables .....................................................................................................................xv

List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xvi

Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Organization and Scope ............................................................................................. 3

Chapter 2: Literature Review ...............................................................................................5

2.1 Sustainable Structural Design Methodologies ........................................................... 5

2.1.1 Sustainable Structural Design of Tall Structures ....................................................... 5

2.3 Sustainability and Construction Type ........................................................................ 6

2.4 Sustainability and Construction Materials ................................................................. 7

2.5 Review of Life-Cycle Analysis Computer Programs ................................................ 7

Chapter 3: Sustainable Structural Design Methodologies ...................................................8

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 8

3.2 Methodology 1: Minimizing Material Use ................................................................ 9

3.2.2 Negative Sustainable Attributes of Methodology 1 ................................................. 10

3.3 Methodology 2: Minimizing Material Production Energy ...................................... 11

3.3.1 Positive Sustainable Attributes of Methodology 2 .................................................. 11

3.3.2 Negative Sustainable Attributes of Methodology 2 ................................................. 12