Experiment No.

Title of the Experiment:

To determine the loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings including bends, a contraction, an enlargement and a gate-valve.

Theory:

Energy losses in pipe flows are the result of friction between the fluid and the pipe walls and internal friction between fluid particles. Minor
(secondary) head losses occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines are not straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves,
contractions, expansions, and reservoir inlets and outlets. In this experiment, we will measure minor head losses through a pipe section that has
several bends, transitions, and fittings.

Head Loss

The head loss in a pipe circuit falls into two categories:

a) That due to viscous resistance extending throughout the total length of the circuit.
b) That due to localized affects such as valves, sudden changes in area of flow and bends.

The overall head loss is a combination of both these categories.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Open fully the water control on the hydraulic bench.

2. Open the gate valve fully to obtain maximum flow through the dark blue circuit.
3. Record the readings on the piezometer tubes.
4. Measure the flowrate by timing the level rise in the volumetric tank.
5. Repeat the above procedure for a total of three different flow rates obtained by closing the gate valve.
 h Vs V^2/2g Graph
40

35

30

25

Enlargement
Contraction
h

20
Long Curve
Short
Elbow
15
Mitre

10

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
V^2/2g