Indian Political Science Association

CORRUPTION & GOOD GOVERNANCE

Author(s): Vishnu Bhagwan
Source: The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 68, No. 4 (OCT. - DEC., 2007), pp. 727-738
Published by: Indian Political Science Association
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TheIndian
Journal
ofPolitical
Science
Vol.LXVIII,
No.4,Oct.-Dec.,
2007
CORRUPTION & GOOD GOVERNANCE

VishnuBhagwan
CorruptioninIndiais an all-pervasive
phenomenon.Itis a very
complexphenomenon
consisingofvariousmuually Herethetopicis discussed
elements.
determining intwo
parts: Oneis theexisting tocombat
machinery corruption;andtheotheris whatnew
methods andtechniques aretobe adoptedhorizontally so thatthetwin
andvertically
infantsofaccountability
andtransparencycanbe ensured thegreatdevilof
todestroy
corruptioninthisnewandpeople-centred eraofGoodGovernance.

CorruptioninIndiais an all-pervasivephenomenonand as some believecorruption has

become a way of lifein India. Its scale and spread has increased significantly. A notable
featureis thattherehas been a mutually reinforcingcollusionat thepoliticaland bureaucratic
level. Ithas seeped to the top echelon of central,state and local government.Further,the
malaise is not confinedto the executive arm of the governmentalone; ithas afflictedthe
legislature,thejudiciary,themedia and also independentprofessions.

Corruptionin Hindicalled "Bhrashtaachar"means "Bhrashta+Aachar"i.e. when our

As said bySanthanamCommittee
behaviouris notuptoa certainstandarditis calledCorruption.
corruption is notonlyofmoneybutitcan be multidimensional1 is ourway
. Today corruption
of life.It has become a part of our verynature.As said by T.N. Sheshan, now there is
universalisation Thereare variousexamples ofcorruption
ofcorruption. inourcountry such as
KrishnaMenon's jeep scam, Mundraepisode, Harshad Mehta scam, securityscam, urea
scam, Sukhramepisode, Tehalka Kand, UnitTrustof India(UnitedThieves of India) scam,
Jain Hawala scandal, petrolpump allotmentscandal, EnronScam, JafferSharif'sRailway
diesel enginescam, sugar purchasefromPakistan,matchfixing, KetanParikhscam, housing
allotmentscam, fodderscam of Lalu Yadav, Punjab Public Service Commission (Punjab
PublicScandal Commission)scam, Saint Kitsepisode Coffinscam, Jai Lalita'sepisode, Idol
case, OperationDuryodhanetc.
scam of Italy,JMMbribery

Corruption is nota new phenomenon.The history ofcorruption is as old as thehistory

however,itemerged inEgypt,Rome or ancientIsrael. Ithas rustledinall ages
ofcivilization,
inone formortheotherlikebribery Ithas assumed theshape ofa "hotissue"
and interaction.
intherecenttimes.Duringthecurrenttimesthetentacleshave become notonlywidespread
butalso formoreserious. The phenomenonhas become veryserious bothindeveloped and
developingcountries.Even the international organizationsare busy in arrangingscholarly
debates on the causes and consequences of corruptionbecause corruptionis not onlya
humanissue butdevelopmentalas wellas social and economic issue.

Phenomenon of corruptionin all societies is as old as power itself.It is therefore,

commoninallcountries,irrespective oftheirstage ofdevelopment.However,itsnature,volume
and dimensionsdiffer largelyfromcountryto countryand fromone environment to another.
Many scams and
India is not freefromthe evils of politicaland bureaucraticcorruption2.

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The Indian Journal of Political Science 728

scandals thattookplace inIndiaare enoughproofofthisrampantand wide-spreadcorruption

due to almost totallack ofeffectivevigilance.Corruption is rampantinthe administration of
WelfareSchemes, Public Distribution System, Police, Revenue, Excise and Taxationand
Irrigationdepartments and several other sectors where people come in contactdailywith
administration and also inPrivatesectorparticularly afterLPG. (Liberalization,
Privatization,
Globalization)
Corruption at lowerlevelstakestheformofspeed moneyforexpediting approvals
or providinglegitimateservices, or bribesfortwisting rules.A matterofgreatconcernis the
ofcorruption
verticalintegration at variouslevelsofgovernment and politicians
betweenofficials
oftopfunctionaries
and the inability to check theprevalence and of
growth corruption. Infact,
corruption has nowbeen institutionalized and has become a commonlyaccepted wayoflife.

The challenges facingcorruption analysis begins withhow to defineit.Most people

knowcorruption whentheysee it.The problemis thatdifferent people see itdifferently3.
Thus,
to give a compact and precise
itis extremelydifficult of
definition the term The
"Corruption".
wordis oftenused looselyina verynarrowsense and oftenused witha wideconnotation,but
somewhatconfinedto "morals"or "publicoffices".The etymologyofthewordcan be traced
back to a Latinword meaning"to break",whichmeans thatsomethingis broken,such as,
inthecontextofthepresentdiscussion,
moralor social code ofconductand moreimportantly,
to violationof
rule.Thus,one can safelyrelatecorruption
violationofanylaw or administrative
a laid down law or conductrule.

Heidenheimer4 has identified dependinguponthebehavioural

threetypesofcorruption,
pattern.These are -(1) Public-officecentered,(2) Market-centered, and (3) public-interest
centereddefinition
centered. Public-office revolvearound breach oftrustreposed in public
officesor deviationfromnormslike rationality, etc. In thissense, corruptionis
universality
behaviouraldeviationfromthe normalpublicroleforprivateconsideration.The outcome of
these behaviouraldeviationsare bribery,nepotism,mis-appropriationetc. Market-centered
definition as
lookupontheirposition
referstosituationinwhichofficials an tomaximize
authority
revolvesaroundviolationofcommonpublic
centereddefinition
personalgains. Public-interest
interestthatprovidesdirector indirectbenefitto thepublicofficials.

The substantivelawwhichdeals withcorruption inIndiais thePreventionofCorruption

Actof 1988. This applies to all categoriesof"publicduty"whichhas been definedas a "duty
inthe discharge ofwhichthe State, the Citizenat large has an interest."Itis thusclear that
the legal view of corruptionencompasses a combinationof notionsof "publicoffices'and
"publicinterest".Thus ina strictly
legalisticsense, corruptionis definedprimarilyas an action
involvinga publicservanttakingillegalgratificationsotherthanlegal remuneration inrespectof
is notnecessarilyrestricted
act. The word"gratification"
an official or
to pecuniarygratification
estimableinmoney.The offenceconsists ofacceptingor agreeingto accept,
to gratification

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Corruption& Good Governance 729
or,obtainingor attempting to obtainany such illegalgratification
as a motiveor rewardfor
doingorforbearing to do anyofficial
act, or,showingorforbearing to show, intheexercise of
hisofficial favourordis-favour
functions, toanypersonor,forrendering to render
orattempting
anyserviceordis-servicetoanyperson,The otheroffencesincludepossession ofassets dis-
totheknownsources ofincome,misuse/abuseofofficial
proportionate positionsetc.Abetment
ofanyoftheoffenceshas also been definedas an offence.

were putforwardearlierin the UnitedKingdomby the Royal

Clear legal definitions
the case of John
Commissionon Standards of Conduct in Public Life(1974-76)5 following
penetratedhighlevels ofthe BritishCivilService, theNationalHealth
Paulson who corruptly
as definedin
and otherbodies. The offenceofcorruption
Service,a numberoflocal authorities
ofCorruption
theUnitedKingdomPublicBodies CorruptPracticesAct,1889 and thePrevention
These are :
Act,1906 consists ofthreemain ingredients.6

• A giftofconsiderationwas givenor offeredbyone partyto another;

• orrewardforservices
was given,orreceived,as an inducement
The giftorconsideration
duties;and
to be renderedor alreadyrenderedinrelationto official

• The transactiontookplace corruptly.

The firstingredientis the objective and is the basic fact,the second ingredientin
respectof relevantgiftand considerationinthe UnitedKingdomAct involvesbribes. For an
offenceto be committedbribesneed notactuallypass hands; soliciting oragreeingto accept
them,are offences,as muchan offenceas actuallygivingthem.The second and third
ingredients
involvea mentalelement.

However,In Indiancontex,Section 7 of the Preventionof CorruptionAct, 1988 has

by a publicservantotherthan legal
definedcorruptionas acceptance of any gratification
remunerationas a motivefordoingsome favourto anyperson.

Section 161 ofthe IndianPenal Code, howeverdefinestheterm"corruption" in legal

sense as "Whoeverbeingor expectingto be publicservantaccepts or obtains,or agrees to
accept, or attemptsto obtainfromanypersonforhimselforforanyotherpersongratifications
fordoing or forbearingto do any officialact, or for showing,or favourto any person, or
renderingor attemptingto renderanyservice or disserviceto any person,withthecentralor
any state governmentor parliamentarylegislatureofany state or withany publicservantas
such shallbe punishedwithimprisonmentofotherdescriptionfora termwhichmaybe extended
to threeyears,or withor withoutfineor both"

accepted definition
There is no internationally Itdepends upon thestate
ofcorruption.

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The Indian Journal of Political Science 730
of awareness, education, customs and contention,ethics, culture,state of economic
developmentand legal frameworkover the interestof the society. It is the class interest
pursued by themthatsuggests thatthe struggleshould be against such interestsand not
againstthedeformedcorruptindividuals.

Corruption : Conceptual View

is a complex phenomenon.Itconsists of:
Corruption

SupportiveEnv. - DestructiveEnv.
Corruption= Want * Opportunity
PunitiveMeasures

one byone.
Now letus discuss above componentsofcorruption

Want : Wantmeans need + greed. Ifwe talkofIndiahere,thereare some basic needs

ofcivilservantse.g. highereducationofchildren,house, expectationofparentsand relatives
etc. These are psychologicalneeds buthere onlyphysiologicaland safetyneeds are taken
these needs. Once
intoconsideration.So a civilservantis boundto corruptifhe has to fulfill
bycorruptpracticesitbecomes greed. And bothneed + greed constitute
theneed is fulfilled
want.Moreover,ifneed increases inarithmetical progression,thengreed rises ingeometrical
progression.With the advent globalizationconsumerism is increasing,which further
of
forceofwant.
strengthensthedriving

Supportive Environment : Our environment also supportsto be corrupt.Ifa junior

do notwant to be corrupt,thenthe senior compels him,otherwisebetterbosses convert
intobitterbosses. The systemwillfunction likea magic show whereeverything is disclosed,
everything is done in the wide of
glare publicity- except the truly partwhich is so
critical
clearlyhiddenthatonlookersare mesmerizedintobelievinginan illusion;even withthebest
will,transparencyand accountabilitycannot be sustained in such an environment.As is
widelyknown"workingto rule"impliesadministrative paralysise.g. incase ofruralpoverty
alleviationprogrammes,at theminimum wages bygovernment thelabourersare notavailable
and as a ruleenvironment supportsus to show fake labourers. Moreover,ifwe take example
of freshengineeringgraduates recruitedby governmentto workon projects on a work-
charge basis, theyare bound to corruptbecause due to delay in proceduretheirpay bills
are cleared at the and ofthe projectand inthe mean timetheyfulfill theirneeds bycorrupt
practices. Moreover,thereexists a "Neta-Babu-Dada-Lala" nexus whichencourages the
environment to be corrupt.

Destructive environment:
This is created by an efficientsystem of feedback, ostracism and pin-pointed
But there is lack of such a typeof destructiveenvironmentin our country.
responsibility.
AlthoughwiththeadventofRightto Information Act,2005 situationhas somewhatchanged.

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Corruption& Good Governance 731
Punitive measures :
In the Indianethos, danda or punishmentis permittedbutonlyas a last resortafter
sama (persuasion),dama (reward)and bheda (threat)have failed.Moreover,we have herean
equivalentofLafferCurveofeconomicsso faras thepunishment is concerned.Ifthepunishment
is made too light,nobodycares; ifitis made too severe, nobodygets punished. At either
extremeno usefulpurpose served,to be effective we have not
we need a balance. Evidently,
foundthatbalance so far.Two idiomsto be rememberedhere are: Justicehurriedis justice
buried,and justice delayed is justice denied.

Opportunity:
Justas itis impossibleto knowwhen a fishswimminginwateris drinking it,so itis
impossibletofindoutwhengovernment servantsin of are
charge undertakings misappropriating
money.8 We have thetwo basic opportunities regardtocorruption,
with one is secrecyand the
otheris delay. Corruptionis likemushroom,itgrows in darkness. We in India take oath of
secrecy notoftransparency.There are variousOfficialSecret Acts.There are mess ofrules
whereeven the greediestcan feast on delays to heart'scontent.Mr.Red Tape is prevalent
everywhere.In case of Singapore the system .of speed moneyis even legalized. We also
remember Peter Principle which say that in hierarchyeveryone rises to his level of
incompetence.
is :
Insummary,thecompositionofphenomenonofcorruption

force
Driving need and greed
Individual

environment
Supportive politicalinterference.

Environment
Restrictive Transparencyand accountability

Opportunity Secrecy and complexregulations

measures
Corrective ofpunishment
Certainty

Combating CorruptionforGood Governance

We shall discuss the topic intotwo parts. One is the existingmachineryto combat
and otheris whatnew methodsand techniquesto be adopted.
corruption

ExistingMachineryforGood Governance
- PublicServants (Enquiries)Act,1850

IndianPenal Code, 1860.

Special Police EstablishmentAct,1941

Delhi Police EstablishmentAct,1946

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The Indian Journal of Political Science 732
PreventionofCorruption
Act,1947
- Commissions ofInquiry
Act,1952

AllIndiaService (Conduct) Rules, 1954

CentralCivilService (Conduct)Rules, 1955

- RailwayService (Conduct)Rules, 1956

VigilanceOrganisationsinMinistries/Departments,
and subordinateofficesand public
undertakings.

CentralBureau ofInvestigation

CentralVigilanceCommission

State VigilanceCommissions

DivisionalVigilanceBoards.
- VigilanceOfficers
District

NationalLevel ConsumerDisputeRedressai Commission

State Level ConsumerDisputeRedressai Commission

- DistrictForumforRemovalofGrievancesofCustomersat theDistrict
Level.

- Supreme Courtand HighCourt

- CommissionforSCs and STs

Tribunals
Administrative

DirectorateofPublicGrievances intheCabinetSecretariat,1988

Parliamentand itscommittees
- Lokpal Bill
Lokayuktainvariousstates and theforthcoming

Act,2005
Rightto Information
Incase ofabove mentionedmachinerythereis need ofawareness ofpublicso thatan
aggrievedpersoncan gettheremedy.
forGood Governance
New Changes to CombatCorruption
such as:
There are variousnewmethodsand techniquesneeded tocombatcorruption,

(i) of rules,
Ex-CVC Sh. N. Vittalhas focused on threemajor objectives simplification
empowerment ofthe publicand effective
punishment ofthe corruptto achieve thegoal

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Corruption& Good Governance 733
Keeping these threeobjectives in mindex-CVC has
of 'zero tolerance'to corruption.
pronounced13 commandmentsforcombatingcorruption, althoughonlya fewofthem
have been implementedso far.These are :
- To set up a youthbased NationalVigilanceCorps (NVC) ofcollege students,whichwill
be authorizedto expose and check corruption.
- perceptionindexofall governmentdepartmentspublicsector
To preparea corruption
unitsand banks.
- To providestatutoryprotectionto the citizensthroughthe enactmentof a Whistle-
BlowerAct.
- There should be 'sunset principles'to eradicate obsolete laws.

To repeal the Sick IndustriesCompanies Act (SICA) and the Board forIndustrialand
FinancialReconstruction Act(BIFR).

MPs, Ministersshould submitthe filingof theirpropertyreturnsto the Speaker and

ChairmanofbothHouses ofParliamenteveryyear.

FICCI and ASSOCHAM tocome forward conventionmodeledon

to signan anti-bribery
the basis ofexistingconventionsintheWest.

Act,1988 witha viewto checkingblack

To implementBenamiTransitions(Prohibition)
moneyinour economy.
Act.
ofProperty)
To enact a CorruptPublicServant(Forfeiture

Actforempoweringcitizens.
To enact the FreedomofInformation

E-governanceto be adopted bycentraland state governmentswitha viewto bringing

about transparency& speedy disposal ofwork.

byCBI.
Anyofficialfoundguiltyshould be penalised immediately
- The CVC should be made statutory.
We have
Thereis a 'Neta-Babu-Dada-Lala"nexuswhichformsa 'GoldenQuadrilateral.
(ii)
and
to breakthisnexus byapplyingvariousmethodswhichmaybe appliedhorizontally
vertically.

(iii) are needed so thatthepersonsofgood imageare chosen as politicians

Electoralreforms
e.g.
- Listsystemforrepresentation ofpoliticalpartiesinLokSabha accordingto percentage
ofvotes polledto each politicalparty.

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The Indian Journal of Political Science 734
Double votingsystemto ensure simplemajority
forensuringtruerepresentation
ofthe
constituencies.
- NationalLotteryFund on thelinesof BritishFund forstate fundingofelections.

Internaldemocracyofpoliticalpartiesshouldbe strengthened.

To check the criminalization

of politics,politiciansas a ruleshould be likeCaesar's
wife-abovesuspicion.Therefore, theSupremeCourtmaybe requestedto rulethatonce
a criminalcase against a politicianis admitted,t.e or she willnot be eligibleto the
privilegeofholdingpublicofficeuntildeclared beyonddoubt.

(iv) Followingviews ofWorldBank9regardinganti-corruption

strategyshouldbe adopted:
- Increasing political accountabilityby political competitiveness, partyfinancing,
rulesand legal instruments.
transparency,
- Strengthening bycivilsociety'sroleinfighting
civilsocietyparticipation role
corruption,
of media, empoweringcivilsociety,a word of caution-accountability and legitimacy
issue.
- Creatinga competitiveprivatesectorbyeconomicpolicyliberalization,
enhancinggreater
competition,regulatoryreform,good corporate governance, promotingbusiness
association, tradeunions,concernedpartiesand transnationalcooperation.
- Institutional on powerbyindependentand effective
restraint judiciary,anti-corruption
legislation,
independent and
prosecution audit
enforcement, organizationsand legislative
oversight.

Improvingpublicsectormanagementbya meritocracy civilservicewithmonetizedand

adequate pay, enhancingtransparencyand accountabilityin budget management,
in tax and customs and decentralization
enhancingtransparencyand accountability
withaccountability.

(v) There is need of New Public Managementon the lineof privateefficiency to correct
corruption.In NPM we consider New Taylorismand Public Choice Theory.In New
Taylorism,thereis more emphasis on economyand efficiency; and in PublicChoice
Theory,publichas thechoiceofselectionamongalternatives. InNPM,theadministration
is apparently
movingfromruletoresultorientation,fromsystemtoenterprise, obedience
to reward,inactionto action,centralization
to decentralization
and fromdutiesof the
administratorsto the rightsofcitizens.

(vi) citizengroups,NGOs, tradeunions,business association5,think-tankers, academia,

media
religiousorganizations, can playa vital
role inkeepinga check over corruption.
They can create awareness among policymakers and people at large bycarrying on

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Corruption& Good Governance 735

surveysregardingservicedeliveryand diagnosticassessment.
surveyson corruption,
Throughseminars,conferences,workshopstheycan disseminateinformation about
the patternand extentof corruption.They can bringtogetheranti-corruption
groups.
Civilsocietycan lobbyfornew legislation,judicial reforms,freedomof information,
deregulation,
procurement reformsetc. ExperienceofBangaloreReportCard,and Delhi
CitizenHandbook could be putto use inothercities.10

(vii) Good Governanceforcombatingcorruption shouldalso takeintoconsideration

following
forGood Governance:
as thepre-requisite
- Citizenfriendly
- Citizencaring
- Responsiveadministration
PoliticalAccountability
- People's participation
- Rule oflaw and social justice

Bureaucraticaccountability
- Freedomofinformation

Value formoney
- Cost effectiveness
- Role of civilsocietyas a butlerbetween state (politicalsociety) and family(natural
society).
- Citizenchartersshowingtheirdutiesand rights.

(viii) A system of selection by neutralcommitteesforall "lucrative"posts in government

should be established,as itis notpossible to involveCVC forall postings.The neutral
committeemayconsistofseniorofficers ofunimpeachablereputation. The government
should select onlythose who are recommended by the panel.11

(ix) ofcivilservantsto be ensured through"Sheshan Technique'i.e., there

Accountability
or pin-pointed
should be microresponsibility responsibility.

(x) The Constitution12requiresthatlegislaturewillenact a law to regulateconditionsof

process. However,tilldate thishas notbeen done and civil
service and recruitment
servantsare governed by rules framedbythe executive. In B.S. Yadav vs. State of
Haryanacase, theSupreme Courthad commentedon thefrequentchanges intherules
and thattoowithlongretrospectiveeffect.Therefore,itis necessaryto giveeffecttothe

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The Indian Journal of Political Science 736

mainprovisionoftheConstitution.

(xi) For transparencythere should be oath of transparencynot of secrecy as said by

Constitutional Review Commissionin itsreport.Rightto Information should be easily
secrets shouldapplysolelyforsovereignfunctions
available. Official ofthegovernment
neitherforitscommercialactivitiesnorincase ofsocial services itprovides.

(xii) A lotofprotectionis enjoyedbythesuperiorcivilservantsundertheConstitution13 and

otherDepartmentalRules. The governmentshouldamend rulesand ifneed be, frame
newrulesfordisciplinary actionwhereoffences/misconduct is connectedwithcorruption.
Performanceappraisal systemshouldbe reframedto giveweightageto integrity along
withefficiency.There should be statutoryguidelinesdefining ministerial
responsibility
and role and theirrelationshipwiththe civilservice. The UnitedKingdomexperience
couldprovideguidelines.Inclusionofpersonsinthe'AgreedList'shoulddebar personnel
frompromotions.14 Annual'characterappraisal'fortheofficer cadres ofpublicservices-
separate fromperformanceappraisalshouldbe introduced.15
entirely

(xiii) To combat delay thereshould be a "Red-inkRule' as prevailedin Britishtime.In this

ruleifdelayis caused byanycivilservantthenthereis red-inkimposed on thefileofthe
concernedcivilservantand itis mentionedintheirACRs. As said byHenriFayol,level
jumpingand gangplankshould be used to minimisedelay.

(xiv) CivilService Boards at thecentral,stateand lowerlevelsshouldbe set up. Allpersonnel

mattersshould be the responsibility CivilService Boards.
ofstatutory

(xv) Change shouldbe endo-genicnotonlyexo-genicas said byF.W. RiggsinhisPrismatic-

inourknowledge,leadingto attitudinal
Sala model.The change shouldbe first change,
to
leading change inindividual
behaviourand changing
ultimately the behaviourofthe
whole society.Butincase ofexo-genicchange, thesituationis reversewhichleads to
imposed byforeigners.
corruption

(xvi) No code ofconducthas been formulated forpoliticians.Moreover,thereis no regular

This
machineryto book corruptpoliticians. mustbe providedfor.

(xvii) Judicialactivismcoupled withbureaucraticactivismis must.

model ofinteraction-influence
(xviii) Linking-Pin workingin
systemto be adopted forefficient
thegovernmentorganisations.

(xix) Matrixtypeoforganisationinsteadofhierarchicaltypeoforganisation.

(xx) Experiences ofothercountriesincombatingcorruption could be studiedand iffound

forexamplesome ofChina'sprovinceslikeLiuyang,
suitablecouldbe introduced, Jiangsu,
Hunan etc. are attemptingto set up a system of deposit to curb corruptionof civil

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Corruption& Good Governance 737
servants.This systemwillhitthewrongdoers intheirpockets.Accordingto Chen Tao,
Head ofPersonnelBureau ofLiuyangthedepositis set up at banks, and is composed
oftwoparts: depositfromindividuals and fromgovernment. Each month5% is deducted
fromeach civilservant'ssalaryand 10% is takenfromthedepartment wherehe serves.
is
The money put intospecial bank account. The servant
civil receives all moneywhen
theyretire.Buttheywilllose 20% oreven allsavingsiftheyviolateanyrelevantregulation
or breaklaw duringtheirservicewiththegovernment.The deposit keeps people from
beingcorruptbyraisingcost ofcorruption.16
shouldbe inrealtermsbyempowering
(xxi) Democraticdecentralization localself-government
so thattheycan workas torch-bearers There shouldbe triple
forcombatingcorruption.
federalismfortheirempowerment.

at thenationallevel
(xxii) Some ofthebelowmentionedprogrammesshouldbe implemented
to combat corruption:
- 'Janambhoomi'programmeofAndhraPradesh
'SarkarAapke Dwar'ofHaryana
'Fileto Filed'programmeofKerala
'Loksabha to Gramsabha' Programme
'District conceptofMadhyaPradesh
government'
- ofLadakh
Single lineadministration
- Single windowsystemofLakhinamodel
- CorporategovernanceofBhagwatiPanel report
KhulaDarbarofHaryanaSarkar
GramVikas Samitiof Haryana.

Nowifwe see at thephenomenonofcorruption we findthatcorruptioncan be combated

oursupportive
byincreasingjudicialactivism,restricting environment, increasingourdestructive
environment, minimising theopportunities ourneeds (maybe some increase
and controlling
inpay is suggested) withthe help ofexistingcontrolmechanismas wellas byadoptingnew
methodologyas explainedabove. No doubtthataccountability and transparencyare thetwin
infants(likelordKrishana)to destroythegreatdevilofcorruption (likePutna) inthisnew era
ofGood Governance.

References :

1. ofIndia,1964.
SanthanamCommittee,Government

2. Jain,R.B., "Politicaland BureaucraticCorruptionin India: Methodologyof Promoting

EthicalBehaviourAmongAdministrators," IndianJournalofPublicAdministration,Vol

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The Indian Journal of Political Science 738
ofPublicAdministration,
XLI. No. 3, Delhi,the IndianInstitute 1995.
July-September

3. Ann,(ed.) "Corruption
Elliot,Kimberly forInternational
and theGlobalEconomy",Institute
Economics,WashingtonDC, June1997.

4. Heidenheiner, ReadingsinComparativeAnalysis",1970.
ArnoldJ.,"PoliticalCorruption:

5. Royal Commissionon Standards ofConductin PublicLife(1974-79): ChairmanLord

Salmon, Report,London,HMSO, Cmnd. 6524, July1976, pp. 10.

6. Ibid,pp. 17-18.

7. Indiresan.P.V., PoliticsIndia,Vol.Ill,No.5,Nov.1998,pp. 19-24

"CombatingCorruption",

8. Kautilya,Arthashastra,2.9.33
9. www.worldbank.org//publicsector/civilservice/corruption.htm.

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11. Vittal,N., The Week, September 14, 2003.

12. ofIndia.
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14. Malviya,P.D., "Corruptionand need tocurbit",IndianJournalofPublicAdministration

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16. Garg, Priti,Ibid.,pp. 42-43.

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