ME 343: Mechanical Design-3

Bearings

Dr. Aly Mousaad Aly

Dr
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University
 What are “bearings”?
bearings ?
• Machines with moving parts must have some
wayy to guide
g their motions in turning,
g sliding,
g
or rolling. Structures that enable these
motions are often called bearings.
bearings
• Just think of anything that rotates and you are
sure to find
f abbearing in one fform or other
h in
it.

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 Why bearings?
• Th
The mean objective
bj i iis to reduce
d ffriction
i i and d wear.
• Example adding a sleeve to protect a rotating shaft.
• They assist in easy rotary action thereby reducing the
effort or power required. Just think about pulling your
luggage at the airport without any wheels or without
any bearings to the wheels.
• They assist in carrying loads or assist in transferring the
loads from something that tends to rotate to
somethingg which is stationaryy and has the capability
p y to
carry the loads.

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 History
• The oldest instance of the bearing principle
gyp
dates to the Egyptians when theyy used tree
trunks under sleds. There are also Egyptian
drawings of bearings used with hand drills
drills.

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 Types of bearings
• Plain
l i bbearing,
i also l kknown b by the
h specificifi
styles: bushings, journal bearings, sleeve
bearings, rifle bearings.
• Rolling-element
g bearings
g such as ball bearings g
and roller bearings.
• Fluid bearings
bearings, in which the load is carried by
a gas or liquid.
• Magnetic
M ti b
bearings,
i iin which
hi h th
the lload
d iis carried
i d
by a magnetic field.
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 Journal and roller bearings
g

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 Windmill

Diameter range:0.5 m - 6m,

Weight range::75.8kg-4000kg

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 Dental drill

• Pneumatic bearings can allow for very high

speeds (300,000 to 400,000 rpm ).

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 Roller bearings
• Antifriction
if i i b bearings!
i ! Load, d speed,d and d the
h
operating viscosity of the lubricant do affect
the frictional characteristics of a rolling
bearing.
• An issue with ball and roller bearings is that
g
the balls or rollers rub against each other
causing additional friction which can be
prevented by enclosing the balls or rollers in a
cage (separator or retainer).

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 Roller bearings versus sleeve bearings

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 Roller bearings versus sleeve bearings

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 Roller bearings versus sleeve bearings
Roller bearings
The main load is transferred
through elements in rolling
contact.
The starting friction is about
twice the running friction.
Require less axial space but
more diametrical space
High initial cost
Low maintenance cost
Lower reliability
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Sleeve bearings
The main load is transferred
through sliding contact.
contact
Very high starting friction
(metal to metal contact).
Require more axial space but
less diametrical space
Low initial cost
High maintenance cost
High reliability
12
 Roller bearings versus sleeve bearings
Characteristics Roller bearings Sleeve bearings
Shock Oil film, excellent Direct contact between
rolling element and fixed
and rotating parts.
Vibrations Oil is excellent for No damping effect,
damping vibration due to changing
rigidity during rotation.
Dust < ho and embeding, Cause small pits, i.e.
no contact with failure
surfaces
Maitenance Permenant care Lubrication, grease can
about
b llubrication.
b b once or twice a year
be
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 Roller bearings versus sleeve bearings
Characteristics Roller bearings Sleeve bearings

Repair Can be repaired No repair

Service life Perminant oil Æ Fatigue life

infinite life (take care
of running up)
Accuracy of Easier to reach Depends on case
rotation excentercity, roundness
and accurecey of the
rolling.

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 Comparison of bearing frictions

• It is advantageous to use ball bearing and roller

bearing at low speeds. Journal bearings are
mostly suited for high speeds and high loads.
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 Advantages of rolling bearings
• C
Coefficient
ffi i t off ffriction
i ti iis llow ((μ = 0.001
0 001 – 0.003)
0 003)
compared with plain bearings especially at low
speeds This results in lower power loss.
speeds. loss
• Wear is negligible if lubrication is correct.
• They are much shorter than plain bearings and
take up less axial space.
• Because of extremely small clearance they permit
more accurate location; important for gears for
example.
p
• Self-aligning types permit angular deflection of
g
the shaft and misalignment.
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 Disadvantages of rolling bearings
• Th
The outside
id di
diameter is
i llarge.
• The noise is greater than for plain bearings, especially
att high
hi h speeds.
d
• There is greater need of cleanliness when fitted to
achieve correct life.
life
• They cannot always be fitted, e.g. on crankshafts
because of there lower shock resistance.
resistance
• They are more expensive for small quantities but
relatively cheap when produced in large quantities
quantities.
• Failure may be catastrophic.

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Main characteristics of sliding bearings
• High
i h starting
i ffriction
i i d due to metall to metall
contact. This requires the use of low-friction
metals like bronze alloys and babbitt metals.
• Under certain combination of force,, speed,
p ,
fluid viscosity, and bearing geometry, a fluid
film ((hydrodynamic
y y film)) forms and separates
p
the containing surface.
• A fluid film can also be formed with a
pumping unit (hydrostatic film).

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 Classification of roller bearings
• Bearings are manufactured to take pure radial
loads, p
pure thrust loads, or a combination of
the two kinds.
• Essential parts of a roller bearing are the outer
ring, the inner ring, the balls or rolling
elements,
l and the
h separator.

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 Bearing nomenclature

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 Types of rolling bearings

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 Types of rolling bearings

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 Types of rolling bearings

Cylinder
y roller bearings
g pprovide g
greater fforce because off the
greater contact area.

Combines the advantages of ball and roller bearings.

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 Types of rolling bearings

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 Service Life
• FFor plain
l i bbearings
i some materialsi l give
i much h llonger liflife
than others. Some of the John Harrison (1693-1776)
clocks still operate after hundreds of years because of
the lignum vitae wood employed in their construction,
whereas his metal clocks are seldom run due to
potential wear.
• Although g longg bearingg life is often desirable, it is
sometimes not necessary. For example, a bearing for a
rocket motor oxygen pump is not required to have
severall h
hours lif
life, ffar iin excess off th
the severall ttens off
minutes life needed.

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 Service Life
• Fl
Fluid
id andd magnetic
ti b
bearings
i can hhave practically
ti ll iindefinite
d fi it service
i
lives. In practice, there are fluid bearings supporting high loads in
hydroelectric plants that have been in nearly continuous service
since about 1900 and which show no signs of wear wear.
• Rolling element bearing life is determined by load, temperature,
maintenance, lubrication, material defects, contamination,
handling installation and other factors
handling, factors.
• The service life of bearings in one application was extended
dramatically by changing how the bearings were stored before
installation and use
use, as vibrations during storage caused lubricant
failure even when the only load on the bearing was its own weight.
• Bearing life varies because microscopic structure and contamination
vary greatly even where macroscopically they seem identical.
identical

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 Choice of lubricant

Grease is used for slower rotational speeds, lower temperatures, and low to
medium loads. Grease is used in situations where maintenance is more difficult
or irregularly scheduled. It can be used in dirty environments if seals are
provided
provided.

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 Comparison between grease and oil
lubrication
Use grease when Use oil when
•Temperature is not over 90 C •High temperatuers
(special types of grease may allow
for higher temp.)
•Low speed •High speeds
•Unusual protection is required from •Piltight seals are readily employed.
the enterence of forign matter.

•Bearing enclusures are desired •Bearing type is not suitable for

•Opperation
Opperation for long period without
attenion to lubrication.
graese
•The
The bearing is lubricated from a
supply whish is also used for other
machine parts (gearbox).

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 Roller bearings: maintenance
• M
Many bearings
b i require
i periodic
i di maintenance
i t tto preventt premature
t
failure, although some such as fluid or magnetic bearings may
require little maintenance.
• Most
M t bearings
b i iin hi
highh cycle
l operations
ti needd periodic
i di llubrication
b i ti
and cleaning, and may require adjustment to minimize the effects
of wear.
• Bearing
B i lif life iis often
ft much hbbetter
tt when
h th the b
bearing
i iis kkeptt clean
l and
d
well-lubricated. However, many applications make good
maintenance difficult. For example bearings in the conveyor of a
rock crusher are exposed continually to hard abrasive particles particles.
Cleaning is of little use because cleaning is expensive, yet the
bearing is contaminated again as soon as the conveyor resumes
operation Thus
operation. Thus, a good maintenance program might lubricate the
bearings frequently but clean them never.

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 Defective bearing installation

(a) Misaligment (out-of-line), (b) shaft deflection,

(c) crooked or tilted outer race, (d) crooked or
tilted inner race.
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 Defective rolling bearings
• R
Regardless
dl off th
the ffailure
il mechanism,
h i d
defective
f ti
rolling element bearings generate mechanical
vibrations at the rotational speeds of each
component. These characteristic frequencies,
which are related to the raceways y and the balls or
rollers, can be calculated from the bearing
dimensions and the rotational speed of the
machine.
hi M Mechanical
h i l vibration
ib ti analysis
l i
techniques are commonly used to monitor these
frequencies in order to determine the condition
of the bearing.

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 Reading
• Mechanical Engineers Reference Book, Ch. 9,
gy
“Tribology”.
• Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design,
Eighth Edition
Edition, The McGraw
McGraw−Hill
Hill Companies
Companies,
Inc., 2006. (11. Rolling−Contact Bearings)

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 HW
• SSolve
l problem
bl 2 off sheet
h t 1 (Sh
(Sheet1
t1 Shaft
Sh ft d
design
i
(continue).pdf).
• Select two deep groove ball bearings to carry the
loads at A and E.
• Solve problem 3 of sheet 1 (Sheet1 Shaft design
(continue).pdf).
• Please submit the assignment to your TA during
tutorials in the week starting Saturday 23, April
2011.
• Late assignments will not be considered.

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