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@structural Steel Design - A Practice Oriented Approach
@structural Steel Design - A Practice Oriented Approach
Dennis Waterman
Plaxis B.V.
EI
• Element thickness d = h = 12
EA
h h
b
b = 1 m in plane strain
b = 1 meter in axisymmetry
b
real model
Below GPL
γ soil = γ sat
dreal
Above GPL
γ soil = γ unsat
real model
Below GPL
γ soil = γ sat
dreal
Above GPL
γ soil = γ unsat
1
wreal = γ concrete ⋅ d real wmodel = γ soil ⋅ d real + wplate
2
1
wmodel = wreal ⇒ w plate = (γ concrete − γ soil ) ⋅ d real
2
Course "Computational Geotechnics" - Buenos Aires, Argentina - 2008
Fixed-end anchors
• To model supports, anchors and struts
• Elasto-plastic spring element
• One end fixed to point in the geometry,
other end is fully fixed for displacement
• Positioning at any angle
• Pre-stressing option
Node-to-node anchors
• To model anchors, columns and rods
• Elasto-plastic spring element
• Connects two geometry points in
the geometry
• Pre-stressing option
Pre-stressing of anchors
• Defined in Staged construction phase
• Both tension (grout anchor) or compression
(strut) possible
Geogrids
• 3 or 5 noded line element
• Linear elastic behaviour
• No flexural rigidity (EI), only axial stiffness (EA)
• Only allows for tension, not for compression
• Soil/Geogrid interaction may be modelled using
interfaces
Ground anchors
• Combination of node-to-node anchor and
geogrid
• Node-to-node anchor represents anchor rod
(no interaction with surrounding soil)
• Geogrid represents grout body (full
interaction with grid)
• No interface around grout body; interface
would create unrealistic failure surface
Ground anchors
Generated mesh
Interfaces
• Soil-structure interaction
• Wall friction
• Slip and gapping between soil and structure
• Soil material properties
• Taken from soil using reduction factor Rinter
Cinter = Rinter * Csoil
tan(φ)inter = Rinter * tan(φ)soil
• Individual material set for interface
Interfaces
Suggestions for Rinter:
• Interaction sand/steel = Rinter ≈ 0.6 – 0.7
• Interaction clay/steel = Rinter ≈ 0.5
• Interaction sand/concrete = Rinter ≈ 1.0 – 0.8
• Interaction clay/concrete = Rinter ≈ 1.0 – 0.7
• Interaction soil/geogrid = Rinter≈ 1.0
(interface may not be required)
• Interaction soil/geotextile = Rinter≈ 0.9 – 0.5
(foil, textile)
Interfaces
• Try to omit stress oscillations at corners of
stiff structures
Inflexible
corner points,
causing bad
stress results
Flexible corner
points with
improved stress
results