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Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil With Flyash and Geo Grid Final Yaer
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil With Flyash and Geo Grid Final Yaer
Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil With Flyash and Geo Grid Final Yaer
Chandkheda,Ahemdabad
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, BHARUCH
(Year 2018-19)
A
Project Report
On
“Stabilization of black cotton soil”
Submitted By:-
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering
Certificate
II
ABSTRACT
The quality and life of pavement is greatly affected by the type of sub-grade,
sub base and base course materials. Black cotton soil is one of the major regional soil
deposits in India covering an area about 3.0 lakh sq. km. Our project on
“STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH FLY ASH AND GEO-
GRID”. Which is an investigation carried out to study the effect of the black cotton
soils. We are checking the properties of stabilized soil by conducting various tests
such as liquid limit test , plastic limit test, specific gravity by pycnometer test . In
India pavements on black cotton soil need to be constructed in short time because of
problematic sub-grade. Our aim to improve the soil properties by adding the
admixture like fly ash, geo-grid .
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank my institute Government engineering college,bharuch and also Gujarat
Technological University for providing us an opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge through
the project. As an essential part of training in industry in engineering.
In spite of our keen efforts in the project, it would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and organization. I would like to extent my sincere thanks
to all of them.
I am highly in debated to professor P.j.soni for their guidance and constant supervision as well as
for providing necessary information regarding the projects and also for that support in the
completing the project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my college in developing the project and people who
have willingly help me out with their abilities.
The guidance and support received from all members who contributed and who contributing to this
project, was vital for the success of project. I am grateful for all known and unknown persons for
their constant support and help.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title I
Certificate II
Abstract III
Acknowledgement IV
List of table VII
List of figure VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Black cotton soil 1
1.1.2 Fly ash 2
1.1.3 Geogrid 4
1.2 Aim and objectives 5
1.3 Problem specification 5
1.4 Literature review 7
1.5 Plan of project work 11
1.6 Material and tool 11
Chapter 2 Analysis, design methodology and implementation strategy 12
2. Design 12
2.1.1 Design methodology 12
2.1.2 Implementation strategy 13
Chapter 3 Implementation 14
3.1 Visualization inspection of black cotton soil 14
3.2 Difference test on black cotton soil 15
3.2.1 Specific gravity by pycnometer 15
3.2.2 Liquid limit by mechanical device 17
3.2.3 Plastic limit 20
3 Reports 23
Chapter 4 Summary 24
4.1 Test procedure on black cotton soil with different percentage of 24
fly-ash
4.1.1 Specific gravity by pycnometer 24
4.1.2 Liquid limit by mechanical device 26
4.1.3 Plastic limit 30
4.2 Result of black cotton soil with different percentage of fly ash 34
4.3 Benefits based on study of geo grid in black cotton soil 35
4.3.1 Structural benefits 35
VI
4.3.2 Value engineering benefits 35
4.4 Geo grid application and function in our project 36
4.5 Usefulness with respected to existing solution 36
Chapter 5 Future scope 37
Chapter 6 Conclusion 38
Chapter 7 Reference 39
Chapter 8 Appendix 40
VI
IST OF TABLES
VI
LIST OF FIGURES
VI
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 BLACK COTTON SOIL
Black cotton soil is one of major soil deposits of India. They exhibit high rate of
swelling and shrinkage when exposed to changes in moisture content and hence have been
found to be most troublesome from engineering consideration.
The rate of montmorillonite is more in black cotton soil which causes expansiveness
and crack occurs in soil without any warning which is dangerous for construction.
Expansive soils are also referred to as “black cotton soil” in some parts of the world.
They areso named because of their suitability for growing cotton. Black cotton soils have
varying color’s ranging from light grey to dark grey and black. The mineralogy of this soil is
dominated by the presence of montmorillonite. Which is characterized by large volume change
from wet to dry seasons and vice versa.
1
Deposits of black cotton soil in the field show a general pattern of cracks during the dry
season of the year. Cracks measuring 70 mm wide and over 1 m deep have been observed and
may extend up to 3m or more in case of high deposits. The three most commonly used stabilizer
for expansive clays are; bitumen; lime, and cement.
Unfortunately, the costs of these stabilizers are on the high side making them
economically unattractive as stabilizing agents. Recent trend in research works in the field of
geotechnical engineering and construction materials focuses more on the search for cheap and
locally available materials such as bagasse ash, fly ash, blast furnace slag etc. As stabilizing
agents for the purpose of full or partially replacement traditional stabilizers. Agricultural waste
is increasingly becoming a focus of researchers because of the enhanced pozzolanic capabilities
of such waste when oxidized by burning.
Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing groundnut shell ash
(GSA)in the stabilization of black cotton soils
1.1.2 FLY-ASH
2
in the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but air pollution control
standards now require that it be captured prior to release by fitting pollution control equipment.
In the US, fly ash is generally stored at coal power plants or placed in landfills. About 43% is
recycled, often used as a pozzolan to produce hydraulic cement or hydraulic plaster and a
replacement or partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete production. Pozzolans
ensure the setting of concrete and plaster and provide concrete with more protection from wet
conditions and chemical attack.
After a long regulatory process, the EPA published a final ruling in December 2014,
which establishes that coal fly ash is regulated on the federal level as "non-hazardous" waste
according to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Coal Combustion
Residuals (CCR's) are listed in the subtitle D (rather than under subtitle C dealing for hazardous
waste, which was also considered).
In the case that fly or bottom ash is not produced from coal, for example when solid
waste is used to produce electricity in an incinerator (see waste-to-energy facilities), this kind
of ash may contain higher levels of contaminants than coal ash. In that case the ash produced
is often classified as hazardous waste.
3
1.1.3 GEOGRID
4
geogrid which originated in Italy by Tenax is also available, as are products by new
manufacturers in Asia.
The second category of geogrids are more flexible, textile-like geogrids using bundles
of polyethylene-coated polyester fibres as the reinforcing component. They were first
developed by ICI Linear Composites LTD in the United Kingdom around 1980. This led to the
development of polyester yarn geogrids made on textile weaving machinery. In this process
hundreds of continuous fibers are gathered together to form yarns which are woven into
longitudinal and transverse ribs with large open spaces between. The cross-overs are joined by
knitting or intertwining before the entire unit is protected by a subsequent
coating. Bitumen, latex, or PVC are the usual coating materials. Geosynthetics within this
group are manufactured by many companies having various trademarked products. There are
possibly as many as 25 companies manufacturing coated yarn-type polyester geogrids on a
worldwide basis.
The third category of geogrids are made by laser or ultrasonically bonding together
polyester or polypropylene rods or straps in a gridlike pattern. Two manufacturers currently
make such geogrids.
The geogrid sector is extremely active not only in manufacturing new products, but also
in providing significant technical information to aid the design engineer.
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the effects of fly ash and geo polymer on the Black cotton soil.
2. To check for compaction characteristics of Black cotton soil by addition of 4%, 8%,
12%, 16%, 20%, Combination of fly ash and geo polymer.
3. To evaluate the strength characteristics of Black cotton soil.
4. To improve the engineering properties of the Black cotton soil and make it stable for
Construction.
5
sheets (just like leafs of a book), and their grains are not round.
Black cotton soils and other expansive soils are dangerous due to their shrinkage and
6
swelling characteristics. In addition to this, these soils have very poor bearing capacity, ranging
from 5 t/m2 to 10 t/m2. In designing footings on these solis, the following points should be
keep in mind:
The safe bearing capacity should be properly determined, taking into account the effect
of sustained loading. The long term effect of loading results in slow consolidation. In absence
of tests, the bearing capacity of these soils may be limited to 5 to 10 t/m2.
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY:
To study Black Cotton Soil.
To study the admixtures like lime and Fly ash.
To study the behavior of strength gain in BC soil using process of lime - Fly ash
stabilization
TEST
Liquid limit test
Plastic limit test
CBR
OMC
MDD
Result
Result analysis 1
Result analysis 2
7
Results analysis 3
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the thickness of pavement decreases by 66% as the CBR value
goes on increasing. The improved CBR value is due to addition of Lime and Fly ash as
admixtures to the BC soil. It also reduces the hydraulic conductivity of BC soil. There will be
no need of drainage layer after treatment of BC soil as sub grade with lime and fly ash. In
combination, the admixtures are beneficial for lower plasticity and higher silt content soils. In
terms of material cost, the use of less costly fly ash can reduce the required amount of lime.
The properties of the materials used and the details of the methods of testing are as
follows. a) Materials used i Black cotton soil Twenty natural black cotton soil samples were
collected from different locations of Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation (HDMC) area
were studied for their expansive characters. These samples have been identified for their swell
potential and have been broadly grouped into three categories based on their degree of
expansiveness and problematic nature as (i) Highly expansive and problematic group, (ii)
Moderately expansive and problematic group and (iii) Least expansive and problematic group
(Hakari and Puranik, 2010). In the present work, one sample from each of the above category
has been considered for the stabilisation study. The location and the category of these samples
are indicated below:
8
Sr no Soil sample Location Category of soil
Number
1 BC 8 Charanthimath Highly expansive
Gardens, Dharwad.and problematic
soil
2 BC 10 Shalini Lay out, Moderately
Gadag Road, expansive and
Hubballi. problematic soil
TEST
Liquid limit
Plastic limit
Plasticity index
Shrinkage limit (%)
Maximum dry density (gm/cm3 ) and Optimum moisture content (%)
Unconfined compressive strength (kN/m3 )
California bearing ratio (%)
9
Result
conclusion
Dandeli fly ash is used as a stabiliser for improving the geotechnical characteristics of
HubballiDharwad black cotton soils. Addition of Dandeli fly ash significantly
improves the index properties, compaction and strength characteristics of black cotton
soils understudy and the effects of fly ash treatment vary depending upon the quantity
of fly ash , that is mixed with the study black cotton soil samples.
The liquid limit and plastic limit of the soils decrease with the addition of Dandeli fly
ash which indicates a desirable change as the soil + fly ash mix can gain shear strength
at an early stage than the virgin soil with the change in the water content. The relative
decrease in the plasticity index of the soils is another favourable change since it
increases the workability of these soils. The shrinkage limit of the soils increases with
the addition of Dandeli fly ash, which facilitates in checking the volume change
behaviour of the soils over a large variation in the moisture content as the season
changes.
The California bearing ratio of the study soils increase gradually with the addition of
Dandeli fly ash up to a certain percentage of Dandeli fly ash, beyond which, further
increase in Dandeli fly ash percentage is observed to cause a decreasing trend in the
California bearing ratio values. The improvement in the California bearing ratio value
of the black cotton soil upon the addition of Dandeli fly ash suggests that, it can be
10
effectively used in bulk as sub-base material in combination with the study soils, for
the road construction works
The study of variations of different parameters viz. liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity
index, shrinkage limit, maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, unconfined
compressive strength and California bearing ratio with the addition of Dandeli fly ash
suggest that, for each parameter of the study soil samples, there exists an optimum
Dandeli fly ash percentage for mixing with the soil under consideration; at which the
respective parameter attains its most desirable value from geotechnical point of vie
Tool
Casagrande
Pycnometer
Plastic limit plate 300*300mm
Stainless steel rod 3 mm dai.
Mixing dish
Flexible spatula
Moisture content tin
11
CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
2.1 DESIGN
Methodology on black cotton soil stabilization with help of fly ash and geo
grid
+++
PROCUREMENT OF
SAND
TESTS ON BLACK
GRAVEL
LIQUID LIMIT SIEVE
SILT
PLASTIC TEST
CLAY
PYCNOMETER ANALYSIS
ANALYSI PYCNOMETER
RESULT 2&
CONCLUSION
12
2.1.2 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
1. Descriptive and experimental methods were used in this study.
2. Service standard and service charge must be affordable by their users.
3. Increase construction life cycle.
13
CHAPTER 3
IMPLEMENTATION
Black cotton soils feel hard in dry state and possess a good shearing strength which
drops down drastically on addition of moisture. In summer it is very common to see them with
hexagonal columnar structure with shrinkage cracks as wide as 10 cm and extending even up
to 3 meter or more.
They are a type of clay having presence of montmorillonite mineral which imparts
swelling properties to them. Their name is perhaps because of their black color and ability to
grow cotton in such soils. The liquid limit ranges from 50 to 100%, plasticity index from 20 to
65% and shrinkage limit from 9 to 14%. Particles finer than 2 micronmeter are between 40 to
75%.
The swelling and shrinkage problem of these soils presents challenging scenario for
having structures over them as foundation may undergo considerable differential settlement.
Thus using under-reamed piles, virendeel frames and geosynthetic ground improvement are
some of the solutions in these problematic soils.
.
Fig: 3.1. Visualization soil
14
Fig: 3.2. Visualization of black cotton soil.
OBJECT:
To determine the specific gravity of soil fraction passing 4.75 mm sieve by density
bottle / pycnometer.
EQUIPMENT:
1. Density bottle of 50ml or 100ml with stopper having capillary hole at center /
pycnometer of about 900 ml capacities, with a conical brass cap screwed at its top.
2. Balance of accuracy 0.001 g.
3. Vacuum source.
4. Constant temperature water bath maintaining a constant temperature of 27° C.
5. Wash bottle filled with de-aired distilled water.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
1
1. Weight of Pycnometer W1 g 0.604
2. Weight of Pycnometer W2 g 1.005
+ dry soil
3. Weight of Pycnometer+ soil + W3 g 1.723
Water
4. Weight of Pycnometer + water W4 g 1.487
5. Specific gravity of soil at Tt 2.430
Specific gravity of soil at Tt 2.430
15
CALCULATIONS:
G at Tt = (W2 – W1) / {(W4 – W1) - (W3 – W2)}
= 2.430
CONCLUSION:
We came at conclusion that Specific gravity of soil is 2.430 which is lower specific
gravity of other soil which shows that there is more chance.
16
Fig: 3.4 Weight of Pycnometer
EQUIPMENT:
1. Balance of accuracy 0.01 g.
2. Mechanical liquid limit device.
3. Grooving tool Casa grande / ASTM tool.
4. Porcelain evaporating dish, about 12cm in diameter or marble platform
5. Flexible spatula with blade.
6. Airtight containers to determine water content.
7. Thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature between 10SoC to 110°C.
17
OBSERVATION TABLE: [IS: 2720 - (PART V) - 1985]
1 2 3
Number of blows 28 33 24
Weight of Container W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.9
Weight of Container + W2 g 15.3 14.4 15.5
Wet soil
Weight of Container + W3 g 13.1 12.3 13.2
Dry soil
Water content (w)%
Weight of Dry soil (W3 – W1) g 4.3 3.8 4.7
Plot the flow curve with water content as the Ordinate and log of number of blows as abscissa.
The water content corresponding to 24 blows is taken as the liquid limit of the soil.
18
CONCLUSION:
Water content shown by this test is nearly 45 % which is higher than normal soils so we
can conclude that this soil not suitable for structural use.
19
Fig: 3.6 - Liquid Limit Testing Equipment
OBJECTIVE:
To determine plastic limit of the soil sample.
EQUIPMENT:
20
OBSERVATION TABLE:
NO Container No. 1 2 3
1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 18.4 15.2 15.5
container + wet
soil
3. Weight of W3 g 15.9 13.4 13.6
Container + Dry
soil
CONCLUSION:
Plastic index (IP) = WL – WP
= 49 – 28
= 21
21
Fig: 3.7 plastic limit test
22
3.3 REPORTS
23
CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY
OBJECT:
To determine the specific gravity of soil fraction passing 4.75 mm sieve by density
bottle / pycnometer
ss0 = soil sample = black cotton soil+ 0% fly-ash
1. Weight of Pycnometer W1 g 0.604
2. Weight of Pycnometer W2 g 1.005
+ dry ss0
3. Weight of Pycnometer+ ss0+ W3 g 1.723
Water
4. Weight of Pycnometer + water W4 g 1.487
5. Specific gravity of ss0 at Tt 2.430
Specific gravity of ss0 at Tt 2.430
24
ss2= Soil sample = black cotton soil +8% fly ash
25
ss 5 = Soil sample= black cotton soil+ 20%fly ash
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
2.6
2.569
2.55
2.54
2.55 2.53
SS0
SS1
2.5 2.484
SS2
SS3
2.45 2.43
SS4
SS5
2.4
2.35
SS0 SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5
OBJECTIVE:
To determine liquid limit of the soil sample, using Casagrande type / ASTM mechanical
liquid limit apparatus.
26
ss 0 = Soil sample = black cotton soil
1 2 3
Number of blows 28 33 24
Weight of Container W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.9
Weight of Container + W2 g 15.3 14.4 15.5
Wet ss 0
Weight of Container + W3 g 13.1 12.3 13.2
Dry ss 0
Water content (w)%
Weight of Dry ss 0 (W3 – W1) g 4.3 3.8 4.7
1 2 3
Number of blows 28 33 24
Weight of Container W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.9
Weight of Container + W2 g 15.1 14.2 15.4
Wet ss 1
Weight of Container + W3 g 13.2 12.5 13.5
Dry ss 1
Water content (w)%
Weight of Dry ss 1 (W3 – W1) g 4.4 4 4.6
27
ss 2= Soil sample= Black cotton soil+ 8% fly ash
1 2 3
Number of blows 28 33 24
Weight of Container W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.9
Weight of Container + W2 g 15 14.1 15.2
Wet ss 2
Weight of Container + W3 g 13.2 12.4 13.4
Dry ss 2
Water content (w)%
Weight of Dry ss 2 (W3 – W1) g 4.4 3.9 4.5
28
ss 4 = Soil sample= Black cotton soil + 16% fly ash
1 2 3
Number of blows 28 33 24
Weight of Container W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.9
Weight of Container + W2 g 14.6 14 14.4
Wet ss 4
Weight of Container + W3 g 13 12.4 13
Dry ss 4
Water content (w)%
Weight of Dry ss 4 (W3 – W1) g 4.2 3.9 4.1
29
LIQUID LIMIT
60
51.78
50
42.32 41.49
39.55 SS0
37.75 36.71
40 SS1
SS2
30
SS3
SS4
20
SS5
10
0
SS0 SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5
30
SS1=Soil sample= Black cotton soil +4% fly ash
NO Container No. 1 2 3
1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 18.3 15.2 15.4
container + wet
SS1
3. Weight of W3 g 15.9 13.6 13.4
Container + Dry
SS1
NO Container No. 1 2 3
1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 18.1 15.1 15.2
container + wet SS2
3. Weight of W3 g 15.8 13.5 13.4
Container + Dry
SS2
31
SS3 =Soil sample= Black cotton soil + 12% fly ash
NO Container No. 1 2 3
1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 18 15.2 15
container + wet
SS3
3. Weight of W3 g 15.8 13.6 13.4
Container + Dry
SS3
32
SS5 = Soil sample= Black cotton soil + 20% fly ash
NO Container No. 1 2 3
1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 14.9 14 14.1
container + wet
SS5
3. Weight of W3 g 12.8 12.2 12.1
Container + Dry
SS5
PLASTIC LIMIT
60
50.75
50
40.15 SS0
40 35.7 35.18 SS1
33.15
31.18
SS2
30 SS3
SS4
20
SS5
10
0
SS0 SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5
33
4.2 RESULT OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH DIFFERENT
PERCENTAGE OF FLY ASH
34
4.3 BENEFITS BASED ON STUDY OF GEO GRID IN
BLACK COTTON SOIL
Structural benefits analyzed and realized on the basis of theoretical considerations and
experimental data determined in this Study include
Enhanced geotechnical engineering properties including bearing capacity, structural
capacity, shear strength and deformation resistance [achievement of higher
resilient/elastic modulus (stiffness)].
Increased ranges of permissible resilient/linear elastic and lateral strains.
Improvement of the subgrade strength and deformation resistance through stress
mobilization and expanded distribution, as well as further tension cut-off.
By spreading and distributing the imparted stresses over a wider area of the
foundation, geosynthetics may be improving the foundation/subgrade in a mode that
is analogous to stage loading consolidation.
Enhanced structural performance resulting from increased resistance to deformation.
Prevention of the migration of inferior material into the upper pavement layers. This
results in the significant enhancement of structural performance and elongation of the
life-span of the pavement structure
35
4.4 GEO GRID APPLICATION AND FUNCTION IN OUR
PROJECT
Application
1. Retaining walls
2. Steepened slopes
3. Embankment over soft soils
4. Veneer stability in landfills
5. Void bridging
6. Pavement reinforcement
Function
1. Geo grid stabilize black cotton soil mass
2. Creates a composite soil mass of increased
3. Geogrid is to soil what reinforcing steel is to concrete
4. Much higher loads can be carried by the soil structure
36
CHAPTER 5
FUTURE SCOPE
FUTURE SCOPE
Stabilization of black cotton soil with help of fly ash and geo grid it use
full for any type of construction and
increase construction life and
minimize maintenance cost
37
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Soil stabilization method by using waste product fly ash successfully improves the
existing poor and expansive black cotton soil.
fly ash being low cost and available locally, proves to be economical.
fly ash effectively dries wet soils and provides an initial rapid strength gain, which is
useful during construction in wet, unstable ground conditions.
fly ash also decreases swell potential of Black Cotton Soils by replacing some of the
volume previously held by expansive clay minerals and by cementing the soil
particles together.
On treatment with fly ash, plastic nature of soil decreases and contributes to gain in
strength
fly ash has effectively stabilized black cotton soil and has led to tremendous increase
in compressive strength of the soil.
The optimum dosage of fly ash in stabilizing black cotton soil is 16% by dry weight
of the soil.
fly Ash is found to influence the index and engineering properties of black cotton soil
making it suitable for construction as a foundation material for structures built over it.
38
CHAPTER 7
REFERENCE
39
CHAPTER 8
APPENDIX
40
Fig 8.2 weight of pycnometer botel
41
Fig 8.4 weight of soi sample pycnometer botel
42
Fig 8.6 liquid limit testing equipment
43
Fig 8.8 weight of soi sample for liquid limit
44
Fig 8.9 weight of fly ash
45
Fig 8.11 test of plastic limit
47