2].

Addition of micro-alloying elements is not mandatory for any of the

above grades. When strengthening elements like Nb,
V, B and Ti are used individually or in combination, the total contents shall
not exceed 0.30 percent; in such case
manufacturer shall supply the purchaser or his authorized representative
a certificate stating that the total contents of the
strengthening elements in the steel do not exceed the specified limit.

3]. Low alloy steel may also be produced by adding alloying elements like
Cr, Cu, Ni, Mo and P, either individually or in
combination, to improve allied product properties. However, the total
content of these elements shall not be less than 0.40
percent. In such case, the manufacturers shall supply the purchaser or his
authorized representative a test certificate stating
the individual contents of all the alloying elements. In such low alloy steels
when phosphorus is used, it shall not exceed
0.12 percent and when used beyond the limit prescribed in 4.2, the carbon
shall be restricted to a maximum of 0.15 percent,
and in such case the restriction to maximum content of sulphur and
phosphorus as given in 4.2 and the condition of
minimum alloy content 0.40 percent shall not apply.
User may note that there is a danger of pitting and crevice corrosion when
weathering steels (that is those with chemical
composition conforming to IS 11587) are embedded in chloride
contaminated concrete.”
4]. Nitrogen content of the steel should not exceed 0.012 percent (120
ppm), which shall be ensured by the manufacturer by
occasional check analysis. Higher nitrogen contents up to 0.025 percent
(250 ppm) may be permissible provided sufficient
quantities of nitrogen binding elements, like Nb, V, Ti, Al, etc, are present.
SIZES AVAILABLE IN MARKET.
Nominal size, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm,
25 mm, 28 mm, 32 mm, 36 mm,
40 mm, 45 mm, 50 mm
ADVANTAGES
HYSD bars are preferred as reinforcement in R.C.C. over plain mild steel
bars, due to following reasons.
HIGHER STRENGHT:
HYSD bars have yield strength, higher than that of plain mild steel bars.
BETTER BOND:
The HYSD bars have better bond with concrete due to corrugations or ribs
on the surface of the bars. As per IS 456: 2000, the bond strength of HYSD
bars is 60 percent greater than the plain mild steel bars.
ECONOMY:
The cost of HYSD bars is approximate same as mild steel but the use of
HYSD bars leads to overall economy as the amount of steel required is
less, due to its higher strength.
 HIGH YIELD STRENGTH DEFORMED bars,
these are also known as HYSD bars.
They have higher percentage of carbon as
compared to mild steel hence their
strength is higher than that of mild steel.
These bars are available as two types:
HIGH YIELD STRENGTH 1. Hot rolled high yield strength bars.
DEFORMED BARS 2. Cold worked high yield strength bars
CTD (Cold Twisted Deformed steel rods) or TOR steel rods replace the
decade long bamboo for construction works. The manufacturers
implemented the “Cold Twisting Process” in which the normally cooled
rods are twisted through motors. So, the molecular structure of the core
steel becomes feeble. It is recommended not to apply it for construction
works.
Two types of the later, TOR steel bars are available. They are Fe-415 and
Fe-500. The number associated with the designation indicates the tensile
strength of bar in N/mm2. These bars are provided with ribs deformation
on surface so that bond between concrete and steel improves. These bars
are available in diameters 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28 and 32 mm.
Nowadays these bars are replacing mild steel bars as reinforcement since
their strength in tension and bond is higher. These are also used as wind
bars.
A twisted deformed bar has about 50% higher yield stress than plain
bars. A deformed bar has corrugation or ribs on the surface of the bar,
to increase the bond and prevent slipping of the bar in concrete. These
bars do not show a definite yield point. So, the yield point is taken as 0.2
percent proof stress.
SPECIFICATION BY BIS
1]. For guaranteed weldability, the Carbon Equivalent, shall not be more
than 0.53 percent.
Reinforcement bars/wires with carbon equivalent above 0.42 percent
should, however
be welded with precaution. Use of low hydrogen basic coated electrodes
with matching strength bars/wires is recommended.