VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI – 590018

STUDY OF SMA MIX USING BAGASSE FIBRE

AND COCONUT FIBRE AS FILLER MATERIALS
BY
MANOJKUMAR 1BI14CV070
MANSOOR AHAMED 1BI14CV071
MICKY ANAND 1BI14CV074
PRABHANJAN PRASOON 1BI14CV105
BE – CIVIL ENGINEERING, 8TH SEMISTER

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UNDER GUIDANCE OF
POORNACHANDRA THEJASWI S
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 1
CONTENTS
➢ Introduction
➢ Composition of SMA
➢ Fibres used
➢ Literature review
➢ Objectives
➢ Tests conducted SMA components
➢ Conclusion
➢ References
 1. INTRODUCTION:
➢ Stone Matrix Asphalt(SMA) or Stone Mastic Asphalt is a hot mix asphalt developed during 1960s

➢ SMA is a gap graded bituminous mixture used in surface layer of high volume pavement.

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Difference between conventional HMA mix and SMA mix
➢ SMA consist of coarse aggregate skeleton with higher binder content intended to increase the durability
of the mix.
➢ Even though the use of higher binder content increase the durability of the mix, it will also leads to
asphalt drain down. Traditionally, Bagasse fibre and Coconut fibre have been used to reduce the drain
down of asphalt from SMA mixes.

SMA gradation used in this study [IRC:SP:79, 2008]

➢ The performance of mix is evaluated in terms of stability and indirect tensile strength
➢ Higher binder content increases the durability of mix and resistance to rutting

Permanent Deformation due to Rutting 5

2. COMPOSTION OF SMA :

➢ General composition of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) is , it consists of mainly Coarse Aggregates,
bitumen, Sand and Filler Materials(fibres)
➢ In our project we are using cellulose fibre and sugarcane bagasse fibre.

Pictorial representation of composition of SMA

 3. FIBRES USED:
3.1. BAGASSE FIBRE
➢ Sugarcane Bagasse is a by-product of the sugar industry
➢ In this study, it is proposed to investigate the influence of sugarcane fibres as stabilizing
additive on engineering properties SMA mix
➢ Bagasse fibre used in SMA mix to prevent drain down of binder

BAGASSE FIBRE
 3.2. COCONUT FIBRE (COIR)
➢ Coir or coconut fibre, is a natural fibre extracted from the husk of coconut and used in SMA mix.
➢ SMA is a gap graded bituminous mixture that maximizes coarse aggregate's content in the mix, which
provides better stone-on-stone contact.
➢ Additives are generally used in SMA mix to prevent drain down of binder.

COCONUT FIBRE (COIR)

4. LITERATURE REVIEW: 9
AUTHOR PUNITH KAMARAJ KUMAR BROWN AND
NAME COOLEY
TOPIC Stone-on-stone contact Stone-on-stone contact Drain-down property in THE MIX DESIGN
in SMA in SMA SMA procedure for SMA
YEAR OF
PUBLICATION 2004 2006 2004 1999

OBJECTIVES To establish the stone on To establish the stone To determine the filler To designing SMA mix
stone contact in SMA on stone contact in materials to avoid the for Rut Resistance.
,followed the SMA ,followed the drain-down in SMA
MORTH(2001) MORTH(2001) mix.
gradation . gradation .

RESULTS AND Ensured stone-on-stone Ensured stone-on-stone Found cellulose fibre as The Mix design is
CONCLUSION contact. contact using the filler material and obtained effectively
method developed by reported higher resistance to Rut.
Brown and Mallick resistance to drain-down
(1995)
 AUTHOR BINDU C.S T.SUBRAMANI PROWELL PERVEZ
NAME AHMEDZADEAND
BURAK SENGOZ
TOPIC Use of plastic coated Use of Coir fibre as filler The main role of fibres Use of steel slag
aggregates in SMA mix material in SMA mix.
YEAR OF
PUBLICATION 2010 2012 2009 2009

OBJECTIVES To establish Marshall To establish Marshall To observe that the To establish marshall
stability value using stability value using Coir fibres are used whether stability and flow tests
plastic coated graded fibre for a mechanical properties using steel slag
aggregate properties or to reduce in SMA mix instead of
Draindown. coarse aggregate.
RESULTS AND SMA mix with plastic The addition of coir fibre Thus the main role of Ensured that the mix with
CONCLUSION coated aggregate got results in an increase in fibres in SMA mixes is steel slag have better
higher than prescribed stability by nearly 13% to reduce the drain down results than mix with
values of Marshall that will help to achieve property of the binder stone with increased
stability value and strength of pavement rather than improving stability and decreased
excessive draindown was sections. the mechanical flow values.
reduced by great factor properties of the SMA
mixes
5. OBJECTIVES 11

➢ To determine physical properties of aggregates and bitumen by conducting physical tests on

Aggregates and Bitumen.

➢ To determine Optimum Binder content(OBC) of the SMA mix using Cellulose fibre and Bagasse
fibre from Marshall stability test

➢ To determine the indirect tensile strength by conducting water sensitivity test.

➢ To compare between the filler materials like sugar cane bagasse fibre and coconut coir, which is
suits good for SMA mix.
6. TESTS CONDUCTED SMA COMPONENTS
6.1 TESTS ON AGGREGATES

Test on SMA components Test methods Test results MORTH Specifications

Impact value IS:2386 (Part IV) 18.29% <18%

Abrasion value IS:2386 (Part IV) 27.54% <25%

Combined index IS:2386 (Part I) 20.30% <30%

Water absorption of aggregate IS:2386 (Part III) 2.73% <2%

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate IS:2386 (Part III) 2.63 2.5

Specific gravity of fine aggregate IS:2386 (Part III) 2.79 2.68

6.2 TESTS ON BITUMEN

Penetration value of binder IS:1203-1978 90mm >45mm

Softening point of bitumen IS:1205-1978 46˚C >46˚C

Ductility of bitumen IS:1208-1978 86.3cm >75cm

Specific gravity of bitumen IS:1202-1978 1.05 0.97-1.02

Viscosity of bitumen IS:1206(Part II) 14sec. 30-65 Sec.

6.2 TESTS ON BITUMENOUS MIX
To Determine Optimum Binder Content(OBC) Using Marshal Stability Test

➢ According to MORTH, The Gradation Table for finding combined coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and
mineral filler shall be within the limits as shown figure in next slide.
SMA Designation 13 mm SMA
Course where used Wearing course
Nominal aggregate size 13 mm
Layer thickness 40-50 mm
Cummulative % by weight of total
IS Sieve (mm)
aggregate passing Mid Gradation
26.5 - -
19 100 -
13.2 90-100 95
9.5 50-75 62.5
4.75 20-28 24
2.36 16-24 20
1.18 13-21 16.5
0.6 12-18 15
0.3 10-20 15
0.075 8-12 10
Gradation of aggregates
Marshall parameters for SMA mix using Bagasse fibre

Total Voids filled

Theoretical Voids in mineral
Bitumen Bulk unit air with Marshall
specific aggregate,VMA
content (%) weight, Gb void, bitumen,VFB Stability(kN)
gravity, Gt (%)
Vv (%)

5.5 2.4 2.26 5.83 17.71 67.06 15.51

6 2.39 2.29 4.18 17.31 75.83 12.615

6.5 2.37 2.29 3.38 17.60 80.82 17.667

7 2.35 2.28 2.98 18.22 83.66 13.775

7.5 2.33 2.27 2.58 18.84 86.33 10.585

Bulk unit weight vs Bitumen content Total air void vs Bitumen content

Marshall Stability vs Bitumen Content Void filled with Bitumen vs Bitumen content
 Marshall parameters for SMA mix using Coconut fibre

Theoretical Total air Voids in mineral Voids filled

Bitumen Bulk unit Marshall
specific void, Vv aggregate, VMA with bitumen,
content(%) weight, Gb stability(kN)
gravity, Gt (%) (%) VFB (%)

5.5 2.45 2.27 7.16 19.09 62.50 10.048

6 2.43 2.29 5.64 18.77 69.93 15.952

6.5 2.41 2.29 4.90 19.12 74.38 14.50

7 2.39 2.28 4.60 19.85 76.81 14.679

7.5 2.37 2.27 4.30 20.57 79.09 12.40

Bulk unit weight vs Bitumen content Total air void vs Bitumen content

Marshall Stability vs Bitumen Content Void filled with bitumen vs Bitumen content
➢ By conducting Marshall Stability Test the Optimum Binder Content (OBC) is determined

➢ Optimum Binder Content (OBC) of bituminous binder mix with Bagasse fibre as filler material is 6.63%
corresponding to 4% voids.

➢ Optimum Binder Content (OBC) of bituminous binder mix with Coconut fibre as filler material is 6.22%
corresponding to 4% voids.

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DRAIN DOWN TEST
Here we have used wire basket method to determine the draindown in the SMA sample given in
IRC SP79, 2008 (outline of ASTM D6930 ).

SMA mix using Drain down value

Bagasse fiber 0.24%

Coconut fiber 0.27%

Draindown test in progress

WATER SENSITIVITY TEST:
The values of IDT strength may be use to evaluate the relative quality of bituminous mixture in conjunction
with laboratory mix design testing and for estimating the potential for rutting or cracking. The results can
also be used to determine the potential for field pavement moisture - conditioned and unconditioned
specimens.

Specimen using Type ITS (kPa)

Conditioned 240.896
Bagasse fibre Unconditioned 256.419

Conditioned 192.756
Coconut fibre Unconditioned 390.129

ITS testing mould

TENSILE STRENGTH RATIO

Specimen TSR TSR in % Standard

using values

Bagasse 0.94 94 >80%

fibre

Coconut 0.61 61 >80%

fibre
ITS testing setup
 7. CONCLUSION

➢ The OBC of SMA mix with bagasse and coconut fibre was found to be 6.22%
and 6.63% respectively.
➢ The TSR of SMA mix with Bagasse and coconut fibre was found to be 94% and
61% respectively.
➢ From the test results, SMA mix with Bagasse fibre provide better resistance to
rutting and increase in durability of pavement when compared with SMA mix
with coconut fibre.
8.REFERENCES

1) IRC:SP:79-Tentative specifications for stone matrix asphalt , Published by Indian Roads Congress, New
Delhi, 2008.

2) Khanna S.K. and Justo C.E.G. Veeraragavan.A “Highway Engineering”, Revised tenth edition, Nem
Chand and Bros, Roorkee, pp315-321, 2001

3) MORTH, Specifications for Road and Bridge Works , Upgradation of Third Revision, Ministry Of Road
Transport and Highways, New Delhi, 2013.

4) Brown E.R. and Mallick R.B. “Stone Matrix Asphalt Properties Related to Mixture Design”, NCAT Report
94-02, 1994.
 5) Brown E.R. and Haddock J.E. “Method to Ensure Stone-on-Stone Contact in SMA Paving Mixes”, TRR
1583, National Research Council, TRB, USA, pp 11-18 ,1997.

6) AASHTO T 305, Draindown characteristics in uncompacted asphalt mixtures, Washington, USA.

7) IS:2386-part 1: Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, BIS, New Delhi,1963

8) IS:2386-part3: Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, BIS, New Delhi,1963

9) IS:2386-part4: Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, BIS, New Delhi,1963

10) IS:1203-: Penetration value of bitumen, BIS, New Delhi1978

11) IS:1205: Softening point of bitumen, BIS, New Delhi1978

12) IS:1208: Ductility test on bitumen, BIS, New Delhi1978

13) IS:1202: Specific gravity test on bitumen, BIS, New Delhi1978

14) IS:1206(Part II): Viscosity test on bitumen, BIS, New Delhi1978

THANK YOU
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