Power System Protection Project

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY PROTECTION

GROUP MEMBERS
HASEEB TARIQ 14-EE(P)-081
AQIB ALI KHAN 14-EE(P)-093
Date: 18 Jan 2018
ABSTRACT:-
The relays used in power system protection are of different types. Among them differential
relay is very commonly used relay for protecting transformers and generators from localised
faults.
Differential relays are very sensitive to the faults occurred within the zone of protection but
they are least sensitive to the faults that occur outside the protected zone. Most of the relays
operate when any quantity exceeds beyond a predetermined value for example over current
relay operates when current through it exceeds predetermined value. But the principle of
differential relay is somewhat different. It operates depending upon the difference between
two or more similar electrical quantities.

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Contents
ABSTRACT:- ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION:-................................................................................................................................... 4
2. WORKING OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:- .................................................................................................... 4
3. TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:-........................................................................................................... 5
 CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:- ...................................................................................................... 5
4. VOLTAGE BALANCE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:- .......................................................................................... 6
5. BIASED OR PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:- .................................................................................. 7
6. INDUCTION TYPE BIASED DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:- ................................................................................. 7
7. MATLAB SIMULATION:-......................................................................................................................... 8
8. SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY IN MATLAB:- ................................................... 9
9. OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:-........................................................................................................................ 9
10. CONCLUSION:- ................................................................................................................................ 10
11. REFERNCES:-.................................................................................................................................... 11

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Table Of Figures
Figure 1: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ........................................................................... 5
Figure 2: CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ..................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3: VOLTAGE BALANCE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY...................................................................................... 6
Figure 4: BIASED OR PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ............................................................................. 7
Figure 5: INDUCTION TYPE BIASED DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ............................................................................. 8
Figure 6: MATLAB SIMULATION .................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 7: SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT FOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ............................................................... 9
Figure 8: OUTPUT WAVEFORM EXTERNAL FAULT ........................................................................................ 9
Figure 9: OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF INTERNAL FAULT ................................................................................. 10

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DIFFERENTIAL RELAY PROTECTION

1. INTRODUCTION:-
The differential relay is one that operates when there is a difference between two or more
similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. In differential relay scheme circuit,
there are two currents come from two parts of an electrical power circuit. These two currents
meet at a junction point where a relay coil is connected. According to Kirchhoff Current Law,
the resultant current flowing through the relay coil is nothing but summation of two currents,
coming from two different parts of the electrical power circuit. If the polarity and amplitude of
both the currents are so adjusted that the phasor sum of these two currents, is zero at normal
operating condition. Thereby there will be no current flowing through the relay coil at normal
operating conditions. But due to any abnormality in the power circuit, if this balance is broken,
that means the phasor sum of these two currents no longer remains zero and there will be non-
zero current flowing through the relay coil thereby relay operates.

2. WORKING OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:-

Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The differential
relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current of power transformer,
if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary currents the relay will actuate and
inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the transformer.
Suppose we have one transformer which has primary rated current Ip and secondary current Is.
If you install CT of ratio Ip/1A at the primary side and similarly, CT of ratio Is/1A at the secondary
side of the transformer. The secondaries of these both CTs are connected together in such a
manner that secondary currents of both CTs will oppose each other. In other words, the
secondaries of both CTs should be connected to the same current coil of a differential relay in
such an opposite manner that there will be no resultant current in that coil in a normal working
condition of the transformer. But if any major fault occurs inside the transformer due to which
the normal ratio of the transformer disturbed then the secondary current of both transformers
will not remain the same and one resultant current will flow through the current coil of the
differential relay, which will actuate the relay and inter trip both the primary and
secondary circuit breakers. To correct phase shift of current because of star-delta connection of
transformer winding in the case of three-phase transformer, the current
transformer secondaries should be connected in delta and star.

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 Figure 1: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

3. TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:-

There are mainly two types of differential relays
 Current differential relay
 Voltage balance differential relay
 Biased or percentage differential relay
 Induction type based differential relay

 CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:-

In current differential relay two current transformers are fitted on the either side of the
equipment to be protected. The secondary circuits of CTs are connected in series in such a way
that they carry secondary CT current in same direction. The operating coil of the relaying
element is connected across the CT’s secondary circuit. Under normal operating conditions, the
protected equipment (either power transformer or alternator) carries normal current. In this
situation, say the secondary current of CT1 is I1 and secondary current of CT2 is I2.

The current transformer’s ratio and polarity are so chosen, I1 = I2, hence there will be no current
flowing through the relay coil. Now if any fault occurs in the external to the zone covered by the
CTs, faulty current passes through primary of the both current transformers and thereby
secondary currents of both current transformers remain same as in the case of normal
operating conditions. Therefore at that situation the relay will not be operated. But if any
ground fault occurred inside the protected equipment, two secondary currents will be no
longer equal. At that case the differential relay is being operated to isolate the faulty
equipment (transformer or alternator) from the system.

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 Figure 2: CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

4. VOLTAGE BALANCE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:-

In this arrangement the current transformer are connected either side of the equipment in such
a manner that EMF induced in the secondary of both current transformers will oppose each
other. That means the secondary of the current transformers from both sides of the equipment
are connected in series with opposite polarity. The differential relay coil is inserted somewhere
in the loop created by series connection of secondary of current transformers as shown in the
figure. In normal operating conditions and also in through fault conditions, the EMFs induced in
both of the CT secondary are equal and opposite of each other and hence there would be no
current flowing through the relay coil. But as soon as any internal fault occurs in the equipment
under protection, these EMFs are no longer balanced hence current starts flowing through the
relay coil thereby trips circuit breaker.

Figure 3: VOLTAGE BALANCE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

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 5. BIASED OR PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY:-
This is the most used form of differential relay. Their arrangement is same as that of the
current differential relay; the only difference is that this system consists an additional
restraining coil connected in the pilot wires as shown in the figure below. The operating coil
connects in the centre of the restraining coil. The ratio of current in the current transformer
becomes unbalance because of the fault current. This problem is resolved by the use of the
restraining coil.

Figure 4: BIASED OR PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

6. INDUCTION TYPE BIASED DIFFERENTIAL

RELAY:-
This induction type relay consists a disc which freely rotates between the
electromagnets. The each of the electromagnet consists the copper shading ring. The
ring can move in or out of the electromagnet. The disc experiences a force because of
the restraining and the operating element.
The resultant torque on the shaded ring becomes zero if the position of the ring is
balanced for both the element. But if ring moves towards the iron core then the unequal
torques acting on the ring because of the operating and restraining coil.

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 Figure 5: INDUCTION TYPE BIASED DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

7. MATLAB SIMULATION:-

Figure 6: MATLAB SIMULATION

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 8. SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY IN MATLAB:-

Figure 7: SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT FOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

9. OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:-

Figure 8: OUTPUT WAVEFORM EXTERNAL FAULT

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 Figure 9: OUTPUT WAVEFORM OF INTERNAL FAULT

10. CONCLUSION:-
The differential relays can be used for the protection of transformers and alternators. It
can also detect the internal fault of the transformer which then give signal to the circuit
breaker to trip. The differential relay detects the fault by change in the current of the
phases.

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 11. REFERNCES:-

https://www.electrical4u.com/differential-protection-of-transformer-differential-
relays/

 http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/applications-and-forms-of-differential-relays

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