Mechanical Engineering Department: PPT On Automobile Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department
PPT on Automobile Engineering

Prepared by
Assistant Professor :Mahesh Kumar
6/10/2017 Mahesh Kumar(ME Deptt.) 1

Unit-1
Introduction: Basic concepts of Automobile
Engineering

Introduction: Basic concepts of Automobile
Engineering
Automobile engineering is the one of the stream of
mechanical engineering. It deals with the various types of
automobiles, their mechanism of transmission systems and its
applications. Automobiles are the different types of vehicles
used for transportation of passengers, goods, etc. Basically all
the types of vehicles works on the principle of internal
combustion processes or some times the engines are called as
internal combustion engines. Different types of fuels are burnt
inside the cylinder at higher temperature to get the
transmission motion in the vehicles.

Most of the automobiles are internal combustion engines
vehicles only. Therefore, every mechanical and automobile
engineer should have the knowledge of automobile
engineering its mechanism and its various applications.
Automobile engineering is a branch of engineering which
deals with everything about automobiles and practices to
propel them. Automobile is a vehicle driven by an internal
combustion engine and it is used for transportation of
passengers and goods on the ground. Automobile can also be
defined as a vehicle which can move by itself.
Examples : Car, jeep, bus, truck, scooter, etc.

Automobiles or vehicles can be classified on different bases as
given below :
On the Basis of Load :(a) Heavy transport vehicle (HTV) or heavy
motor vehicle (HMV), e.g. trucks, buses, etc.
(b)Light transport vehicle (LTV) e.g. pickup, station wagon, etc.
(c) Light motor vehicle (LMV), e.g. cars, jeeps, etc.

On the Basis of Wheels :(a)Two wheeler vehicle, e.g. Scooter,
motorcycle, scooty, etc.
(b) Three wheeler vehicle, e.g. Auto rickshaw, three wheeler
scooter and tempo, etc.
(c)Four wheeler vehicle, for example : Car, trucks etc.
(d)Six wheeler vehicle, for example : Big trucks with two
gear axles each having four wheels

The automobile physical configuration. The earliest
automobiles consisted of carriages (similar to those drawn by
horses) to which a primitive engine and drive train and
steering controls were added. Typically, such cars had a strong
steel frame that supported the body of the car. The wheels
were attached to this frame by a set of springs and shock
absorbers that permitted the car to travel over the uneven road
surfaces of the day while isolating the car body from many of
the road irregularities. This same general configuration
persisted in most passenger cars until some time after World
War II, although there was an evolution in car size, shape, and
features as technology permitted.

Many of the important automotive systems are illustrated. These
systems include the following:
1. Engine
2. Drive train (transmission, differential, axle)
3. Suspension
4. Steering
5. Brakes
6. Instrumentation
7. Electrical/electronic
8. Motion control
9. Safety
10. Comfort/convenience
11. Entertainment/communication/navigation

Power and Torque characteristics
The reason is that, in general, the torque curve does not drop off
(%-wise) as rapidly as the RPM is increasing (%-wise).However,
for an engine which operates in a relatively narrow RPM band,
such as an aircraft engine, it is generally a requirement that the
engine produce maximum power at the maximum RPM.

Rolling resistance
Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling

drag, is the force resisting the motion when a body (such as a
ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface. It is mainly caused by non-
elastic effects; that is, not all the energy needed for deformation
(or movement) of the wheel, roadbed, etc. is recovered when the
pressure is removed. Two forms of this are hysteresis losses (see
below), and permanent (plastic) deformation of the object or the
surface (e.g. soil). Another cause of rolling resistance lies in the
slippage between the wheel and the surface, which dissipates
energy.

Tractive effort
The force available at the contact between the drive wheel

tyres and road is known as ‘tractive effort’. The ability of the
drive wheels to transmit this effort without slipping is known
as ‘traction’. Hence usable tractive effort never exceeds
traction. The tractive effort relate to engine power as follows.
When the tractive effort F>R, the total resistance on level
road, the surplus tractive effort is utilized for acceleration,
hill climbing and draw-bar pull.

Tractive Effort or Tractive Force, is the amount of force at the
wheels available for moving a train.
TE =375*HP*e / v
Where:
TE = Tractive Effort
HP = power hose
e = efficiency
v = velocity in mi/h

Gear Ratio
The relationship between the sizes of your driving gear and

driven gear is called the “Gear Ratio.”

A gear ratio is the number of turns your driving gear must
make in order to turn your driven gear once.
Gear Ratio Implies…

The driving gear must make ½ a turn to turn
1:2 or ½
the driven gear once
The driving gear must turn once to turn the
1:1 or 1
driven gear once
The driving gear must turn 3 times to turn the
3:1 or 3
driven gear once

Let’s consider the following example for the rest of the
presentation. Here we have an 8 tooth driving gear and a 40
tooth driven gear.
Driving Gear
8 Teeth
Driven Gear
40 Teeth

Lets look at each tooth as a “push.” A 1-tooth “push” moves
1 tooth, and a 2-tooth “push” moves 2 teeth. If we rotate our
8-tooth gear once, which is an 8-tooth “push,” we’ll push 8
teeth on the 40-tooth gear.
8-tooth push
8-tooth push

You can calculate Gear Ratio by dividing the number of teeth
on the Driven Gear by the number of teeth on the Driving
Gear.
Teeth on Driven Gear

Gear Ratio = Teeth on Driving Gear

Now that we’ve cleared that up, it makes sense that our
equations to calculate Gear Ratios would look like this:
Gear Ratio = Driving axle turns
Driving Gear
Driven axle turns
8 Teeth
Gear Ratio = Driven Teeth
Driving Teeth
40 Teeth
Driven Gear

From our example we get:
Driving Gear
8 Teeth
Gear Ratio = Driving axle turns = 5
Driven axle turns = 1
=5
Gear Ratio = # of Driven Teeth = 40

# of Driving Teeth = 8
=5
40 Teeth
Driven Gear

UNIT-II
Transmission System

The clutch is an intermediate mechanism which is placed in
between the flywheel and the gearbox for the purpose of
allowing or discounting the power flow from engine to the
transmission system. the clutch remain engaged position and
allow flow of power from engine to the gearbox.
Requirements of a good clutch:-
1.Gradual engagement
2.Effortless operation
3.Size
4.Inertia and mass

TYPE OF CLUTCHES
Different type of clutches can be classified:-

1.Friction clutches
2.Fluid Flywheel
3.Electromagnetic clutches
4.Power clutches
5.electro-rheological clutches

Torque converter
A torque converter is a type of fluid coupling that is used to

transfer rotating power from a prime mover, such as an
internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. The
torque converter normally takes the place of a mechanical
clutch in a vehicle with an automatic transmission, allowing
the load to be separated from the power source. It is usually
located between the engine's flex plate and the transmission.

Gear Overdrive
• Speed Increases
• Torque decreases
• When speed is
doubled, torque is
halved
• Used for fuel milage
• Factory overdrives
vs. Aftermarket
overdrives

Torque
Page 740
• Torque is calculated by multiplying force

applied by the distance of the force from a
center of a pivot point.
• Gears apply torque
• Ex: 10 ft lbs applied to 1 foot drive gear to a 2
foot driven gear = 20 foot lbs torque
Torque Multiplication
• Used for lower
gears in a manual
transmission
equipped car
• 4:56 = low gears
– For Acceleration
• 2:56 = high gears
– For mileage

External Gears
• When two external
gears mesh, they
rotate in opposite
directions

Bevel Gears
• Change the
direction of rotation
• Spider gears are
straight cut bevel
gears
• Transfer motion
between two shafts
at an angle to each
other

Ring and Pinion
• BEVEL GEARS
• Used as a final drive
in RWD vehicles

Worm Gear
• Drives a spur gear
• Provides maximum
tooth contact
• Used in recirculating
ball steering boxes
• Speedometer cable
drive mechanisms

CHARACTERISTICS OF UNIVERSAL
JOINT
• Speed variations :- While operating at an

angle, U-joints speed up and slow down twice
per revolution
• Joint phasing :- The vibrations caused by one
U-joint are transmitted to the other one
• Cancelling angles :- The angle of the front U-
joint is offset by the rear one. The correct angle
must be maintained to minimize vibration
DOUBLE CARDAN JOINT
Consists of two single U-joints joined by a centre

yoke and a ball and socket.

PURPOSES OF DRIVE SHAFT
• Transmits power from the transmission to the

differential.
• Allows the transmission and the rear axle
assembly to be at different heights.
• Allows the rear axle to move up and down
while maintaining a connection to the
transmission.

FEATURES OF DRIVE SHAFT
• Can be made of steel, aluminium, or
composite material
• May have cardboard liner to reduce noise
• Has a yoke welded to each end
• Universal joints are used to connect to
pinion flange yoke and sleeve yoke
• May have balance weights attached

ADVANTAGES OF HOOKE'S
JOINT
• High torque capacity
• Long bearing life
• High operating angle capability
• Heat treated alloy steel components
• Ideal loading across entire bearing length due
to balanced deflection between yokes and cross
• High Shock and
• Overload Capacity
• Long Life
DISADVANTAGES
• It can not be used for high speed

applications.
• In case of single Hooke’s joint, even if the
driving shaft is rotating at constant speed, the
driven shaft rotates with acceleration.
• this generate, the inertia torque on the driven
shaft.

APPLICATIONS
• Coupling between the gear box and the

differential of automobile.
• To transmit the drives to different spindles of
multi spindles drilling machine.
• It is used to connect two non parallel and
intersecting axis shafts, having small angle
between two axis..

Differential Gear Mechanism of Rear
Axle
In vehicles without a differential, such as
karts, both driving wheels are forced to rotate
at the same speed, usually on a common axle
driven by a simple chain-drive mechanism. In
rear-wheel drive automobiles the central drive
shaft (or prop shaft) engages the differential
through a hypoid gear(ring and pinion).

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
An automatic transmission, also called auto,

self-shifting transmission, n-speed automatic
(where n is its number of forward gear ratios),
or AT, is a type of motor vehicle transmission
that can automatically change gear ratios as the
vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having
to shift gears manually.

Front axle
Front wheels of the vehicle are mounted on front axles.
Functions of front axle are listed
below :
(a) It supports the weight of front part of the vehicle.
(b) It facilitates steering.
(c) It absorbs shocks which are transmitted due to road
surface irregularities.
(d)It absorbs torque applied on it due to braking of vehicle

TYPES OF FRONT AXLES
There is two types of front axles :
(a) Dead front axle, and
(b) Line front axle.
Dead Front Axle: Dead axles are those axles, which
donet rotate. These axles have sufficient rigidity and
strength to take the weight. The ends of front axle are
suitably designed to accommodate stub axles.
Line Front Axle: Line axles are used to transmit
power from gear box to front wheels. Line front axles
although, front wheels.
Steering System
To control the angular motion of the wheels
and thus the direction of vehicle motionTo
provide the direction stability of the vehicle
There are different types of steering systems
1.Front wheel steering system
2.Rare wheel steering system
3.Four wheel steering system

• Four wheel steering system is arranged so that the
front wheels roll without any
• lateral slip In this system, the front wheels are
supported on front axle so that they can swing to the
left or right for steering.
• Such movement is produced by gearing and linkage
between the steering wheel and steering knuckle.

Ackerman Steering Mechanism
At any angle of steering, the centre point of all the

circular path traced by all the wheels will coincide at
a common point.
It is difficult to achieve with simple linkages.

However, it is applicable for low speed.

CASTER ANGLE
Caster angle is the tilt of king pin centre line towards

front of back from the vertical line. It is the angle
between the vertical line and king pin centre line in
the p wheel plane when looked from side. he caster
angle or castor angle is the angular displacement of
the steering axis from the vertical axis of a steered
wheel in a car, motorcycle, bicycle or other vehicle,
measured in the longitudinal direction.

https://www.gtplanet.net/forum/t
hreads/caster-angle.334569/

CAMBER ANGLE
Camber angle is the angle between the vertical line
and centre line of the tyre when viewed from the front
of the vehicle. Camber angle is positive when this is
outward. This happens when wheels are further apart
at top than at bottom.
• camber angle is negative when angle is inward. This
happens when wheels are further apart at bottom than
at top. The camber, should not be more than 2o
because this causes uneven or more tyre wear on one
side than on other side.
TOE IN AND TOE OUT
• The front wheels are slightly turned in at front side

such that the distance between wheels at front (A) is
little less than the distance at back (B), when seen
from top. This difference in distance is called toe-in.
It is shown in Figure 7.7. The distance B is greater
than A by 3 to 5 mm.

http://www.competitionx.com/rc-
tuning-toe-in-toe-out/

Understeer and oversteer are vehicle dynamics
terms used to describe the sensitivity of a vehicle to
steering. Simply put, oversteer is what occurs when a
car turns (steers) by more than the amount
commanded by the driver.

UNIT-III

General requirements for braking systems
(a) Parking brakes-Every vehicle or combination,

except a motorcycle, operated on a highway shall be
equipped with a parking brake system adequate to
hold the vehicle or combination on any grade on
which it is operated, under all conditions of loading,
on a surface free of ice or snow. The system shall not
be designed to require a continuous or intermittent
source of energy for full effectiveness after initial
application.

(b) Service brakes-Every vehicle and combination
operated on a highway shall be equipped with a
service brake system adequate to control the
movement of and to stop and hold the vehicle or
combination on any grade on which it is operated,
under all conditions of loading, and adequate to meet
the braking.

(c)Break away systems-Every combination operated
on a highway, the towed vehicle of which is equipped
with brakes or which has a gross weight in excess of
3,000 pounds, shall be so equipped that, upon
breakaway of the towed vehicle, the towed vehicle
shall be stopped and held automatically, and the
towing vehicle shall be capable of being stopped and
held by use of its own service braking system.

Tyre Adhesion
The amount of the force applied on a shoe against a

drum controls the resistance to rotation of a road
wheel. Simultaneously the road surface has to drive
the wheel around. This driving force attains its limit
when the resistance offered by the brake equals the
maximum frictional force generated between the tyre
and road which is known as the adhesive force. This
force can be determined from the expression :
Adhesive force = Load on wheel x Coefficient of
friction
Road adhesion depends on :
1.Type of road surface.

2.Conditions of surface e.g. wet, dry, icy, greasy, etc.
3.Designs of tire tread, composition of tread material
and depth of tread.

Adhesion factors for various road
surfaces
No. Road Surface Adhesion Factor
1. Concrete, coarse asphalt dry 0.8
2 .Tarmac, gritted bitumen dry 0.6
3 .Concrete, coarse asphalt wet 0.5
4 .Tarmac wet 0.4
5. Gritted bitumen tarmac wet 0.3
6. Gritted bitumen tarmac greasy 0.25
7. Gritted bitumen, snow compressed dry 0.2
8 .Gritted bitumen, snow compressed wet 0.15
Weight transfer
Weight transfer and load transfer are two

expressions used somewhat confusingly to describe
two distinct effects. The change in load borne by
different wheels of even perfectly rigid vehicles
during acceleration, and the change in centre of mass
(CoM) location relative to the wheels because of
suspension compliance or cargo shifting or sloshing.
In the automobile industry.

Weight transfer customarily refers to the change in
load borne by different wheels during acceleration.
This is more properly referred to as load transfer,
and that is the expression used in the motorcycle
industry, while weight transfer on motorcycles, to a
lesser extent on automobiles, and cargo movement on
either is due to a change in the CoM location relative
to the wheels.

Braking ratio
Braking ratio, usually expressed as a percentage, is
the force pressing the brake shoes against the wheels
compared to the weight of the car. For easy
comparison, braking ratio normally is stated at 50
PSI brake cycle. pressure“.

A hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking
mechanism which uses brake fluid typically
containing glycol ethers or diethylene glycol to
transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to
the braking mechanism.
In a hydraulic brake system, when the brake pedal is
pressed, a pushrod exerts force on the piston(s) in the
master cylinder, causing fluid from the brake fluid
reservoir to flow into a pressure chamber through a
compensating port.
vacuum brake
• The vacuum brake is a braking system employed on
trains and introduced in the mid-1860s. A variant, the
automatic vacuum brake system, became almost
universal in British train equipment and in countries
influenced by British practice. Vacuum brakes also
enjoyed a brief period of adoption in the United
States, primarily on narrow-gauge railroads. Its
limitations caused it to be progressively superseded
by compressed air systems starting in the United
Kingdom from the 1970 onward.
Air brake
An air brake or, more formally, a compressed air
brake system, is a type of friction brake for vehicles
in which compressed air pressing on a piston is used
to apply the pressure to the brake pad needed to stop
the vehicle. Air brakes are used in large heavy
vehicles, particularly those having multiple trailers
which must be linked into the brake system, such as
trucks, buses, trailers, and semi-trailers in addition to
their use in railroad trains. George Westinghouse first
developed air brakes for use in railway service.
These coefficients can be used to calculate the
temperatures for wheel/rail contact wheel/ right brake
shoe and wheel/left brake shoe. The maximum
temperature occurs towards nearly exit of heating
contact for the left or right brake shoe. It is shown
that the maximum dimensionless contact
temperatures of wheel are induced in the brake shoe
heating contact.

Thermal Effect of the Brake Shoes
An analytical solution for the temperature distribution

in wheel/ brake shoe contact is presented. The wheel
of locomotive or wagon is simultaneously heated by
the friction due to wheel/ contact and two brake shoe
contacts. The analysis was applied to calculate the
partition heat coefficients between wheel and rail and
between wheel and left or right brake shoe.

Since the thermal penetration depth is very small,
thermally induced plastic deformations for wheel are
restricted to a very thin surface layer. When the brake
shoes haven’t similarly efficiency (unequal friction),
the temperature field of the wheel is modified and the
temperature of the best efficiently brake shoe
increases.

suspension system
Suspension is the term given to the system of
springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a
vehicle to its wheels. Serve a dual purpose –
contributing to the car's handling and braking.Protects
the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage from
damage and wear.

Different suspension systems
1.Conventional suspension system

2.Independent suspension system
3.Air suspension system
4.Hydro elastic suspension system

Conventional suspension system
a.Two wheels are mounted on either side of the rigid

axle.
b.When one wheel encounters the bump, both the wheel
do not execute parallel up and down motion.
c.So it gives rise to gyroscopic effect and wheel wobble.
d.Rear driving wheels mounted on live axle suspended
by laminated leaf springs and shock absorbers.

Advantages ( independent rear suspension)
• Lesser unsparing weight – improves ride , reduces

tyre wear.
• Increased passenger space
• Rear wheels remain stable .
DISADVANTAGES
• Increased cost
• Complicated design
• Steering action is not proper

Air suspension
• Comprises of compressor , supplying air to air tank

• Pressure maintained – 5.6 to 7 kg/sq-m
• Air bags – on each wheel
• As load applied , air bags compressed actuating the
leveling valve .
• Air from the tank fills the compressed air bag &
hence raise the level of the frame.
• Air from air bag gets released as load on chassis
decreases .
Advantages of air suspension
• These maintain a constant frequency of vibration

whether the vehicle is laden or unladed.
• Constant frame height is maintained.
• It helps to reduce the load while the vehicle in motion
i.e. the dynamic loading as the spring rate variation
between laden and unladen weight is much less.
• It gives smooth and comfort ride of the vehicle.
• The stiffness of the system increases with the increase
of the deflection.

UNIT-IV
Electrical System: Automobile Starting System is
considered to be the heart of automobile electrical
system. The starting system of an automobile includes
those devices, which are used for initiating an engine
of a vehicle. Once the key is put into the ignition
switch then the current pass through battery cables to
starter motor.

Types of starting motors
An induction motor is a 3 phase motor consisting of
the 3 phase winding as the stator with a permanent
magnet and the rotor as another 3 phase windings. It
works on the principle of rotating magnetic field, i.e.
the formation of the magnetic flux from 3 phase
winding fluxes, which rotates about its axis, causing
the rotor to rotate. An Induction motor has the ability
to self start owing to the interaction between the
rotating magnetic field flux and the rotor winding
flux, causing a high rotor current as torque is
increased.
Conti.......
As a result the stator draws high current and by the
time the motor reaches to full speed, a large amount
of current (greater than the rated current) is drawn
and this can cause heating up of the motor, eventually
damaging it. To prevent this, motor starters are
needed.

Need for Motor Starting
In an induction motor, when supply is given to the

stator windings, the rotating magnetic field flux and
the produced flux in the rotor windings due to the
back e.m.f, causes the motor torque to increase,
causing a high rotor current. During the time between
the application of electric supply to the motor and the
actual acceleration of the motor to its full speed, a
large amount of current is drawn by the stator from
the supply. This starting current is about 5 to 6 times
more than the full load current. This time duration
can be for few seconds or longer.
Types of Motor Starters
There are fallowing type of motor starters:

1.Star delta
2.Direct on line
3.Auto transformer line
4. Stator Resistance Starter
5. Rotor Resistance Starter

Generator
In electricity generation, a generator is a device that

converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for
use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical
energy include steam turbines, gas turbines, water
turbines, internal combustion engines and even hand
cranks. The first electromagnetic generator, the
Faraday disk, was built in 1831 by British scientist
Michael Faraday. Generators provide nearly all of the
power for electric power grids.

REGULATOR
voltage regulator is designed to automatically

maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage
regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or
may include negative feedback control loops. It may
use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components.

lighting system
The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of

lighting and signalling devices mounted or integrated
to the front, rear, sides, and in some cases the top of a
motor vehicle. Emergency vehicles usually carry
distinctive lighting equipment to warn drivers and
indicate priority of movement in traffic.

1.In this experiment, you will build a circuit that
simulates the exterior lighting system for a typical
automobile.
2.Your system will be powered by 12 Volts,
derived from the power supply in your
breadboard.
3.Miniature lamps that plug into the socket board
will be used for the headlight, tail-light, brake
light, and high-beam.

Low Beam Circuit

High Beam Circuit

Need of ignition system
• Ignition system provides high voltage spark in the

combustion chamber at the correct time.
• Distributed high voltage spark to each spark plug in
correct sequence .
• Provides a method of turning a spark ignition engine
on & off

Introduction
• Ignition system is part of electric system which

carries the electric current to the spark plug where
the spark is necessary to ignite the air-fuel mixture.
• Produces high voltage arcs at the spark plug
electrode.
• These high voltage produce by ignition coil, which is
supplied with lower voltage battery.

• The combination of all the devices required to
produce an electric spark of desired intensity and at
proper moment is called spark ignition system
• The spark must occurs towards the end of
compression stroke
• Automotive engines are usually cranked by a small
electric motor, which is better known as a starter
motor, or simply a starter. The starter motor for SI
and CI engines operates on the same principle as a
direct current electric motor.
Requirements of an ignition system
• It should provide a good spark between the electrodes

of the plugs at the correct timing
• The duration of the spark must be long enough with

sufficient energy to ensure that ignition of the mixture
has a high chance of occurring

• The system must distribute this high voltage to each
of the spark plugs at the exact time in every cycle,
i.e., it must have in it a distributing device
• It should function efficiently over the entire range of

engine speed
• It should be light, effective and reliable in service

TYPES OF IGNITION SYSTEM
• BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM
• MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM
• ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM
• LASER IGNITION SYSTEM

BATTERY IGNITION PARTS
• BATTERY provides power for system.

• IGNITION SWITCH allows driver to turn
ignition on and off.
• IGNITION COIL changes battery voltage to
30,000V during .
normal operation and has a potential to produce
up to 60,000V.
• SWITCHING DEVICE mechanical or electronic
switch that operates.

• SPARK PLUG uses high voltage from ignition coil to
produce an arc
in the combustion chamber.
IGNITION SYSTEM WIRES connect components

• Distributor It causes the spark to occur at each plug
earlier in the compression
stroke as engine speed increases, and vice versa.

WORKING
• The secondary circuit converts magnetic induction into
high voltage electricity to jump across the spark plug
gap, firing the mixture at the right time. The functions of
the components are:
• Secondary coil the part of the coil that creates the high
voltage electricity.
• Coil wire a highly insulated wire to take the high voltage
to the distributor cap a plastic cap which goes on top of
the distributor, to hold the high tension wires in the right
order

SI Engine Fuel Supply System
This system in petrol engine mainly consists of below parts

I. Fuel Storage Tank and Fuel pipes
II. Fuel Pump
III. Fuel Filter
IV. Carburetor
V. Inlet manifold
VI. Inlet Valve
Fuel storage tank :-
The fuel tank made be made from pressed steel and
coated inside to prevent corrosion, or A synthetic rubber
compound or flame resistant plastic.
Fuel pipes:-
These can be made from steel or plastic and are secured
by clips at several points along the underside of the
vehicle. To allow for engine movement and vibration,
rubber hoses connect the pipes to the engine. Later fuel
pipes use special connectors which require special tools
to disconnect the pipes.
 Fuel Pump:-A diaphragm type fuel pump is used
in petrol engines as there is no need of extra high
pressure of fuel. This fuel pump is extensively used to
pump the fuel from fuel tank to the carburetor in the
automotive engines.
.

Fuel Filter:-To get rid of unwanted dirt, filters are used. A
filter used to clean the air is known as air filter, to clean fuel,
is known as fuel filter, to clean lubricating oil, is known
as oil filter. In filters, paper elements, cloth elements, felt
elements and the combination of felt and cloth elements are
used.

Carburetor: This is the device which mixes the fuel
with air and supplies this mixture to induction manifold
of the petrol engine. The carburetor controls the required
quantity of fuel and breaks up into minute globules for
being mixed with the correct quantity of air.

CI Engine Fuel Supply System:
This system in diesel engine mainly consists of below parts,
I. Fuel Storage Tank and Fuel pipes

II. Fuel Transfer Pump
III. Fuel Filter
IV. Injection Pump
V. Injection Nozzles

Fuel Transfer Pump:-
The fuel transfer pump is normally used on modern high-speed diesel
engines. It can be driven by either engine or battery voltage.
The fuel transfer pump can be located on the outside of the fuel tank
in the supply line, submerged within the fuel tank, or mounted on the
backside of the injection pump.
Injection Pump
Several types of injection pumps are used on diesel engines. Each
has its own unique operating principles. The primary function of the
injection pump is to supply high-pressure fuel for injection.
MPFI
• Multiport fuel injection injects fuel into the intake ports just
upstream of each cylinder's intake valve.
• In this system each cylinder has number of injectors to
supply or spray fuel in the cylinders intake manifold space
• MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders, based
on commands from the ‘on board engine management
system computer’ – popularly known as the Engine
Control Unit/ECU.
• These techniques result not only in better ‘power balance’
amongst the cylinders but also in higher output from each
one of them, along with faster throttle response.

Components of MPFI
The system has four major components they are

1. Air intake system
2. Fuel delivery system
3. Electronic control system

AIR INTAKE SYSTEM
The air (corresponding to the throttle valve opening) is

filtered by the air cleaner, passes through the throttle
body, and is distributed by the intake manifold and finally
drawn into each combustion chamber , opening and
closing of throttle valve is controlled by ECU according
to demand & necessity with proper calculation with input
system
1. Throttle Body -Throttle valve, which is interlocked
with the accelerator pedal and controls the amount of
the intake air . TP sensor which detects the throttle
valve opening and sends a signal to ECM
2. Idle Air Control Valve -The lAC valve controls
opening of the bypass air passage. The air bypasses
the throttle valve through bypass passage and is
finally drawn into the intake manifold.
FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM
1. Fuel Pump- It is an electric fuel pump and its

operation is controlled by ECM. The fuel is drawn
through the inlet port with high pressure, It is
discharged through the outlet port, the fuel pump also
has a check valve to keep some pressure in the fuel
feed line even when the fuel pump is stopped.
2. Pressure Regulator System-The fuel pressure
regulator is diaphragm operated relief valve consisting
of diaphragm, spring and valve.
3. Injector-Each cylinder has one injector, which is
installed between the intake manifold delivery pipes.

ELECTRONIC CONTROL SYSTEM
The electronic control system consist of various sensors

which detect the state of engine and driving conditions,
ECM which controls various devices according to the
signals from the sensors and Various controlled devices.
The systems are -
– Fuel Injection Control System
– Idle Speed Control System
– Fuel Pump Control System
– Ignition Control System
– Radiator Fan Control System

Type Of MPFI Systems
The various types of MPFI systems are:
1.Simuntaneous: Together in all the cylinders.

2. Sequential: Direct injection into the individual
cylinders against their power strokes.
3.Group: In cylinder pairs [in V engines]

Choosing the correct technique according to the engine
configuration results in:
- better power balance between cylinders
- higher output from each cylinder
- faster throttle response
Of these technologies, sequential gives the best
combination of power balance and output in inline 4
cylinder engines.

Advantages of MPFI
I. Without using of carburetor the product cost is

Low.
II. Engine Efficiency is High.
III. Low Maintenance.
IV. High Power to Engine.
V. No extra Heating While Warm up. Etc,.

Disadvantage Of MPFI
1. Hood Height of the Car is High.

2. Manifold Heat control System OR Valve is
Required.
3. Intake Manifold control only air not Fuel .

UNIT V
Emission standards & Polution control

Emission standards
Emission standards are requirements that set specific
limits to the amount of pollutants that can be released into
the environment. Many emissions standards focus on
regulating pollutants released by automobiles (motor cars)
and other powered vehicles but they can also regulate
emissions from industry, power plants, small equipment
such as lawn mowers and diesel generators.
Vehicle emission performance standard: An emission
performance standard is a limit that sets thresholds above
which a different type of emission control technology
might be needed.

• In the United States, emissions standards are managed by
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The state
of California has special dispensation to promulgate more
stringent vehicle emissions standards, and other states may choose
to follow either the national or California standards.
• California's emissions standards are set by the California Air
Resources Board, known locally by its acronym "CARB". Given
that California's automotive market is one of the largest in the
world, CARB wields enormous influence over the emissions
requirements that major automakers must meet if they wish to sell
into that market. In addition, several other U.S. states also choose
to follow the CARB standards, so their rulemaking has broader
implications within the U.S.

European Emission Standards
• European emission standards define the acceptable limits for

exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states.
• Currently, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), total
hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane
hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO)
and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle
types, including cars, lorries, trains, tractors and similar
machinery, but excluding seagoing ships and aero planes.
• For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is
determined by running the engine at a standardized test cycle.

No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet
the standards, though available technology is
considered when setting the standards. New models
introduced must meet current or planned
standards,CO2 emission. Within the European Union,
road transport is responsible for about 20% of
all CO2 emissions, with passenger cars contributing
about 12%.The target fixed at Kyoto Protocol was an
8% reduction of emissions in all sectors of the
economy compared to 1990 levels by 2008-2012.

Toxic emission: stages and legal framework
• The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro

3, Euro 4 and Euro 5 for Light Duty Vehicle standards.
The corresponding series of standards for Heavy Duty
Vehicles use Roman, rather than Arabic numerals (Euro I,
Euro II, etc.) The following is a summary list of the
standards, when they come into force, what they apply to,
and which EU directives provide the definition of the
standard.
• Euro 1 (1993):
– For passenger cars - 91/441/EEC.
– Also for passenger cars and light trucks - 93/59/EEC.
• Euro 2 (1996) for passenger cars - 94/12/EC (& 96/69/EC)
• For motorcycle - 2002/51/EC (row A) - 2006/120/EC
• Euro 3 (2000) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC
• For motorcycle - 2002/51/EC (row B) - 2006/120/EC
• Euro 4 (2005) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC (& 2002/80/EC)
• Euro 5 (2008/9) and Euro 6 (2014) for light passenger and
commercial vehicles - 715/2007/EC

Emission standards for passenger cars
• Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce

different emission limits for diesel and petrol
vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO
standards but are allowed higher NOx emissions.
• Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from
particulate matter (PM) standards through to the
Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct
injection engines will be subject to a limit of
0.005 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6.
Bharat Stage Emission Standards
Bharat stage emission standards are emission

standards instituted by the Government of
India to regulate the output of air pollutants from
internal combustion engine equipment, including
motor vehicles. The standards and the timeline
for implementation are set by the Central
Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of
Environment & Forests.

History
The first emission norms were introduced in India in 1991
for petrol and 1992 for diesel vehicles. These were
followed by making the Catalytic converter mandatory
for petrol vehicles and the introduction of unleaded
petrol in the market. On April 29, 1999 the Supreme
Court of India ruled that all vehicles in India have to
meet Euro I or India 2000 norms by June 1, 1999 and
Euro II will be mandatory in the NCR by April 2000.
Car makers were not prepared for this transition and in a
subsequent judgment the implementation date for Euro II
was not enforced…
History
In 2002, the Indian government accepted the report
submitted by the Mashelkar committee. The committee
proposed a road map for the roll out of Euro based
emission norms for India. It also recommended a phased
implementation of future norms with the regulations
being implemented in major cities first and extended to
the rest of the country after a few years. Based on the
recommendations of the committee, the National Auto
Fuel policy was announced officially in 2003. The
roadmap for implementation of the Bharat Stage norms
were laid out till 2010.
History
The standards, based on European regulations were
first introduced in 2000. Progressively stringent
norms have been rolled out since then. All new
vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the
norms have to be compliant with the
regulations. Since October 2010, Bharat stage III
norms have been enforced across the country. In 13
major cities, Bharat stage IV emission norms are in
place since April 2010.

History
The phasing out of 2 stroke engine for two
wheelers, the stoppage of production of Maruti 800 &
introduction of electronic controls have been due to
the regulations related to vehicular emissions. While
the norms help in bringing down pollution levels, it
invariably results in increased vehicle cost due to the
improved technology & higher fuel prices. However,
this increase in private cost is offset by savings in
health costs for the public, as there is lesser amount of
disease causing particulate matter and pollution in the
air.
For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) was made applicable
from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards came in force
from April 1, 2010

CO2 Emission
• India’s auto sector accounts for about 18 per cent

of the total CO2 emissions in the country.
Relative CO2 emissions from transport have risen
rapidly in recent years, but like the EU, currently
there are no standards for CO2 emission limits for
pollution from vehicles.

Emission Control System
Purpose
1.The emission control systems are installed to reduce
the amount of CO, HC and Nox exhausted from the
engine.
2.To prevent the atmospheric release of blow by gas
HC and evaporated fuel containing HC being released
from the tank.

Function of each system
1. PCV – Reduce HC
2. EVAP – Reduce evaporative HC
3. EGR – Reduce NOx
4. TWC – Reduce CO, HC, NOx

Type of Exhaust Emission Pollutants
Carbon Monoxide (CO):Carbon monoxide is a

colorless, odorless, tasteless and toxic gas produced
as a by-product of combustion.
• A product of incomplete combustion.
• The main source of CO in our air is vehicles
emission.
• CO reduce the blood’s ability to carry oxygen to
body tissue including vital organs such as the heart
and brain.

Preventative maintenance
Preventative maintenance (or preventive maintenance)

is maintenance that is regularly performed on a piece
of equipment to lessen the likelihood of it failing.
Preventative maintenance is performed while the
equipment is still working, so that it does not break
down unexpectedly.

Machine maintenance or the preventive maintenance
(PM) has the following meanings:
1.The care and servicing by personnel for the purpose
of maintaining equipment in satisfactory operating
condition by providing for systematic inspection,
detection, and correction of incipient failures either
before they occur or before they develop into major
defects.
2.Preventive maintenance tends to follow planned
guidelines from time-to-time to prevent equipment
and machinery breakdown.
1.The work carried out on equipment in order to
avoid its breakdown or malfunction. It is a regular
and routine action taken on equipment in order to
prevent its breakdown.
2.Maintenance including tests, measurements,

adjustments, parts replacement, and cleaning,
performed specifically to prevent faults from
occurring.

Breakdown maintenance
Breakdown maintenance is maintenance performed on

equipment that has broken down and is unusable. It is
based on a breakdown maintenance trigger. It may be
either planned or it can be unplanned. It may be
either planned or it can be unplanned. An example of
planned maintenance is run-to-failure maintenance,
while examples of unplanned maintenance
include corrective maintenance and reactive
maintenance.
overhauling
Maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) involves

fixing any sort of mechanical, plumbing, or electrical
device should it become out of order or broken
(known as repair, unscheduled, casualty or corrective
maintenance). In the aircraft maintenance market
sector, maintenance, repair and overhaul(MRO)
services also include inspection, rebuilding, alteration
and the supply of spare parts, accessories, raw
materials, adhesives, sealants, coatings and
consumables for aircraft manufacturing and MRO.

THANKYOU

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Mechanical Engineering Department

PPT on Automobile Engineering

Assistant Professor :Mahesh Kumar

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Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling

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The force available at the contact between the drive wheel

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The relationship between the sizes of your driving gear and

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Gear Ratio Implies…

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Teeth on Driven Gear

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Gear Ratio = # of Driven Teeth = 40

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Different type of clutches can be classified:-

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A torque converter is a type of fluid coupling that is used to

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• Torque is calculated by multiplying force

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• Speed variations :- While operating at an

Consists of two single U-joints joined by a centre

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• Transmits power from the transmission to the

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• It can not be used for high speed

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• Coupling between the gear box and the

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An automatic transmission, also called auto,

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At any angle of steering, the centre point of all the

It is difficult to achieve with simple linkages.

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Caster angle is the tilt of king pin centre line towards

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