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Edoc - Pub To Study Drug Resistance in Bacteria Using Antibio
Edoc - Pub To Study Drug Resistance in Bacteria Using Antibio
Edoc - Pub To Study Drug Resistance in Bacteria Using Antibio
ANTIBIOTICS
2013-2014
CERTIFICATE
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1
HISTORY.................................................................................................................................... 3
OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................................ 9
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS.....................................................................................................10
THEORY................................................................................................................................... 11
EXPERIMENT.......................................................................13
PROCEDURE...........................................................................18
OBSERVATION......................................................................................................................... 22
RESULT.................................................................................................................................... 23
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................................... 24
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my teachers, Mrs. Neelam and Mrs. Nikhila for
guiding me through this project and for their valuable inputs which provided
me with a constant nudge for improvement.
This project and reading-up on the same has provided me with an in depth
understanding of the topic. It has nurtured my scientific temperament and
curiosity.
Signature of the
Candidate
ABBREVIATION
In this project we will study and attempt to cultivate bacteria that are
resistance to drugs.
What this tells us is that drug resistance bacteria can be a product of natural
selection.
For example, bacteria are cultivated in the lab and the drug that can kill these
bacteria is added to the culture. Most of the bacteria will di, but the ones that
survive have genetic mutation that enables them to survive in the presence of
the antibiotic. The bacteria are ‘drug resistance.’
1
Schematic representation on how antibiotic resistance develops under
natural condition.
As we can see from the above explanation, drug resistance bacteria are
caused due to the overuse of antibiotics. In some countries like India
antibiotics are sold over the counter. This results in misuse or overuse of
antibiotics which cause drug resistance bacteria to proliferate. Once a
bacterium becomes drug resistance it is very hard to get rid of it as it is a
new drug and it has not been exposed to work against it.
2
HISTORY
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on
medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in
treatment of infections were described over 2000years ago. Many ancients’
cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially
selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent
observation made in the laboratory of antibiotics between microorganisms led
to the discovery of antibacterial produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur
observed, “If we could intervene between antagonism observed between some
bacteria it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes of therapeutics”. The terms,
“antibiosis”, meaning, “Against life”, was introduced by French bacteriologist
Vuillemin as descriptive name of the phenomenon by these early antibacterial
drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur
and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of
Bacillus anthracis.
Bacillus anthracis.
3
discovered medicinally useful drug, the synthetically antibacterial Salvarsan
now called arspheamine.
4
SOME RESISTANT PATHOGENS
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5
pumps with chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance genes and the low
permeability of the bacterial cellular envelopes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has
the ability to produce HAQs and it has been found that HAQs have prooxidant
effects, and over expressing modestly increased susceptibility to antibiotics.
The study experimented with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and found
that a disruption of relA and spot genes produced an inactivation of the
Stringent response (SR) in cells who were with nutrient limitation which
provides cells be more susceptible to antibiotics.
Clostridium difficile
Escherichia coli and Salmonella come directly from contaminated food. When
both bacteria are spread, serious health conditions arise. Many people are
hospitalized each year after becoming infected, with some dying as a result. By
1993, E. coli resistant to multiple fluoroquinolone variants was documented.
Acinetobacter baumannii
On November 5, 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
reported an increasing number of Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream
infections in patients at military medical facilities in which service members
6
injured in the Iraq/Kuwait region during Operation Iraqi Freedom and
in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom were treated. Most of
these showed multidrug resistance (MRAB), with a few isolates resistant to all
drugs tested.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
7
OBJECTIVE
8
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
After culturing the bacteria, we also need to be able to verify these bacteria
are truly drug resistant. For this, we need to be able to count the number of
bacteria in the sample oe at least know that their density in a given area.
Once again this will be difficult without the required equipment.
This field of bacteria has immense scope and can provide more efficient
healthcare system. Today a lot of people are suffering from drug resistant
bacteria because none of the drugs are working to cure them. With more
research in this field, we provide more targeted approach to kill these
harmful bacteria.
Until recently, research and development (R&D) has provided new drugs in
time to treat bacteria that became resistant to older antibiotics. That is no
longer the case. The potential crisis at hand is the marked decrease in
industry R&D, the increasing prevalence of resistant bacteria. Infectious
diseases physicians are alarmed by the prospect that effective antibiotics
may not be available to treat seriously ill patients in the near future.
9
THEORY
Antibiotics are the chemical substances produces by microorganisms to kill
other organisms or retard their growth. Tetracycline, Streptomycin,
Penicillin are a few examples of the antibiotics which have been useful in
treating various bacterial diseases.
10
11
EXPERIMENT
Aim:
Requirement:
a. Apparatus Requirement
Petridish
12
Sterilized culture tubes
Forceps
Flasks
13
Beakers
Burner
b. Chemical Requirements
14
Agar
Starch
15
Distilled water
16
PROCEDURE
100ml distilled water; 4gms of agar and 1g of starch was added to a test
tube and shaken well.
17
Culture medium:
Transfer bacteria from agar test tube into petri dish containing antibiotics:
18
The warm culture medium prepared in the previuos step was poured into
each petridish. Care was taken to sterilize the petridish so as to avoid any
unnecessary growth.
The culture was spread evenly.
Antibiotics:
19
Filter paper cut in circles were soaked in antibiotic solution ad placed in
one part of the petriplate with culture.
Another petridish with agar was taken and labeled ‘Control’. No antibiotic
was added to this.
20
OBSERVATION
21
B. After two weeks
22
around the edge.
7. Ofloxacin 13 Small sized colonies
8. Azithromycin 9 Medium sized colonies
9. Control 0 N/A
RESULT
The observed trend was that the number of bacterial colonies decreased with
time and family remained constant. We can infer that the decrease was
because bacteria with the mutation survived. Over time as only the mutated
bacteria remained, and the population stabilized. We can predict that after a
few more weeks, the population may show an upward trend with mutations
produce progeny with mutations.
23
BIBLIOGRAPHY
24
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