ABSTRACT:

Water issues have become a disturbing worldwide problem in the

current era, but it is more complicated in the arid areas, where it rains rarely
and there is hardly any fresh water source at all. Hence, there is a serious need
to find new, sustainable, alternative ways to get fresh water. Therefore
investigations of innovative and environmentally friendly ways to produce
potable water are very much essential.
One of the most interesting methods to get clean water is
harvesting humidity from thin air. Many new initiatives have been taken to
develop this old way of getting water, and in so many ways it has potential to
solve the challenge of getting a new, sustainable and renewable source of fresh
water in drought areas.
This paper explains the methods of harvesting air humidity. In
cooling condensation method air is lowered to dew point temperature and using
solar-powered Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) is an appliance that
employs condensing technology that extracts water present in the air in the form
of vapour by applying Peltier effect of Thermo-Electric Cooling. Experiments
have shown that Solar-energy based AWG are able to produce around 20-25L of
water per day without the use of moving parts, no consumption of electricity and
chlorofluorocarbons use.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Water is the most vital source on the earth required all forms
from microorganism to humans. However, its availability is on the decline in all
parts of the world due to reasons such as climate change, population growth and
change in lifestyle. Water is second to oxygen as being essential to life. People
can survive days, weeks, or even longer without food but only about four days
without water. The average adult consumes and excretes two or more litters of
water each day.
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water
resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region. As per the world
health organization in 2025, affects around 2.8 billion people around the world.
In all continents, at least one month out of every year and more than 1.2 billion
people lack access to clean drinking water.
The sum of people without access to piped fresh water
accounts for more than 25% of the global population, most of them located in
Africa, Asia, and South America. Every 8 seconds a child in the developing
countries dies from a disease caused by unsafe drinking water. The rapid growth
of urban and rural populations, industry and agriculture forces governments to
enlarge the infrastructures in order to provide fresh water; however, the existing

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budgets are insufficient for both water treatment (purification or desalination) and
installation of pipe-net.
In India, more than 50 % of the country’s population lacks
access to safe drinking water. Currently, the water scarcity problem is solved by
exploiting groundwater resources, transportation of water from other locations,
desalination of the saline water. Transportation of water from other locations or
regions is very expensive and desalination depends on the presence of saline
water resources which are usually rare in arid regions. Extraction of water from
air is remedial for the above problems. In 2007 EWA Tech Ltd establishes the
technology. The main features of the technology are no need for a long pipe
network; the air is a renewable source so the technology is secured and it can be
used anywhere in the world.

The device uses the principle of latent heat to convert water

vapour molecules into water droplets. In many countries like India, there are
many places which are situated in the temperate region; there are desert, rain
forest areas and even flooded areas where atmospheric humidity is imminent. But
resources of water are limited. In the past few years, some projects have already
been done to establish the concept of air condensation as well as the generation
of water with the help of Peltier devices, such as harvesting water for young trees
using Peltier plates that are powered by photovoltaic solar energy etc. So, this
project will be helping to extend the applications of such devices further in the
near future.

According to previous knowledge, we know that the

temperature requires to condense water is known as dew point temperature. Here,
the goal is to obtain that specific temperature practically or experimentally to
condense water with the help of some electronics devices. This project consists
of a thermoelectric Peltier (TEC) couple, which is used to create the environment

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of water condensing temperature or dew point, indeed conventional compressor
and evaporator system could also be used to condense water by simply
exchanging the latent heat of coolant inside the evaporator. The condensed water
will be collected to use for drinking purpose and various other uses.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Atul Ekad, Tejas Pawar, Nitish Yeole, Ajinkya Taksale, Aanand Gajjar
Studied on “Solar Powered Atmospheric Water Generator and overview on
AWG technologies”. In this paper, they have said that the Vapour compression
refrigeration system, can be utilized to generate fresh drinking water by
extracting water from humid ambient air by using the Cooling Condensation
process. In a cooling condensation based atmospheric water generator, a
compressor circulates refrigerant through a condenser and an evaporator coil
which cools the air surrounding it, lowering the air’s temperature to that of
dew point and causing water to condense. A controlled-speed fan pushes
filtered air over the coil. The resulting water is then passed into a holding tank
with a purification and filtration system to keep the water pure. Atmospheric
water generating technology offers 99.9% pure drinking water 365 days a
year. The atmospheric water generator is an environmentally safe source of
sustainable water.

2. Aditya Nandy, Sharmi Saha, Souradeep Ganguly, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay

designed “A Project on Atmospheric Water Generator with the Concept of
Peltier Effect”. This paper presents the method to develop a water
condensation system based on a thermoelectric cooler. The system consists of
cooling elements, heat exchange unit, and air circulation unit. A solar cell
panel unit with a relevant high current output drives the cooling elements
through a controlling circuit.

3. A.E. Kabeela, Mohamed Abdulazizb and Emad M.S. El-SaidIn studied on

“Solar-based atmospheric water generator utilisation of a freshwater
recovery: A numerical study” has done thermodynamic analysis for a Peltier
device which is used to develop a device that uses the principle of latent heat
to convert molecules of water vapour into water droplets called the

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Atmospheric Water Generator. It has been introduced a bit before, though it
is not very common in India and some other countries. It has a great
application standing on such age of technology where we all are running
behind renewable sources. Here, the goal is to obtain that specific
temperature, called the dew point temperature, practically or
experimentally to condense water from atmospheric humid air with the help
of thermoelectric Peltier (TEC) couple.

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 CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

EXTRACTION OF FRESH WATER FROM ATMOSPHERIC AIR

The worlds two-third portion is covered with the water. 97% of the total water is
salt water. The fresh water is 2.5%. In this accessible water is only 1.6%
remaining is groundwater and water seen in the glaciers. 3% of this accessible
water is contributed by the atmosphere. At any given time each square kilometer
of air, almost everywhere on the globe, contains 10-40 thousands metric ton of
water, sufficient to supply at least 100,000 people with all their water
consumption or at least 2 million people for drinking only. The idea of collecting
humidity from thin air is actually not new; there are several tries which were done
in order to get the water from the air humidity. Extracting water from air occurs
naturally as well as by men made technologies. The importance of the
implementation of technologies for the extraction of water from air results from
four main reasons:
1) In many regions drinking water is not available or insufficient;

2) In many regions where water is available the water is polluted;

3) Tens of percentages of the global population have no access to piped fresh

water; and

4) Infrastructures expansion cannot overtake the rapid growth of the population,

industrial development and developing agricultural needs.

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3.1 Cooling Condensation Method

Fig 3.1 Schematic representation of cooling condensation

In a cooling condensation method, a compressor circulates refrigerant

through a condenser and then an evaporator coil which cools the air
surrounding it. This lowers the air temperature to its dew point, causing water
to condense. A controlled-speed fan pushes filtered air over the coil. The
resulting water is then passed into a holding tank with purification and
filtration system to help keep the water pure and reduce the risk posed by
viruses and bacteria which may be collected from the ambient air on the
evaporator coil by the condensing water. The rate at which water can be
produced depends on relative humidity and ambient air temperature and size
of the compressor. Atmospheric water generators become more effective as
relative humidity and air temperature increase. As a rule of thumb, cooling
condensation atmospheric water generators do not work efficiently when the

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temperature falls below 18.3°C (65°F) or the relative humidity drops below
30%. This means they are relatively inefficient when located inside air-
conditioned offices. The cost-effectiveness of an atmospheric water generator
depends on the capacity of the machine, local humidity and temperature
conditions and the cost to power the unit.

Six types of filters were widely used in water treatment,

which basically are: (i) air-filters, which consist of two types of filters: (a)
electrostatic filter, the one into which air passes before being condensed and
converted into water. Our electrostatic filter effectively prevents
microparticles and dust from entering the machine; while the second one (b)
carbon filter functions as taste and odor remover. The second filter (ii) UV
filter: the waters collected from the air, passes through a germicidal UV
system to ensure water is fully disinfected double-pass UV, which allows
water to pass through and to be treated using strong UV rays; the third filter.
(iii) Sediment filter, which removes any suspended particles remain that in the
water. (iv) Pre-carbon filter: removes chlorine, bad taste, odor, sediment
extant, and sediment. It mainly removes lead, copper, chloroform, chemical
residuals, herbicides, pesticides, and other volatile organic compounds. (v)
Ultrafiltration cartridge: it is simply a bundle of permanently hydrophilic
(water-loving) capillary membrane filters. These filters have a highly porous,
asymmetric structure in which the incoming water follows a path from the
large pores on the outside wall to the small pores on the inside wall. Ultra-
filter patented low-pressure membrane technology is unique for its high flow
rates at minimal pressure requirements, and of its very tight pore size control
(0.01 micron). This result is incomparable to the removal of organic
contaminants, bacteria, and cysts; finally. (vi) Post-carbon block filter that it
removes extant odor and improves water taste.

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 3.2 Atmospheric Water Generator with Peltier effect using solar
energy

Peltier couple: The Peltier thermoelectric device has two sides( a p-type and an
n-type semiconductor), and when DC current flows through the device, it brings
heat from one side to other, so that one side gets cooler while the opposite one
gets hotter. This is called the Peltier effect and the electron-hole theory. Peltier
coolers consist of a Peltier element and a powerful heat sink/fan combination.
Peltier elements come in various forms and shapes. Typically, they consist of a
larger amount of thermocouples arranged in rectangular form and packaged
between two thin ceramic plates. This type of device is so powerful that it can
freeze a good amount of water within several minutes. A conventional cooling
system contains three fundamental parts-the evaporators, compressor, and
condenser. A TEC also has some analogous parts. Energy (heat) is absorbed by
electrons at the cold junction, as they pass from a low energy level in the p-type
semiconductor element to a higher energy level in the n-type semiconductor
element. It is the power supply that provides the energy to make those electrons
to move through the system. At the hot junction, energy is expelled to a heat sink
as electrons move from a high energy level element (n-type) to a lower energy
level element (p-type).

Fig 3.2 Overview of Peltier device

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Practically TE couples are combined in a module, connected electrically in series
and thermally in parallel to obtain a promising output. But it will be inconvenient
to use such a device that has less advantageous work done to power ratio. There
are modules available in the market according to a variety of sizes, shapes,
operating voltages-currents and ranges of heat pumping capacity. The present
trend, however, is towards a larger number of couples operating at lower currents;
before choosing an efficient device, some parameters must be determined.

These are:

TC: Temperature at Cold Surface.

TH: Temperature at Hot Surface.

This TH incorporates two major parameters:

1. The efficiency of the device i.e. between the hot surface of the TEC and the
ambient environment.

2. The temperature of the ambient environment into which the heat is being
rejected.

QC: The heat to be absorbed in the Cold Surface. The object to be cooled is
intimately confined with the cold surface of TEC, thus the temperature of that
object starts falling until it is as same as the temperature of the cold surface of the
TEC.

Now, ΔT can be defined as ΔT = TH – TC

This conflict should be accurately determined if the design is to operate as

desired. The ratio of QC to P is the heat absorbed at the cold junction, divided by
the input power i.e. QC / P is known as COP which is often used to pick out the
better device.

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 Fig 3.3 working of Peltier effect

OPERATION:

According to the previous elaboration, the objective is to calculate the dew point
temperature Tdp from the gathered information about the ambient
environment in which the device is going to run. Once the dew point
temperature is obtained, the Peltier coefficient (ration of the rate at which heat
is evolved or absorbed at a junction of two metals in the Peltier effect to the
current passing thru the junction) and the current rating of the TEC can also be
obtained. As soon as the device is powered the hot side starts getting hotter and
cold side cooler; reaching the dew point temperature. The cooler side of TEC
starts to cool the air passing through it and the water vapours start to condense.
It is important to keep in mind that when TEC starts it takes a longer time to
actually produce water, though it reaches the dew point temperature readily,
after some time the process stabilizes to produce sufficient water according to
the experimental results of this project.

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The solar cell unit is to be installed in this system, rated as the output of 12 V
with the maximum output power of 120 W, evidently which is able to supply
enough power to keep running three 40 W (3.5 A) Peltier coolers (TEC1)
connected in parallel. The Peltier device has a dimension of 4x4x0.8 cm. The
maximum temperature difference i.e. ∆T of 87°C. A 3000rpm, 15x15cm (size of
TEC1) fan that is capable of producing an airflow of at most 500 cfm is used for
circulation of the air. The heat sinks are made of aluminum and anodized. The
activated carbon filter is used for water filtration. Two temperature sensors and a
PIC16F872 or ATmega series microcontroller can be used for temperature
control.

Explanation of AWG:

Fig 3.4: Project design of Atmospheric Water Generator

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The solar cell unit installed in this project was rated as the output of 12 V with
the maximum output power of 120 W, which is able to supply enough power to
keep running three 40 W (3.5 A) Peltier coolers (TEC) connected in parallel. The
Peltier device has a dimension of 4x4x0.8 cm. The maximum temperature
difference i.e. ΔT of 87°C. A 3000rpm, 15x15cm (size of TEC) fan that is capable
of producing an airflow of max 500cfm is used for circulation of the air. The heat
sinks are made of aluminum and anodized. An activated carbon filter is used for
water filtration. Two temperature sensors and a microcontroller used for
temperature control.

Air capacity of holding water-vapour varies according to the temperature of the

air and humidity. The warmer the air, the more water vapour it can hold. The
moisture air is pumped first into the tube thus the cold side of the Peltier element
helps to decrease the air temperature.

So, as the air cools down, its capacity of holding water decreases and water
moisture starts condensing. The air is then passed through to the hotter side of
TEC that cools the temperature of the hot side, as shown in the above diagram.
This is necessary to keep running of the Peltier device; otherwise, the temperature
will increase at the hot side so much that the device could be damaged. This warm
air can be sent to the cooler side to increase the water generation, as described
earlier. The condensed water falls into a reservoir then passes through a filter
(optional).

When testing an assembly of this type it is important to monitor temperature and

relative humidity. Measuring the temperature and the humidity of the cooling
inlet and outlet air, as well as flow rates, is necessary to build a closed-loop
control unit. It is built using TC1046 Sensor and a PIC16F872 or ATmega series
microcontroller to control the system and keeping the temperature of the
circulating air above the water freezing point. It senses the temperature of two
sides of TEC1 by using two temperature sensors and accordingly follows an
algorithm to control the fan’s speed as well as system safety. According to the
output, and a bit estimation it is observed that this system can produce almost 1
Litre of condensed water per hour during the daylight when it is running at its
optimum working condition.

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Advantages of this device over the conventional device:

There are a lot of advantages of TEC over the conventional refrigeration system.

o No moving part, so maintenance is required less frequently.

o No use of chlorofluorocarbons.
o Temperature control within fractions of degrees can be maintained.
o Flexible shape (form factor); in particular, they can have a very small size.
Ideal for modern technology trends.
o Can be used in environments that are smaller or more severe than
conventional refrigeration.
o Has a long life, with a mean time between failures (MTBF) exceeding
almost 100,000 hours.
o Controllable via changing the input voltage/current very easily.
o Draw comparatively low current than a compressor-based refrigeration
system.

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 CHAPTER 4

THEORETICAL CALCULATION

4.1 Dew point temperature calculation

Dew-point temperature (Tdp) is the temperature at which humidity in the air
starts condensing at the same rate at which it is evaporating at a given constant
barometric pressure.

Dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a

thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture.
DBT is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the
true thermodynamic temperature.

Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapour to
the equilibrium vapour pressure of water at the same temperature.

The dew point is the saturation temperature for water in the air. The dew point
is associated with relative humidity. A high relative humidity implies that the
dew point is closer to the current air temperature. Relative humidity of 100%
indicates the dew point is equal to the current temperature and that the air is
maximally saturated with water. When the moisture content remains constant
and temperature increases, relative humidity decreases.

This calculation forms an important part of this project as this helps us to

determine at temperature the Peltier device must be maintained in order to
condense the humidity present in the air at the given atmospheric condition.

A well-known approximation used to calculate the dew point, Tdp, given just
the actual ("dry bulb") air temperature, T and relative humidity (in percent), RH,
is the Magnus formula:

(𝑇, 𝑅𝐻) = 𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑅𝐻 /100) + 𝑏𝑇/( 𝑐 + T)

.

(Where, b = 17.67 & c = 243.50C and T is in C)

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 Table 1. Dew point temperature calculations at 350C and different relative
humidity conditions
Dry Bulb Temp. Relative Humidity Required Dewm point
(in C) (%) Temp. (in C)
35 45 21.36839262
35 50 23.0900802
35 55 24.66719049
35 60 26.12347831
35 65 27.47719267
35 70 28.74266924
35 75 29.9313834
35 80 31.0526698
35 85 32.11422798
35 90 33.12248638
35 95 34.08286984
35 100 35

Table 2. Dew point temperature calculations at 450C and different relative

humidity conditions
Dry Bulb Temp. Required Dew point
(in C) Relative Humidity (%)
Temp. (in C)
45 45 30.5134486
45 50 32.34311659
45 55 34.01913972
45 60 35.56676266
45 65 37.00537897
45 70 38.3502234
45 75 39.61349107
45 80 40.80510205
45 85 41.9332388
45 90 43.00473291
45 95 44.02534948
45 100 45

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 4.2 Amount of water (in L) present in 1m3 of air for different
humidity and temperature conditions

Saturation Pressure (Ps) is the pressure of a vapour which is in

equilibrium with its liquid (as steam with water) i.e. the maximum pressure
possible by water vapour at a given temperature. The saturation pressure
of water at different atmospheric temperature is obtained from the
commercially available steam tables.

Air is a mixture of both air molecules and water molecules. Partial Pressure of
water (PW) is the pressure of water vapour present in a mixture of air and water
vapour.

Relative Humidity (RH) is the ratio of partial pressure of water (Pw) to that
of saturation pressure (Ps) i.e.

𝑅𝐻 = 𝑃𝑤 /𝑃𝑠 × 100

Thus from saturation pressure (Ps) and relative humidity (RH) data partial
pressure of water (Pw) can be obtained as

𝑃𝑤 = 𝑅𝐻 /100 × 𝑃s

Humidity Ratio gives the volume of water (in m3) present in 1m3 of air.
Humidity ratio can also be expressed in terms of partial pressure of water (Pw) as

𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.622 × (𝑃𝑤/ (𝑃𝑎 – 𝑃w))

Humidity ratio gives the amount of water (in m3) present in 1m3 of air. Also,
we know that 1m3 is equal to 1000 liters. Thus multiplying humidity ratio by
1000 gives the maximum amount of water (in liters) that is present in 1m3 of
air.

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 Table 3. Amount of water which can be obtained by processing 1m3of air at
35% relative humidity for different temperature conditions

Temp. Saturation Relative Partial Humidity Amount of

Pressure-Ps (in bar) Humidity Pressure of Ratio (Amount water (in l)
from the (in %) water-Pw (in of water in
psychometric chart bar) 1m^3 of air)

25 0.03167 35 0.0110845 0.006879661 6.879661094

26 0.03361 35 0.0117635 0.007306037 7.306036577
27 0.03565 35 0.0124775 0.007755014 7.755014251
28 0.03779 35 0.0132265 0.00822669 8.226689673
29 0.04005 35 0.0140175 0.008725582 8.725581884
30 0.04241 35 0.0148435 0.009247393 9.24739272
31 0.04492 35 0.015722 0.009803318 9.803317802
32 0.04755 35 0.0166425 0.010386872 10.38687246
33 0.05031 35 0.0176085 0.011000432 11.00043238
34 0.0532 35 0.01862 0.011644169 11.64416919
35 0.05624 35 0.019684 0.012322732 12.32273246
36 0.05942 35 0.020797 0.013034102 13.03410237
37 0.06276 35 0.021966 0.013782984 13.78298449
38 0.06626 35 0.023191 0.014569639 14.56963878
39 0.06992 35 0.024472 0.015394339 15.39433928
40 0.07376 35 0.025816 0.016261899 16.26189902
41 0.07779 35 0.0272265 0.017174928 17.17492839
42 0.08201 35 0.0287035 0.018133808 18.1338078
43 0.08642 35 0.030247 0.019138939 19.13893854
44 0.09103 35 0.0318605 0.020193033 20.19303345
45 0.09585 35 0.0335475 0.021298859 21.29885858

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Table 4. Amount of water which can be obtained by processing 1m3of air at
45% relative humidity for different temperature conditions

Temp. Saturation Relative Partial Humidity Ratio Amount of

Pressure-Ps (in Humidity Pressure of (Amount of water (in l)
bar) from (in %) water-Pw water in 1m^3
psychometric (in bar) of air)
chart
25 0.03167 45 0.0142515 0.00887332 8.87331963
26 0.03361 45 0.0151245 0.009425106 9.425106362
27 0.03565 45 0.0160425 0.010006378 10.00637781
28 0.03779 45 0.0170055 0.010617294 10.61729425
29 0.04005 45 0.0180225 0.011263751 11.26375125
30 0.04241 45 0.0190845 0.011940224 11.94022424
31 0.04492 45 0.020214 0.012661281 12.66128116
32 0.04755 45 0.0213975 0.013418573 13.41857282
33 0.05031 45 0.0226395 0.014215243 14.21524302
34 0.0532 45 0.02394 0.015051581 15.05158141
35 0.05624 45 0.025308 0.015933705 15.93370461
36 0.05942 45 0.026739 0.01685907 16.85907
37 0.06276 45 0.028242 0.01783389 17.83388967
38 0.06626 45 0.029817 0.018858605 18.8586045
39 0.06992 45 0.031464 0.01993368 19.93368005
40 0.07376 45 0.033192 0.021065512 21.06551245
41 0.07779 45 0.0350055 0.022257647 22.25764724
42 0.08201 45 0.0369045 0.023510734 23.51073365
43 0.08642 45 0.038889 0.024825458 24.82545792
44 0.09103 45 0.0409635 0.026205544 26.20554435
45 0.09585 45 0.0431325 0.02765481 27.65480986

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Table 5. Amount of water which can be obtained by processing 1m3of air at
70 % relative humidity for different temperature conditions

Temp. Saturation Relative Partial Humidity Ratio Amount of

Pressure-Ps (in Humidity Pressure of (Amount of water (in l)
bar) from (in %) water-Pw water in 1m^3
psychometric (in bar) of air)
chart
25 0.03167 70 0.022169 0.01391321 13.91320992
26 0.03361 70 0.023527 0.014785747 14.78574712
27 0.03565 70 0.024955 0.015705847 15.70584694
28 0.03779 70 0.026453 0.016673912 16.67391166
29 0.04005 70 0.028035 0.017699456 17.69945646
30 0.04241 70 0.029687 0.018773901 18.7739006
31 0.04492 70 0.031444 0.019920603 19.92060346
32 0.04755 70 0.033285 0.02112654 21.12654023
33 0.05031 70 0.035217 0.022396968 22.3969682
34 0.0532 70 0.03724 0.023732626 23.73262569
35 0.05624 70 0.039368 0.025143596 25.14359645
36 0.05942 70 0.041594 0.02662616 26.62615988
37 0.06276 70 0.043932 0.02819065 28.19064951
38 0.06626 70 0.046382 0.029838203 29.83820335
39 0.06992 70 0.048944 0.031570029 31.5700286
40 0.07376 70 0.051632 0.033396946 33.39694556
41 0.07779 70 0.054453 0.035325273 35.32527323
42 0.08201 70 0.057407 0.037356714 37.35671444
43 0.08642 70 0.060494 0.039493079 39.49307903
44 0.09103 70 0.063721 0.041741181 41.74118115
45 0.09585 70 0.067095 0.04410809 44.10809011

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 CHAPTER 5
APPLICATION OF EXTRA CTION OF WATER FROM
AIR

An atmospheric water generator (AWG) is a device that extracts water from

humid ambient air. Water vapour in the air is condensed by cooling the air below
its dew point, exposing the air to desiccants, or pressurizing the air. Unlike a
dehumidifier, an AWG is designed to render the water potable. AWGs are useful
where pure drinking water is difficult or impossible to obtain because there is
almost always a small amount of water in the air that can be extracted.

The leading manufacturers of AWG are

1. Watermakers (India)

2. Konia (Australia)

4.1 Water Maker

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4.2 Konia

In this device, the water generator is separated from the purifier and they can
be sold separately. The water generators can make from 30L – 74L per day.
The cost of the production varies from Rs 7,500 – 25,000.

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4.3 EXTRACTION OF WATER FROM AIR TECHNOLOGY IN
AGRICULTURE

Edward Linacre, the winner of James Dyson grand prize for the year
2011 for the invention of airdrop irrigation. In Airdrop irrigation the Device
extracts water from driest air for delivering it directly to plant root. The main
principle of Linacre invention is very simple. He actually used the fact that the
arid areas have a hot temperature, where the underground soil is actually cooler.
Hence, he made a pumping device that pushes the surrounding air with humidity
under the ground to pass through pipes network where the humidity will start
condensing on the internal walls of pipes, then, the water drops will leak from the
pipes directly to the roots of plants in that field. Based on Linacre’s calculations,
the device should be able to provide approximately 11.5 ml of water for every
one cubic meter.

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4.3 FUTURE WORK

1. On running the device, initially condensation started and water droplets

were formed on the cold surface of the Peltier device. But subsequently,
due to the deposition of these water droplets, the thermal conductivity of
the region decreased as water is not a good thermal conductor. Hence the
condensation process slowed down subsequently. In order to increase the
output in the future, a wiping mechanism may be incorporated in the
device so as to increase the condensation rate.

2. Peltier device has many types of models which are much efficient than
TEC1. Those can be used

3. The concept of this project can also be used as a better alternative in

refrigeration science against conventional systems.

4. As the project aims at producing water from the atmosphere and

keeping this device handy, large sized scrubbers are not used for better
air filtration. Scrubbers can remove all the oxides from the air. For large
implementation, it can be handled.

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 CONCLUSION

New weather patterns appeared in our world in the past

century, and that caused lots of confusion for humans who used to expect only
one weather pattern per season in certain areas. However, this is not the case in
the current days, which means that people have to change their behaviours in so
many ways if they want to have a good life quality for future generations.
However, it is obvious that finding sustainable alternatives of the traditional
natural sources is one of the most important issues that should be studied and
developed, whether for an energy source, or water sources. Finally, in this report,
we talked about the way of harvesting water from thin air, and these ideas
mentioned above can solve the poorer arid areas water problems with less prices
inventions that they can buy or maybe produce their selves. We can produce an
unlimited supply of water without environmental pollution for the current water
scarcity problem. Air-water is a renewable source of water so technology is a
secured source for the future.

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 REFERENCE

[1]. Atul Ekad, Tejas Pawar, Nitish Yeole, Ajinkya Taksale, Aanand Gajjar,
“Solar Powered Atmospheric Water Generator and overview on AWG
technologies” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, January 2018.
[2]. Aditya Nandy, Sharmi Saha, Souradeep Ganguly, Sharmistha
Chattopadhyay, “A Project on Atmospheric Water Generator with the
Concept of Peltier Effect” International Journal of Advanced Computer
Research, Volume-4 Number-2 ,June-2014.
[3]. A.E. Kabeela, Mohamed Abdulazizb, and Emad M.S. El-SaidIn , “Solar-
based atmospheric water generator utilization of a freshwater recovery:
A numerical study” International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2014.
[4]. Anurag Tripathi, Samir Tushar , Saurabh Pal, Shoumik Lodh, Shashank
Tiwari, Prof. R. S. Desai, “Atmospheric Water Generator” International
Journal of Enhanced Research in Science, Technology & Engineering, Vol.
5 Issue 4, April-2016.
[5]. T. Anbarasu, S. Pavithra, “Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
Generating Fresh Water from Humidity In the Air” 2011.
[6]. Kiara Pontious, Brad Weidner, Nima Guerin, Andrew Dates, Olga
Pierrakos, and Karim Altaii, “Design of an Atmospheric Water Generator:
Harvesting Water Out of Thin Air” 2016 IEEE Systems and Information
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