Metode Pelaksanaan

danAlat Berat

04
Modul ke:

METODE PELAKSANAAN
BANGUNAN BAWAH TANAH

Fakultas
Teknik

Program Studi
B. DETTY KUSSUMARDIANADEWI, ST, MT
Teknik Sipil
 TUNNEL DESCRIPTION

1. Made into natural material (rocks)

2. Empty inside
3. Carry the loads itself
4. Both ends are open to atmosphere
5. Generally horizontal
6. Thick walled structure looks like cylinder
1- Kilit (anahtar) taşı........................Key stone
2- Kemer...........................................Arch
3- Ayak (duvar)................................Wall
4- Taban...........................................Floor
5- Üzengi..........................................Bench
6- Üzengi çizgisi (düzeyi)...............Bench line or plane
7- Kalot............................................Top heading
8- Stros............................................Invert
9- Ano..............................................Ano (unit)
Tunnel Section for Swelling Ground

1- Digging section
2- Support
3- Swelling section
4- Pressurized area
5- Flow direction of water
 SURFACE EXCAVATIONS
• Deformation & failure
 UNDERGROUND EXCAVATIONS
• In Rock
• In Sediment
• Stability & Arching
• Water
– Dry tunnel...............above water table
– Wet tunnel..............below water table
• Gases
– Carbon dioxide (CO2)
– Carbon monoxide (CO)
– Methane (CH4)
– Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
– Other gases
• Gas bursts......................gaz patlaması
• Rock falls........................kaya düşmesi
• Rock bursts....................kaya fırlaması
• Squeezing ground..........şişen – kabaran zemin
• Temperature
• Subsidence
EXPLORATION & INVESTIGATIONS RELATED of
SLOPE STABILITY

• Geomorphologic maping and preparation of longitudinal

& cross sections
• Geological maping & surveyings (aerial photographs)
• Geophysical surveyings
• Underground explorations, boreholes
• Ground water surveyings
• Laboratory tests
• Model studies
 SUBSURFACE EXCAVATIONS
1. GEOLOGY
1. Soil profile or hard rock geology
2. Structure
3. Ground water (hydrogeology)
4. Stability

2. INVESTIGATIONS
1. Mapping (Topographic, geologic, etc...)
2. Geophysical surveying (especially seismic velocity of
rocks)
3. Trial pits & boreholes
4. General and local stability analysis
5. Decide to excavation method
 UNDERGROUND EXCAVATIONS

• Adit, shaft, incline, large chamber

• Tunnel
• Subway ~ metro
• Underpass
• Shelter
• Power house
• Ware house, store, mining ...etc
 FACTORS EFFECTING
EXCAVATION of ROCKS

• Mineralogical composition of rocks

• Texture & fabric
• Petrographic features
• Structure
• Rock mass
• Strike & dip of beds in relation to face of excavation
• Intensity of tectonic disturbances
• Degreee of weathering
 RESISTANCE of ROCKS to EXCAVATION

• Loose soils
• Soil easy to spade (bel ile kazmak)
• Soil easy to dig
• Crumbling weak rocks (ufalamak)
• Rocks easy to blast
• Rocks difficult to blast
• Rocks very difficult to blast
 SHIELD TUNNELLING METHOD

• This method involves the use of shield machine to drive the

tunnels below the ground.
• After completion of a work shaft, the shield machine is
lowered into the shaft and assembled there before excavation
and construction of the tunnels using precast concrete lining
segments of about 1.2 meter width.
• This construction method causes minimal disruption to traffic
and the environment because all the work takes place below
ground and the ground level environment is unaffected.
 CUT and COVER TUNNELLING METHOD

• This construction method, whereby the site is fully excavated,

the structure built and then covered over, uses diaphragm
walls as temporary retaining walls within the site area.
• Step one :Construction of diaphragm walls, pin piles, and
decking.
• Step two :Excavation within the diaphragm walls, installing
struts as work progresses.
• Step three :Construction of permanent floor slabs and walls.
• Step four : Fitting out the internal structures, backfilling, and
reinstating the surface structures.
 TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine)

1. Mechanical-support TBM
2. Compressed-air TBM
3. Slurry shield TBM
4. Earth pressure balance machine
5. Mixed-face shield TBM
 1- Mechanical Support TBM

• A mechanical-support TBM has a full-face

cutterhead which provides face support by
constantly pushing the excavated material
ahead of the cutterhead against the
surrounding ground.
 2- Compressed-Air TBM

• A compressed-air TBM can have either a full-

face cutterhead or excavating arms.
Confinement is achieved by pressurizing the
air in the cutter chamber.
 3- Slurry Shield TBM

• A slurry shield TBM has a full-face cutterhead.

Confinement is achieved by pressurizing
boring fluid inside the cutterhead chamber.
 4- Earth Pressure Balance Machine

• An earth pressure balance machine has a full-

face cutterhead. Confinement is achieved by
pressurizing the excavated material in the
cutterhead chamber.
 5- Mix-Face Shield TBM

• Mix-face shield TBMs have full-face

cutterheads and can work inclosed or open
mode and with different confinement
techniques.
 EFFECT of GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES to
TUNNEL EXCAVATION

• Effect of soil layers: horizontal, vertical and

inclined layers have different kinds of loading
conditions for tunnels.
• Effect of faults: the relation between the fault
slope direction and the tunnel direction, width of
the fault zone, type and thickness of the fill
material and the hydrostatic pressures in both
sides of the fault are some problems in the
tunnelling.

Relation between the fault zone and the tunnel

• Tunnel excavations in the slopes: the discontinuities
(layers, fissures) inclined inside or outside of the
slope are very important regarding the stress and
strength of the tunnel.
 • Effect of the folds: While tunnel is excavated in an
area that contains folded rocks, different stresses and
conditions may occur depending on the fold type.

Fold axis and the tunnel direction is vertical Fold axis and the tunnel direction is parallel
 CLASSIFICATION of ROCKS for
TUNNELING PURPOSES
• Classification of rocks for engineering purposes is
needed in analyzing the project costs and to obtain
an economic and reliable solution.

• The classification of the rocks, that the tunnel will be

constructed in, is first done by Terzaghi. But, it is too
general and gives qualitative results.
 Terima Kasih
B. DETTY KUSSUMARDIANADEWI, ST, MT