CONVEYER

A transport framework (transport line) is a mechanical assembly intended to transport things

through a zone with speed, productivity, and least human work. At the point when a great
many people think about a transport line, they properly envision a distribution center with
transport lines stacked with boxes winding through an office.

The transport line framework, its most essential structure, comprises of a belt of texture
extended between two pulleys, with something like one pulley working under power. The
pulley under power is the drive pulley, while the inactive pulley is apropos called the idler. The
belt, which is the vehicle medium, is folded over the pulleys in a shut circle which enables it to
turn around them. This activity permits things, materials, and articles put on the belt to be
quickly moved starting with one area in a region then onto the next.

The transport line itself is commonly a two-sided medium, with the contrasting materials on
each side filling a one of a kind need. The underside of the belt, called the remains, is made out
of a harsh, tough material to give quality and sturdiness. The top layer, called the spread, is
equipped with the material most appropriate for the things or items to be transported. This
material is generally gentler, similar to elastic or plastic.

Transport frameworks have served a critical job in the assembling and modern divisions for
over a hundred years. At the point when there is a need to transport massive, awkward, or just
a vast volume of things, materials, or items through a structure in a convenient and systematic
issue, transport frameworks are essential. They stay solid, tough, modest, and durable parts of
any computerized warehousing and appropriation activity. They're additionally viewed as a
work sparing framework that offices the quick and prearranged stream of substantial volumes
of materials through a procedure, making it conceivable to get, transport, and ship with
decreased work cost.
Conveyor systems are fashioned in many styles and configurations depending on their planned
utility. There are, for example, horizontally oriented conveyor belts like the kind you’d find in a
warehouse, vertical conveyor belts for transporting items up an incline or a grade, and circular
conveyor belts used for airport baggage claims.

Types of Conveyors:

• Belt driven roller conveyor

• Flexible conveyor

• Gravity conveyor

• Gravity skate wheel conveyor

• Belt conveyor

• Wire mesh conveyors

• Plastic belt conveyors

• Bucket conveyors

• Flexible conveyors

• Vertical conveyors

• Spiral conveyors

• Vibrating conveyors

• Pneumatic conveyors

• Aero mechanical conveyors

• Electric track vehicle systems

• Belt driven live roller conveyors

• Line shaft roller conveyor

• Chain conveyor
 • Screw conveyor or auger conveyor

• Chain driven live roller conveyor

• Overhead I-beam conveyors

• Dust proof conveyors

• Pharmaceutical conveyors

• Automotive conveyors

• Overland conveyor

• Drag Conveyor

Pneumatic conveyor systems

Every pneumatic system uses pipes or ducts called transportation lines that carry a mixture of
materials and a stream of air. These materials are free flowing powdery materials like cement
and fly ash. Products are moved through tubes by air pressure. Pneumatic conveyors are either
carrier systems or dilute-phase systems; importer systems simply push items from one entry
point to one exit point, such as the money-exchanging pneumatic tubes used at a bank drive-
through window. Dilute-phase systems use push-pull pressure to guide materials through
various entry and exit points. Air compressors or blowers can be used to generate the air flow.
Three systems used to generate high-velocity air stream are:
1. Suction or vacuum systems, utilizing a vacuum created in the pipeline to draw the material with
the surrounding air. The system operated at a low pressure, which is practically 0.4–0.5 atm
below atmosphere, and is utilized mainly in conveying light free flowing materials.
2. Pressure-type systems, in which a positive weight is used to push material from one point to
the next. The system is ideal for conveying material from one loading point to a number of
unloading points. It operates at a pressure of 6 atm and upwards.
3. Combination systems, in which a suction system is used to convey material from a number of
loading points and a pressure system is employed to deliver it to a number of unloading points.

Aero mechanical conveyors

Aero mechanical conveyors have a tubular design where a cable association, with evenly spaced
polyurethane discs, move at high speed. The cable assembly runs in specially designed sprockets at each
corner and each end of the conveyor. The action of the cable assembly traveling at high speed creates
an air stream running at the same velocity. As the material is fed into the airstream, it is fluidized and
conveyed to the outlet where it is centrifugally ejected. All conveying takes place in a totally sealed
tubular system which ensures the dust-free transfer of even the finest powders. Because of the total
transfer proficiency of aero mechanical conveyors cleaning is not necessary for most applications. To
avoid cross-contamination of product it is often enough to simply purge the conveyor with a sacrificial
quantity of material. Security connected cleaning/assessment seals can be fitted to both the
passing on cylinders and the sprocket lodgings. Also, air mechanical transports fitted with wash
doors and channels can be washed through with water or another cleaning liquid. Normal uses
for air control driven transports are the exchange of nourishment fixings and rough or
destructive substance industry items.

Vibrating transport frameworks

A Vibrating Conveyor is a machine with a strong passing on surface which is turned up as an

afterthought to frame a trough. They are utilized widely in sustenance grade applications to
pass on dry mass solids where sanitation, washdown, and low support are fundamental.
Vibrating transports are additionally reasonable for unforgiving, exceptionally hot, grimy, or
destructive settings. They can be utilized to pass on recently thrown metal parts which may
reach upwards of 1,500 °F (820 °C). Because of the fixed idea of the passing on container
vibrating transports can likewise perform assignments, for example, arranging, screening,
ordering and situating parts. Vibrating transports have been worked to pass on material at
points surpassing 45° from level utilizing uncommon skillet shapes. Level container will pass on
most materials at a 5° Incline from flat line.

Adaptable transport frameworks

The adaptable transport depends on a transport shaft in aluminum or tempered steel, with low
rubbing slide rails administrative a plastic multi-flexing chain. Items to be passed on movement
legitimately on the transport, or on beds/bearers. These transports can be worked around
snags and keep generation lines streaming. They are made at different dimensions and can
work in various situations. They are utilized in nourishment bundling, case pressing, and
pharmaceutical organizations yet additionally in retail locations, for example, Wal-Mart and
Kmart.

Vertical transport frameworks and winding transports

Vertical transport - additionally usually alluded to as cargo lifts and material lifts - are transport
frameworks used to raise or lower materials to various dimensions of an office amid the taking
care of procedure. Instances of these transports connected in the mechanical get together
procedure incorporate transporting materials to various floors. While comparative in hope to
cargo lifts, vertical transports are not prepared to transport individuals, just materials.

Vertical lift transports contain two nearby, parallel transports for synchronous upward
development of adjoining surfaces of the parallel transports. One of the transports typically has
separated flights (container) for transporting mass nourishment things. The double transports
pivot in inverse ways, yet are worked from one rigging box to guarantee equivalent belt speed.
One of the transports is vitally pivoted to the next transport for vacillation the critically
connected transport far from the rest of the transport for access to the confronting surfaces of
the parallel transports. Vertical lift transports can be physically or naturally stacked and
controlled. Practically all vertical transports can be methodicallly coordinated with level
transports, since both of these transport frameworks exertion couple to make a firm material
taking care of mechanical production system. In similitude to vertical transports, winding
transports raise and lower materials to various dimensions of an office. Conversely, winding
transports can transport material loads in a ceaseless stream. Ventures that require a mind
boggling yield of materials - nourishment and refreshment, retail case bundling,
pharmaceuticals - normally join these transports into their frameworks over standard vertical
transports because of their capacity to ease high throughput. Most winding transports
additionally have a lower point of grade or decay (11 degrees or less) to counteract sliding and
tumbling amid activity.

Vertical conveyor with forks

Just like spiral conveyors also a vertical conveyor that use forks are able to transport material
loads in a continuous flow. With these forks the load can be taken from one horizontal
conveyor and put down on another horizontal conveyor on a different level. By adding more
forks more products can be lifted at the same time. Conventional vertical conveyors have the
restriction that the input and output of material loads must have the same direction. By using
forks many groupings of different input- and output levels in different directions are possible. A
vertical conveyor with forks can even be used as a vertical sorter. Compared to a spiral
conveyor a vertical conveyor - with or without forks - takes up less space.
Heavy duty roller conveyors
Heavy Duty roller conveyors are used for moving items that are at least 500 pounds (230 kg).
This type of conveyor makes the handling of such heavy equipment/products easier and more
time effective. Many of the heavy duty roller conveyors can move as fast as 75 feet per minute
(23 m/min).

Other types of heavy duty roller conveyors are gravity roller conveyor, chain driven live roller
conveyor, pallet accumulation conveyor, multi-strand chain conveyor, and chain & roller
transfers.

Gravity roller conveyors are extremely easy to use and are used in many different types of
industries such as automotive and retail.

Chain driven live roller conveyors are used for single or bi-directional material handling. Large
heavy loads are moved by chain driven live roller conveyors.

Pallet accumulation conveyors are powered through a mechanical clutch. This is used instead of
individually powered and controlled sections of conveyors.

Multi-strand chain conveyors are used for double pitch roller chains. Products that cannot be
moved on traditional roller conveyors can be moved by a multi-strand chain conveyor.
 Chain & roller conveyors are short runs of two or more strands of double pitch chain conveyor
built into a chain driven line roller conveyor. These pop up under the load and move the load
off of the conveyor.

PLC

In the most basic terms, a programmable logic controller (PLC) is a computer with a
microprocessor but has no keyboard, mouse or monitor.
It is a distinctive form of computer device designed for use in industrial control systems. It has a
strong construction and unique functional features such as sequential control, ease of
programming, timers and counters, easy-to-use hardware and reliable controlling capabilities.
The logic controllers are often tasked to control and monitor a very large number of sensors
and actuators. They are therefore different from other regular computer schemes in their
extensive I/O (input/output) arrangements.
In addition to being used as a special-purpose digital computer, the PLC can be used in other
control-system areas and industries.
Once programmed, the PLC will perform a sequence of events triggered by stimuli referred to
as inputs. It receives these stimuli through late actions such as counted occurrences or time
delays.
These special computer devices are different from regular computers such as PCs or
smartphones in that:
1. A PLC performs only a single set or sequence of tasks, with greater reliability and performance,
except when it is under real-time restraints. This is in contrast to regular PCs and smartphones
that are designed to execute any number of roles simultaneously within the Windows
framework.
2. The PLC has a number of features that you don’t find in normal computers, such as defense
from the open area conditions like heat, dust and cold.
3. It is low cost compared with other microcontroller systems. When you’re using a PLC in various
applications, you only need to change the software component for each application. With other
microcontroller systems however, you would have to variation the hardware components too
with different applications.
 This microprocessor- based controller includes a programmable memory that stores
instructions and trappings functions that include sequencing, timing, logic, arithmetic, and
counting.

How programmable logic controllers work

Each PLC system has three modules namely: CPU module, power supply module and one or
more input/output (I/O) module.
 CPU Module
This module is comprised of a central processor and its memory component. This processor
performs all the needed data computations and processing by receiving inputs and producing
corresponding outputs.
 Power supply module
PLC’s computer circuitry runs on a 5V DC output and this is supplied by the power supply
module. This is essentially the module responsible for powering up the system.
It receives AC power and converts it to DC power that the two other modules (CPU and
input/output modules) use.
 I/O Modules
The input/output modules are responsible for connecting the sensors and actuators to the PLC
system to sense the different parameters such as pressure, temperature, and flow.
The I/O modules can be digital or analogue.

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an industrial computer control system that

continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes verdicts based upon a custom
program to control the state of output devices. The basic units have a CPU (a computer
processor) that is dedicated to run one program that monitors a series of different inputs and
logically manipulates the outputs for the desired control. They are meant to be very flexible in
how they can be programmed while also providing the advantages of high reliability (no
program crashes or mechanical failures), compact and economical over traditional control
systems. In simple words, Programmable Logic Controllers are relay control systems put in a
very small package. This means that one PLC acts basically like a bunch of relays, counters,
timers, places for data storage, and a few numerous other things, all in one small package.

Fig: PLC internal architecture

Architecture of PLC: The central processing unit control everything according to a program
stored in a memory (RAM/ROM).Everything is interconnected by two buses, the address bus
and data bus. The system must be able and A/D converter.

AUTOMATION

Automation is the use of control systems such as computers to control industrial machinery and
process, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization,
automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human
operators with machinery to assist them with physical requirements of work, automation
greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Processes and
systems can also be automated. Automation Impacts:

1. It increases productivity and reduce cost.

2. It gives emphasis on flexibility and convertibility of manufacturing process. Hence gives
manufacturers the ability to easily switch from manufacturing products.

3. Automation is now often applied primarily to increase quality in the manufacturing process,
where automation can increase quality substantially.

4. Increase the consistency of output.

5. Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments.

Advantages of Automation:

1. Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work.

2. Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, endurance etc.

3. Economy improvement: Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or most

of humanity

HMI

Human machine interface (HMI) software enables operators to manage industrial and process
control machinery via a computer-based graphical user interface (GUI). The computer on which
HMI software is installed is called a human machine interface or HMI. There are two basic types
of HMI: supervisory level and machine level. Supervisory level HMI is designed for control room
environments and used for system control and data acquisition (SCADA), a process control
application which collects data from sensors on the shop floor and sends the information to a
central computer for processing. Machine level HMI uses embedded, machine-level devices
within the production facility itself. Most human machine interface (HMI) software is designed
for either supervisory level HMI or machine level HMI; however, applications that are suitable
for both types of HMI are also available. These software applications are more expensive, but
can eliminate redundancies and reduce long-term costs.
Selecting human machine interface (HMI) software requires an analysis of product
specifications and features. Important considerations include system architectures, standards
and platforms; ease of implementation, administration, and use; performance, scalability, and
integration; and total costs and pricing. Some human machine interface (HMI) software
provides data logging, alarms, security, forecasting, operations planning and control (OPC), and
ActiveX technologies. Others support data migration from legacy systems. Communication on
multiple networks can support up to four channels. Supported networks include ControlNet
and DeviceNet. ControlNet is a real-time, control-layer network that provides high-speed
transport of both time-critical I/O data and messaging data. DeviceNet is designed to connect
industrial devices such as limit switches, photoelectric cells, valve manifolds, motor starters,
drives, and operator displays to programmable logic controllers (PLC) and personal computers
(PC).

Human Machine Interface (HMI) Systems provide the controls by which a user operates a
machine, system, or instrument. Sophisticated HMI Systems enable reliable operations of
technology in every application, including high-speed trains, CNC machining centers,
semiconductor production equipment, and medical diagnostic and laboratory equipment. HMI
Systems encompass all the elements a person will touch, see, hear, or use to perform control
functions and receive feedback on those actions.

The task of an HMI System is to make the function of a technology self-evident to the user. A
well-designed HMI fits the user’s image of the task he or she will perform. The effectiveness of
the HMI can affect the acceptance of the entire system; in fact in many applications it can
impact the overall success or failure of a product. The HMI System is judged by its usability,
which includes how easy it is to learn as well as how productive the user can be.

It is the mission of everyone involved in the HMI design, the engineers, management, HMI
consultant, and industrial designer, to meet the defined usability requirements for a specific
HMI System.
A well-designed HMI System does more than just present control functions and information; it
provides an operator with intuitive active functions to perform, feedback on the results of
those actions, and information on the system’s performance.

How to Design an HMI System

A highly-reliable HMI System that delivers safe, cost-effective, consistent and intuitive
performance relies on the application of engineering best practices throughout design and
panel layout, production, testing, and quality assurance processes.

Just as critical, in-depth knowledge of and compliance with all relevant ergonomic, safety, and
industry standards must inform each step of the design and manufacturing cycle.

Clear definitions of the functional requirements, the operator’s level of expertise, and any
communications/interactions with other systems provide the starting point in the knowledge-
intensive design process.

Defining Operational/Functional Requirements

HMI_2The tools needed for effective operator control of the equipment as well as the
requirements of the overall application determine the selection of interface functions.

General Functionality

How many functions will be controlled by this interface? Where a single function might be
served by pushbutton, key lock, and rotary switches, multiple functions could require several
screen displays to cover operator functions and options. What kind of visual, auditory, or tactile
feedback will best serve the operator in performing the defined functions?

Does the operation require real-time indicators? Multiple data-entry points? How many times is
a button pressed? Are there safety considerations? Are emergency stop switches required?
Which standards apply – industry, safety, and international?

Degree of Input Complexity

Input can be as simple as an on/off switch or a touchscreen display. Touchscreen HMI Systems
are increasingly popular in public transaction applications, because they can simplify complex
operations and tolerate a moderate degree of rough use. Defining input requirements will help
decide which control technology is best suited for a specific application.

Operator Feedback
Feedback is critical to operator effectiveness and efficiency. Feedback can be visual, auditory,
tactile, or any combination necessary for the application. Feedback is essential in systems that
have no mechanical travel, such as a touchscreen or a capacitive device that when triggered has
no moving parts. In some cases feedback provides confirmation of an action, while in others it
adds to the functionality.

Interface/Interconnection with Other Systems

HMI Systems must be able to interface/interconnect with the system under control as well as
other related systems. For example, in an industrial setting the HMI might connect via hardwire
or a serial bus to I/O points that provide machine status. Additionally, it might be networked to
a manufacturing execution system and a supply logistics/inventory system.

Environmental Considerations

The application environment – encompassing both physical location and vertical industry
environment – determines HMI System durability requirements. Environmental stresses include
exposure to moisture and the elements, temperature extremes, wear and tear, vandalism, and
general rough use characteristic of harsh environments such as an industrial production floor.

Lifecycle Durability

Not only should the HMI System be rugged enough to withstand the elements and heavy use,
but it should also last for the duration of the equipment lifecycle. For example, a Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI) HMI System interface should last at least 10 years.

Style

HMI System style is a high priority for many consumer goods and especially luxury products. In
the marine industry, the consoles for high-performance racing boats feature contemporary
styling and an array of ergonomic technologies. HMI style considerations are effective when
they create a level of product differentiation that delivers a unique selling proposition.

Regulatory/Standards Considerations

A thorough knowledge of technical ergonomic, design, and manufacturing standards is

fundamental to HMI System design. These include engineering standards, such as MIL-STD-
1472F, which establishes human engineering design criteria for military systems, subsystems,
equipment, and facilities; federal standards set by the Americans With Disabilities Act; and
industry guidelines such as those from SEMI S2-93, the global semiconductor industry
association, covering HMI for semiconductor manufacturing equipment. Additional HMI
specifications are defined by ANSI, IEEE, ISO, and others.

Define the Operator

 HMI_3Know your operator – the key to a successful HMI System implementation requires
a well-grounded definition and understanding of the operators. Will the operator be a
passive/intuitive user? If so, commands/functions should be simple with an easy-to-
comprehend interface. For this type of user, repeatability is also important – information and
actions should appear consistently from use to use. For an expert user, where more
sophisticated control is desirable, there may be multiple layers or levels for interfacing with
equipment.

For any user along the range from intuitive to expert, interface ergonomic considerations
should include: panel layout, HMI Component selection, information presentation, feedback,
and safety considerations.

Panel Layout

The panel layout should be designed to provide the operator functional groups of related
information in a predictable and consistent manner. In addition, the system must require an
operator to initiate action and keep the operator informed by providing timely feedback on
those actions. The layout should be organized so that the operator is clearly prompted in
advance when the next operator action is required.

HMI Component selection

HMI designers can simplify their search for the appropriate switch or HMI Component by
carefully analyzing their application requirements then determining the following:

 Electrical ratings.
 Actuation preferences (momentary, maintained, rotary, etc.).
 Physical configuration and mounting needs.
 Special requirements such as illumination, marking, environmental sealing, etc.
Color scheme

The key to effective use of color is simplicity. Avoid too many colors or flashing alarms. Stick
with the “traffic light” model for key actions:

 Red for stop/failure/fault.

 Yellow for warning.
 Green for OK/start/go/pass.
Information presentation

Once again, simplicity is the key. Don’t crowd a screen – avoid cluttering it with irrelevant data.
Forcing an operator to search for the required information increases response time and
potential errors. Have a consistent set of menu buttons and functions from screen to screen.
User Feedback

Feedback is critical to ergonomic industrial design. Make sure the results of pressing a control
button, toggling a switch, or entering a command are absolutely clear. Determine if operator
feedback is visual, auditory, tactile, or a combination of multiple techniques.

Choosing the Best Control Technologies

Once you have defined HMI functionality, you are ready to investigate control technologies.
Each technology has advantages and disadvantages related to the HMI system, equipment, and
application.

Cursor Control (Trackball, joystick, keypad, touchpad, etc.)

The selection between different control technologies is primarily determined by the resolution
of control that is required by the application. A trackball or joystick enables granular, pixel-by-
pixel control, a far higher resolution than possible with a typical PC point-and-click controller.

Switches (Pushbutton, rocker, slide, keylock, rotary, etc.)

Pushbutton switches allow the option of illumination to indicate open/close switch status when
a quick visual indication is desired. They are also useful in machinery and machine tools,
electronic production, rail and bus transportation, medical treatment and diagnostics, or other
environments for easier manipulation when gloves are worn.

Rotary-switch and keylock technologies serve best when the application requires position
indicators such as those used in heater or fan control. Keylocks provide an additional layer of
security to the application. Rotary switches also can be used for an application requiring
multiple positions.

Slide switches are the technology of choice when ease-of-use and low-cost switching is
desirable – commonly found on notebook cases and handheld on/off functionality.

Short travel technologies (Conductive rubber, membrane, keyboard, keypad, etc.)

Short travel technologies have been developed for industries where ease of cleaning or
disinfecting is mandatory, for example pharmaceutical, chemical, and food processing, or in a
hazardous environment where a sealed system is required. Short travel technology can include
cost effective, conductive rubber keys in a typical keyboard, dome keys under an overlay, or a
multi-layer membrane.

Touch and switching technologies, (Capacitive, Piezo, high frequency, etc.)

Applications operating in aggressive environments such as public access or, for example, soda
dispensing, where the syrupy liquid tends to get into crevices and gum up the machinery –
require a rugged, completely sealed surface. Piezo, capacitive, and high frequency technologies
all offer rugged switch technology with long life cycles and low maintenance costs.

Capacitive or high-frequency signals electronically activate an on/off function by changing

capacitive load. Capacitive/high-frequency technologies require the use of nonconductive front
panel materials which can be up to 15 mm thick, for example those operating under protective
glass within hazardous environments.

Display technologies (LCD, Active Matrix, OLED, FED, Plasma, etc.)

The basic function of displays in HMI applications is to provide an information source –

operators interact to obtain information or to prompt for the next screen. Display technology
choices are dictated by the HMI System environment and its degree of ambient illumination, as
well as by color requirements. Active matrix LCD technologies are commonly used for color
functionality, while legacy LCD technology is used in applications where monochromatic
feedback is sufficient. OLEDS, organic (carbon-based) light-emitting diodes can currently
support smaller displays.

Interactive Displays, Touchscreen

Touchscreen technologies offer a range of functionalities and characteristics that govern HMI
Systems choice according to application and environment. It is important to determine which
touch technology will be used in the early stages of the design cycle as the different options
offer quite unique electrical and mechanical requirements.

Capacitive touchscreen transmit 75 percent of the monitor light (compared to 50 percent by

Resistive touchscreens), resulting in a clearer picture. They use only conductive input, usually a
finger, in order to register a touch.

Connecting/Communicating with an HMI System

Once you have established how your HMI will look, feel, and operate, you need to consider how
the HMI will connect to and communicate with the core equipment or system under control.
Typically, communication can be achieved through several approaches: hard wired connection,
serial bus connection, or wireless connection.

Hard-Wired Connections

Conventional, hard wired systems are still used in many transportation and industrial legacy
systems. Hard wired systems require no special tools and are simple, visible, and easy to
understand, especially where the HMI interface controls a single machine.
There are many drawbacks, including difficulty integrating changes or new features – new
features require new wiring. Conventional wiring also requires more space due to the number
of wires and the actual size of the wires and larger connectors due to higher pin counts.

Serial Bus Systems

As equipment and control systems became more complex and data hungry, transmission of
data became a critical issue. To facilitate faster data transmission rates, devices incorporated
serial bus connections – especially in electronics, semiconductor, machining, industrial, process
and transportation. A serial bus approach eliminated data transmission slowdowns due to cable
length and delivered reliable, real-time operations and work-in-process feedback.

Bus systems provide many advantages over hard wired connections, including easy addition of
new functionality – typically through software – without adding or replacing hardware. Wiring
is much simpler and more flexible with smaller cables and connectors allowing for more
compact design, and easier hardware updating and relocation.

Wireless Connections/Communications

Industrial applications have employed wireless technologies over the last 20 or so years,
primarily to take advantage of real-time data transmission, application mobility, and remote
management capabilities. Interference, reliability, and security continue to present difficulties
for wireless in the HMI universe.

Safety Considerations

For HMI Systems design, safety considerations are a critical part of the system. Human error is a
contributing factor in most accidents in high-risk environments. Clear presentation of alarms as
well as the ability to report errors, are crucial elements in any HMI.

In addition, emergency stop switches, generally referred to as E-Stops, ensure the safety of
persons and machinery and provide consistent, predictable, failsafe control response. A wide
range of electrical machinery must have these specialized switch controls for emergency
shutdown to meet workplace safety and established international and domestic regulatory
requirements.