N0 Kert

Modeling and Simulation. June 17th 2015 Question 8. The solution to the population equations is N (t) = K+N0 (ert −1) in the
name logistic model discrete logistic model
Malthus model Markovitz model

These are examples of questions for the final test. Question 9. The logistic model, as opposed to the Malthus model, is
The final test will have can lead to unbounded growth of the population uses differential equations
takes into account enviromental capacity all answers are incorrect
• 15 questions in Part 1 - multiple choice test i.e. more than one
correct answer Question 10. In the logistic model N 0 = rN (1 − K
N
) we have
• and 3 open questions in Part 2. parameter K models the capacity
You should get 60% of the total score to pass. of environment if N0 < K, the growth is unbounded
if parameter r is positive, the
population growth is unbounded if N0 > K, the population declines
Part 1. Multiple choice test Question 11. Given a model N 0 (t) = D − K · N (t) for K > 0 we have
Question 1. If the birth rate in a population is equal 4% per year and the death when population N is getting bigger,
rate is 5% per year, then the following is true the change N 0 is getting smaller if D = 0, population will go extinct
the growth rate of the population is equal 1% the population will go extinct when the change N 0 is negative,
the growth rate of the population is negative all answers are incorrect the population N increases all answers are incorrect
Question 2. Assuming that every hour there are twice as many Escherisha coli Question 12. Given a model N 0 (t) = (B − K) · N (t) for K > 0 we have
bacteria we can say that for B < K when population N is getting
if we start with one bacteria, next month there will be more than 1.000 of them bigger, the change N 0 is getting smaller if B = 0, population will go extinct
the growth rate is 80% when the change N 0 is negative,
if a million bacteria weigh 1 gram, tomorrow they will weigh a ton the population N increases all answers are incorrect
last hour there was half as many bacteria as there is now
Question 13. If f = x2 + 2y + 3, then
Question 3. According to the Malthus model, if the yearly growth rate is equal 1/2 fx0 = x2 + 2y + 3 fy0 = 2
and the initial number of individuals is N0 = 100, the following is true fx0 = 2x fy0 = 3
population will always be smaller than 101
population in 100 years will be more than 1 billion Question 14. If the distance over time is given by the function d(t) = t + et , then
the growth of the population is exponential the instantenous velocity is
population will go extinct v(t) = et the instantenous velocity at t = 0 is equal 0
v(t) = 1 + et the instantenous velocity at t = 1 is greater than 1
Question 4. According to the Malthus model, if the yearly growth rate is equal
−1/5 and the initial number of individuals is N0 = 150, the following is true Question 15. If the distance over time is given by the function d(t) = t2 + 3t3 , then
population will always be smaller than 151 population will go extinct the instantenous velocity
2
is
population in 100 years will be more than 1 billion all answers are incorrect v(t) = 2t + 9t the instantenous velocity at t = 0 is equal 1
v(t) = 11t the instantenous velocity at t = 1 is greater than 1
Question 5. If the death rate is equal to the birth rate, then
1
the population grows the population gets smaller Question 16. For equation Nt = 1−γ Nt−1 the following is true:
the population is stable all answers are incorrect it’s a discrete version of Malthus model when γ = − 12 , the population declines
Question 6. Assume that the volume of ice caps on Earth is given as a function it’s a discrete version of logistic model if γ = 21 , we have malthusian catastrophe
v(t) = 12e−0.4t of time. Which statement is true? Question 17. The recursive formula an+1 = ran (1 − an ) is
ice caps will melt eventually there is going to be another ice age the Verhulst process discrete Malthus model
volume of ice is increasing all answers are incorrect discrete logistic model all answers are incorrect
Question 7. Assume you have a model that predicts that a parameter N is equal Question 18. If error is very big compared to the change in parameters, the model
300, whereas in reality N = 400. The error compared to N is best approximated by can be
100% 25% chaotic stable
5% −5% not stable neither
1
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Question 19. In the logistic discrete model if we assume the growth rate is equal 1 Question 30. A discrete version of a continuous model
and at time t = 0 the initial value is 12 , the value at t = 3 is equal always behaves as the continuous model
41 12 can be chaotic
3 all answers are incorrect can give different solutions from the continuous model
can give the same solutions as the continuous model
Question 20. If xn+1 = 9xn (1 − xn ) and x0 = 13 , then
x1 = 19 x2 = −18 Question 31. Assume that the spread of infection is modeled as n0 (t) = e1+n(t) . The
x1 = 2 all answers are incorrect discrete counterpart of this model could be
n(t + dt) = e1+n(t) dt + n(t) n(t + 1) = e1+n(t) + n(t)
Question 21. The equation bn = 2bn−1 − 1 for integer n will give n(t + dt) = e1+n(t) n(t + 1) = e2 + n(t)
a differential equations model a discrete model
a stochastic (probabilistic) model all answers are incorrect Question 32. A point (0, 2) can be represented as (R cos φ, R sin φ) with
R = 1, φ = 90◦ R = √ 2, φ = 90◦
Question 22. In standard physics, when given a function d of distance covered by R = 1, φ = 45 R = 2, φ = 90◦
◦
an object
derivative d0 is velocity second derivative d00 is acceleration Question 33. According to Kepler, the following is true
a planet cannot orbit the Sun on
derivative d0 is acceleration derivative of velocity is acceleration
a circular orbit planets’ orbits are ellipses
Question 23. According to Newton, if no force acts on an object Sun is a focal point of every orbit the velocity of planets is always constant
its velocity v(t) is constant we have v 0 (t) = 0
Question 34. The following is (very close to being) true
the object does not move the acceleration a(t) is zero
a comet traveling on a hyperbolic
Question 24. If the movement of an object is described by vector function d(t) = orbit visits the solar system only once Earth’s orbit around the Sun is an ellipse
[t2 , t], then a hyperbolic orbit is a closed orbit all orbits are ellipses
velocity v(t) = [2, t] acceleration a(t) = [2, 0] Question 35. How are you feeling?
velocity v(t) = [2t, 1] acceleration a(t) = [0, 0] tired very happy
R1
Question 25. The integral 0 x dx of the function x over the segment [0, 1] is desperate that all answers are incorrect
equal 1 a decreasing function
∞
equal 21 approximated by 1
P
n
Part 2. Open questions
n=0
Exercise 1. (1) Give the equation and the solution of the Malthus model.
Question 26. When taking into account only gravity, cannon’s maximal range de- (2) Discuss the behaviour of the model depending on the growth rate.
pends on (3) Plot the solution when the growth rate is positive.
the initial velocity given to
(4) Mark the enviromental capacity on this plot and explain what is a malthusian
the cannonball the height of the cannon over Earth’s surface
catastrophe.
the mass of the cannonball neither of the above
Exercise 2. Assume that the population of bacteria grows according to the Malthus
Question 27. The maximal range of a cannon model. The growth rate is 1/2, the unit of time is 1 hour and the population at t = 0
depends on the angle of projection depends on height over the surface
is 100. If one bacteria weighs 10−6 gram, when will the bacteria weigh a kilogram in
is always attained for 45 degree angle does not depend on initial velocity
total? (Give the answer wit approximation to 1 hour).
Question 28. According to Newton, a cannonball Exercise 3. (1) Give the equation and the solution of the (continuous) logistic
projected upwards will
model.
fall onto the same spot projected at 45 degrees will attain maximal height
(2) Discuss the behaviour of the model depending on the growth rate (a sketch
projected at 45 degrees
will suffice).
will have maximal range without gravity, should travel on a straight line
(3) Explain what are parameters for.
Question 29. When we take into account only gravity, over short distances, a pro- (4) Explain why the logistic model avoids the malthusian catastrophe.
jectile Exercise 4. For γ positive analyze the behavior of a population model given by
moves along a hyperbola its velocity v is constant
its acceleration is g v 0 (t) ∼
= [−9.81, 0] N 0 (t) = γN (t) − tN (t).
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(1) How does time influence growth of the population?

(2) When will the population start declining?
(3) Is the population going to go extinct? Motivate your answer.
Exercise 5. Give the equations for the Malthus and logistic (continuous) model
and discuss differences between: the equations, the behavior of the solutions, the
parameters.
Exercise 6. Choose a continuous model. Describe how to get a discrete version (eg.
using differentials). Discuss the relationship between the solutions of the continuous
and discrete versions.
Exercise 7. Give the recursive formula of the discrete Verhulst process (logistic dis-
crete). Give the general values of the first 4 iterations. For fixed parameter r = 1/2
and starting point x0 = 1/3 give the values of the first 4 iterations.
Exercise 8. Consider the Verhulst process (discrete logistic model) with r = 2. As
starting point take x0 = 1/8.
(1) Give the coordinates of 3 consecutive points on the cobweb plot.
(2) Sketch the cobweb plot.
Exercise 9. For a discrete population model given as
Nt = Nt−1 + Nt−2
describe its behavior.
(1) Give several iterations for N0 = N1 = 2.
(2) Is the growth of the population bounded?
(3) How does the growth depend on the initial population N0 = N1 ?
Motivate your answers.
Exercise 10. (1) Describe the motion of the projectile (consider gravity) using
ODEs (ordinary differential equations). Give the vector functions of distance,
velocity and acceleration.
(2) Give equations of the associated discrete model.
Exercise 11. Give the physical interpretation of derivative. Take a real function f
and interpret it as a function of distance.
(1) Draw a picture showing how to calculate velocity over a period of time.
(2) Describe why f 0 can be interpreted as instantaneous velocity.
Exercise 12. Describe the motion of the projectile and explain why a ball projected
directly upwards will tend to fall into the same spot from which it was projected.
Exercise 13. Consider a positive real function f . Using a picture describe how to
approximate its integral on a segment [0, 1]. Give a partition of the segment [0, 1] and
write the approximating sum.
Exercise 14. What are conic sections? Draw a picture explaining how the conic
sections arise. Give examples of objects moving along each conic section.
Exercise 15. Describe Newton’s thought experiment (Newton’s cannonball) and dis-
cuss its connection to conic sections.