Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Check Scantlings of Crankshaft) PDF
(Check Scantlings of Crankshaft) PDF
(Check Scantlings of Crankshaft) PDF
MTN : Nominal alternating torque, in Nm, given by βQJ : Stress concentration factor for shearing in jour-
the following formula: nal fillet, for the determination of βQJ , see
MTN = ± 0,5 (MT, MAX − MT, MIN) [3.1.3] b)
Q1 : Acceptability factor for the crankpin fillet, see βTC : Stress concentration factor for torsion in crank-
[8.1.1] pin fillet, for the calculation of βTc , see [3.1.2] b)
Q2 : Acceptability factor for the journal fillet, see βTJ : Stress concentration factor for torsion in journal
[8.1.1] fillet, for the calculation of βTJ , see [3.1.3] c)
QMAX : Maximum value of the alternating shearing σB,ADD : Additional bending stress, in N/mm2, due to
force Q, in N misalignment, see [4.1.1]
QMIN : Minimum value of the alternating shearing force σBN : Nominal alternating bending stress, in N/mm2,
Q, in N for the determination of σBN , see [2.1.2] b)
QN : Nominal alternating shearing force, in N, for the σBC : Alternating bending stress in crankpin fillet, in
determination of Q N , see [2.1.2] c)
N/mm2, for the determination of σBC , see [2.1.3] a)
rC : Fillet radius of crankpin, in mm, see Fig 2
σBJ : Alternating bending stress in journal fillet, in
rJ : Fillet radius of journal, in mm, see Fig 2
N/mm2, for the determination of σBC , see [2.1.3] b)
Rm : Value of the minimum specified tensile strength
of crankshaft material, in N/mm2 σ′E : Equivalent alternating stress in way of the
2 crankpin fillet, in N/mm 2, for the determination
RS,MIN : Specified value, in N/mm , of the minimum
of σ′E see [5.2.1] a)
yield strength (ReH), or 0,2% proof stress (Rp 0,2),
of the crank web material σ″E : Equivalent alternating stress in way of the jour-
S : Pin overlap, in mm, (see Fig 2) whose value nal fillet, in N/mm2, for the determination of σ″E
may be calculated by the following formula: see [5.2.1] b)
dC + dJ σ′F,ALL : Allowable alternating bending fatigue strength
S = ----------------
- –E
2 in way of the crankpin fillet, in N/mm2, for the
Where pins do not overlap, the negative value determination of σ′F,ALL , see [6.1.1] a)
of S calculated by the above formula is to be σ″F,ALL : Allowable alternating bending fatigue strength
considered in way of the journal fillet, in N/mm2, for the
TC : Recess of crankpin, in mm, see Fig 2 determination of σ”F,ALL , see [6.1.1] b)
TJ : Recess of journal, in mm, see Fig 2 σQN : Nominal alternating shearing stress, in N/mm2,
W : Axial web thickness, in mm, see Fig 2 for the determination of σQN , see [2.1.2] c)
WEQ : Equatorial moment of resistence, in mm3, related τC : Alternating torsional stress in way of crankpin
to cross-sectional area of web, whose value may fillet, in N/mm2, for the determination of τC , see
be calculated as follows: [2.2.3] a)
⋅ W 2- τJ : Alternating torsional stress in way of journal fil-
W EQ = B
---------------
6 let, in N/mm 2, for the determination of τJ , see
WPC : Value, in mm3, of the polar moment of resis- [2.2.3] b)
tance related to cross-sectional area of crank- τNC : Nominal alternating torsional stress referred to
pin, for the determination of WPC , see [2.2.2] crankpin, in N/mm2, for the determination of
WPJ : Value, in mm3, of the polar moment of resis- τNC , see [2.2.2]
tance related to cross-sectional area of journal, τNJ : Nominal alternating torsional stress referred to
for the determination of WPJ , see [2.2.2] journal, in N/mm 2, for the determination of τNJ ,
y : Distance, in mm, between the adjacent generat- see [2.2.2]
ing lines of journal and pin connected to the dOB : Diameter of oil bore in crankpin, in mm, see Fig 4
same web, see Fig 3
MBRO : Bending moment of the radial component of the
In general y is not to be less than 0,05 dS connecting-rod force, in Nm
Where y is less than 0,1 dS , special consider- MBTO : Bending moment of the tangential component
ation will be given by the Society in each case, of the connecting-rod force, in Nm
to the effect of the stress due to the shrink on the
fatigue strength of the web at the crankpin fillet σBON : Nominal alternating bending stress related to
βBC : Stress concentration factor for bending in crank- the crank, in N/mm2
pin fillet, for the determination of βBC , see MBON : Alternating bending moment, in Nm, calculated
[3.1.2] a) at the outlet of crankpin oil bore
βBJ : Stress concentration factor for bending in jour- Ψ : Angular position, in deg (see Fig 4)
nal fillet, for the determination of βBJ , see We : Section modulus related to cross-section of axi-
[3.1.3] a) ally bored crankpin, in mm3
σBO : Alternating bending stress in outlet of crankpin The two relevant bending moments MBRO and M BTO (see
oil bore, in N/mm2 definitions in [1.4.1]) are taken in the crankpin cross-
γB : Stress concentration factor for bending in crank- section through the oil bore.
pin oil bore (see Article [3]) The alternating stresses due to these bending moments
σTO : Alternating torsional stress in outlet of crankpin are to be related to the cross-sectional area of the axially
bored crankpin. Mean bending stresses are neglected.
oil bore, in N/mm 2, for the determination of
σTO, see [2.2.2], item c) The nominal alternating bending stress related to the
crankpin diameter, in N/mm2, is as follows:
γT : Stress concentration factor for torsion in outlet
of crankpin oil bore (see Article [3]) σBON = ± 103 MBON/We
σ’’’E : Equivalent alternating stress in way of the where:
crankpin outlet of oil bore, in N/mm 2, for the MBON : Alternating bending moment calculated at
determination of σ’’’E, see [5.2.1], item c) the outlet of crankpin oil bore, in Nm, equal
to:
σ’’’F, ALL : Allowable alternating bending fatigue strength
in way of the crankpin outlet of oil bore, in MBON = ± 1/2 (MBOmax − MBOmin)
N/mm2, for the determination of σ’’’F,ALL, see with:
[6.1.1], item c) MBO = MBTO cos ψ + MBRO sin ψ
Q3 : Acceptability factor for the crankpin outlet of oil We : Section modulus, in mm3, related to the
bore, see [8.1.1] cross-section of axially bored crankpin:
Wred : Reduced axial web thickness (see Fig 2), in mm, π ( d C – d B C )-
4 4
W e = ------ ------------------------
for two strokes engines with Tc > rc: 32 dC
Wred = W − (Tc − rc)
2.1.2 Calculation of nominal alternating bending
and shearing stresses
2 Calculation of alternating stresses a) As a rule the calculation is carried out in such a way
that the individual radial forces acting upon the crank
2.1 Calculation of alternating stresses due pin owing to gas and inertia forces will be calculated for
to bending moments and shearing all crank positions within one working cycle. A simpli-
forces fied calculation of the radial forces may be used at the
discretion of the Society.
2.1.1 Assumptions b) The bending moment M B in the web centre is to be cal-
The calculation of alternating stresses is based on the culated by means of the radial forces variable in time
assumptions specified below: within one working cycle, and taking into account the
a) The calculation is based on a statically determined sys- axial distance from the time curve as defined in the
tem, so that only one single crank throw is considered bearing center to the acting position of the forces on the
with the journals supported in the centre of adjacent pin. The nominal alternating bending moment MBN , in
bearings and the throw subjected to gas and inertia N⋅m, and, from this, the nominal alternating bending
forces. The bending length is taken as the length L3 stress σBN, in N/mm2, will then be calculated by the fol-
between the centre of two adjacent main bearings (see lowing formulae:
Fig 1(a) and (b)). M BN = ± 0 ,5 ⋅ ( M B ,M A X – M B ,M I N )
b) The nominal bending moment is taken as the bending M BN
moment in the crank web cross-section in the centre of σBN = ± ----------
- ⋅ K ⋅ 10 3
WEQ E
the solid web (distance L1) based on a triangular bend-
In the case of V-type engines, the bending moments,
ing moment load due to the radial components of the
progressively calculated for the various crank angles
connecting rod force. For crank throws with two con-
and due to the gas and inertia forces of the two cylin-
necting rods acting upon one crankpin, the nominal
ders acting on one crank throw, are to be superimposed
bending moment is taken as a bending moment
according to phase, the differing designs of the connect-
obtained by superimposing the two triangular bending
ing rods (forked connecting rod, articulated-type con-
moment loads due to the radial components of the con-
necting rod or adjacent connecting rods) being taken
necting rod forces, according to phase.
into account. Where there are cranks of different geo-
c) The nominal alternating stresses due to bending metrical configuration (e.g., asymmetric cranks) in one
moments and shearing forces are to be related to the crankshaft, the calculation is to cover all crank variants.
cross-sectional area of the crank web, at the centre of
c) The nominal alternating shearing force QN , in N, and,
the overlap S in cases of overlap of the pins and at the
centre of the distance y between the adjacent generat- from this, the nominal alternating shearing stress σQN , in
ing lines of the two pins in cases of pins which do not N/mm ², may be calculated by the following formulae:
overlap (see Fig 2 and Fig 3). Nominal mean bending Q N = ± 0 ,5 ⋅ ( Q M A X – Q M IN )
stresses are neglected. Q
σQ N = ± -------N ⋅ K E
d) Bending acting in outlet of crankpin oil bore F
2.1.3 Calculation of alternating bending stresses in b) The alternating bending stress in journal fillet is to be
way of fillets and outlet of crankpin oil bore taken equal to the value σBJ , in N/mm2, obtained by the
following formula:
The calculation of the alternating bending stresses is to be
carried out in way of the crankpin fillet, the journal fillet σ B J = ± ( β BJ ⋅ σ B N + β Q J ⋅ σ Q N )
and the outlet of the crankpin oil bore, as follows: c) The alternating bending stress in outlet of crankpin oil
bore is to be taken equal to the value σBO , in N/mm2,
a) The alternating bending stress in crankpin fillet is to be
obtained by the following formula:
taken equal to the value σBC , in N/mm 2, obtained by the
σBO = ± (γB σBON)
following formula:
where:
σ B C = ± ( β BC ⋅ σ B N ) γB, σBON : As defined in [1.4.1].
dC
E
E
dJ
dJ
connecting rod
centre line of
connecting rods
centre lines of
= = = =
L1 L1 L1 L1
L2 L2 L2 L2
L3 L3
Connecting-rod acting
component forces
(FR or FT)
(a) Crank throw for engine (b) Crank throw for engine with
with one connecting rod two adjacent connecting rods
Figure 2: Crank dimensions necessary for the calculation of stress concentration factors
B
rJ
d BC
dC
S
W W
E
rC
d BJ
dJ
(dJ - S) / 2
T
J
T
C
Overlapped crankshaft
Th
RH
Wred
" "
L1 B
rJ
dBJ
dS
dJ
LS DE
Figure 4: Crankpin section through the oil bore 1) dynamic zcharacteristics and damping data, as well
FR as the permissible value of alternating torque
b) gearing and shafting, specifying:
d0B 1) shaft diameters of gear shafts, thrust shafts, interme-
MBT0 diate shafts and propeller shafts, mass moments of
inertia, in kg⋅m², of gearing or important mass
points, gear ratios and, for gearboxes of complex
type, the schematic gearing arrangement
MBR0 c) propellers, specifying:
FT
1) propeller diameter
2) number of blades
ψ 3) pitch and developed area ratio
4) mass moment of inertia of propeller in air and with
entrained water, in kg⋅m 2 (for controllable pitch pro-
pellers both the values at full pitch and at zero pitch
are to be specified)
5) damping characteristics, if available and documented
d) natural frequencies with their relevant modes of vibra-
tion and the vector sums for the harmonics of the engine
excitation
e) estimated torsional vibration stresses in all important
2.2 Calculation of alternating torsional elements of the system with particular reference to
stresses clearly defined resonance speeds of rotation and contin-
uous operating ranges.
2.2.1 General
The calculation for nominal alternating torsional stresses is 2.2.2 Calculation of nominal alternating torsional
to be undertaken by the engine manufacturer according to stresses
the information contained in [2.2.2]. The maximum and minimum values of the alternating
The maximum value obtained from such calculations will torques are to be ascertained for every mass point of the sys-
be used by the Society when determining the equivalent tem and for the entire speed range by means of a harmonic
alternating stress according to the provisions of Article [5]. synthesis of the alternating stresses due to the forced vibra-
tions from the 1st order up to and including the 15th order
In the absence of such a maximum value, the Society
for 2-stroke cycle engines, and from the 0,5th order up to
reserves the right to incorporate a fixed value in the calcula-
and including the 12th order for 4-stroke cycle engines.
tion for the crankshaft dimensions, to be established at its
discretion in each case. In performing this calculation, allowance is to be made for
the dampings that exist in the system and for unfavourable
In the event of the Society being entrusted to carry out a
conditions (e.g., misfiring in one of the cylinders).
forced vibration calculation on behalf of the engine manu-
facturer to determine the torsional vibration stresses The speed stages is to be selected for the forced vibration
expected in the engine and where relevant in the shafting, calculations in such a way that the transient response can
the following data are to be submitted in addition to those be recorded with sufficient accuracy at various speeds.
required in [1.2.1]: The values received from such calculation are to be submit-
a) equivalent dynamic system of the engine, comprising: ted to the Society for consideration.
1) mass moment of inertia of every mass point, in kg.m2 The nominal alternating torsional stresses, referred to crank-
pin and journal, in every mass point which is essential to
2) inertialess torsional stiffnesses, in Nm/rad, of all the assessment, may be taken equal to the values τNC and
crankshaft parts between two mass points
τNJ, in N/mm2, calculated by the following formulae:
b) vibration dampers, specifying:
M TN
1) type designation τ N C = ± ---------- ⋅ 10 3
WPC
2) mass moments of inertia, in kg.m² MTN
τ N J = ± ---------
- ⋅ 10 3
3) inertialess torsional stiffnesses, in Nm/rad W PJ
4) values of the damping coefficients, in Nm.s where:
c) flywheels, specifying: a) For unbored crankpins or journals:
π⋅d
3
1) mass moment of inertia, in kg⋅m².
WPC = ------------C-
Where the whole propulsion system is to be considered, the 16
following information is also to be submitted: π⋅d
3
WPC = ------------J-
a) elastic couplings, specifying: 16
5.2 Equivalent alternating stresses c) The value of the allowable alternating bending fatigue
strength in way of the crankpin outlet of oil bore may be
5.2.1 The equivalent alternating stresses are to be taken as taken equal to the value σ’’’F,ALL, in N/mm2, calculated
the values σ′E, σ″E and σ′″E calculated according to the fol- by the following formula:
lowing formulae: – 0, 2
σ'''F, AL L = ±K R' m [ 0, 264 + 1, 073d c + R'' m + R''' m ( d O B ⁄ 2 ) –0, 5 ]
a) the equivalent alternating stress in way of the crankpin
fillet is to be taken equal to the value σ′E , in N/mm2, For calculation of σ′F,ALL and σ″F,ALL , the values of rC and rJ
calculated by the following formula: are not to be taken less than 2 mm.
2 0 ,5 Where results of the fatigue tests conducted on full size
σ' E = ± [ ( σ BC + σB ,AD D ) + 3 τ C ]
2
crank throws or crankshafts whose pins have been sub-
b) the equivalent alternating stress in way of the journal fil- jected to surface treatment are not available, the factor K for
let is to be taken equal to the value σ″E , in N/mm2, cal- crankshafts without surface treatment of pins is to be used.
culated by the following formula: In all cases the experimental values of fatigue strength car-
σ''E = ± [ ( σB J + σ B ,A DD ) + 3τ J ]
2 2 0 ,5 ried out with full size crank throws or crankshafts is to be
submitted to the Society for consideration.
c) the equivalent alternating stress in way of the crankpin
The survival probability for fatigue strength values derived
outlet of oil bore is to be taken equal to the value σ'"E ,
from testing is to be to the satisfaction of the Society and in
in N/mm2, calculated by the following formula: principle not less than 80%.
9 γ T τ N C-
2
1
σ′′′ E = ± --- σ BO 1 + 2 1 + --- ------------
3 4 σ BO 7 Calculation of shrink-fit of semi-built
crankshafts
6 Calculation of the fatigue strength
7.1 General
6.1
7.1.1 Considering the radius of the transition rJ from the
6.1.1 The fatigue strength is to be understood as that value of journal diameter dJ to the shrink diameter dS, both the fol-
alternating bending stress which a crankshaft can perma- lowing equations are to be respected:
nently withstand at the most highly stressed points of the fillets r J ≥ 0 ,015d J
between webs and pins and at the crankpin oil bore outlets.
r J ≥ 0 ,5 ⋅ ( d S – d J )
Where the fatigue strength for a crankshaft cannot be ascer-
tained by reliable measurements, it may be taken equal to The actual oversize h of the shrink-fit must be within the
the values σ′F,ALL, σ″F,ALL and σ″′F,ALL evaluated by means of limits hMIN and hMAX calculated in accordance with [7.2]
the following formulae: and [7.3] or according to recognized standards.
7.2.3 In addition to the provisions of [7.2.2], the minimum f) sense of rotation: clockwise or counter clockwise as per
required oversize value hMIN , in mm, is not to be less than Fig 5
that calculated according to the following formula:
R S ,M IN ⋅ d S Figure 5: Designation of the cylinders
h M IN = -----------------------
-
EW
n) crank dimensions necessary for the calculation of stress max. nominal alternating torsional stress (ascertained by
concentration factors as per Fig 1 and Fig 2, in mm means of a harmonic synthesis and related to cross-sec-
unless other specified: tional area of bored crank pin), in N/mm²
crankpin diameter dC engine speed (at which the max. nominal alternating
diameter of bore in crankpin dBC torsional stress occurs), in rpm
fillet radius of crankpin rC minimum engine speed (for which the hannonic synthe-
sis was carried out), in rpm
recess of crankpin TC
p) data of crankshaft material (minimum values of
jounal diameter dJ mechanical properties of material obtained from longi-
diameter of bore in journal dBJ tudinal test specimens)
fillet radius of journal rJ material designation (according to DIN. AISI. etc.)
recess of journal TJ method of material melting process (e.g. open-hearth
web thickness W furnace, electric furnace, etc.)
tensile strength, in N/mm²
web width B
yield strength, in N/mm²
bending length L1
reduction in area at break, in %
bending length L2
elongation A5, in %
bending length L3
impact energy - KV, in J
diameter of oil bore in crankpin dOB
Young’s modulus, in N/mm²
smallest edge radius of oil bore
q) data of stress concentration factors (S.C.F.) to be given
surface roughness of oil bore fillet, in mm only when data for stress concentration factors and/or
inclination of oil bore axis related to shaft axis Y, in deg fatigue are furnished by the engine manufacturer on the
o) additional data for shrink-fits of semi-built crankshafts as basis of measurements. Full supporting details, are to be
per Fig 3 enclosed.
shrink diameter dS S.C.F. for bending in crankpin fillet bBC
length of shrink-fit LS S.C.F. for torsion in crankpin fillet bTC
outside diameter of web DE or twice the minimum dis- S.C.F. for bending in journal fillet bBJ
tance x (the smaller value is to be entered) S.C.F. for torsion in journal fillet bTJ
amount of shrink-fit (upper and lower tolerances) S.C.F. for shearing in journal fillet bQJ
maximum torque, in Nm allowable fatigue strength of crankshaft sF,ALL, in N/mm².