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Basics of Electronics
Basics of Electronics
RESISTOR
Word gallery:
Resist: Oppose.
Resistance: Opposition effect.
Resistor: Device which oppose to flow of something.
Circuit Symbol:
R
(Memory hint: We can remember it as zigzag path oppose the movement)
Definitions:
Resistor: Resistor is an electronics component which opposes flow of electric charge (current).
Resistance (R): Opposition property of the resistor for the flow of current.
Shyam: Its interesting can you vindicate further? In circuit resistor is used to control the flow of
Ram: ya…sure, depend upon the degree of rotation water flow will depends electrons (reduce the amount of current that
right? Likewise depending upon the value of resistore the amount of flows through circuit) and also it helps to avoid
current flow depends. If you rotate valve completely water flow will stops. the access of voltage (force) that damage the
Similarly if you use higher value of resistsnce current flow through circuit electronics components.
Point to note:
Figure 3.1
Resistor doesn’t have polarity i.e. we can connect the resistor in either direction.
Resistance value measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm is the S.I unit of resistance.
Every conductor (metals) have resistance, but it varies from one conductor to another
Resistance of the conductor changes with the temperature. (resistance of conductor increase with temperature)
Consider a resistor connected in series with a battery with the help of connecting wires. Battery provides potential energy for the
flow of electric Charges, but resistor opposes the flow of electric charges though it.( This phenomena similar to pinching effect of pipe
on water). Some amount of voltage drops across the resistor. The rate of flow of current is high but, small amount of current passes
through the resistor.
Types of resistor
Variable resistor:
Resistance of these resistors can be varied to the required value by rotating the knob.
As shown in the figure 3.6 variable resistor consists of a track which provides the resistance path. Two Circuit symbol
terminals of the device are connected to both the ends of the track. The third terminal is connected
to a slider that decides the motion of the track. The motion of the slider through
the track helps in increasing and decreasing the resistance. The track is usually
made of carbon. The carbon composition is different at different place of the track
therefore when slider slides on different areas of the track this creates different
amount of resistance. Example for variable resistor is potentiometer
Figure 3.6
Connecting the resistor in the circuit…..
Resistor can be connected either in series or in parallel manner in a circuit. This affects flow of current or voltage in the circuit
depending on the type of connection. We can connect the resistor in two way,
1) Series connection
2) Parallel connection
Series connection:
In this type of connection one end of the resistor is connected to another
end of the resistor as shown. When the current I passes through resistors
R1, R2 and R3 voltage V1, V2 and V3 get dropped across three section
respectively. But same current passes through all resistors. Resistor just
opposes the flow of current. The critical point is that the same current
flows through all resistors when three are in series. The particular
configuration does not matter
The only thing that matters is that exactly the same current flows
through all resistors. No part of the current that flows through
one resistor "escapes" and none is added .various series resistor
connection are shown in figure
figure 1
We can calculate the total resistance(R) offered by the resistors by using the following formula.
Let’s go in depth…..
figure 4
figure 5
figure 7
figure 6
Hints:
However, the voltage drop across all of the resistors in a parallel resistive network is the same”. Then, Resistors in Parallel
have a Common Voltage across them and this is true for all parallel connected elements. In above fig. R1, R2 and R3 are resistors
connected in parallel, current through different resistor is different but the voltage is same at all the point. We can calculate the
value of resistance and current by following method, voltage drop is constant for all resistors in circuit and is equal to the voltage of
the battery.
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑽𝑹𝟏 = 𝑽𝑹𝟐 = 𝑽𝑹𝟑
And total resistance of the circuit is equal to the sum of the reciprocal of the individual resistor. Total resistance of the
circuit is always less than the least resistance of the circuit.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝑹𝒕 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
Current flow in parallel circuit
The total current in the parallel circuit is the sum of the current in the each individual branch, but the amount current flow through
each parallel branch is not necessarily same. It is depend upon the amount of resistance in respective branch. The voltage at each
branch may same but the resistance at each branch is different since amount of current in each is different for different branch.
𝑰𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑
3) For circuit 7 first calculate parallel resistance then calculate series resistance.
4) For circuit 8 first calculate parallel resistance then calculate series resistance
Color coding of resistor
The electronic color code is used to indicate the values or ratings of resistors. There are commonly four bands in a resistor. First three
bands indicate value of resistor and fourth band indicating the tolerance of the resistor. During the calculation of resistance first we
want take consideration of three bands and note the corresponding value, fourth band is tolerance band, it has either silver or
golden band.
1st Band → First significant figure of component value (left side)
2nd Band → Second significant figure (Some precision resistors
have a third significant figure, and thus five bands.),
3rd Band → Decimal multiplier
4th Band → Indicates tolerance of value in percent
Raaaam Tolerance. ?
step 1: 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎Ω
𝟓
step 2: × 𝟐𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Step3: 𝟐𝟐𝟎 ± 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟑𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝟐𝟎𝟗 Ω
Total resistance of the resistor may vary from 231Ω to 209Ω
Bread Board
figure 11 figure 10
In past, wire wrapping method was used to construct electronic circuits, it was too complicated and complex to analyze the
mistakes.in figure () we can see the wire wrapping method on a insulated board in figure (). Since the size of the electronic
component have decreased and technology facing towards solder less bread board.
Bread board is used to build, test and analyze the electronic circuit. For the beginners in electronics breadboard are the
best places to learn. If the beginner wants to test their circuit performance, it’s better to go through prototype and test the
performance by using bread board.
Let’s bring bread board to mechanical operation theater…….
If you remove the adhesive backing of the bread board we can see that lots of
horizontal interconnected metal strips. And also along vertical direction we can see
the few interconnected metal strips. The metal rows in the bread board