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Domestic LPG Refrigerator: Domestic Refrigerators Annually Consume Approximately 17,500 Metric
Domestic LPG Refrigerator: Domestic Refrigerators Annually Consume Approximately 17,500 Metric
Domestic LPG Refrigerator: Domestic Refrigerators Annually Consume Approximately 17,500 Metric
ABSTRACT
Domestic refrigerators annually consume approximately 17,500 metric
tons of traditional refrigerants such as Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and
Hydroflourocarbon (HFC) which contribute to very high Ozone Depletion
Potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential (GWP). Good progress is being
made with the phase out of CFC 22 from new equipment manufacture by
replacing LPG since it possesses an environmentally friendly nature with no ODP.
LPG is expected to results in comparable product efficiencies based on its
characteristics. Therefore, this two types of refrigerants (LPG and CFC 22) to be
examined using a modified domestic refrigerator in term of their performance
characteristics parameters such as pressure and temperature at specified
location at the refrigerator and the safety requirements while conducting the
experiment. Based on the present work, it is indicate that the successful of using
LPG as an alternative refrigerant to replace CFC 22 in domestic refrigerators is
possible by getting LPG COP as 13 compared to 10 for CFC22.
INTRODUCTION
In India, more than 80% of the domestic refrigerator utilize HFC 134a as
refrigerant, due to its excellent thermodynamic and thermo physical properties.
But, HFC 134a has a high global warming potential (GWP) of 1300. There is a
need of assess various refrigerant option considering the existing refrigerators in
the field and for the future market.
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tonnes/year after a hundred years. The ozone impact of car air conditioners also
can not be ignored. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s) can be thought of as a
replacement, but unfortunately the radiation properties of HFC’s like R-134a
make them powerful global warming agents. HFC 134a and the HC blend have
been reported to be substitutes for CFC 12, but they have their own drawbacks
in energy efficiency, flammability and serviceability aspects of the systems. HFC
134a is not miscible with mineral oil, and hence, polyol ester oil is recommended,
which is highly hygroscopic in nature. This hygroscopicity demands stringent
service practices, which otherwise results in moisture entry into the system.
LPG consists mainly of propane (R-290) and butane (R-600), and LPG is
available as a side product in local refineries. In Cuba for already several
decades LPG is used as a drop-in refrigerant. LPG mixtures have composition of
a commercial LPG mixture suitable as ‘drop-in’ replacement for R-12 was
calculated crudely as 64% propane and 36% butane by mass. Liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) of 60% propane and 40% commercial butane has been
tested as a drop-in suitable for R 134a in a single evaporator domestic
refrigerator with a total volume of 10 ft3.
PROPERTIES
o Colourless.
o Odourless. (It’s normal to odorise LPG by adding an
o Odorant prior to supply to the user, to aid the detectionof any leaks).
o Flammable.
o Heavier than air.
o Approximately half the weight of water.
o Non-toxic but can cause asphyxiation.
o LPG expands upon release and 1 litre of liquid will form approximately 250
litres of vapour.
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Combustion : The combustion of LPG produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water vapour but sufficient air must be available. Inadequate appliances
flueing or ventilation can result in the production of carbon monoxide
which can be toxic.
Calorific Value: The calorific value of LPG is about 2.5 times higher than
that of main gas so more heat is produced from the same volume of gas.
Safety : LPG is just as safe as any other fuel. In fact, it is safer than most
fuels because neither LPG itself nor the end products that are produced
by burning LPG in a suitable appliance are poisonous to inhale. Since LPG
cannot burn without air, there can never be a ‘Flash-back’ into the
cylinder.
You can feel safe with LPG as the most through precaution are taken
to ensure your safety. All you have to do is to handle it correctly whilst adhering
to the simple instructions provided.
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» Butane : suitable for use in hot climate only because of its
higher boiling point of 22.9 ºF (-5 ºC).
i. LPG Gas Cylinder: The LPG gas cylinder, LPG flows through the pipe and
reaches to the capillary tube. LPG gas pressure is approximate 80-100 psi.
ii. Capillary Tube:As the capillary tube, capillary tube downs the pressure up
to less than 1 psi.
iii. Evaporator:In the evaporator LPG is converted into the vapour from with
low pressure. After passing through the evaporator low pressure and
temperature LPG vapour absorbs heat from the chamber system.
iv. Gas Burner:After performing the cooling effect, low pressure LPG gas goes
into the burner where the burns.
PARTS OF REFRIGERATORS
CAPILLARY TUBE
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The capillary tube is the commonly used throttling device in the domestic
refrigeration. The capillary tube is a copper tube of very small internal
diameter. It is of very long length and it is coiled to several turns
so that it would occupy less space. The internal diameter of the
capillary tube used for the refrigeration applications varies from 0.5
to 2.28 mm (0.020 to 0.09 inch). The capillary tube is shown in
picture. When the refrigerant enters in the capillary tube, its pressure
drops down suddenly due to very small diameter. The decrease in pressure of
the refrigerant through the capillary depends on the diameter of capillary and
the length of capillary. Smaller is the diameter and more is the length of capillary
more is the drop in pressure of the refrigerant as it passes through it.
EVAPORATOR
In the large refrigeration plants the evaporator is used for chilling water. In such
cases shell and tube type of heat exchanger are used as the evaporators. In
such plants the evaporators are classified as:
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(1). Dry expansion type of evaporators
(2). Flooded type of the evaporators
PRESSURE GAUGES
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BOURDON GAUGE
The pressure sensing el cause the tube to coil more tightly. This motion is
transferred through a linkage to a gear train connected to an indicating
needle. The needle in presented in front of a card face inscribed with the
pressure indications associated with particular needle deflections. In a
barometer, the Bourdon tube is sealed at both ends and the absolute pressure
of the ambient atmosphere is sensed. Differentials Bourdon gauges use two
Bourdon tubes and a mechanical linkage that compares the readings.
The range of high pressure pipes covers most application where there is a
requirement to transfer gas at high pressure. They consist of a steel pipe with
a steel ball fitted to both ends. Two swivelling connection nipples
press these balls against the seating of the connecting hole and
thus sealing against gas leakage
» Wide range of pipes.
» All pipes are pressure tested to 100 M Pa (14,500 psi) over
recommended working pressure.
The LPGrefrigerator shown in figure. We make the one box of the plywood. The
plywood sheet size is 12mm for used the LPG refrigerator. The size of the
refrigerator is 724*457*381 mm3. The evaporator is fitted on the upper portion of
box inside.
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Inside the refrigerator, we also put the thermo-coal sheet, because of the cold
air cannot the transfer from inside to outside of refrigerator.
The basic idea behind LPG refrigeration is to use the evaporation of a LPG to
absorb heat. The simple mechanism of the LPG refrigeration working is shown in
figure.
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Fig 3.2 Working of LPG Refrigerator
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CAUSES AND PRECAUTION
Flying metal System must comply with piping and pressure vessels codes.
Chemical or cold burns Accidental contact between skin and cold metal
must be prevented by insulation. Accidental releases of liquid refrigerant
must drain safely.
ADVANTAGE OF LPG
Clean burning.
Effects of corrosions are greatly reduced.
Instantly control the flame temperature.
Avoids scaling and decarburising of parts.
Environmentally friendly fuel, with minimal sulphur
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content and sulphur-free emissions.
Very high efficiency with direct firing system instant heat
for faster warm-up and cool-down.
LPG is easily liquefied and stored in pressure containers. It
can be easily transported in cylinder or tanks.
ADVANTAGES:
The cooling capacity of LPG is 10% higher than R-12 and the vapour
pressure is appropriate.
LPG is naturally occurring and non-toxic.
Use of LPG as a refrigerant also improves the overall efficiency by 10 to
20%.
The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of LPG is 0 and
Global warming potential (GWP) is 8 which is
Significantly negligible as compared to other refrigerant.
Apart from environment friendly, use of also LPG gives us lot of cost
advantages.
LPG does not form acids and thereby eliminates the problem with
blocked capillaries.
There is 60% reduction in weight of the system due to higher density of
LPG.
The fridge works when electricity off.
It is efficient to save fuel.
No pollution
The units are effectively silent in operation.
Running cost is zero.
Eliminates the compressor and condenser.
DISADVANTAGES:
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cannot converted again liquid phase , because the this process is very
costly.
The prevention of leakage of the LPG is the major problem in LPG
refrigeration system. Because of the LPG is highly flammable.
CONCLUSION:
From observation table, we conclude that, the regulating valve is fully open
that, we achieve the chamber temperature down from 38ºC to 10ºC in a 100
minute. We achieve the evaporator temperature down from 1ºC to -9.3ºC in a
same time interval.
We put the water in one plastic bottle in the evaporator. The initial
temperature of water is 35 ºC. From observation table, we conclude that, the
condition of regulating valve is fully opened, the same time period we achieve
the temperature of water is 0.30 ºC.
We also conclude that, the capillary tube is maximum pressure of gas cylinder
is reduces the less then of 1 psi. The capillary tube is more suitable throttling
device in LPG refrigeration system.
This system is cheaper in initial as well as running cost. It does not require an
external energy sources to run the system and no moving part in the system so
maintenance is also very low.
We also conclude that, we try the burnt to the exhaust LPG, the pressure of
exhaust gas is less than 1 psi, the small flame produce by the burner.
This system most suitable for hotel, industries, refinery, chemical industries where
consumption of LPG is very high.
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
http://www.hychill.com.au/pdf/pasolpgr.pdf
www.e-lpg.com
http://www.google.com/g
www.dynatempintl.com
www.lpgforyou.com
http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical.aspx
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http://coolingdevice.net/4.html
http://howstuffworks.com/refrigerator.htm
www.indiamart.com
“A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning” by R.S.KHURMI &
J.K.GUPTA
“Performance and safety of LPG Refrigerant”, The University of New South
Wales, Australia.
“Applications of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning”, Lesson 3, Version 1 ME,
IIT Kharagpur 1
“A Textbook of Thermal Engineering”, By R.S.KHURMI & J.K.GUPTA
Arora, C.P, “Refrigeration & Air Conditioning”, Tata McGraw Hill Company
Limited, New Delhi.
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