Polar Handout PDF

Polar Coordinates
JULIUS V. BENITEZ, Ph.D.

Department of Mathematics
College of Science and Mathematics
MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology
Iligan City 9200, Philippines
October 6, 2015
Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 1 / 1

Polar Coordinates
Rectangular Coordinates
In R2 = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R}, (x, y) ∈ R2 is said to be in rectangular
coordinates or cartesian coordinates.

Polar Coordinates
Rectangular Coordinates
In R2 = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R}, (x, y) ∈ R2 is said to be in rectangular
coordinates or cartesian coordinates.
Polar Representation
Consider a point P (x, y) in R2 .
y Then
..
...
.........
..
p
..
..
.. r 2 = x2 + y 2 ⇒ r = ± x2 + y 2 ,
..
.. ........ ... • P (x, y) y
...... .....
..
..
..
..
.. . .. . sin θ = ⇒ y = r sin θ, and
..... ... r
..
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.
... r . .. .. ..
.. x
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.. .... . .. Then (r, θ) is a polar coordinates repre-
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θ ..
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....... .. . sentation for P (x, y).
..................................................................................................................................................................................................... x
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O .

dinates. dinates.
Polar Coordinates (2) Find the point/s of intersection of the graphs of (1) and
(2).
(2) Find the point/s of intersection
(2).
(3) Let R be the region inside the graph of (1) and out- (3) Let R be the region inside the
side the small loop of the graph of (2). Find the side the small loop of the g
The Polar Plane area of the region R. area of the region R.
π π
7π 2 5π 5π 7π 2
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The 12Polar Plane
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17π . 19π
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12 3π 12 12 3π 12
2 2

Polar Coordinates
Examples
√
1. Let P (−2, 2 3) be a point in R2
and (r, θ) be a polar representation
of P . Then P (θ) (the terminal
point of θ) is in the 2nd quadrant.
Thus,
q √
r= (−2)2 + (2 3)2 = 4 and
√
y 2 3 √ 2π
tan θ = = =− 3⇒θ= .
x −2 3
Therefore, a polar representation of

P is (4, 2π3
). Other polar
representations of P are (−4, − π3 ),
(4, 8π
3
), (−4, − 7π
3
), etc.

Polar Coordinates
Examples
√
1. Let P (−2, 2 3) be a point in R2 2. The cartesian equation
and (r, θ) be a polar representation
of P . Then P (θ) (the terminal x2 + y 2 − 4x = 0
point of θ) is in the 2nd quadrant. ⇒ (x − 2)2 + (y − 0)2 = 4
Thus,
is a circle center at C(2, 0) and
radius equal to 2. In polar, we have
q √
r= (−2)2 + (2 3)2 = 4 and
r2 −4r cos θ = 0
⇒ r(r − 4 cos θ) = 0
√
y 2 3 √ 2π ⇒ r = 0 or r − 4 cos θ = 0.
tan θ = = =− 3⇒θ= .
x −2 3 But r = 0 is just the pole (0, 0).
Thus, the given cartesian equation
Therefore, a polar representation of has polar equation
P is (4, 2π3
). Other polar
representations of P are (−4, − π3 ), r = 4 cos θ.
(4, 8π
3
), (−4, − 7π
3
), etc.

Polar Coordinates
Examples
3. Given a polar equation,
r2 cos(2θ) = 10.
In cartesian, we have
r2 ( cos2 θ − sin2 θ) = 10
⇒ (r cos θ)2 − (r sin θ)2 = 10
⇒ x2 − y 2 = 10.
Hence, the given polar equation is

an hyperbola.

Polar Coordinates
Examples
3. Given a polar equation, 4. Given a polar equation,
4
r= .
2 3 − 2 cos θ
r cos(2θ) = 10.
r(3 − 2 cos θ) = 4
⇒ 3r − 2r cos θ = 4
⇒ (3r)2 = (2r cos θ + 4)2
r2 ( cos2 θ − sin2 θ) = 10
⇒ 9r2 = 4(r cos θ + 2)2
2 2
⇒ (r cos θ) − (r sin θ) = 10
⇒ 9(x2 + y 2 ) = 4(x + 2)2
2 2
⇒ x − y = 10.
⇒ 0 = 5x2 + 9y 2 − 16x − 16.
Hence, the given polar equation is

Hence, the given polar equation is an ellipse.
an hyperbola.

Polar Coordinates
Some Polar Graphs

1 Circle: r = 2a cos θ, r = 2b sin θ
tangent to the π2 -axis; C(a, 0); radius |a| if a 6= 0
tangent to the polar axis; C(0, b); radius |b| if b 6= 0
2 Limac˛on: r = a ± b cos θ, r = a ± b sin θ
a < b: Limac˛on with a loop
a = b: cardioid (heart-shape)
a > b: Limac˛on with a dent
3 Rose: r = a cos(nθ), r = a sin(nθ), where n ∈ N
n is odd: # of petals is n
n is even: # of petals is 2n
4 Lemniscate: r2 = a cos(nθ), r2 = a sin(nθ)
5 Spiral of Archimedes: r = nθ

Polar Coordinates
Rules of Symmetry for graphs of polar equations

1 Symmetry wrt the polar axis:
Replace (r, θ) by either (r, −θ + 2nπ) or (−r, π − θ + 2nπ).
2 Symmetry wrt the π2 axis:
Replace (r, θ) by either (r, π − θ + 2nπ) or (−r, −θ + 2nπ).
3 Symmetry wrt the pole:
Replace (r, θ) by either (−r, θ + 2nπ) or (r, π + θ + 2nπ).

Polar Coordinates
Rules of Symmetry for graphs of polar equations

1 Symmetry wrt the polar axis:
Replace (r, θ) by either (r, −θ + 2nπ) or (−r, π − θ + 2nπ).
2 Symmetry wrt the π2 axis:
Replace (r, θ) by either (r, π − θ + 2nπ) or (−r, −θ + 2nπ).
3 Symmetry wrt the pole:
Replace (r, θ) by either (−r, θ + 2nπ) or (r, π + θ + 2nπ).
Example
Test the following polar equations for symmetry.
π
1 r = 1 + 2 sin θ ans. (swrt 2 axis)
2 r = 3 − 2 cos θ ans. (swrt polar axis)
3 r = 2 sin(2θ) ans. (swrt pole)

Polar Coordinates
Example
Circle: r = 2a cos θ
π
1 tangent to 2 -axis,
2 C(a, 0),
3 radius |a|
(e.g., r = 4 cos θ)

Polar Coordinates
Example
Circle: r = 2b sin θ
1 tangent to polar axis,
2 C(0, b),
3 radius |b|
(e.g., r = 4 sin θ)

Polar Coordinates
Example
Limac˛on with a loop
r = a ± b cos θ
r = a ± b sin θ
with a < b.
(e.g., r = 1 + 2 sin θ)

Polar Coordinates
Example
Limac˛on (cardioid)
r = a ± b cos θ
r = a ± b sin θ
with a = b.
(e.g., r = 2 + 2 sin θ)

Polar Coordinates
Example
Limac˛on with a dent
r = a ± b cos θ
r = a ± b sin θ
with a > b.
(e.g., r = 3 + 2 sin θ)

Polar Coordinates
Example
Rose
r = a cos(nθ)
r = a sin(nθ)
1 having n petals if n is odd

2 having 2n petals if n is even
(e.g., r = 2 cos(3θ))

Polar Coordinates
Example
Rose
r = a cos(nθ)
r = a sin(nθ)
1 having n petals if n is odd

2 having 2n petals if n is
even
(e.g., r = 2 sin(2θ))

Polar Coordinates
Example
Lemniscate
r2 = a cos(nθ)
r2 = a sin(nθ)
(e.g., r2 = 4 cos(2θ))

Polar Coordinates
Example
Lemniscate
r2 = a cos(nθ)
r2 = a sin(nθ)
(e.g., r2 = −9 cos(3θ))

Polar Coordinates
Example
Spiral of Archimedes
r = nθ
(e.g., r = θ)

Area of a Region in Polar Coordinates
Recall:
Let R be a circular sector of a circle given below:
.
Then the area A(R) of R is given by
..........
.
...... ........
. ....
.... ... A(R) = 21 r2 θ
...... ...
...
r .... . ...
.... ...
.
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..... R ... where
.. .. ..
.
..... ...
...
...
.. ...
. ............... r is the radius of the circular sector and
...... θ
. ....
.....
. .
.........
.
.. ... .................
. ...
........................... θ, the central angle, is in radian measure.

Formula
Let R be the region in the polar plane bounded by r = f (θ), θ = α, and θ = β. See
figure below. Consider a partition ∆ : α = θ0 < θ1 < θ2 < · · · < θn−1 < θn = β. For
each i = 1, 2, . . . , n, let ξi ∈ [θi−1 , θi ] and the central angle is ∆i θ = θi − θi−1 .
θ=β Then the area A(Ri ) of the circular

θi sector Ri with central angle ∆i θ
(f (ξi ), ξi ) and radius equal to f (ξi ) is given by
θi−1 h i2
A(Ri ) = 12 · f (ξi ) · ∆i θ.
R
θ=α Thus,
the approximate area A(R) of R is
n
X n
X h i2
1
A(Ri ) = 2
· f (ξi ) · ∆i θ.
i=1 i=1

Formula
If k∆k is the norm of the partition ∆, then the angle A(R) of the
region R is given by
n
X h i2
1
A(R) = lim 2 · f (ξi ) · ∆i θ,
k∆k→0
i=1
that is,
Z β h i2
1
A(R) = 2 f (θ) dθ .
α

Recall:
Let R be the region formed by the two circular sectors (see figure
below) where r1 be the radius of the smaller sector, r2 is the radius of
the larger sector with r1 < r2 , and θ is the common central angle.
Then the area A(R) of R is the area
..........
......
......
......... ....
. .
. .... ..
.
. .
........ .......
. ....
of the larger circular sector less the area
r ...
.... .... of the smaller circular sector, that is,
.... ....
.... ...
..... R ....
...... .......
2 ..... ......
.
... ...
.... ....
.... ....... A(R) = 21 (r2 )2 θ − 21 (r1 )2 θ.
..
..
...
..
.
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.... .... ...
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..
.
..
. .
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.... ....
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................
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....................
Thus,
. .
. .
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............ ....................... .. h i
.. .........................................
..............
..
r 1 A(R) = 1
(r2 )2 − (r1 )2 θ.
2

Formula
In general, let R be a region bounded by r = f (θ), r = g(θ), θ = α, and θ = β, with
f (θ) ≤ g(θ) (see figure below).
Then the area A(R) of the region R is given by
θ=β
n h i
θi
X
A(R) = 21 lim g 2 (ξi ) − f 2 (ξi ) ∆i θ,
k∆k→0
i=1
θi−1
R that is,
Z β
θ=α
h i
A(R) = 1
2
g 2 (θ) − f 2 (θ) dθ
α
r = g(θ)
r = f (θ)

Example 1
Graph the rose r = 4 sin 2θ and find the area of the region enclosed by
it.

Example 1
Graph the rose r = 4 sin 2θ and find the area of the region enclosed by
it.
The region (shaded gray) is given below:

The area enclosed by the rose is 4 · A(R1 ), where A(R1 ) is the area of
one petal.
θi
(4 sin(2ξi ), ξi )
θi−1
R1

Therefore,
A(R) = 4 · A(R1 )

Therefore,
A(R) = 4 · A(R1 )
n h i2
1 X
= 4· lim 4 sin(2ξi ) ∆i θ
2 k∆k→0 i=1

Therefore,
A(R) = 4 · A(R1 )
n h i2
1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π i2
2
h
= 2 4 sin(2θ) dθ
0

Therefore,
A(R) = 4 · A(R1 )
n h i2
1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π i2
2
h
= 2 4 sin(2θ) dθ
0
Z π
2
= 32 sin2 (2θ) dθ
0

Therefore,
A(R) = 4 · A(R1 )
n h i2
1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π i2
2
h
= 2 4 sin(2θ) dθ
0
Z π
2
= 32 sin2 (2θ) dθ
0
Z π
2 1 − cos(4θ)
= 32 dθ
0 2

Therefore,
A(R) = 4 · A(R1 )
n h i2
1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π i2
2
h
= 2 4 sin(2θ) dθ
0
Z π
2
= 32 sin2 (2θ) dθ
0
Z π
2 1 − cos(4θ)
= 32 dθ
0 2
Z π
2
= 16 (1 − cos(4θ)) dθ
0

Therefore,
A(R) = 4 · A(R1 )
n h i2
1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π i2
2
h
= 2 4 sin(2θ) dθ
0
Z π
2
= 32 sin2 (2θ) dθ
0
Z π
2 1 − cos(4θ)
= 32 dθ
0 2
Z π
2
= 16 (1 − cos(4θ)) dθ
0
h i π2
1
= 16 θ − 4
sin(4θ)
0

Therefore,
A(R) = 4 · A(R1 )
n h i2
1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π i2
2
h
= 2 4 sin(2θ) dθ
0
Z π
2
= 32 sin2 (2θ) dθ
0
Z π
2 1 − cos(4θ)
= 32 dθ
0 2
Z π
2
= 16 (1 − cos(4θ)) dθ
0
h i π2
1
= 16 θ − 4
sin(4θ)
0
= 8π

Example 2
Given the equations r = 3 cos θ and r = 2 − cos θ. Find the area of the
region inside the two curves.

Example 2
Given the equations r = 3 cos θ and r = 2 − cos θ. Find the area of the
region inside the two curves.
The region (shaded gray) is given below. Note that the region is
symmetric wrt the polar axis.

Let R1 and R2 be the regions in the first quadrant as shown.
π
3
θi−1
θi
(3 cos ξi , ξi ) R2
θi
(2 − cos ξi , ξi )
θi−1
R1

Refer to the figure. Then
n n
1 X 1 X
A(R1 ) + A(R2 ) = lim (2 − cos ξi )2 ∆i θ + lim (3 cos ξi )2 ∆i θ
2 k∆k→0
i=1
2 k∆k→0
i=1

n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0
i=1
2 k∆k→0
i=1
π π
1 1
Z Z
3 2
= (2 − cos θ)2 dθ + (3 cos θ)2 dθ
2 0 2 π
3

n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0
i=1
2 k∆k→0
i=1
π π
1 1
Z Z
3 2
= (2 − cos θ)2 dθ + (3 cos θ)2 dθ
2 0 2 π
3
π π
1 1 + cos(2θ) 9 1 + cos(2θ)
Z Z
3 2
= 4 − 4 cos θ + dθ + dθ
2 0 2 2 π
3
2

n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0
i=1
2 k∆k→0
i=1
π π
1 1
Z Z
3 2
= (2 − cos θ)2 dθ + (3 cos θ)2 dθ
2 0 2 π
3
π Z π
1 1 + cos(2θ) 9 2 1 + cos(2θ)
Z
3
= 4 − 4 cos θ + dθ + dθ
2 0 2 2 π3 2
π Z π
1 9 1 9
Z
3 2
= − 4 cos θ + cos(2θ) dθ + (1 + cos(2θ)) dθ
2 0 2 2 4 π3

n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0
i=1
2 k∆k→0
i=1
π π
1 1
Z Z
3 2
= (2 − cos θ)2 dθ + (3 cos θ)2 dθ
2 0 2 π
3
π Z π
1 1 + cos(2θ) 9 2 1 + cos(2θ)
Z
3
= 4 − 4 cos θ + dθ + dθ
2 0 2 2 π3 2
Z π Z π
1 3 9 1 9 2
2 0 2 2 4 π3
π π
1 9 1 3 9 1 2
= θ − 4 sin θ + sin(2θ) + θ + sin(2θ)
2 2 4 0 4 2 π
3

n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0
i=1
2 k∆k→0
i=1
π π
1 1
Z Z
3 2
= (2 − cos θ)2 dθ + (3 cos θ)2 dθ
2 0 2 π
3
π Z π
1 1 + cos(2θ) 9 2 1 + cos(2θ)
Z
3
= 4 − 4 cos θ + dθ + dθ
2 0 2 2 π3 2
Z π Z π
1 3 9 1 9 2
2 0 2 2 4 π3
π π
1 9 1 3 9 1 2
= θ − 4 sin θ + sin(2θ) + θ + sin(2θ)
2 2 4 0 4 2 π
3
√ √
√

1 3π 3 9 π π 3
= −2 3+ + − −
2 2 8 4 2 3 4

n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0
i=1
2 k∆k→0
i=1
π π
1 1
Z Z
3 2
= (2 − cos θ)2 dθ + (3 cos θ)2 dθ
2 0 2 π
3
π Z π
1 1 + cos(2θ) 9 2 1 + cos(2θ)
Z
3
= 4 − 4 cos θ + dθ + dθ
2 0 2 2 π3 2
Z π Z π
1 3 9 1 9 2
2 0 2 2 4 π3
π π
1 9 1 3 9 1 2
= θ − 4 sin θ + sin(2θ) + θ + sin(2θ)
2 2 4 0 4 2 π
3
√ √
√

1 3π 3 9 π π 3
= −2 3+ + − −
2 2 8 4 2 3 4
√ √ √
3π 15 3 3π 9 3 9π 3 3
= − + − = −
4 16 8 16 8 2

n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0
i=1
2 k∆k→0
i=1
π π
1 1
Z Z
3 2
= (2 − cos θ)2 dθ + (3 cos θ)2 dθ
2 0 2 π
3
π Z π
1 1 + cos(2θ) 9 2 1 + cos(2θ)
Z
3
= 4 − 4 cos θ + dθ + dθ
02 2 2 π3 2
Z π Z π
1 3 9 1 9 2
2 0 2 2 4 π3
π π
1 9 1 3 9 1 2
= θ − 4 sin θ + sin(2θ) + θ + sin(2θ)
2 2 4 0 4 2 π
3
√ √
√

1 3π 3 9 π π 3
= −2 3+ + − −
2 2 8 4 2 3 4
√ √ √
3π 15 3 3π 9 3 9π 3 3
= − + − = −
4 16 8 16 8 2
√
√

h i 9π 3 3 9π
Therefore, A(R) = 2 A(R1 ) + A(R2 ) = 2 − = − 3 3.
8 2 4
Example 3
Find the area of the intersection of the regions bounded by the graphs
of the limac˛on r = 1 + sin θ and the conic r = cos θ.

Example 3
Find the area of the intersection of the regions bounded by the graphs
of the limac˛on r = 1 + sin θ and the conic r = cos θ.

Let R1 and R2 be the regions as shown.
θi
(cos ξi , ξi )
R2 θi−1
R1
θi
(1 + sin ξi , ξi )
θi−1

A(R) = A(R1 ) + A(R2 )

A(R) = A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
n n
1 X 1 X
= lim (1 + sin ξi )2 ∆i θ + lim (cos ξi )2 ∆i θ
2 k∆k→0 i=1 2 k∆k→0 i=1

A(R) = A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1 2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π
1 0
Z
1 2
= (1 + sin θ)2 dθ + (cos θ)2 dθ
2 −π 2 0
2

A(R) = A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1 2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π
1 0
Z
1 2
= (1 + sin θ)2 dθ + (cos θ)2 dθ
2 −π 2 0
2
Z π
1 0
Z
2 1 2
= (1 + 2 sin θ + sin θ) dθ + cos2 θ dθ
2 −π 2 0
2

A(R) = A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1 2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π
1 0
Z
1 2
= (1 + sin θ)2 dθ + (cos θ)2 dθ
2 −π 2 0
2
Z π
1 0
Z
2 1 2
2 −π 2 0
2
Z π
1 0
Z
1 − cos(2θ) 1 2 1 + cos(2θ)
= 1 + 2 sin θ + dθ + dθ
2 −π 2 2 0 2
2

A(R) = A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1 2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π
1 0
Z
1 2
= (1 + sin θ)2 dθ + (cos θ)2 dθ
2 −π 2 0
2
Z π
1 0
Z
2 1 2
2 −π 2 0
2
Z π
1 0
Z
1 − cos(2θ) 1 2 1 + cos(2θ)
= 1 + 2 sin θ + dθ + dθ
2 −π 2 2 0 2
2
Z π
1 0
Z
3 1 1 2
= + 2 sin θ − cos(2θ) dθ + (1 + cos(2θ)) dθ
2 −π 2 2 4 0
2

A(R) = A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1 2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π
1 0
Z
1 2
= (1 + sin θ)2 dθ + (cos θ)2 dθ
2 −π 2 0
2
Z π
1 0
Z
2 1 2
2 −π 2 0
2
Z π
1 0
Z
1 − cos(2θ) 1 2 1 + cos(2θ)
= 1 + 2 sin θ + dθ + dθ
2 −π 2 2 0 2
2
Z π
1 0
Z
3 1 1 2
2 −π 2 2 4 0
2
0 π
1 3 1 1 1 2
= θ − 2 cos θ − sin(2θ) + θ + sin(2θ)
2 2 4 − π 4 2 0
2

A(R) = A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
n n
1 X 1 X
2 k∆k→0 i=1 2 k∆k→0 i=1
Z π
1 0
Z
1 2
= (1 + sin θ)2 dθ + (cos θ)2 dθ
2 −π 2 0
2
Z π
1 0
Z
2 1 2
2 −π 2 0
2
Z π
1 0
Z
1 − cos(2θ) 1 2 1 + cos(2θ)
= 1 + 2 sin θ + dθ + dθ
2 −π 2 2 0 2
2
Z π
1 0
Z
3 1 1 2
2 −π 2 2 4 0
2
0 π
1 3 1 1 1 2
= θ − 2 cos θ − sin(2θ) + θ + sin(2θ)
2 2 4 π
−2 4 2 0

1 3π 1 π 3π π π
= −2+ + · = −1 + + = −1
2 4 4 2 8 8 2
Example 4
Given the equations r = 4 and r = 2 − 4 sin θ. Find the area of the
region that is inside the graph of the first equation and outside the
graph of the second equation.

Example 4
Given the equations r = 4 and r = 2 − 4 sin θ. Find the area of the
region that is inside the graph of the first equation and outside the
graph of the second equation.

Let R1 and R2 be the regions as shown.
θi ξi
θi−1
π
6
R2
θi
ξi
θi−1
R1
− π6

h i
A(R) = 2 A(R1 ) + A(R2 )

h i
A(R) = 2 A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
Z π h Z π
1 6
i 1 2
= 2 42 − (2 − 4 sin θ)2 dθ + (4)2 dθ
2 − π6 2 π6

h i
A(R) = 2 A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
Z π h Z π
1 6
i 1 2
= 2 42 − (2 − 4 sin θ)2 dθ + (4)2 dθ
2 − π6 2 π6
Z π h Z π
6 2
i
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 sin2 θ dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
π
6

h i
A(R) = 2 A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
Z π h Z π
1 6
i 1 2
= 2 42 − (2 − 4 sin θ)2 dθ + (4)2 dθ
2 − π6 2 π6
Z π h Z π
6 2
i
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 sin2 θ dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
π
6
π π
1 − cos(2θ) i
Z Z
6 2
h
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 · dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
2 π
6

h i
A(R) = 2 A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
Z π h Z π
1 6
i 1 2
= 2 42 − (2 − 4 sin θ)2 dθ + (4)2 dθ
2 − π6 2 π6
Z π h Z π
6 2
i
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 sin2 θ dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
π
6
π π
1 − cos(2θ) i
Z Z
6 2
h
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 · dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
2 π
6
Z π Z π
6 2
h i
= 4 + 16 sin θ + 8 cos(2θ) dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
π
6

h i
A(R) = 2 A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
Z π h Z π
1 6
i 1 2
= 2 42 − (2 − 4 sin θ)2 dθ + (4)2 dθ
2 − π6 2 π6
Z π h Z π
6 2
i
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 sin2 θ dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
π
6
π π
1 − cos(2θ) i
Z Z
6 2
h
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 · dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
2 π
6
Z π Z π
6 2
h i
= 4 + 16 sin θ + 8 cos(2θ) dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
π
6
h i π6 π
2
= 4θ − 16 cos θ + 4 sin(2θ) + 16θ
−π
6
π
6

h i
A(R) = 2 A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
Z π h Z π
1 6
i 1 2
= 2 42 − (2 − 4 sin θ)2 dθ + (4)2 dθ
2 − π6 2 π6
Z π h Z π
6 2
i
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 sin2 θ dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
π
6
π π
1 − cos(2θ) i
Z Z
6 2
h
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 · dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
2 π
6
Z π Z π
6 2
h i
= 4 + 16 sin θ + 8 cos(2θ) dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
π
6
h i π6 π
2
= 4θ − 16 cos θ + 4 sin(2θ) + 16θ
−π
6
π
6
√ √ √ √ i
h
π
3 3
i h
π
3 3
= 4· 6
− 16 · 2
+4· 2
− 4· − 6
− 16 · 2
+4· − 2

π π
+16 −
2 6

h i
A(R) = 2 A(R1 ) + A(R2 )
Z π h Z π
1 6
i 1 2
= 2 42 − (2 − 4 sin θ)2 dθ + (4)2 dθ
2 − π6 2 π6
Z π h Z π
6 2
i
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 sin2 θ dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
π
6
π π
1 − cos(2θ) i
Z Z
6 2
h
= 12 + 16 sin θ − 16 · dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
2 π
6
Z π Z π
6 2
h i
= 4 + 16 sin θ + 8 cos(2θ) dθ + 16 dθ
−π
6
π
6
h i π6 π
2
= 4θ − 16 cos θ + 4 sin(2θ) + 16θ
−π
6
π
6
√ √ √ √ i
h
π
3 3
i h
π
3 3
= 4· 6
− 16 · 2
+4· 2
− 4· − 6
− 16 · 2
+4· − 2

π π
+16 −
2 6
4
√ 16 20
√
= 3
π +4 3+ 3
π = 3
π +4 3

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Polar Coordinates

JULIUS V. BENITEZ, Ph.D.

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 1 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 2 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 2 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 3 / 1

Therefore, a polar representation of

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 4 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 4 / 1

Hence, the given polar equation is

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 5 / 1

Hence, the given polar equation is

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 5 / 1

Some Polar Graphs

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 6 / 1

Rules of Symmetry for graphs of polar equations

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 7 / 1

Rules of Symmetry for graphs of polar equations

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 7 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 8 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 9 / 1

Limac˛on with a loop

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 10 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 11 / 1

Limac˛on with a dent

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 12 / 1

1 having n petals if n is odd

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 13 / 1

1 having n petals if n is odd

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 14 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 15 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 16 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 17 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 18 / 1

θ=β Then the area A(Ri ) of the circular

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 19 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 20 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 21 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 22 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 23 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 23 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 24 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 25 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 25 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 25 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 25 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 25 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 25 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 25 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 25 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 26 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 26 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 27 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 28 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 28 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 28 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 28 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 28 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 28 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 28 / 1

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 29 / 1

The region (shaded gray) is given below:

Julius V. Benitez, Ph.D. Polar Coordinates October 6, 2015 29 / 1