1.

Chapter 8,section 3 (problem 1)

Find the general solution of each of the following differential equation

𝑦2 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

Solution:

We have given

𝑦2 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

On comparing with linear first order general equation.

𝑦 2 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 ,we get

P =1

Q =𝑒 𝑥

The general solution is calculated by using,

𝑦𝑒 𝐼 =∫ 𝑄𝑒 𝐼 where I is calculated as

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥

𝐼 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥

𝐼=𝑥

So,𝑒 𝐼 =

Therefore solution of the given equation is calculated as,

𝑦𝑒 𝐼 =∫ 𝑄𝑒 𝐼

𝑦𝑒 𝑥 =∫ 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦𝑒 𝑥 =∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = +𝐶
2

𝑒 2𝑥 𝐶
𝑦=2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥
𝑦= + 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥
2

𝑒𝑥
𝑦= + 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥
2

The computer solution of the given differential equation is,

𝑒𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥 + 2
.

this is same as wee obtained.hence general solution is,

𝑒𝑥
𝑦= + 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥
2

2. Chapter 8, Section 5 (problem 1)

Solve the following the differential equations

𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑦 , − 2𝑦 = 0

Solution:

Consider the following differential equation

𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑦 , − 2𝑦 = 0.

Objective is to determine its solution.

𝑑
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐷 = .
𝑑𝑥

Then,

𝑑𝑦
𝐷𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥

= 𝑦′

𝐷 2 𝑌 = 𝐷𝑦 ′

= 𝑦𝑛

Use these substitution in the differential equation and get

𝐷 2 𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 0

(𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 0

The algebraic expression 𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 2 can factored as:

𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 2 = 𝐷 2 + 2𝐷 − 𝐷 − 2

= 𝐷(𝐷 + 2) − 1(𝐷 + 2)

= (𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 − 1)

Then,

(𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 0

(𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0.

Here the roots are 1,-2(distinct) to solve = (𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0.

first solve the simpler equations.

(𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0 and (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0.

The solution of (𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0 by separating the variable is

(𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑦 + 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑦

𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑑𝑥.
𝑦

Integrate both the sides and get

𝑑𝑦
∫ = −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦

ln 𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑐1

𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥

Last step is obtaines by taking antilog both the sides.

Similarly,the solution of (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0 is:

(𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦
𝑦
−𝑦 =0

𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦

ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐3 .

And so, 𝑦 = 𝑐4 𝑒 𝑥

Find the wronskian for both the solutions,say

𝑦1 = 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑦2 = 𝑐4 𝑒 𝑥 ,

And chek for linearly independence

𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑊 = |𝑦 ′ 𝑦2 ′ |
1

𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐4 𝑒 𝑥
=| |
−2𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐4 𝑒 𝑥

= (𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 . 𝑐4 𝑒 𝑥 )-(𝑐4 𝑒 𝑥 . −2𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 )

= 3𝑐2 𝑐4 𝑒 −𝑥 ≠ 0.

Since wronskian of both the solutions is nonzero,therefore both are linearly independent.

Thus there are two linearly independent solutions 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑐4 𝑒 𝑥 and general solution of 𝑦 𝑛 +
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0 will be the sum of these two.

Hence, the solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐4 𝑒 𝑥