Vector Space

P P Savani University

February 7, 2019

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Vector Space

Let V be a non-empty set of certain objects, which may be Vectors,

Matrices, Functions or some other objects. The elements of V
are denoted by a,b,c,u,v etc. Assume that the two algebraic oper-
ations (1) Vector addition and (2) Scalar multiplication are defined
on elements of V . If the vector addition is defined as the usual
addition of vectors, then

a+b = (a1 , a2 , ..., an )+(b1 , b2 , ..., bn ) = (a1 +b1 , a2 +b2 , ..., an +bn )
(1)
If the scalar multiplication is defined as the usual scalar multiplica-
tion of a vector by the scalar α, then

αa = α(a1 , a2 , ..., an ) = (αa1 , αa2 , ..., αan ) (2)

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Vector Space
The set V is defined a vector space if for any elements a, b, c in V
and any scalars α,the following properties are satisfied.
Properties with respect to vector addition:
1 a + b is in V.

(Closure Property)
2 a + b = b + a

(Commutative law)
3 (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

(Associative law)
4 a + 0 = 0 + a = a

(Existence of unique zero element in V )

(Here 0 is not actual zero but additive identity which
satisfies above condition for all element of set)
5 a + (−a) = 0

(Existence of inverse or negative element in V )

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Vector Space

Properties with respect to scalar multiplication:

1 αa is in V .
(Closure property)
2 (α+β)a=αa+βa
(Left distributive law)
3 (α β)a=α(βa)
4 α(a+b)=αa + αb
(Right distributive law)
5 1a = a

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Note:
When 1st property is satisfied w.r.t. vector addition (scalar
multiplication) then the vector space is said to be closed
under the vector addition (scalar multiplication).
If the elements of V are real, its is called real vector space,
whereas V is called complex vector space, if the elements V
are complex numbers.
If one of the properties is not satisfied, then V is not a vector
space. We usually check the closure properties first before
checking the other properties.
The vector space V = 0 is called a trivial vector space.
If V is a vector space then elements of V is known as vector

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The following are some examples of vector space under the usual
operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication.
The set V of real or complex numbers.
The set of polynomials Pn of degree less than or equal to n.
The set of n-tuples in Rn or Cn
The set of all m × n matrices.

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Theorem: Let V be a vector space over R. Then
0u = 0 for all u ∈ V
there is a unique additive identity 0.
the additive inverse is unique;that is ,if for a given u,there are
v , v 0 ∈ V such that u + v = 0 and u + v 0 = 0 then v = v 0
(−1)u = −u,the negative element such that u + (−u) = 0 for
u∈V
c0 = 0 for all c ∈ R and 0 ∈ V
If cu = 0 for c ∈ R and 0 ∈ V ,then either c = 0 or
u(vector ) = 0(vector ).

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Subspace

Definition: A subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace

of V if W is itself a vector space under the addition and scalar
multiplication denoted on V .
Theorem: If W is a set of one or more vectors in a vector space V,
then W is a subspace of V if and only if the following conditions are
satisfied:
If a and b are vectors in W, then a + b is in W.
If α is a scalar and a is a vector in W, then αa is in W.

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Example

Let F and G be subspaces of a vector space V such that F ∩ G =

{0}.The sum of F and G is written as F + G and is defined by
F + G = {f + g : f ∈ F , g ∈ G }.Show that F + G is a subspace
of V assuming the usual definition of vector addition and scalar
multiplication.

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Linear Combination

Definition: If w is a vector in a vector space V , then w is said to

be linear combination of the vectors v1 , v2 , v3 , ...vr in V if w can be
expressed in the form

w = k1 v1 + k2 v2 + ... + kr vr

where k1 , k2 , k3 ..., kr are scalars. These scalars are called the coef-
ficients of the linear combination.

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Linear Independence and Dependence

Definition: If S = {v1 , v2 , ..., vr } is a set of two or more vectors in

a vector space V ,then S is said to be a Linearly Independent set
if no vector in S can be expressed as a linear combination of the
others. A set that is not linearly independent is said to be Linearly
Dependent.
Theorem: A non-empty set S = v1 , v2 , v3 , ..., vr in a vector space
V is linearly independent if and only if the only coefficient
satisfying the vector equation

k1 v1 + k2 v2 + ... + kr vr = 0

are k1 = 0, k2 = 0, ...,kr = 0

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observations

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Span of vectors

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Basis of a Vector space

Example
1 Show that vectors v1 = (1, 2, 1), v2 = (2, 9, 0), v3 = (3, 3, 4)
form a basis for R3
2 Consider vectors v1 = (1, 2, 1), v2 = (−1, 2, −3), v3 = (3, 3, 4).
Is this collection of vectors is basis for R3 ?

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Dimension of a vector space

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Row and Column Vectors

in Rn that formed from the rows of A are called the row vectors of
A.and the

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Row and Column Vector

in Rn that formed from the rows of A are called the column

vectors of A

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Row Space, Column Space and Null Space

Basis for Row space and Column space

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