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Balance of Power (BOP) Theory in International Relations - CSS Notes
Balance of Power (BOP) Theory in International Relations - CSS Notes
The Concert of Europe (from 1815 to 1870) provides another good example of major European states
striving to achieve balance power. The increasing the power of Germany began seeing bipolar set of
alliances form, leading to the World Wars.
After World War I, the balance of power system was attacked by proponents of cooperation and a
community of power. International relations were changed radically after World War II by the
predominance of two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, with major ideological
differences between them.
After the 1960s, with the emergence of China and the third world, a revived Europe and Japan, it
reemerged as a component of international relations. With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the United
States, as the sole remaining superpower, has been dominant militarily and, to a lesser degree,
economically.
Subjective or Objective: BoP based on appearances is subjective and fragile whereas that based on
actual capabilities is objective and more stable.
Fortuitous or Contrived: Fortuitous BoP is not based on particular policies whereas contrived BoP is
based on conscious policies of either or both sides.
Internal balancing takes place by building up the capacity of the state, as occurred with the US-Soviet
arms race, in which both super powers tried to balance power by becoming more powerful themselves.
Degree of Polarization
Polarization is the process that causes neutral parties to take sides in a conflict. It also causes individuals
on either side of the conflict to take increasingly extreme positions that are more and more opposed to
each other. As parties move toward these opposite “poles,” they define themselves in terms of their
opposition to a common enemy. Trust and respect diminish, and “distorted perceptions and simplified
stereotypes emerge.” Parties assume more rigid positions and may refuse to negotiate.
The study of polarization first came to be identified with those realist writers who wrote about the structure
of the international system, the impact of military alliances on war and peace, and the balance of power.
Functions of BoP
BoP has prevented universal empires from transforming the world by conquest. It is provided peace in the
absence of effective mechanisms of collective security. Need for BoP between big powers has proven
particularly beneficial for secondary or smaller states.
Criticism of BoP
Power not peace is the overriding concern within the BoP imperative. War not peace provides the best
means to check instability in the BoP. BoP has resulted in absorption and partition of smaller states (Poland
was divided by Russia, Austria and Prussia in 1772 to maintain BoP).
States are not static units as they can increase their power through armaments and also acquire power
through development. It is difficult for states to switch sides, given the political, economic, socio-cultural
ties.
Relevant Vocabulary
Assessment: estimation based on analysis
Fortuitous: unexpected or chance
Capability: capacity or the ability to achieve or do something
Preponderance: prevalence or hold
Fragile: subject to change, unstable
Intervention: intrusion or interference
Alliance: grouping or association to serve a specific purpose
Mechanism: device, apparatus, or system Polarization: division or diversion Acquire: to
obtain or to get
Partition: breaking up or division
Static: the same, or unchanging