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Testing Machines and Testing Systems For Metals
Testing Machines and Testing Systems For Metals
BB 253.2.03.15
Intelligent testing
1 The Zwick Roell Group of Companies
Contents Page
1.1 With passion and expertise 3
1.2 Your dependable metals testing partner 4
2 Testing Metals
Contents Page
2.1 Overview of metals testing 5
2.2 Heavy plate 6
2.3 Strip and sheet 10
2.4 Thin sheet 12
2.5 Bars and rods 15
2.6 Sections/profiles and reinforcing steel 17
2.7 Wire and cable 20
2.8 Pipes 22
2.9 Castings and forgings 24
2.10 Fasteners 25
4 Overview of Standards
An overview of all relevant standards for metals testing can be
found at www.zwick.com/en/applications/metals/standards
2
1.1 Zwick – with passion
and competence
Applications
The basis of a successful partnership: innovative employees, innovative products!
Many of them have been with us for years – decades of fatigue testing – we have the right solutions. We have
even. Their knowledge, ability and commitment are what products for hardness testing, instruments for impact
lies behind the worldwide success of the testing and for sheet-metal testing.
Zwick/Roell Group
And for that rare occasion when we don’t have a solution
We are present in over 50 countries around the world. to fit, our experts will find one – from the smallest adapta-
tion right through to a fully automated testing system or a
test stand for special purposes
3
1.2 Zwick - your depend-
able partner for metals
testing
4
2.1 Overview of metals testing
Specimen preparation
Robotic testing systems
Quasi-static tests
Impact tests
Type of test
Ductility tests
Fatigue tests
Torsion tests
Creep tests
Flat products
Heavy plate • • • • – – • • • • • – • • • –
(incl. slabs, billets)
Applications
(incl. hot-rolled strip, hot-rolled wide strip)
Thin sheet • – – • – • • • • – – • – – – •
(incl. tinplate, coated sheet)
Long products
Sections/profiles • – – • – – • • • • – – – – – –
and reinforcing steel
Semi-finished products
• • • • – – • • • • – – • • – –
Products
Pipes
(incl. fittings)
Fasteners • – • • • – • • • • – – – • – –
(incl. welding and joining technology)
5
2.2 Heavy plate Tensile test
6
Robotic testing system for • Under Zwick’s automation con-
tensile tests cept, specimens awaiting testing
are manually sorted into maga-
Safe, precise, reliable handling of zines. From this point everything
heavy specimens places severe de- takes place automatically, right up
Applications
Products
Fig.1: Automated tensile testing of heavy-plate specimens with roboTest P robotic testing system
7
Fracture toughness testing
Determination of KIc
8
Charpy impact test
Applications
Pellini drop-weight test
Zwick Pellini drop-weight testers are Fig.1: RKP 450 pendulum impact tester with optional concrete base
used to investigate the influences
of welds on crack formation in steel
materials. Temperature-conditioned
standardized specimens are im-
pacted at up to 1,650 J, with man-
ual and optical evaluation of crack
formation or break in dependence
on the specimen temperature se-
lected.
• creep test
• flexure and compression test
• shear tests/weld seam test
• fatigue tests
• rotating bar bending fatigue test
• drop-weight tests using high-
energy drop-weight testers
9
2.3 Strip and sheet ening – increase in stress – during a videoXtens transverse strain ex-
plastic deformation up to uniform tensometer. This combination offers
elongation, while the r-value de- robustness and a high level of au-
scribes the vertical anisotropy. The tomation plus easy specimen han-
n-value is determined from the ten- dling. Both extensometers measure
sile stress data and strain values; for up to specimen break.
the r-value the transverse strain on
the tensile specimen is additionally Biaxial tensile test
measured. Tensile specimens are
taken from the strip or sheet at set Something of a special case, the
angles to the rolling direction. biaxial tensile test is used to deter-
mine the deformation characteristics
Strip refers to steel and non-ferrous One factor affecting the r-value of materials. It is primarily employed
products which are rolled into coils, is the rolling direction. The sheet in research and development, as it
e.g. hot-rolled strip, which is used thickness is retained as specimen allows defined stress values to be
as primary material for cold-rolled thickness, while the parallel length set and investigated at the intersec-
sheets. is produced by milling or punching tion point of the specimen. These
plus finishing testing machines are produced to
Hot-rolled strip is produced in thick- customers’ requirements. Strain
nesses up to 15 mm and in widths Zwick supplies a wide range of measurement is performed optically
up to 2,200 mm. Hot-rolled plate standard testing systems for de- in most cases and Zwick provides
is sheets cut out of hot-rolled strip termining material properties from several solutions for this; for strain-
and is up to 15 mm thick and up to tensile tests; these systems provide distribution measurement Zwick col-
2,000 mm wide. high-precision testing under high laborates with specialist concerns.
loads. Our comprehensive range of
Tensile test with r- and n-value axial and transverse strain exten-
determination someters allow the optimum combi-
nation to be selected in line with the
R and n-values are often also de- customer’s requirements and test-
termined in tensile tests in order to ing conditions, e.g. a makroXtens
characterize forming properties; the digital extensometer combined with
n-value describes the work hard-
Fig.1: videoXtens transverse strain extensometer and makroXtens extensometer Fig.2: Biaxial tensile test
10
3-point flexure test
High-temperature testing
Fig.1: 3-point flexure test kit for metal strip Fig.3: High-temperature flexure test in high-
In applications such as engine temperature furnace
manufacture, power station con-
struction, power trains and chemi-
cal plants, material behavior at el-
evated temperatures (up to approx.
1,600°C and over) is of vital impor-
tance, calling for high-temperature
tensile testing and, to a lesser
Applications
extent, flexure testing.
• ductility test
• shear test/weld seam test
• creep test
• fatigue test
• high-speed tensile test
Products
Fig.2: Hot tensile test with induction heating and laserXtens extensometer with pyrometer
for temperature measurement
11
2.3 Thin sheet direction. The r-value is also depen- Our comprehensive range of axial
dent on the rolling direction. Parallel and transverse strain extensometers
lengths are produced by milling or allows the optimum combination to
punching followed by finishing; for be selected in line with the custom-
foils, strips are cut. Zwick produces er’s requirements and testing condi-
various machines and devices for tions, e.g. for dimensionally stable
specimen production from different sheet a laserXtens laser speckle
sheet thicknesses; requirements for extensometer in combination with
standard-compliant milled specimen a videoXtens transverse strain ex-
edges are ideally covered via collab- tensometer. This combination is
oration with our specialist partners. integrated in a single housing, form-
ing a unified system, and features a
Thin sheets and foils are the last Zwick supplies a wide range of high level of robustness, excellent
stage in the production of flat prod- standard testing systems for de- measuring accuracy and simple
ucts. Thin sheets are between 0.35 termining material properties from handling. The operator benefits from
and 3.0 mm thick, whereas foils tensile tests. easier specimen changing, as con-
are typically less than 60 μm. Ultra- tact elements near the specimen
thin sheets complete the thickness are eliminated.
line-up. Applications for these flat
products are many and varied and
the range of tests is correspondingly
wide. This brochure covers just a
few.
Fig.1: Tensile test on thin sheet specimens with laserXtens Array extensometer
12
Ductility tests
Applications
Fig.2: BUP 200 sheet metal testing machine with optical measuring system
Products
Fig.1: Cupping tool for Erichsen test Fig.3: Test result following Erichsen test Fig.4: Specimen from FLC test (Nakajima)
13
High-speed tensile test Draw-bead test on steel Digital control of the draw-bead tool
sheets gripping-force guarantees reliable,
Material behavior at high strain-rates reproducible measured values,
is critical for applications in the au- This test is designed to determine while the tool die can quickly be
tomobile industry. Accidents involve the coefficients of friction between changed to cover different testing
high material deformation speeds steel sheet and cup deep draw- specifications.
which it is essential to take into ac- ing tool. The ideal lubricant for the
count in automobile design. The deep drawing process can then be
necessary material properties are established, enabling cracks and Additional tests for thin sheet
determined using high-speed tensile creases to be avoided and opti-
testing machines from Zwick's HTM mizing the forming process. The • flexure and compression test
series. These servo-hydraulic test- draw-bead unit can be installed in a • hardness test
ing machines achieve 20 m/s on standard testing machine. • shear test/weld seam test
specimens at loads up to 160 kN. • automated testing.
For the test a sheet-metal strip (typi-
cal dimensions 300 mm x 30 mm x
2 mm) is gripped axially in the upper
specimen grips and the draw-bead
tool closed; the sheet-metal strip
is then pulled through the draw-
bead tool. This procedure can be
repeated automatically, the number
of repeats being varied as required.
Fig.1: Metal specimen in HTM high-speed Fig.2: High-speed tensile test at high tem- Fig.3: Z050 materials testing machine with
tensile testing machine perature draw-bead tool
14
2.5 Bars and rods
Applications
storage tank construction.
Hardness test
The demands on their mechani-
cal characteristics are as varied as The methods used include
their applications: from high tensile micro Vickers for characteriza-
for structural materials to ductile for tion of micro-structures, Rockwell
subsequent forming processes tests and high-load Brinell test
HBW10/3000. Because the hard-
Tensile test ness test is simple and reliable it is
frequently performed and correlated
Specimens are taken from the with other characteristics. With long
product and prepared for the tensile products the hardenability of the
test in accordance with the product material is often determined by es-
shape or as specified in the product tablishing the hardness distribution
standards. Sections of products along a rod following a tempering
can be used directly as specimens and quenching test (Jominy test).
for testing if the cross-section of the Zwick’s product range contains
product permits; the required forces testing machines for all required
Products
can quickly exceed 2,500 kN, with hardness testing methods and in-
customized Zwick systems up to cludes automated Jominy testers.
5,000 kN already operating success-
fully. This places particular demands
on specimen grips and clamping,
which Zwick meets by developing
both new specimen grips and tech-
niques to ensure that specimens
do not fail early due to the effects of Fig.2: Jominy test on single specimen
clamping.
15
Fatigue test
16
2.6 Sections/profiles and Testing these ribbed steels poses a Zwick supplies hydraulic testing ma-
reinforcing steel particular challenge because, apart chines and flexure test kits as per
from cutting to length, no further standards.
mechanical specimen preparation
takes place. The on-specimen strain If required two test areas can be
Applications
which – in the case of concrete- rule being 90° or 180°. For this test
reinforcing steel – are subject to
regulatory control.
Tensile test
Fig.1: Tensile test on steel rebar with mak- Fig.2: Flexure test kit for steel rebar
roXtens extensometer installed in specimen grips for tensile tests
17
Tensile shear test Automation of reinforcement accuracy and in accordance with
steel testing standards and specimens can op-
The weld points of reinforcing mats tionally be sorted according to test
and lattices are tested for shearing. Reinforcing steel is produced in result for later visual inspection.
This involves removing specimens large amounts and must be con-
from welded mats and lattices and tinually tested for production moni- • customized total solutions
placing them in special close-fitting toring. Zwick has developed auto- • integration of all relevant tests
specimen grips. Specimen grips mated systems in which specimens • high availability
used for this type of test must be cut to length from rod material or • useful options for forwarding fault
accurately matched to the diameter separated from mats and lattices reports
and position of the ribbed wires in are loaded manually into magazines,
order not to influence the shearing after which they are tested com-
forces. Zwick has many decades of pletely automatically. Artificial aging
experience in this area and has de- at 100°C can also be integrated into
veloped a comprehensive range of this type of testing system. Cross-
accessories. sections are measured with high
Fig.2: Shear test on truss Fig.4: Robotic testing system for testing reinforcing steel
Fig.3: Detail of test fixture Fig.5: Automatic length measurement Fig.6: Automatic rib measurement
18
Cyclic test
Applications
to be applied with strokes of more
than 20 mm at over 1 Hz.
Fatigue test
19
2.7 Wire and cable The wide range of applications Tensile test on steel strand
places extremely varied mechani-
cal demands, with the result that In steel strand several wires are
testing material properties is often wound with each other; under
highly safety-relevant. tensile loading they try to unwind.
Zwick’s special clamping technol-
Tensile test on wire ogy avoids premature failure at an
unwanted location. Failure of steel
Tensile tests on wire represent a strand generally involves individual
challenge for specimen grip design. wires whipping about, with a strong
Wires can be very thin and at the probability of damage to contact-
same time very strong; as they can- type extensometers; we therefore
All metals can be formed into wire, not be machined for testing, cut-off recommend using our optical exten-
which is a very common metal lengths are used and require suit- someters, which feature measure-
product form. able gripping arrangements - simply ment travel of 900 mm and high
clamping wires between jaws can resolution (1.5 μm over the entire
Wires are used in all areas of the cause failure at an unwanted loca- measurement travel).
manufacturing industry: in construc- tion. Zwick can supply specimen
tion engineering, in electrical tech- grips featuring various gripping
nology and energy technology, in technologies for safe, reliable test-
aircraft and automobile manufacture ing. For strain measurement the vi-
and in medical technology. deoXtens optical extensometer can
be used with thin wires; with thicker
Wire braided into cables is used in wires optical or contact-type exten-
load-bearing applications in cable- someters can be employed.
ways, lifts and cranes, in bridge-
building, anchorings and fastenings. • wide range of specimen grips for
single wires
• the right extensometer for every
application.
Fig.1: Tensile test on fine wire with makroXtens extensometer Fig.2: Clamping device for steel strand
20
Tensile test on wire ropes and
cables
Applications
tion provides a tensile-compression
loading of the specimen. Specimen
preparation is especially important
here, an undamaged surface being
essential. Fig.1: Servo-hydraulic horizontal testing machine for cyclic tests on wire ropes
• torsion test
• hardness test
• fatigue test
Products
21
2.8 Pipes Tensile test
Fig.1: Pipe-wall specimen Fig.2: High-capacity testing machine with double-actuator hydraulic grips
22
Compression tests
Drop-weight test
For large oil and gas mains, speci- Fig.1: Crush test on special pipe
mens from the pipe wall are sub-
jected to a drop weight test to API
5L. Specimens with a height equal
to the original wall thickness and
widths of several centimeters are
Applications
subjected to abrupt loading via a
vertically falling weight with a tup.
The energy (weight and release
height) is set so that the specimen
breaks and the fracture surface
can be assessed visually. Zwick
produces drop-weight testers up to
120,000 J for this type of test.
23
2.9 Castings and forgings Tensile test round specimens Zwick provides
special specimen grips which are
Cast and forged components are easy to handle and allow the use of
produced so as to require the mini- automatic extensometers; complete
mum of further processing to make components are catered for by a
them fit for their intended purpose. comprehensive accessory and op-
For tensile tests this means either tion package.
removing specimens from specified
locations or using the component Hardness test
as a whole to determine tensile
strength. Testing the whole com- The hardness value is an important
ponent requires high test loads and characteristic when monitoring the
component-specific gripping ar- manufacturing process for cast and
Castings and forgings are predomi- rangements and fastenings, while forged components. The high-load
nantly used in the automotive indus- component geometries often result Brinell method is often used on
try and for aircraft manufacture, as in the production of specimens with components, the large indentations
well as for power-station construc- small final dimensions. For small enabling a stable average value for
tion. Casting technology allows the metallographic constituents to
complex parts to be manufactured be obtained.
cost-effectively, with an ever-
increasing use of light metal cast- The hardness of metallographic
ings to reduce weight, especially in constituents is determined on me-
engine manufacture. Forged com- tallographic specimens via Vickers
ponents are used to meet severe micro-hardness testing. Zwick’s
demands on strength, or extremes operator-friendly Brinell hardness
of pressure and impact loading, as testing machines with automatic
with crankshafts and connecting indentation measurement up to load
rods in engines, or generator and level 250 kg are complemented by a
turbine shafts in power stations. comprehensive range of micro Vick-
ers instruments, from manual to fully
Fatigue test Fig.1: Tensile test on round specimen automatic.
24
2.10 Fasteners Tensile test
Applications
Shear test
25
Fatigue test on threaded fas-
teners
26
3.1 Specimen preparation RZ 100 and RZ 150 blanking Automatic cross-section mea-
and dimensional measure- machines for O-shaped speci- suring device
ment mens
Four high-precision digital measur-
Nowadays test pieces from steel The closed O-shape requires pre-cut ing transducers provide simultane-
Applications
Blanking machine for
C-shaped specimens
(M-Cut 65)
Fig.1: M-Cut 65 specimen blanking machine Fig.3: 7140 specimen grinder Fig.5: Measuring cross-section of a flat
specimen
27
3.2 Electromechanical test- ProLine - the machine range AllroundLine - extra-conve-
ing machines for standard tests nient, for more complex test-
ing situations
zwickiLine - small footprint, Do you carry out goods-inwards
big range of application tests or quality assurance to estab- The AllroundLine table-top models
lished standards? Do you need to feature two patented extruded-
These high-quality, easy-to-operate measure force and deformation, or section columns which are light,
single-column materials testing ma- strain? Then ProLine is just the ma- flexurally stiff and function as both
chines were specially designed for chine for you. The load frames are lead-screw guides and guards. The
tensile and compressive test loads equipped with guide columns and table-top versions of AllroundLine
up to 5 kN. drive-screws and are available for can be provided with stands to en-
nominal loads from 5 kN to 100 kN. able the test area to be located at
Shorter versions are used for flexure A wide range of specimen grips, the optimum height for the operator
tests or function tests, while long test fixtures and mechanical and or the application. The floor-stand-
load-frames are ideal for tensile optical extensometers is also avail- ing versions are equipped with two
tests, for example on wire and strip. able. or four guide-columns. Extremely
28
stiff load frame construction ensures testControl II - the measure- and the result is extremely high test-
optimum conditions for accurate ment and control electronics result accuracy and reproducibility
alignment of test axes. The load over the entire speed range. The
frames can be provided with one testControl II is 'Made by Zwick' innovative testControl II electron-
or two test areas, while the lower and is ideally aligned to the de- ics set the benchmark with regard
Applications
Products
29
High-capacity testing ma- equipped with electromechanical ries, the SP-T standard series is an
chines drives of up to 2,000 kN capacity. extremely compact high-capacity
As well as being more convenient machine for the 400 kN to 1,200 kN
Series-produced Zwick Roell high- in everyday use, electromechanical range.
capacity testing machines start drives are more precise and require
from 330 kN capacity and range very little maintenance. All high-capacity testing machines
up to 2,500 kN. Customized spe- are extremely stiff and robust and
cial solutions up to over 5,000 kN In addition to the standard H (for hy- offer a high level of reliability.
are also available. In high-capacity draulic) and E (electro-mechanical)
testing machines the test force series, there is also a standard SP
is generated by hydraulic actua- (special) series which can be used
tors. Developments in lead-screw for routine standard applications
technology mean that high-capac- in the metals field from 400 kN to
ity testing machines can now be 2,000 kN. Derived from the SP se-
30
3.3 Hardness testing ma- ZHU/zwickiLine universal
chines and instruments hardness testing machine
Applications
and indenters. and the result is a well-balanced,
high-precision measuring system. Fig.2: ZHU/zwickiLine universal hardness
testing machine
Products
Fig.1: Zwick has a comprehensive range of hardness testing machines for a variety of test methods
31
ZHV30/zwickiLine Vickers
hardness testing machine
32
ZHU250CL universal hardness Nanomechanical Portable hardness testers
tester hardness tester
Portable hardness testing is used
The ZHU250CL hardness tester The ZHN Universal Nanomechani- for large or non-transportable com-
employs the latest technology, with cal Tester provides the force and ponents and plant.
Applications
tester and high-resolution profilom-
eter.
Fig.1: ZHU250CL universal hardness tester Fig.2: Scratch test and Berkovich indenta- Fig.4: RH-150 hardness tester
tions
33
3.4.Tests at high tempera- The high-temperature system itself In practice, the most common
ture consists of three main components: specimens are threaded-end
specimens (e.g. as described in DIN
Application • the swivel-mounted high-temper- 50125). Flat specimens taken from
ature furnace with high-tempera- thin sheets are held in positive-fit
It is common practice to install the ture controller; flat-specimen grips. Standardized
high-temperature unit directly in specimen adapters for these speci-
the materials testing machine. This • the high-temperature extensom- mens are available in various materi-
arrangement allows tensile tests eter (standardized: contact-type als for temperatures up to 1,200°C.
to be performed at both room tem- systems; customized: non- Systems are similarly available for
perature (ISO 6892-1) and elevated contact systems), which can also compression and flexure tests up to
temperature (ISO 6892-2). During simply be swung out of the test 1,600°C.
testing at room temperature, com- area; suitable access (port) is re-
ponents such as the high-tempera- quired in the furnace; The combination of the volumes in
ture furnace and high-temperature the furnace, the temperature toler-
extensometer are simply swung out • the load string, consisting of con- ances and dwell times specified
of the test area. Using a centrally nectors for the quick-change in the standard, together with the
divided hinged furnace enables the system on the testing machine, heating and cooling times, mean
pull-rods in use to be inserted and the pull-rods, via which the tensile that the duration of tests is more
withdrawn easily via a quick-change force is transmitted into the fur- or less fixed. To reduce specimen
system. nace and the specimen adapters throughput time, systems with mul-
at the end of the pull-rods. tiple furnaces are available from our
range.
Fig.1: High-temperature furnace with laserXtens Fig.3: Induction heating with laserXtens Fig.5: Carousel with 3 high-temperature
furnaces
Fig.2: High-temperature furnace with Fig.4: High-temperature tests in Fig.6: Servo-hydraulic testing machine with
HT extensometer vacuum furnace high-temperature furnace
34
3.5 Creep testing machines deadweights). As with electrome- drive, an important criterion for tests
chanical machines, spring-loaded under alternating tensile/compres-
The design and operation of high- machines are suitable for force, sion loading. Together with either
temperature components require stress and strain control. contact-type extensometers or
material properties which have been the non-contact videoXtens HT/TZ
Applications
are mainly used (spring loading or The machine features backlash-free Fig.2: Crack expansion and crack progress
measurement as per ASTM E 1457
Fig.1: KAPPA DS (left) and KAPPA SS - CF (right) electromechanical creep testing machines Fig.4: Gaged specimen for creep tensile test
(extensometer and thermocouples)
35
3.6 Fatigue testing ma- The load frames feature 2-column mounted with a centering spigot,
chines design for materials testing under eliminating the need for retrospec-
oscillating load in a closed force- tive alignment of the load string.
Load frames from the HA and HB flow. The frame is supported on
ranges form the classical servo- vibration-isolating leveling units The Vibrophores represent a cost-
hydraulic testing machine. They efficiency of the testing system is effective alternative to other types of
are used to determine material enhanced by the especially high testing machine for fatigue tests on
properties under cyclic loading; axial and lateral stiffness of the materials or components in which
these include fatigue limit (S-N test), load frames, which are therefore only sinusoidal loading sequences
low-cycle fatigue (LCF), fracture also suitable for combined tensile, with constant or variable amplitude
mechanics etc. compression and torsion loads. The and mean load are applied. They
frames also feature extremely pre- are primarily used to determine
The HC frame is designed as a cise alignment; following installation material and component fatigue-
table-top model for forces up to of the testing actuator and load cell, strength in the areas of fatigue life
25 kN and features an integrated alignment accuracy is 0.1 mm per and fatigue limit.
hard-chromed T-slotted platform. meter separation; at distances be-
This enables testing in corrosive low 350 mm the offset is constant
media such as saline solutions. at 0.05 mm. All fixtures are flange-
36
3.7 Sheet metal testing Special features • adjustable automatic blank-holder
machines load-removal during test enables
• fast, easy equipment change (e.g. cup-drawing without crushing of
Range of application drawing punches, blank holders ears (BUP 200 upwards)
etc.); numerous modular upgrad- • automatic setting of pre-selected
Applications
Products
Fig.1: BUP sheet metal testing machines from 100 kN to 1,000 kN, optionally with optical measuring system
37
3.8 Pendulum impact tes- clamping fixtures are available; This includes partly or fully automat-
ters these are easy to change, with no ic temperature-conditioning, feed
need for time-consuming adjust- and testing of Charpy specimens at
Application ment. both plus and minus temperatures
as per EN 148 and ASTM E 23.
Pendulum impact testers are used Features
to determine impact energy, im- Specimen cooling is by means of a
pact strength and notched impact • stiff, torsion-free frame with low- cooling unit or liquid nitrogen (cool-
strength of standardized metal friction pendulum mounting (the ing to max. -180 °C).
specimens and components. The energy goes into the specimen,
design and layout of our pendulum not into the instrument base) Heating takes place electrically,
impact testers conform to all rel- • CE-compliant safety devices pro- while heat transfer between speci-
evant standards,allowing safe, reli- vide operator protection mens and the temperature-condi-
able, Charpy and Izod testing, plus • good access to test area tioning unit is conductive (solid body
impact tensile tests and tests to • easy accessory change contact).
Brugger, in compliance with interna- • optional operator-friendly testXpert
tional application standards. testing software.
Fig.1: HIT 50P and RKP 450 pendulum impact testers for Charpy and Izod tests
38
3.9 Dynamic impact testing plication can apply various impact testers can be used for testing steel
machines and drop weight energies and speeds according to specimens to all established stan-
testers requirements. Zwick drop-weight dards.
Applications
requires pipes for use in pipelines to
be subjected to a drop-weight test.
Standardized drop-weight testers
specifically designed for this ap-
Products
Fig.1: High-speed testing machine Fig.2: DWT 40 high-energy drop-weight tester (drop height 5 meters)
39
3.10 Robotic testing sys-
tems
Advantages:
roboTest L
roboTest I
40
roboTest R
roboTest P
Fig. 1: roboTest R for automated tensile tests on sheet metals, rods and reinforcing steel
The roboTest P robotic testing sys-
tem enables fully automatic tensile
testing of metals with specimen
Applications
weights up to approximately 10 kg.
The system consists of a 3-axis
specimen-feeding system
and a swiveling gripper unit.
Fig. 2: roboTest P for automated tensile tests on heavy specimens, with additional sensors and
measuring devices incorporated e.g. cross-section measuring device, bottom right)
41
3.11 testXpert® II – the
new generation of materials
testing software
testXpert II’s stand-out feature is its Flexible Master test programs Results are calculated during the
amazingly simple, intuitive opera- test, so the test sequence can be
tion. Meaningful icons and a clear Greater freedom in designing the event-controlled; for example with a
menu structure enable rapid orien- test sequence, operating steps, change of speed following determi-
tation and significantly reduce the result calculation and data logging nation of the tensile or compression
familiarization phase. is offered by Master Test programs modulus.
Here each parameter can be set
Ready-made Standard test individually. Evaluation of test results
programs
Testing As many different screen layouts
Pre-programmed, tested and ready- as required can be compiled in
to-use Standard test programs are The individual data are displayed testXpert II, for example with ad-
available for all tests to established – online to the test procedure – on ditional graphics, different displays
standards. This simplifies the first the monitor screen. The test can of test curves, tables and additional
steps and ensures that the test se- be followed live. If required an ex- statistics.
quence and results evaluationare in actly synchronized video recording
compliance with the standard. can additionally be incorporated.
42
3.12 Load cells
Applications
very robust and more resistant to
factors such as transverse forces
Fig.2: Every load cell undergoes a Zwick factory calibration as soon as it enters service on a
during compression and flexure testing machine
tests.
Temperature compensation makes large measurement range, within than ±1 % from as low as 0.1 % of
measuring largely independent of Accuracy Class 0.5 or 1. Load cells their nominal load.
the actual ambient temperature. in the Xforce HP/K range typically
This all takes place in a very achieve a display deviation better
Products
Fig.1: Load cell in use Fig. 3: Load cells from the Xforce range, showing different designs
43
3.13 Specimen grips
Fig.2: Hydraulic grips, hydraulic grips ('body over wedge'), short-clamping hydraulic grips
44
3.14 Extensometers
makroXtens / multiXtens
Applications
correlation (DIC) method, allowing
axial and transverse strain to be Fig. 1: makroXtens and variants with optional Fig. 4: multiXtens with optional fine-strain and
determined simultaneously with great fine-strain measurement (bottom) transverse-strain measurement
accuracy. With the Array version
(integrated multi-camera variant) the
measurement travel and specimen
coverage are significantly extended
while maintaining the existing high
measurement accuracy.
45
3.15 RetroLine moderniza- Modernization based on innovative Modernization takes place either
tion packages for all makes Zwick components means: on-site at the customer's premises
of materials testing ma- or, if required, at Zwick's site in Ulm.
chines • reliable service and support for In this case full overhaul, painting and
the entire system for a minimum CE marking will be carried out.
Zwick has transformed several thou- of 10 years
sand materials testing machines from • full compatibility with a compa-
over forty different manufacturers into rable new machine
state-of-the-art equipment in respect • re-use of virtually all existing ac-
of measurement and control elec- cessories
tronics, drive technology and testing • new accessories from Zwick’s
software. The measurement and comprehensive range can be
control electronics, drive technol- installed
ogy and testing software used in the • future-proof – later develop-
modernization process have been ments can be installed
proven and standardized in new ma- • compliance with all safety-rele-
chines. For reliable, expert modern- vant legal requirements.
ization of your testing machine - talk
to Zwick.
Fig.1: At Zwick we modernize both our own testing machines (left) and those of many other manufacturers (right)
46
3.16 Service from start to
finish You can depend on
Zwick!
Applications
questions relating to hardware and on-site or at Zwick’s premises; this Training courses provided by the
software malfunctions, while the includes 24-hour spare-part dispatch ZwickAcademy cover all aspects of
Support Desk guarantees individual and individually tailored spare-part materials testing, in Ulm or at a loca-
advice or rapid assistance via remote packages. tion near you.
access. Repairs are effected directly
Fig.1: Zwick provides continuous support throughout the entire life-cycle of materials testing systems
47
Zwick Roell AG
August-Nagel-Str. 11
D-89079 Ulm
Phone +49 7305 10 - 0
Fax +49 7305 10 - 200
info@zwickroell.com
www.zwickroell.com
Indentec
Hardness Testing Machines Ltd.
www.indentec.com
ASMEC GmbH
www.asmec.de