LOAD FLOW STUDY

M ARIFIN
Moh.arifin85@gmail.com
LOAD FLOW STUDY

Why Must Do The Load Flow Study:

1. Sizing Capacity of Generator, Transformer,
Busbar & Cable/ Busduct, Capacitor.
2. Transformer Tap Setting
3. Analysis Drop Voltage at Bus Bar/
Switchgear & Load
4. Profile Power Flow, Current Flow, Power
Factor.
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Conclusion of Load Flow Study:

1. Bus Voltages are Within Acceptable Limits
(+/- 10% Vnominal refer to IEC 60038 or
Contract specification)
2. Power & Current Flows Do Not Exceed the
Maximum Ratings (90% rating)
3. System MW & Mvar Losses are Determined
4. Circulating Mvar Flows are Eliminated
LOAD FLOW STUDY

Basic Engineering

Input Data Output

Etap Software

Etap’s software give facility for engineer to

execute the load flow study with many
configuration.
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• Load Category:
1. Constant Power Load: Induction Motor,
Synchronous Motor, Lump Load (100%
motor), Charger & UPS
2. Constant Impedance Load: Static Load,
Lump Load (100% static), Capacitor &
Harmonic Filter, MOV
3. Constant Current Load: for DC Study
Purpose
LumpLoad : to model load which is various i.e package, city consument loads which
is impossible to make a detail models
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Calculation Methods:
1. Newton Raphson
2. Gauss-Seidel
3. Fast-Decoupled
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Required Data:
A. Switchgear/MCC
1. Nominal kV
2. %V and Angle (when Initial Condition
is set to use Bus Voltages)
3. Load Diversity Factor (when the
Loading option is set to use
Diversity Factor)
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4. Continuous Load
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A. Generator
1. Operating mode (Swing,
Voltage Control, Mvar
Control, PF Control
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Mode Generator
1. Swing/ Isochronous : Any change on the load operation, voltage generator will
maintain on voltage nominal but other parameter of output generator will follow
and change as load server.
2. Droop:
a. Voltage Control
Generator will maintain so that voltage and MW of output generator fixed
even any change on the load operation
b. Mvar Control
Generator will maintain so that MW and Mvar of output generator fixed even
any change on the load operation
c. PF Control
Generator will maintain so that MW and PF of output generator fixed even
any change on the load operation
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2. kW, kV, %PF, % eff
3. Prime mover rating
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4. Generator Capability Curve
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Generator Capability
Curve of Kato
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B. Transformer Data
1. Voltage rating
2. Power Rating

Basic Theory:


=
3
Where,
I = Service Current (A)
S= Apparent Power (VA)
V= Service Voltage (V)
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3. Impedance (Positive & Zero), X/R.
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Data Trasformer
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C. Induction Motor
1. kW, kV
2. PF, Eff at 50%, 75% & 100%

Basic Theory:



=
3
∅
Where,

= Service Current (A)
P= Active Power (W)
V= Service Voltage (V)
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Data motor ABB

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C. Static Load
1. kV, kVA, %PF

Basic Theory:



=
3
∅
Where,
I = Service Current (A)
S= Apparent Power (VA)
V= Service Voltage (V)
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D. Lump Load
1. kVA, %PF
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Tools Load Flow

A. Info
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C. Loading
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• Adjusment
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• Alert