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Detection Classification Oil
Detection Classification Oil
M. A. Gamboa, D. I. Lopez
Abstract: This paper shows the preliminary results of image processing on aerial multispectral
images taken from a hexacopter UAV over oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations in San Alberto,
Cesar, Colombia. Image segmentation techniques such as opening and closing-by-reconstruction
segmentation were implemented using MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox to detect oil palm canopies
preserving shape and classify individuals using grayscale shades which represent NDVI vegetation
index in pre-processed multispectral images. It is also shown the implementation of an algorithm
based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for critical areas detection in the NDVI maps, where the
particles are spread randomly and are guided towards maximum local intensity values.
Index Terms: Detection, Image segmentation, PSO, multispectral images, oil palm, NDVI.
1. Introduction
Aerial images for crops inspection have become very popular in the recent decades. such images
came initially from in-orbit satellites around the Earth. Nonetheless, advances in optical tech-
nologies for digital image capture have made possible the development of cameras and sensors
which work in non-visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, taking advantage of methods
for detection and assessment of areas covered which vegetation. Among the most used aerial
assessment tools multispectral images can be cited, which contain reflectance data from captured
objects, sensed in visible and non-visible bands. For the development of this project, 3-channel
images are used, which have data from NIR (near infrared) band, VIS (visible red) band and
green band. Through data available in the multispectral image files it is possible to compute
a vegetation index called NDVI (normalized difference vegetion index), which has been used
in several researches and assessment of areas covered with vegetation from the times of the
first multispectral satellital images. Specifically, the project aims to develop a computer program
for detecting and classify oil palm trees using as classification criteria the NDVI levels of each
individuals canopy implementing image processing and artificial intelligence techniques.
In precision agriculture has become popular in recent decades the use of aerial images for
the checking and value of crop, These images initially came from satellite orbiting the earth,
nevertheless, the optic technologies advances for digital imaging have allowed the development
of cameras and operating in spectrum outside the visible range of light, before, these were only
available in satellite, taking advantage of the popular methods in order to inspect the areas
populated by vegetation. Between the more popular inspection tools its found the multispectral
images, which contain reflectance information of the objects that are registered in visible and non-
visible bands. For the development of this project we use images of three channels, these contain
data of the NIR bands (Near infrared), VIS bands (Visible red) and GREEN bands. Through
the information of this multispectral image it is possible get one vegetation index named NDVI
(normalized difference vegetation index), by which have been realized studies of vegetation areas
since the appearing of the first satellite multispectral images. Specifically, the project is looking
for developing a methodology for the selection of individuals in an area cultivated with oil palm
xi (t + 1) = xi (t) + vi (t + 1) (2)
Where: Xi is the current position of the particle Pi is the best position found by the particle Vi
is the velocity of the particle gbest is the position of the best value found by the swarm .
W is a value of inertia, c1 and c2 are acceleration constants. Typically they have values between
zero and two and r1 and r2 are random values between zero and one [1]. Velocity values are
limited and in this case are between zero and five.
Let R represent the entire spatial region occupied by an image. We may view image segmen-
tation as a process that partitions into R into n subregions, R1 , R2 ,...,Rn , such that
i+9
S
(a) Ri = R
i
(b) Ri is a connected set, i = 1, 2, ..., n.
(c) Ri ∩ Rj = Øfor all i and j, i 6= j
(d) Q(Ri ) =TRUE for i = 1, 2, ..., n.
(e) Q(Ri ∪ Rj ) = FALSE for any adjacent regions Ri and Rj .
The red and blue channels together obtaining an image grayscale, samples of low intensity
are removed with an operation threshold and with morphological filter dispersed samples are
removed:
On the preprocessed image algorithm PSO (particle swarm optimization) is applied, the pseu-
docode shown below:
f o r each p a r t i c l e
I n i t i a l i z e random p o s i t i o n
i n i t i a l i z e random v e l o c i t y
END
f o r each c y c l e
f o r each p a r t i c l e
Read f i t n e s s v a l u e ( p i x e l v a l u e )
I f t h e f i t n e s s v a l u e i s b e t t e r than t h e b e s t
f i t n e s s value Pi i n h i s t o r y
s e t c u r r e n t v a l u e as t h e new P i
End
Set t h e p a r t i c l e With t h e b e s t f i t n e s s v a l u e
o f a l l t h e p a r t i c l e s as t h e gbest
For each p a r t i c l e
Calculate p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y Vi
Update p a r t i c l e p o s i t i o n
End
5. Results
5.1. PSO Detection
The final result for PSO detection on the test image ins the following (a dilation was applied to
the image to improve particles visibility).
The initial image, the pre-processed and the final result of PSO images are shown below.
Method Canopy detection Gray shade detection Noise reduction Regions delimitation
Markers for watershed segmentation algorithm were not accurate and homogeneous enough
to be implemented.
6. Conclusions
Classical opening and closure techniques do not fit well to the problem of oil palm canopy
segmentation, opening and closure by reconstruction help to achieve better results in terms of
shape and texture detection.
Watershed segmentation requires an accurate definition for the markers, peak detection strate-
gies and typical geometrical patterns should be considered for further analysis to create marker
images.
PSO detection consisted in locating particles in the critical areas of cultivation, the algorithm
turns out to be effective for locating the particles without evidence of false positives and seems
to be more efficient than a pixel by pixel search as this case requires 32‘600.000 search cycles
and PSO 700.000 cycles.
References
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